CLASS : XII

SUBJECT : CHEMISTRY
CHAPTER : 10
MODULE :3
PHASE :2
TEACHER : ARYA T S :
PREPARATION OF HALO ALKANES
• FROM HYDROCARBONS
• HALOGEN EXCAHANGE
REACTIONS
CLASS: XII SUBJECT : CHEMISTRY CHAPTER: 10 MODULE :3 PHASE: 2 2
 However, this preparation method will not be able
to synthesize aryl halides/haloarenes. C-OH bond
in the phenol structure contains partial double
bond character because of the delocalization of
lone pair of electrons present on the oxygen atom
of the benzene ring. Therefore, the bond formed in
the structure cannot be easily broken down by any
sort of reaction with haloacids.
Ar – OH + HX → No reaction
CLASS: XII SUBJECT : CHEMISTRY CHAPTER: 10 MODULE :3 PHASE: 1 3
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 FROM HYDROCARBONS
(I) From alkanes by free radical
halogenation
Free radical chlorination or bromination
of alkanes gives a complex mixture of
isomeric mono- and polyhaloalkanes,
which is difficult to separate as pure
compounds. Consequently, the yield of
any single compound is low
CLASS: XII SUBJECT : CHEMISTRY CHAPTER: 10 MODULE :3 PHASE: 2 5
 FROM HYDROCARBONS
(II) From alkenes
(a) Addition of hydrogen halides: An
alkene is converted to corresponding
alkyl halide by reaction with
hydrogen chloride, hydrogen
bromide or hydrogen iodide.

CLASS: XII SUBJECT : CHEMISTRY CHAPTER: 10 MODULE :3 PHASE: 2 6

 FROM HYDROCARBONS
(II) From alkenes
(b)Addition of halogens: In the laboratory,
addition of bromine in CCl4 to an alkene
resulting in discharge of reddish brown
colour of bromine constitutes an
important method for the detection of
double bond in a molecule. The addition
results in the synthesis of vic-dibromides,
which are colourless
CLASS: XII SUBJECT : CHEMISTRY CHAPTER: 10 MODULE :3 PHASE: 2 7
 HALOGEN EXCHANGE
SWARTZ REACTION
Fluro alkanes are prepared by this method.
Alkyl chloride/bromide in the presence of
a metallic fluoride such as AgF, Hg2F2, CoF2
or SbF3. The reaction is termed as Swarts
reaction.
CLASS: XII SUBJECT : CHEMISTRY CHAPTER: 10 MODULE :3 PHASE: 2 8
 HALOGEN EXCHANGE
FINKELSTEIN REACTION.
Alkyl iodides are often prepared by this
reaction.Alkyl chlorides/bromides react
with NaI (sodium Iodide) in dry
acetone. This reaction is known as
Finkelstein reaction.
CLASS: XII SUBJECT : CHEMISTRY CHAPTER: 10 MODULE :3 PHASE: 2 9
Draw the structures of major monohalo
products in each of the following
reactions:

CLASS: XII SUBJECT : CHEMISTRY CHAPTER: 10 MODULE :3 PHASE: 2 10

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