Electric Current Through Conductors oI Keeley 11.1 Introduction | 11.8 Resistors 11.2 Electric current | 11.9 Specific Resistance (Resistivity) 11.3. Flow of current through a conductor 11.10. Variation of Resistance with 114 Drift speed 11.5 Ohm's law tromotive force (emf) 11.6 Limitations of Ohm’s, 11.7 Electrical Energy jon for a current yw of charged particles 11.1 INTRODUCTIO! QL. Can you recall? / An electric currer such as a wire is d negatively charged is the role of the ¥: the outermost electra as of both negatively zed particles moving directions across a plane and post randomly i, The valence electrons when large number of ato a metal. These electrons become conduc or fice clectrons constituting an current when a potential differ across the conductor, ” 11.2 ELECTRIC CURRENT J cosine b Direction Q2. Define current. State ts tora eT It Or) pc? chaegot parties Ans: In di li 1, let the amount of positive i. Current is defined as the rate of flow of charge flowing in the forward direction be q* electric charge. and the amount of negative charge flowi the forward direction be q Thus, the net charge flowing inthe forward direetion is q= 4’ 4 iii, Let 1 be the current varying with time. Let Aq ii, Formata: iii, SLunit: ampere (A) q READING BETWEEN THE LINES |---—~, bbe the amount of net charge flowing across the H | plane P from time t tot + At, ie. during the ' _ Charge (@) ' time interval At | CaS Oe ti { iv, ‘Then the current is given by ' ' ; _ suomi | i) =i 29 | Irems fun ampere (a) = SS | (= fim 4 } Hence, unit of current is A or Cis Here, the current is expressed as the limit of \ the ratio (AqiAt) as At tends to zero.Q4. Match the amount of current generated ‘given in column — I with the sources given in column - I. Coumt || Colum | “i. | Lightening | a. | few amperes i | Hewsold TF cco a . Lorderof WA (i=), (iia) Which are the most common units of ‘current used in semiconductor devices? i, milliampere (mA) ii, microampere (A) nanoampere (nA) READING BETWEEN THE LINES iS , Conversions: TMA = 1 10%A, [uA = PX 10°A Ind = 1 10°A SOLVED EXAMPLES J- ~ ~~ — °Q6. A current of 4 A flows through an automobile headlight. How many electrons flow through the headlight in a time of 1 1 1 1 i i 1 1 1 1 1 t 2 hrs? Solution: Given: 1=4A,1=2 hrs=2 x 60x 605 To find: Number of electrons (N) a _Ne tt Calculation: As we know, ¢ = 1.6 x 10°C From form We 402% 60%60 Tox10™ Ans: Number of electrons flowingtkroweh, the headlight in 2 hrs are 18 x 10° Formula: N 8x10" Q.7. Six ampere current flows through a bulb, Find the number of electrons that should flow through the bulb in a time of 4 hrs. Solution: Given 1=6 A,1=4 hirs=4 x 60x 60s Tofind: Number of electrons (N) Formata: aXe tt Calculation: Aswe know, = 1.6 «10 © From formula, He 64560060 € 16x10" Ans: Number of electrons flowing through the bulb in 4 hrs are 5.4 x 107, =5.4x10" 11.3 FLOW OF CURRENT THROUGH ACONDUCTOR Q8. Explain flow of current in different conductor. Ans: i. A current can be generated by positively or negatively charged particles. ii, In an_ electrolyte, both positively and negatively charged particles take part in the conduction. iii In a metal, the free electrons are responsible for conduction, These electrons flow and generate a net current under the action of an applied electric field iv. AS long as.a steady field exists, the electrons continue to flow in the form of a steady current ¥v. Such steady electric fields are generated by cells and batteries, Q9. State the sign convention used to show the flow of electric current in a circuit, Ans: The direction of the current in a circu drawn in the direction in which positively charged particles would move, even if the current constituted by the negatively charged particles, (electrons), which move in the direction opposite to that the electric field. A READING BETWEEN THE LINES a | Direction ofenrrent: jp Positive terminal 10 negative terminal | Ditection