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CBSE Class 12th Chemistry Notes: Haloalkanes

and Haloarenes (Part - I)
Get important revision notes on CBSE Class 12th Chemistry, Chapter 10 - Haloalkanes and
Haloarenes. These notes are based on latest CBSE syllabus and are helpful for quick revision of
the chapter.

By JAGRAN JOSH
OCT 17, 2016, 19:17 IST

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In this article, you will get important revision notes on CBSE Class 12th Chemistry: Chapter 10 -
The Haloalkanes and Haloarenes, to give you a quick glance of the chapter. These NCERT based
notes are very important for CBSE Class 12th Chemistry.

The main topics covered in this part are:

• Introduction to haloalkanes and haloarenes

• Classification of haloalkanes

• Nature of C─X bond in haloalkanes

• Preparation of haloalkanes

• Physical properties of haloderivatives

• Reactions of Haloalkanes

• Stereoisomerism

• Definition: Enantiomers, Racemic mixture, Racemisation

• Reactions of haloarenes

The key notes of the chapter are as follows:

Haloalkane and Haloarene:

In aliphatic or aromatic compounds, the replacement of hydrogen atom(s) by halogen atom(s)

results in the formation of alkyl halide (haloalkane) and aryl halide (haloarene), respectively.

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In case of haloalkanes, halogen atom is attached to the sp3 hybridised carbon atom of an alkyl
group whereas in haloarenes, halogen atom is attached to sp2 hybridised carbon atom of an aryl
group.

CBSE Class 12th Chemistry Notes: The d- and f- Block Elements

Classification of Haloalkanes:

The halogen derivatives of hydrocarbons may be classified as fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo
compounds according to the type of halogen present.

Depending upon the number of halogens present, the halogen derivatives can be classified as
mono, di, tri or polyhalo compounds.

On the basis of the nature of the carbon to which halogen atom is attached, halogen derivatives
are classified as 1o, 2o, 3o, allylic, benzylic, vinylic and aryl derivatives.

For example:

1o, 2o and 3o halides: halogen atom is bonded to primary, secondary or tertiary carbon atom of
an an alkyl group.

Allylic halides: Halogen atom is bonded to an sp3-hybridised carbon atom next to carbon-
carbon double bond (C=C) i.e. to an allylic carbon.

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Benzylic halides: Halogen atom is attached to an sp3 - hybridised carbon atom next to an
aromatic ring.

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Vinylic halides: Halogen atom is bonded to an sp2-hybridised carbon atom of a carbon-carbon

double bond (C = C).

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Aryl halides: Halogen atom is bonded to the sp2-hybridised carbon atom of an aromatic ring.

Note: Here X represents a halogen atom, i.e., X= F, Cl, Br, I.

CBSE Class 12th Chemistry Notes: Coordination Compounds

Nature of C-X bond in haloalkanes

X is more electronegative than carbon. So, the C-X bond is polarized with C having a partial
positive charge and X having a partial negative charge.

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Preparation of Haloalkanes

Haloalkanes can be prepared by a number of methods:

1. By free radical halogenation of alkanes:

Chlorination or bromination of alkane usually gives a complete mixture of isomeric mono and
poly halo alkanes.

2. By electrophilic addition of HX to alkene:

An alkene is converted to corresponding alkyl halide by reaction with hydrogen chloride,

hydrogen bromide or hydrogen iodide.

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3. From alcohol:

The hydroxyl group of an alcohol is replaced by halogen on reaction with concentrated halogen
acids, phosphorus halides or thionyl chloride to give the corresponding alkyl halide.

4. By halogen exchange:

(a) Finkelstein reaction:

Alkyl iodides can be prepared by the reaction of alkyl chlorides/ bromides with NaI in dry acetone.

(b) Swarts reaction:

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Alkyl fluorides can be prepared by heating an alkyl chloride/bromide in the presence of a metallic
fluoride such as AgF, Hg2F2, CoF2 or SbF3.

CBSE Syllabus Class 12: Academic Session 2016 – 2017

Preparation of haloarenes

Haloarenes can be synthesised by any of the following reactions:

1. By electrophilic substitution reaction:

This involves the direct halogenation of benzene ring in the presence of Lewis acid catalysts like
iron or iron (III) chloride.

2. By Sandmeyer’s reaction:

Aniline is treated with sodium nitrite to give a diazonium salt which is then treated with cuprous
chloride or cuprous bromide to produce the corresponding aryl halide:

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3. By Balz – Schiemann reaction:

This involves the conversion of aryl amines to aryl fluorides via diazotisation and subsequent
thermal decomposition of the derived aromatic fluoborate to produce the corresponding aryl
fluoride.

4. From diazonium group:

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Treatment of diazonium salt with potassium iodide gives aryl iodide.

CBSE Class 12 Study Material

Physical properties of Haloderivatives

Physical properties of haloderivatives are different than those of the simple hydrocarbons. These
are described below:

• Alkyl halides are colourless when pure but bromides and particularly iodides develop colour
when exposed to light.

