Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Properties

Physical and Chemical Properties
of ALKANES and CYCLOALKANES
MARY JANE A. NIÑO

Naga City Science High School
Naga City
Physical Properties of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
1. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes are

insoluble in water.
- Water molecules are polar, alkanes and
cycloalkanes are nonpolar. Molecules of unlike
polarity have limited solubility with each other.
- Water insolubility of alkanes makes them good
coatings for metals that prevents corrosion
- functions biologically as protective coatings
such as for plants (fruits and vegetables)
2
2. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes have

densities lower than water.
- Alkanes and cycloalkanes have densities that
range from 0.6 g/mL to 0.8 g/mL compared
with water’s density 1.0 g/mL.
- Explains why oil spills in aqueous environment
spread so quickly since oil follows the
movement of the water
3
3. The boiling point of continuous-

chain Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
increase with an increase in carbon
chain length or ring size.
- For continuous Alkanes, the boiling point increase
roughly 300 C for every carbon added in the chain.
- This is cause by the increase in London Forces.
London force strength become stronger as
molecular surface area increases.
4
- Branching on a carbon chain lowers the boiling

point of an alkane. Branched alkanes are more
compact, with smaller surface areas than their
straight chain isomers.
- Cycloalkanes have boiling points higher than their
noncyclic counterparts with the same number of
carbon atoms. These differences is due to more
rigid and more symmetrical structures of
cycloalkanes.
5
Unbranched Alkanes
C1 C3 C5 C7
C2 C4 C6 C8
Gas
Liquid
Unsubstituted Cycloalkanes
X C3 C5 C7
X C4 C6 C8
6
Chemical Properties of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
- Alkanes are the least reactive type of

organic compounds.
- They can be heated for long periods of
time in strong acids and bases with no
appreciable reactions.
- Strong oxidizing agents and reducing
agents have little effect on alkanes.
7
COMBUSTION REACTION
-is a chemical reaction between a substance and
oxygen (usually from air) that proceeds with the
evolution of heat and light (usually as a flame).
-Alkanes readily undergo combustion when
ignited. With sufficient oxygen, there is
total combustion with carbon dioxide and
water as products.
8
COMBUSTION REACTION
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O + heat energy
2C6H14 + 19O2 12CO2 + 14H2O + heat energy
- The exothermic nature of alkane

combustion reactions explains the
extensive use of alkanes as fuels.
9
COMBUSTION REACTION
- Natural Gas, used in home heating, is
predominantly methane.
- Propane is present in LPG.
- Butane fuels in portable stoves and lighter
- Gasoline- complex mixture of many alkanes
and other types of hydrocarbons
10
COMBUSTION REACTION
- Incomplete combustion may occur if
there is insufficient supply of oxygen.
- By products could be:
a. carbon monoxide (CO)
b. elemental carbon (soot)
11
HALOGENATION REACTION
- Halogens are Group VIIA of the periodic
table: fluorine (F2), chlorine (Cl2),
bromine (Br2) and iodine (I2)
- Halogenation reaction is a chemical reaction
between a substance and a halogen in which
one or more halogen atoms are incorporated
into a molecules of the substance.
12
- Halogenation of an alkane produces a
hydrocarbon derivative in which one or
more halogen atoms have been
substituted for hydrogen atoms.
H H heat or H H
H - C – C – H + Br2 H- C – C – Br + HBr
H H light
H H
13
- Is an example of a SUBSTITUTION REACTION- is a
chemical reaction in which part of a small reacting
molecule replaces an atom or a group of atoms of
hydrocarbon or hydrocarbon derivative.
heat or
R– H + X2 R – X + H-X
light
alkane halogen
halogenated hydrogen
alkane halide
14
- Note the following features of the general equation:
1. The notation R-H is a general formula for an
alkane.
2. The notation R-X on the product side is the
general formula for a halogenated alkane.
3. Reaction conditions are noted by placing these
conditions on the equation arrow that
separates the reactants from products. The
reaction requires the presence of heat and light.
15
- Fluoronation
- Chlorination
- Bromination
- Iodination
16
heat or
CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl
light
heat or
CH3Cl + Cl2 CH2Cl2 + HCl
light
17
heat or
CH2Cl2 + Cl2 CHCl3 + HCl
light
heat or
CHCl3 + Cl2 CCl4 + HCl
light
18
- Cycloalkanes readily undergo
combustion as well:
heat or Br
+ Br2 + HBr
light
19
Nomenclature of Halogenated Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
1. Halogen atoms, treated as substituents on a

carbon chain, are called, fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-,
and iodo-.
2. When a carbon chain bears a halogen and an alkyl
group substituent, the two substituents are
considered of equal rank in determining the
numbering system for the chain. The chain is
numbered from the end closer to the a
substituent, whether is is a halo- or an alkyl group.
3. 3. Alphabetical priority determines the order in
which all substituents are listed.
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Nomenclature of Halogenated Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
CH3 – CH – CH - CH3 CH3 – CH – CH2 - CH - CH3
Cl CH3 Br Cl
2-Chloro-3-methylbutane 3-Bromo-1-chlorobutane
1-Ethyl-2-fluorocyclohexane
21
Properties of Halogenated Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
1. Generally have higher boiling points

than their corresponding alkanes.
2. Some halogenated alkanes are denser

than water.
22

Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Properties

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Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Properties

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Physical and Chemical Properties

of ALKANES and CYCLOALKANES

MARY JANE A. NIÑO

1. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes are

2. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes have

3. The boiling point of continuous-

- Branching on a carbon chain lowers the boiling

- Alkanes are the least reactive type of

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O + heat energy

2C6H14 + 19O2 12CO2 + 14H2O + heat energy

- The exothermic nature of alkane

1. Halogen atoms, treated as substituents on a

CH3 – CH – CH - CH3 CH3 – CH – CH2 - CH - CH3

1. Generally have higher boiling points

2. Some halogenated alkanes are denser

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