63 Floure 6.4 ‘arition of discharge velocity ysl rai swith deal gradien in cay natural clays. On the basis of his results, a hydraulic gradient (oe Figure g ‘ears to exist, at which vek%) (ore?) and kim (fori 3 (Aflor Kenney, La and Oorgbo, 1984) mDoom Figure 6.10 tyra condtity of anlar sis (fer 13S. Deparment of Na For fraction between Nos, 30 and 4 sieves fi 4 __f 8 ne a” Tax Ooms For fraction between Nos. 40 and 60 sieves: $2 = 40.76 Sint for ration berwesn Nos. 6 and 1 es And, for between Nos. 100 and 200 sieves: 50 A ~ (OmIsy™ x (0.0075) e 100, Him + HOTS + 20093 + 5013S 50138 = 00133 From Ea. (©30), “om con (fs | | | | Relationships for Hydraulic Conductivity— Cohesive Soils “The Kozeny-Carman equation (Ea (624] has been wsed inthe past tose if it wll Fold sood for eohesie sol, Oen (1961 conducted hydraulic conduetiity tests on ol eesti and compared the resus with Eq. (624). This comparison is show in FRU IE The marked degrees of variation between the theoretical and exper ae fa values rie from several factors, including deviations from Darcy law, high ‘scosty ofthe pore water, and unequal pore sizes. ‘A Srding to thelr experimental observations, Samarasinghe, Huang, and ‘Drnevch (1982) suggested thatthe hydraulic conductivity of normally consoled clays (sce Chapter 10 for definition) canbe given by Kee (633)Hence, £ exam tatedle ). (_e i ‘Ata wid ratio of 075, i eo-mo(te) one “ Table 6.3 Epis! Relationships for Estimating Hyrule Conductivity in Chyey Sa De, oF Source Aetationsine Gay Mewand p= Ae Olson (1971) “Taylor (1988) og k = logy ~ Ga0sq Ty = ve bpd conduct at wo ai eal conductivity st oid ratioe 6, = hyaule conduct change index al eo “| y al ~ SSS oo as 1) ts 0 as 88S ‘9 complain ys © eer Caain lye A Oe ie ate Fore <25, see Faure 67 Figure 6.14 Basis the relasonsip sven in Table 63 (alter Tovenss et 1985). | a us .| Kate) Figure 6.18 Vernon of wi eto wth hydra conduct ofayey sls (Based on ‘Tver eral, 1983) Directional Variation of Permeability Mos sols are not sotropic with respect to permeability. In a given sol deposit. the Mow te afk changes wil espect othe direction of flow: Figure 6.16 shows a0 saan ugh which water flow in a direction inclined at an ange e withthe Yer aa the nparaulic conductivity in the vertical (a = 0) and orizontal « = 90) sane and ky, respectively. The magnitudes of ky and ky in gen sil de- reat eve factor nctading the method of deposition in the Held, Bosak (1577) ae abba and Wood (1987) conducted laboratory tests on kaolin to determin rae 7p? Figure 6.16 Dicetona variation of permeability68 © Kann (AT nd Won. 1987) Sti psct-snd (ps i ot Bas, 1989) 3 Doped ua Dac emacs Gad Ba, 198) Figure 6.47 Varian of ansocopy ratio with void ratio for various soils athe variation ofthe anisotropy ratio, ra = Ka/ky, with the void rato. The specimens Tes nese texts were subjected {0 daidimensional (oedometric) consolidation. The rer tions of fy and void eato (6) from the tests of Basak, and from those of Al ‘Fubbaa and Wood. are shown in Figure 6.17 Similar test results ona sand (C, = 35 sana ses, and en, ~ 0248) were provided by Chapuis, Gill and Baass (198) Th SPekimens for these tests were prepared by undimenstonal static and dynamics ‘ction, The variations ofr, with for these fest are also shown in Figure 6.17 Recording to Figute 6.17, the following three general conclusions can be draw 4. Forstatic compaction conditions, the magnitude ofr, decreases with the in ‘tease in void ratio. 2, For sand the anisotropy ratio is equal fo one ate = ena 1X Forsand, with = em, the magnitude of ris greater than one when the ss hans ave formed by unidimensional static compaction. However, for dyna {ally compected sand, rc may’be less than one f0F€ = ma: Equivalent Hydraulic Conductivity in Stratified Soil tn a stratified soit deposit where the hydraulic conductivity for low in a gen Tact changes Trom layer to layer, an equivalent hydraulic conductivity can b ‘Smnputed wo simplify ealulations, The fllowing derivations relate tothe equals! ydralic conductivities for ow in vertical and horizontal directions though Mt ered soils with horizontal stratification. yer gure O18 shows layers of sil With flow in the Horizontal