of electrons: | _ Negative terminal o positive terminal 11.4 DRIFT SPEED Q.10. Explain the concept of drift velocity with neat dingrams, ‘Ans: i. When no current flows through a copper rod, the free electrons move in random moto ‘Therefore, there is no net motion of the electrons in any direction, Free electrons in random motion inside the conductor. ii, If an electric field is applied along the length of the copper rod, a current is set up in the rod. ‘The electrons inside rod still move randomly, but tend to ‘drift’ in a particular direction.Their direction is opposite to that of the electrons in the length L of the conducting applied electri field. wire is nAL. iv. The electrons under the action of the applied iv, The total charge in the length Lis, electric field drift with a drift speed vs. q=nALe a) where, ¢ is the charge of election. v. Equation (1) is total charge that_ moves through any cross section of the wire in a certain time interval t. ots we), vi, Current is given by, _ 4 nALe t Ly =n Awe From equations (1) and (2)] i ' | ‘The drift spsed in copper ¢o | order of 10* m/s to 10° ms, {_ random speed is of the ord i (+3) ‘ne’, current density of a directly proportional to trons, Jo Vg. QLLL. What is current der Ans: i Current density ata amount of current fl sonductor, & metal piece of non on. Which of these constant along the ‘current density or drift Current density, J where, I= Current A ii, STunit: A/m” surrent density will change upon area of eross-section ‘ll remain constant, Current density is uniform ov sectional area (A) of the wire. tis also given as, J= nev, - In vector form, city acquired per unit electric field is fan electron, F= (ne) Vs 1 a wet For electron, ne ts negative, 3 ind her TUTE Leaps is i LUPE, fl a ‘opposite directions. ! E = magaitude of applied electric field. "Q.12. Prove that the current density of a metallic conductor is directly proportional to the drift speed of electrons. SOLVED examotes J- +Q.14. A metallic wire of diameter 0.02 m contains 10° free electrons per cubic metre. Find the drift velocity for free electrons, having an electric current of 100 amperes. flowing through the wire. (Given: charge on electron = 1.6 « 10°C) Solution: Given: e= 1.6 10" C,n= 10 electronsm’, D=0.02 m,r=D2=001 m, I= 100.4, Tofind: Drift velocity (va) i. Consider a part of conducting wire with its free electrons having the drift speed vg in the direction opposite to the electric field E . ii, All the electrons move with the same drift speed vg and the current I is the same throughout the cross section (A) of the wire. iii, Let L be the length of the wire and n be the number of free electrons per unit volume of the wire, Then the total number of free> vee Formula: va= = Calculation: From formula, va are gee O° TORR ADA 10? saat = 1.989 107 m/s Ans: The drift velocity of free electrons is 1.989 x 107 m/s, 4QuS.A copper wire of radius 0.6 current of 1 A, Assuming uniformly distributed area, find the magnit Solution: Given, r=0.6mm=0 To find: Current dens Formula: Calculation: From form Q.16.A metal wire of radius 0.4 current of 2 A. Find the current density if the current is assu be uniformly distributed sectional area. Solution: Given; r= 04mm=0.4%10* m1=2A Tofind: Current density (I) Q S T 1 Formula: 3 =~ Calewation: From formula, a 3142»(0ay x10" 3.978 «10° A/m? Ans: The magnitude of current density is 3.978 10° Alm, °QU7.The magnitude of current density in a copper wire is 500 Alem’. If the number of free clectrons per cm’ of copper is 8.47 x 10%, calculate the drift velocity of the electrons through the copper wire (charge on ane=1.6 x 10" C) Litogs Solution: Given: 3 = 300 A/cm’ = 500 x 10% A/m*, n=8.47 x 10” electronsiem* = 8.47 x 10" electrons/m’ e= 16x10 PC Tofind: rif velocity (vs) Formulas y= ne Calculation: From formula, 5 500 x 10° BAT x10" «16x10 00 vi x10" og 500 — log 8.47 ~log 1.6}} = 10% 0 - 09279 0,2041]} x 108 x 10° rons