• The alkyl halides have higher molecular mass as compared to alkanes.

• Halogen compounds have higher boiling points than the corresponding hydrocarbon. This is
because the greater polarity as well as higher molecular mass as compared to the parent
hydrocarbon causes the intermolecular forces of attraction (dipole-dipole and van der Waals) to
be stronger in the halogen derivatives.

• For monohalogen compounds, the boiling point increases with increasing molecular mass of
the halogen group with a fixed hydrocarbon group,

• All halogen derivatives of hydrocarbon are insoluble in water as they are incapable of forming
hydrogen bonds with water but alkyl halides are soluble in non-polar solvents, R‒F < R‒Cl < R‒Br
< R‒I

• The density increases with increasing number and the atomic mass of the halogen.

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• Halogen compounds are less inflammable than the hydrocarbons. The inflammability
decreases with increasing halogen content.

Reactions of Haloalkanes

The reactions of haloalkanes may be divided into the three main categories:

(i) Nucleophilic substitution

(ii) Elimination reactions

(iii) Reaction with metals

Nucleophilic substitution: A nucleophile attacks the haloalkane which is having a partial positive
charge on the carbon atom bonded to halogen. Halide ion separates following a substitution
reaction.

Reactivity of Haloalkanes towards nucleophilic substitution:

For the same alkyl group, as we move from F to I, strength of C−X bond decreases, therefore, the
reactivity order is: R− I > R−Br > R−Cl > R−F

Mechanism of nucleophilic substitution reaction:

The nucleophilic substitution reaction can proceed via SN1 mechanism or SN2mechanism.

• Unimolecular nucleophilic substitution, SN1: This type of nucleophilic substitution takes

place in two steps, first step being the rate determining step involves the formation of carbonium
ion.

The reactivity
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order of haloalkanes
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towards SN 1reaction is:
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 1° R−X < 2° R−X < 3° R−X

• Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution, SN2: This type of nucleophilic substitution takes

place in one step. The incoming nucleophile interacts with alkyl halide causing the C−X bond
bond to break while forming a new C−OH bond.

The reactivity of alkyl halide towards SN2 reaction is:

3° R−X < 2° R−X < 1° R−X

Elimination reactions:

When a haloalkane with β-hydrogen atom is heated with alcoholic solution of potassium
hydroxide, there is elimination of hydrogen atom from β-carbon and a halogen atom from the α-
carbon atom resulting in the formation of an alkene. The reaction follows the Saytzeff rule which
states that “In dehydrohalogenation reactions, the preferred product is that alkene which has the
greater number of alkyl groups attached to the doubly bonded carbon atoms.”

Reaction with metals:

Reaction with Magnesium: Alkyl halides react with magnesium in the presence of dry ether to
form corresponding alkyl magnesium halide which is also known as Grignard’s reagent.

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Recation with sodium: Alkyl halides react with sodium to form an alkane with double number of
carbon atom than that present in alkyl halide. This reaction is also known as Wurtz reaction.

2R‒X + 2 Na → R ‒ R + 2NaX

Stereoisomerism

Stereoisomerism is due to the different orientation of atoms or groups in space. There are two
types of stereoisomerism:

(i) Geometrical isomerism: It arises due to the presence of like groups on the same side of the
plane (cis) or on the opposite side of the plane (trans).

(ii) Optical isomerism: It arises due to the presence of non-superimposable mirror images.
Conditions for optical isomerism to take place are:

• Presence of chiral carbon or asymmetric carbon, i.e., The C attached to four different groups.
Chiral carbon is denoted as C*.

• Presence of non-superimposable mirror images

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Enantiomers
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The two non-superimposable mirror images are called enantiomers. Enantiomers have similar
physical & chemical properties but differ in their

• effect on the plane polarised light

• reactivity towards chiral reagent.

Enantiomers are of two types:

• Dextrorotatory (+): These rotate the plane polarised light in a clockwise direction

• Laevorotatory (–): These rotate the plane polarised light in an anticlockwise direction

Racemic mixture

A mixture containing two enantiomers in equal proportions is called racemic mixture. A recemic
mixture is optically inactive as the effect of one isomer gets cancelled by another isomer.

Racemisation

The process of conversion of enantiomers into a racemic mixture is known as racemisation.

Reactions of Haloarenes

Nucleophilic substitution:

Aryl halides are almost unreactive towards nucleophilic substitution reaction. This is because of
double character of C – X bond due to resonance. Therefore, it is difficult to remove X from C – X
bond.

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Effect of NO2 group on the reactivity of aryl halide towards nucleophilic substitution

reactions:

Presence of an electron withdrawing group like NO2 group increases the reactivity of aryl halides

towards nucleophilic substitution reaction.

NO2 group increases the reactivity more when present at o- and p- position due to the increased

delocalization of negative charge involving NO2 group.

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