direction, Vets considee vero section of unit length pasing through them ayer and perpendicular commits eation of iow, The total low through the eros section in unit ime can be qevbH edly apedeHy + Ley tet tet He 635) where = average discharge velocity Meee yge--sde= discharge velocities of flow in layers denoted y the subscripts Ike Kreger kare the ydulic conductivities ofthe inva layers inthe horizon ditcetion ind kigg is tae equivalent hydraulic conductivity inthe horizontal direction, then, from Darcy law, ule eles 7 Rui te hai t= Rat substituting the preeding relations for velocities into Ey. (635) and neting that Fain aig eee fy resus ime Mate thae basset) 69 itaiiaoaaiamaaalaaacsataias§ A. igure 6.18 Cquvaet byron determination sesFigure 6.19 shows layers of Soll with low inthe vertical direction, In this ‘the velocity of flow through all the layers is the same. However, the total heag Jy isequal othe sum of the head losses in all layers, Thus, meme f and ha hy thy thy boot hy a ‘Using Darey law, we can rewrite Eq. (637) as om) whee ky, iy hyp ky, a the hydraulic conductivities ofthe individual ayn g the vertical direction and kya is the equivalent hydraulic conductivity. ‘Again, fom Eq. (638). tyla hs Rd re he His + Hy + Hy t+ Hie (a) Solving Egg. (639) and (6.0) gives H mM Figure 6.19 Equivalent hydra conductivity determination — verti ow in etd = | abe, ‘Figure 620 Vacation of sistare content and grin Size distribution in New Lisscard Ferd si (Source: Aer “Laboratory Investigation of ermeatlity Ratio of Now [ileal Vive Cayo” by HT. Chan and. C. Kenney, 1973, Canadian Genel ‘anna 103). 453-472. Copy © 19TS National Research Coane of Cana ‘Used hy permission) ‘Anexcellent example of naturally deposited layered sil is varved soi, whichis athythniealy layered sediment of coarse and fie minerals. Varved soils esult from “Tnnval seasonal fluctuation of sediment conditionsin glacial lakes, Figure 5.20 shows the variation af moisture content and grain-size distribution in New Liskeard, Can fa, varved soil Each varve is about 4 to Si mm (1.6 to 20 in) thick and consists of fe homogencous layers of sil one coarse and one fine— with a transition layer between. ea ge Example 6.3 [A layered si is shown in Figure 6.21. Given: | H=3h k= 10-*emice Dla = 32x 10 ombee Sao = 41% 10 emsce Estimate the rato of equivalent hydraulic conductivity, Kanon Br4 Figure 6.21 A layered sol profile dtititibaciacnasid ‘Solution From Eq, (636). senoy =f lh + hb + Bul) 1 cagrayay + (82 x 107} + (4 X 1010] Grate) = 9888 x 10"temisec ‘Agaia, from Eq, (6.41), “EES eG 1737 x 10°emisee Henee, yes) _ 98388 2 10° igure 622 shows the layers of soilina tube that is 100mm x 100 min rosso Fieve act supplied to maintain aconstant-head difference of 30 mm across sion ape, The hydraulic conductivities of the soils in the direcion of flow through them are as follows: selma) a we 3x10", e sore Find the rate of water supply in cm'/he. Solution From Eq, (641), 450 OE) Ey ae) Geae) = 0.001213 emvsee 0) (1, 0 a asa = ons (22) (2) = 00800 en/see = 291.24 em'the sistence = 300 EE oan af 0mm fe 100m ‘igure 6.22 Layers of siti tube 10mm % 10 mm incre section .‘seg ume ‘igure 6.25 Pumping est fom a wll in an unconfined permeable ayer undersn bya impermeable stratum, Continuous observations of the water level in the test well and inthe observa Srellsare made after the start of pumping, umila steady state is reached. The sex ‘Mate established when the water level inthe test and observation wells besoma [Ghstant, The expression for the rate of flow of groundwater int the wel, whi zs nat ol Th 22034 080 (2) & oa From eld measurements fff and by ae kaon, he hydraulic con reamed om ic Spl lationship presented in 4 (4). Tis tom can ao be ween 2.3034 ona) Ta shee fs in gpm an hy and arin ke (cmlsee) = os me average mys : nine by condueting» pumping test froin a well witha perforated casing hal spe mined depth athe aquiferand by observing the piezometriclevetins numbes tras tion wells at varios radial distances (Figure 6:26). Pumping f continued ti uniform rate q until a steady sate reached. ae yater ean enter the test well ony from the aquifer of thikness 1, the steady state of discharge