is 3.69 x 10“ mvs, yhm’s law. coportional to the potential applied across its two ends i€ proportionality constant and is called the resistance of the conductor. Q.19, Draw a graph showing the I-V curve for a good conductor and ideal conductor, Ans: ("= Ideal Conductor — L-V curve for a good conductor and ideal conductorQ.20. Define one ohm. Ans: If potential difference of 1 volt across « conductor produces a current of 1 ampere through it, then the resistance of the conductor is one ohm, iv. After the collision, the electron will move in random direction, but will still drift in the direction opposite to E v. Lett be the average time between two successive collisions. vi Thus, at any given instant of time, the average dkcift speed of the electron will be, et see . y. When Ohm's law is applied to Ri, V=ER, “Comet leh E =O) When Ohm's law applied to Ro, V=bR 2) vi, Total current is given by, I=h +h «From (1) and (2)} equivalent resistance. in tors Ry, Ro, Ry Rey allel, the equivalent ination is given by ber of resistors are 1, the reciprocal of the 1s equal o the sum of the - code of resistor is Yellow-Violet- inge-Gold. Find its value. | Viotet) Orange | Gold # T% Value 25% | totals. iia gene ‘Value of resistance = 47 10° 2 4 5% =ATKQ + 5% Ans: The value of resistance is 47 KQ + 5%. +Q38. From the given value of resistor, find the colour bands of this resistor. Value of resistor: 330. Solution: Value = 330.2 = 33 x 10! Q=xy x 10° Value | 3 3 1 colour | Orange (x) | Orange (y) | Brown (z), Ans: Colour bands: Orange-Orange-Brown%Q.39.Find the value of resistances for the following colour code, i. Blue Green Red Gold ii, Brown Black Red Silver iii, Red Red Orange Gold iv. Orange White Red Gold y. Yellow Violet Brown Silver Caleulation Colour | Red | Red | Orange | Gold @) (y) (@) T%. Code | 2 | 2 3 35 From formula, Value of resistance = (22 x 10° + 5%) Q Value of resistance = 22 K245% [Note: The answer given above is presented considering correct order of magnitude] iv. Given: — Orange - White - Red - Gold To find: Value of the resistance ‘ormula: Value of the resistance = [xy x 107 £T%) Blue - Green - Red - Gold Tofind: Value of resistance Formula: Valueof resistance = (xy x 107%) 2 Caleutation: From formula, Value of resistance = (6 Value of resistance Given: Brown Tofind: Value 9 Formula: Value = Oy Caleulation: From formula, Value of resistance = (10 Value of resistance = 1.0 iii. Given: Red Red- Orang To find: Value of the resistance Formula: Value of the resi = (xy x 10F 21%) of resistance = (47 x 10+ 10%) Value of resistance = 470 2 + 10% The answer given above is presented x correct order of magnitude.) *Q.40. Find the colour code mi we following value of resisto vi @ Tutorials" ™ Solution: Value of resistance | 1 Band | 2" Band | Multiple | Tolerence Coloui i. | 330.2 10% 2 3 10! 10% | Orange - Orange - Brown - Silver = 33x10! Q+ 10% | (Orange) | (Orange) | (Brown) (Silver), 100 2+ 10% 1 0 10! 410% | Brown - Black - Brown - Silver =10x10' 0+ 10% | (Brown) | (Black) | (Brown) | (Silver) iii, | 47 kQ+ 10% 4 7 10° +10% | Yellow - Violet - Orange - Silver = 47x 10° 2+ 10% | (Yellow) | (Violet) (Orange) _ (Silver) iv. | 160.24 10% 1 6 10! 410% | Brown - Blue - Brown - Silver =16x10'Q+ 10% | (Brown) | (Blue) (Brown) (Silver) ve | 1kQ2 10% 1 0 10° 10% | Brown- Black - Red - Silver = 10x 107+ 10% | (Brown) | (Black) | (Red) (Silver)QAI. Evaluate resistance for the following colour-coded resistors: i, Yellow - Violet - Black - Silver ii, Green - Blue - Red - Gold. iii, Brown - Black - Orange - Gold Solution: i. Given: Yellow - Violet - Black - Silver, To find: Value of resistance Formula: Value ofresistance = (xy «10° T%) Cateulation: Colour | Yellow | Violet | Black | Silver (x)_|_(y) (Codey | 4 Ht Henee x= 4, y=7,2=0, T, ii, Given: Colour R oa Ry Ry aye 1 wv Gireutt diagram Solution: i. Ry and Ry are connected in parallel, This combination (R,) is connected in