is (2) seat «9 [te ta sighs edict nt ti of con(3) saa (647) ‘= S3mHh 7 ‘nei terme ter Ts we i canted outer | Eb Omron wes Figure 626 Pumping tt from awl penetrating he fall depth in cotnedagur188 Ghaoter 8 Pormesbrity 611 Example 6.11 CComider the ease of pumping from a well in an unconfined permeable I Persie y an impermeable stratum (se Figure 625) Given: = 26{timin f= TRO feat + i= IST fat CCateulate the hydraulic conductivity (in f/m Solution From Eq. (644), aeangtogn() 23090880 (Tp me wie = 157) aT In Situ Hydraulic Conductivity of Compacted Clay Soils Daniel (1989) provided an excsllent review of nine methods to estimate he i Dan ty of corapacted day layers. Three ofthese metho ar seh Boutwell Permeameter A chemaie diagram ofthe Bourwell permeameter is shown in Figure 627, ei acne a acasingis placed init (Figute 6.27). The casing filled with a a er ped permeability tests conducted. Based on the tes rests he hy ‘Sraulic conductivity is ealeulated os A. ad ) oo "3D" where dl = diameter ofthe standpipe (D = diameter ofthe casing fn, = ead at time f hy head at time f ‘ster the hydravlc conductivity i determined, the hoe 8 deepened vig he permeameter reassembled s shown in Figure 6270 te Fer a Conduetiy testis conducted again. The hydraulic conduct caelated as a i coopae sy HD Grow caine Figure 6.27 Peres test with Bourwell erent we elolei> (5) (os pewoky-o{t-escen|-19(5)]} -tpe anisotropy with respect o hydraulic condutivy s determined 9) Ey sings igue 2 which is pot of ky vere t= VET) £2001 vale " 4 Figure 6.28 oo ton ofl win m (Ex (62180 Chepter rertwaumuy ‘ues of L/D. Figure 6.28 can be used to determine m using the experimental hie and LD. The plots inthis figure are determined from ky __wiwnb) + VETO By” inlimtirb) + Vi * (mb DY ‘once mis determined, we can clelate «si Constant-Head Borehole Permeameter Figue 629 shows a constant-head borehole permeameter, i hi rrangens Figur head ho maintained by suppving water, and the rate of fw is mess! The hydeaulic conductivity an be calculated as 4 = TUR + (BAY) 55 Figure 6.29 Borehole text with constant water eve where (656) ws) (658) 639) “Typical values of range from 0.0021 001 emo ie-rsied = Porous Probes Foroas probes (Figure 6.30) ate pused or driven into the sil Consae 9 Ang, aoe rea tents are performed Te Hydrule conduit 3s follows: “The constant head is given by eet (6.60) “The falling head is given by (on)6.12 For pobes with permeable bases (Figure 6308), p=——_— "la iiusd) + Vie BF or probes wih impermeable bases (Figure 6308), sls wthb) + Vie (iby 28D (say ‘Summary and General Comments In this chapter, we discussed Darcy’ law, the definition of hydraulic conduc [iboratory Jetcrminations of hydraulic conductivity and the empirical relations it and Seld determinations of hydraulic conductivity of various types of soil ‘aulic conductivity of various soil ayers is highly variable. The empirical eating for hydraulic conductivity should be use asa general guide forall practical com trations, The accuracy of the values of k determined inthe laboratory depen several factors: 1. Temperature of the Mid 2. Viscosity ofthe fuid 5X Trapped air bubbles preset inthe sol specimen {& Degree of saturation of the soil specimen 'S. Migration of fines during testing {6 Duplication offield conditions inthe laboratory “The hydraulic conductivity of saturated cohesive soils also can be determin by laboratory consolidation tests. The actual value ofthe hydralic conducts the field avo may be somewhat diferent than that obtained in the laboratory be tabsc of the nonfiomogeneity ofthe soil, Hence, proper care should be taken ins Sssing the order ofthe magnitude of k fr all design considerations. Problems 64 _ Refer the constant-head arrangement shown in Figure 6.5, Fora test the following are give: 20in. + A= area ofthe specimen = 4.6in? + Constant-head diflerence = h = 35 in 1 Water collected in 3 min = 20in. Calculate the hydraulic conductivity (in. ee). 