series with tance, Ry = Ry + Ry zat circuit is 7.9. through circuit is 2. Code Henee x= 5, y= 6, 2~ Value of resistanes ii Given: To find: si Formula; Value of the resistance = (xy x10°£T%) Caleulation: [ Brown “bal eS @ | | ie 3 Ly=0,2=3,T=5% Value of resistance = (xy x 10° 1%) Q = 10 10° 5% =10kQ+5% Ans: The values of the given resistances are i, 4794 10% 5.6 K+ 5% 1k 5% +Q.42.Calculate i. total resistance and ji, total current in the following circuit. R, =32,R;=62,R,=52,V=14V conductor increases with increase in length + 2 sssection: Resistance off ios F eross section + Nature of material: Some materials tke silver, gold, copper etc. have large number of free electrons, $0 they have less resistance. On the other hand materials like wood, rubber, et. do not have large number of free electrons, so they have very low \ resistance. Q.44. Derive expression for specific resistance of amaterial. ‘Ans: At a particular temperature, the resistance (R) of a conductor of uniform cross section is, i, directly proportional to its length (/), ie,Rol 1)inversely proportional to its area of cross section (A), l Ret eo) From equations (1) and (2), t R=py where p is a constant of proportionality and it is called specific resistance or resistivity of the material of the conductor at a given temperature. Thus, resistivity is given by, ny ort Unit of resistivity from p= ~~ ni Vim _ Ym Unit of (E)_ Vm _ Vom 9 \ | ' ' \ Unit of G) Alm A ' ' ' { ' I ' ! Unit of resistivity from p= aA Unit of(R) x Unitof(A) _ Om? t 1 1 1 1 { 1 1 { 1 1 i \ Univer expression for current density in Q.45. State SI unit of resistivity. Ans: SI unit of resistivity is ohm 1 i | Resistivity of condi | resistance per unit Ie per unit area | eross-section of m | ie, when, R= 10, | then, p= 1.Om 1 1 i 1 ! nee per metre, at room stantan (alloy) wire of 1. The resistivity of a om temperature is ai. Q.47. Ans: ik Resistivity (p) is @ property €) aT | while the resistance (R) refers’ cular object. 3.142 (0.62510)? ji, The electric field Eat a point is specified in a = woo x10" rial with the tential differen 11 nent Teale nel wath, Ceerstecial sirtwrenee acros ={ antilog [log 5 ~ log 3,142 ~2 log 0.625]} the resistance and the current density J in a _ «lot material is specified instead of current | in the ~ fantilog [0.6990 ~ 0.4972 ~2(7.7959)}} resistor. x10" For an isotropic material, resistivity is given by = {antilog (0.2018 ~ T.5918}} x 10" pnt antl [0.6100}} > 10" 1 .074 x 10! For a particular resistor, the resistance R given R by Spx 041 mt ‘Ans: ‘The resistance per metre of the wire at room temperature is 0.41.2 m",*Q.50,What is the resistance of one of the rails of a railway track 20 km tong at 20 °C? The ‘cross-section area of rail is 25 em? and the rail ig made of stee! having resistivity at 20°C as 6x 10° 2m. Solution: Given, = 20 km=20 10° m, A= 25 em! = 25 x 104m’, p=6x10°Qm To find: Resistance of rail (R) Formila: p= ®& Caleuation From fora, fi R=pt PA 6x10 «2010? BR x1" Ans: The resistance of ot track is 0.48 2. *Q.S1L.A 6 m long wire resistance is 50 Formulae: i. Calculation: From formula (i), 30x 3.142 (0.25 x10" ee 6 = {amilog flog. 50 + log 3.142 + log 0.25 =a 00 core AI” T torial = {antilog [2.1962 + 2.7958 - 0.7782]} «10° = {antilog (0.9920 ~ 0.7782]} x 10° = fantilog [0.2138]} x 10° = 1.636 x 10° Oh From formula (ii), «—t 1.636 «10° = 06157 x 10° (Using reciprocal from log table) = 6.157 x 10° m/Q Ans: i. The resistivity of the wire is 1.636 x 10 Q/m. ii, The conductivity of the wire is 6.187 x 10° miQ. [Note:The answer given above is modified considering the correct textual concepts.) Q52..A negligibly small current is passed through a wire of length 15 m and uniform cross-section 6 x 10°" m’, and its resistance is measured to be 5 Q. What is the resistivity of the material at the temperature of the experiment? (NCERT) Solutio J=15m,A=60x 107m, R=52 terial is 2 x 107 Om. of length 50 em and used in making a ivity of constantan is ate the value of the resistor (R) on ermal, R=pLa st Sk107 x05 3.142«(0210") = 25x10" Su2«04x107 R= 1.9890 Ans: The value of the resistoris 1.989 0. Q54.The resistivity of nichrome is 10 Qm. What Iength of a uniform wire of this material and of 0.2 mm diameter will have a resistance of 200 ohm? Solution: Given: p=10°OQm,d=0.2 mm, oe 1r=0.1mm=0.1 x 10% m, R=2002 Tofind: Length (I) Formula: ey arCalculation: From formula, = Rar oe 200%3.142«(0.110°Y" ~ 6.284 m 10" Ans: The length of the nichrome wire is 6.284 m. Q.55. A wire of circular cross-section and 30 ohm resistance is uniformly stretched until its new length is three times its original length, Find its resistance. Solution: Given: Ry = 30 ohm, = original length, Ay = Jy = new length, Ay = h=3h Tofind: Resistance (Rs) Formula: Q56. Define temperature coefficient of resistivity. State its SI unit. The temperature coefficient of resistivity is defined as the increase in resistance per iit original resistance at the chosen reference temperature, per degree rise in temperature. nce in temperatures, Caleulation:| Asius) o K"' (per ressions for variation of resistivity sistance with temperature, Represent _graphically the temperature dependence of ivity of copper. The volume of wire rem two cases, we have TAs La A; i, Resistivity is given by, at (3) and & = T J to rps oa ‘Ty= chosen reference temperature ty atthe chosen temperature niperature coefficient of resistivity final temperature ii, Resistance is given by, R=Ro[l+ a(T-T))] Where, ‘Ty = chosen reference temperature resistance at the chosen temperature mperature coefficient of resistance ‘T= final temperature IR, =9 x 30= 2700, Ans: The new resistance of the wire is 270 Q.For example, for copper, the temperature dependence of resistivity can be plotted as *Q.60. A silver wire has a resistance of 4.2 © at 27 °C and resistance 5.4 Q at 100 °C. shown: Determine the temperature coefficient of resistance, Resistivity of Copper anion) Ry = 420, R=549, iG a =27°C, Tr= 100°C & To find: Temperature coefficient of resisance 4 @ 2 Formula: a= (0.0) 200.400 600 800 1000 1200 ‘Temperature (K) Resistivity as a function of temps Calculation: From formula, ‘ i | IfTyis0°C, | then p=poil+aT) m. What will be its ! R=Ro(I+ aT) °C? The temperature Q.58. What is super con Ans: i. The resistivity of temperature decrea: In case of some met resistivity suddenly. particular temperature called critical temperatu iii, Super conductivity is the resistivity of a material be particular temperature. iv For example, mercury loses it 33 = Ry (1 +0.0045 x 150) ..afi) completely to zero at 42 K._ 5 mR (1 #105500) SOLVED EXAMPLES J- ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~~ ee if eauation (i by (), we got (1 + x 150) +Q.59.A piece of platinum wire ha: Re _ 1¢(0.0045% 500) _ 3.25. 2.5 9 at 0 °C. If its temperatt eat It LOFT Bi; 045x150) 1.675. of resistance is 4 x 10°) the oan resistance of the wire at 80°C. b= SS x 133 = 2580 Solution: Hers ; Given: Ry=250 peer i alsa of tungsten filament at 500 °C x 10°C = 0.004°C sae T=80°C Q662. A silver wire has resistance of 2.1 Q at Tofind: Resistance at 80 °C (Rr) 27.5 °C. If temperature coefficient of silver Formula: Ry= Rel aT) Calculation: From formula, Rr=2.5 [1+ (0,004 « 80)] 2.5(1+ 0.32) 5% 132 Rr=332 ‘Ans: The resistance of the wire at 80 °C is 3.3 2. is 3.94 x 10°C, find the silver wire resistance at 100°C. Solution: Given: Ry = 2.1 Q, Ty = 27.5 °C, @=3.94 x 10°/°C, T; = 100°C Resistance (R2)Calculation: From the formula, Ry =Ro (1 +a x 27.5) Rp= Ro (1 + @ = 100) Dividing equation (i) by (ii), we get, 14 (39410273) 15 (39410100) i, Q.63. At what temperature wo of a copper conductd resistance at 0 °C? (a. for copper =3.9 Solution: Given; Let the resi conductor at 0°C be Ro 0 at Ty Rp 2Roat To find: Formula: Ans: The final temperature of the copp. is 256°C. Q.64. A conductor has resistanee of 15 2 at and 18 Q at 400 °C. Find the temperature coefficient of resistance of the material. Solution: 100 °C Given: Th To find: Temperature coefficient of resistance (ct) Formula: Ry=Ry (1+ aT) Calculation: From formula, Ri =Ro(l +a 10) Ry = Ry (1 +a x 400) Dividing equation i) by (ii), we get, Ry _ t+(ax10) R, Tatra 400) 15_1+100 18 1+ 4000. 