62. Refer to Figure 65. Fora constaat-head permeability test ina sand the f+ lowing are given: |= 30mm 2 A= DSc + k= 20mm ‘Water colected in 3 min = 80cm" Void rato of sand = 0.61 Determine ‘2 Hydraulic conductivity, (emsex) by, Seepage velocity 63. Mhacustanthead permeability test inthe laboratory, the fltowing at eae 250 mm and A = 105 om. she value of = 0014 ome an ee Tote of 120 cei must be maintained through the so, what ithe ra uiflerence,h across the specimen? Also, determine the discharge velocity under the test conditions faa Fopataling head permeability test the following are gives 2 Lenath ofthe soil specimen = 15 2 Areaof the sol specimen = 3in.* 2 “Area of the standpipe = 0.15 in {Head difference at time ¢ = 03825 in {Head ilference at time r= $ min is 12. 4. Determine the hydraulic conductivity ofthe soil (nn). BL What was the head difference at time ¢= 4 min? 65. Fora alling-head permeability test, the following are sven: length of spec Fo a mtn: area of specimen = 6.5 cm k = 0.175 em/in. Wha: should Trot ane of the standppe forthe head to drop from 650 cm 0 30em in Simin? 66 Fora falling-head permeability tet, the following ae given Length of soil specimen = 500 min 2 “Area the sol specimen = 16cm 1 ‘Area of the standpipe = 097 em" 1 Head difference at ime ¢= 038 760 mem 1 Head eitference at time ¢= 8 min is 420 mm J. Determine the absolute permeability of the soi BL What isthe head difference at time (= 6 min? "Nocumme thatthe test vas conducted at 20°C, and at 20°C, Y= and = 105 > 10"* Nes 67 Nesla layer ofthe cross-sectional area shown i Fig. 6.31 has been deter Ae oaabt fora sO0-m length of the levee. The hydraulic conductivity of anes layer is 3 miday. Determine the quantity of water whic flews into the dite in mimi. 789 kN nervous sandormeability 5, Journal 1965 vith the in- vut the op- xigher unit Beyond slightly. ower hy- num shows a Il, Hooper 5a astallation olid-waste s that clay 69. Considerations for Hydraulic Conductivity of Clayey Soils in Field Compaction 163. liners have a hydraulic conductivity of 10~7 em/sec or less. Tp achieve this value, the contractor must ensure that the soil meets the following criteria (Environmental Pro- tection Agency, 1989): 1. The soil should have at least 20% fines (fine silt and clay-size particles). 2 The plasticity index (PI) should be greater than 10, Soils that have a PI greater ‘than about 30 are difficult to work with in the field. 3. The soil should not include more than 10% gravel-size particles. 4. The soil should not contain any particles or chunks of rock that are larger than 25 t0 50 mm (1 to 2in.). Inmany instances, the soil found atthe construction site may be somewhat non- plastic. Such soil may be blended with imported clay minerals like sodium bentonite to achieve the desired range of hydraulic condi In addition, during field com- action, a heavy sheepsfoot roller can introduce larger shear strains during compac- tion that create a more dispersed structure in the soil. This type of compacted soil will have an even lower hydraulic conductivity. Small lifts should be used during com- action so thatthe feet of the compactor can penetrate the full depth of the lift. ‘The size of the clay clods has a strong influence on the hydraulic conductivity of a compacted clay. Hence, during compaction, the clods must be broken down me- chanically to as small as possible. A very heavy roller used for compaction helps to break them down. Bonding between successive lifts is also an important factor; otherwise, perme- ant can move through a vertical crack in the compacted clay and then travel along the interface between two lifts until it finds another crack, as is schematically shown. in Figure 6.18. Bonding can substantially reduce the overall hydraulic conductivity of a compacted clay. An example of poor bonding was seen in a trial pad construc- tion in Houston in 1986, The trial pad was 0.91 m (3 ft) thick and builtin six, 15.2 mm (6 in.) lifts. The results of the hydraulic conductivity tests for the compact sol from the trial pad are given in Table 6.4. Note that the laboratory-determined values of k for various lifts are on the order of 10"? to 10°® em/sec, the actual overall value of k increased to the order of 10-4. For this reason, scarification and control of J 4. Figure 6.18 Pattern of flow through a compacted clay with improper bonding between lifts (after Environmental Protection Agency, 1989)