18 + 180 a= 15 + 6000 a 58200=3 vi Ans ii, a= 2. =5.155« 10-PC 500 : The temperature coefficient of resistance of the material is 5.155 x 107°C. 11.11 ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE (EMF) Q65. Write short note on e.m.f. devices. Ans When charges flow through a conductor, potential difference get established between the two ends of the conductor. For a steady flow of charges, this potential difference is required to be maintained across two ends of the conductor. device that does so by doing work maintaining the the emf device. This ‘by the emf. device on 3, Solar cells, fuel cells, are some examples of of a circuit ice. when ed with connecting an emf stor R. Here, the emf device Circuit with emf device ‘The emf is represented by an arrow from the negative terminal to the positive terminal. When the circuit is open, there is no net flow of charge carriers within the device. When connected in a circuit, the p charge carriers move towards the positive terminal which acis as cathode inside the emt device. Thus, the positive charge carriers move from the region of lower potential energy, to the region of higher potential energy. Consider a charge dq flowing through the cross section of the circuit in time dt.ii, Maximum current can be drawn from the emf device, only when R= Since, same amount of charge dq flows throughout the circuit, including the emf device. Hence, the device must do work dW con the charge dq, so that the charge enters the negative terminal (low potential terminal) and leaves the positive terminal (higher potential terminal), fii, Tpax is the maximum allowed curreat from an emf device (or a cell) which decides the ‘maximum current rating of a cell or a battery. Therefore, em. of the emf device is, pe °Q7LAn given circuit diagram two resistors are dq connected to a SV supply. The SI unit of emf is joule/coulomb (W/C). Q.67. What is an ideal e.m.f. device? Ans: i, In an ideal emf, deviee, there is no resistance to the motion of charg ii, The emf of the device is potential difference acro of the device Q.68. What is a real em.f. Ans: i In a eal em? de resistance to the If such a devi there is no current Q.69. Derive an express through a cir resistance is con device. 8a 6a a sv + cE I difference across the 82 ow connected in parallel . Will the potential 8.2 resistor be larger, before? Explain the r. is an internal d in a circuit, hrough the circuit, Ans: tential difference across 8 © (V;)= 0.36 x 8 2.88 V ential difference across 8 Q resistor will be i Ifa current (1) flows through an emf device, wSon: As per question, the new circuit there is an internal resistance (7 (E) differs from the potenti sages ny arama vill be 6a its two terminals (V) ton 7 catch A sa ii, The negative sign is due to the fact that the Ro current I flows through the emf deviee from the negative terminal to the positive terminal. iii, By the application of Ohm’s law, V=IR 0) “- From equations (1) and (2), y v IR=E- When any resistor is connected parallel to 6 2 ise resistance. ‘Then the resistance across that oe branch (6 © and R ©) will become less than 6 Q. ic., equivalent resistance of the entire circuit will decrease and hence current will increase. Since, V = IR, the potential difference across 8 © resistor will be larger. Q.70. Explain the conditions for maximum current. Ans: E i, Current ina cireuit is given by, = 3*Q.74. Three resistors 10 2, 20 Q and 30 Q are connected in series combination, i, Find equivalent resistance of series combination. ii, When this series combination is connected to 12 V supply, by neglecting the value of internal resistance, obtain potential *Q.72. A battery after a long use has an emf 24 V and an internal resistance 380 @. Calculate the maximum current drawn from the battery. Can this battery drive starting motor of ear? difference across each resistor. Solution: Solution: Given E=24V,1=3800 Given: To find: Maximum current (Ips) ii, Can batery start the motor? Tofind: i, Series equivalent resistance(R,) : fi, Potential difference across each Formula: Tux = resistor (Vi, V2, Vs) R= Ri +R2+Rs Calculation; From formula, tow 340 As, the value ‘compared to starting mo ‘cannot be rence across Ri, Ans: 0.2% 10=2¥ i. The maximum rence across Ra, is 0.063 A. The battery canno erence across Rs, ‘motor of a car. =6V °Q.73.A battery of emt resistance 3 2 is cont the current in the cireui i, Caleutate resistance of re fi, Calculate terminal voltage 0 a ‘tors | k& and 2 k@ are connected when the circuit is closed. Solutio Given: E=12V,r=3O9=05A Tofind: i Resistance (R) ii. Terminal voltage (V) to 9 V supply, by neglecting internal resistance, calculate current a tt, QS Tuterratss resistance of series Find equivalent resistance of parallel bination. parallel combination is Calewlation: From formula (i), Given: 10'Q, E=Ir+iR 2x10°O,V=9V E-Ir To find: i Parallel equivalent resistance ‘ - (Re) 1 ii, Curent through 1 KO and 2 KO _ 12=0.5%3 (hand) 05 1 1 1 wala Formulae: i. as From formula (ii), ii, V=IR V=05x21 Caleulation: From formula (), =10.5V 1 Mie 1 < ‘The resistance of a resistor is 21.9. Ry Wo? 2x10! ‘The terminal voltage of the battery 2 when the circuit is closed is 10.5 V. 2x10"Ans: i, combination is 0.66 kA. Current flowing through +Q.76. A network of res 14 V battery with i, Caleulate the eq i, Current in each iii, Voltage drops Vai 40 aL 42 Rep= 30 Req = Ras + Ruc + Rev =2+14+3=69 fi, Current through each resisto Ry Across AB, #8, Rj W=V 1x4ehxd heh But, + h=1 2 =1 1 sen Similarly, as Rs = Rs h=W=1a nt through resistor BC is same as 1. ops across AB, BC and CD: canes] 1 1 ass AD is 12 V 4 V + | 1 i ) HAV. Here, 2 V is the al resistance, een modified and circuit question considering the in the textbook.) tors 2.2, 4 Q and 5 O are in parallel What is the sistance of the combination? the combination is connected to a battery of e.m.f. 20 V and negligible internal resistance, determine the current through each resistor and the { rent drawn from the battery. (NCERT) R:=4Q,R,=59, Tutor ig To find: 1. Total resistance (R). Current through cach resistor (1), In, by respectively) ili, Total current (1) 1 4. & ii, V=IR ili, Total current, 1=1) +1) +15 From formula (i), 9From formula (i), 1-¥ R = M222 =104 R, 2 h= 220 =54 R, 4 b= V2 =4a RS From formula (ii), T= 104544 5 TS 19A ‘The total resistance of the cor ii. battery of internal potential dra Solution: Given: Ry=10,Ry V=12V¥ To find: Total resis P.D. across R (Vj, Vo and 5 res Formulae: Ry= Rt Ro + Ry R Calculation: From formula (i), Rs=1+2+3=60 From formula (ii, The total resistance of the combination i860. The p. d. across Ri, Ro and Ry are 2 V, 4V and 6 V respectively. Q.79. A voltmeter is connected across a battery of emf 12 V and internal resistance of 10 Q. If the voltmeter resistance is 230 Q, what reading will be shown by the voltmeter? E=12volt,r=100,R=2300 Reading shown by voltmeter (V) E Formulae: i. cy V=R-Ir +r Calculation: From formula (i), 12 115 ¥ Ans: The reading shown by the voltmeters 11.5 V. 80. battery of em. 10 V and internal tance 3 Q is connected to a resistor. If nt in the circuit is 0.5 A, what is nce of the resistor? What is the tage of the battery when the (NCERT) Q1=05A 2¢ of resisior (R) voltage of battery (V) x 17=8.5 volt ance of the resistor is 17. jinal_voltage of the battery the circuit is closed is 85 V. ‘many cells each of 15 V/S00 mA rating would be required in series-paraltel mbination to provide 1500 mA at 3 V2? 5 V (given) For series V = Vi + V2 + remains same For parallel 1 = ly + b + remains same, To achieve battery output of 3V, the cells should be connected in series, If n are the number of cells connected in series, then Vit Vat ost Va v=nv, 3=nx15 n= 2 cells in series ‘The series combination of two cells in series will give a current 500 mA. and voltageTo achieve output of 1500 mA, the number of batteries (n) connected in parallel, each one hhaving output 3V is, Q84. Explain combination of cells in parallel. 1=h+h+.. Ans: T=nh, + Consider two cells which are connected in 1500 = n x 500 parallel. Here, positive terminals of all the cells are connected together and the negative terminals of all the cells are connected together. ii, In parallel connection, the current is divided among the branches ie. fy and Ip as shown in the figure. IE i. | n= 3 batteries each of two cells No of cells requited are 2 «3 = 6 Number of cells = 6 The six cells must be connected as shown: ‘and B having potentials Vi Ans: The number of cells, . potential difference across n- Va Bilin 1) jected exactly similarly Q.82. Explain the cone of cells. Ans: i, Ina series combin single electrical pa terminal of one c negative terminal of ii, The terminal voltage the sum of voltages of in Example: Given figure sho connected in series. This combi total voltage, V=ISV+LSV=3V. second cell, sv sv Cells in series S 1 iii, The equivalent emf of n nui Is in series combination is the algebraic sum of their individual emf. DEH Ei + Ba + Bs +... + By Ito rests peng “a Vite [t worrophsoe tho cols by ingle col connecied between points A and B with the cemf Ey and the internal resistance ta then, Bey tag 23) iv. — The equivalent internal resistance of n cells in From ‘equations (4) and (5), a series. combination is the sum of their Bg +B individual internal resistance. Eh Daan th ty ttt ao . Tee qth Q.83. State advantages of cells in series. Ans: i The cells connected in series produce a larger resultant voltage. Cells which are damaged can be easily identified, hence can be easily replaced.For n number of cells connected in parallel with emf Ey, By Es, a) Eq and internal resistance 1, 1, Substitution of em algebraically by cons according 10 polarity should be done | dering proper © sig r 1 1 i 1 1 i Q.85, State advantages and disaé in parallel. Ans: Advantages: For cells connected i will not bre damaged ot open. Disadvantages: The voltage develo connection cannot number of cells pre in parallel Q.86. State the basic catego Ans: Electrical cells can be categories like primary fuel cell, ete Q.87. Write short note on primary cel Ans: i. A primary cell cannot beet can be used only once ii, Dry cells, alkaline cells are different examples of primary cells. iii, Primary cells are low cost an But these are not suit ay Ue! Q.88. Write short note on secondary cell. Ans: i. The secondary cells are rechargeable and ean be reused. ii, The chemical reaction in a secondary cell is reversible. Lead acid cell and fuel cell are some examples of secondary cells. iv. Lead acid battery is used widely in vehicles and other applications which require high load currents. y. Solar cells are secondary cells that convert solar energy into electrical energy. Many power banks which are famous. for their portability consist of a lithium ~ ion battery. It is nothing but a rechargeable type of cell (one of the types of secondary cells). s(FCVs) are electric vehicles instead of lead acid batteries a fuel in fuel cells. The by nis water. in tems of reducing de up of certain material? ‘alculate the power drawn in each case. ‘ase | Current (A) As the ratio of voltage and current for different readings are same, hence ohm’s law is validie., V =IR. ii, Electric power is given by, P= IV (2) Pr = 0.2 16 = 032 watt (bP 28 watt © 88 watt @ 12 watt QOL. Answer the following questions from the circuit given below. [Si, S:, Ss, Su, Ss => Switches}. Calculate the current (1) flowing in the following cases: i. Si, Sy opens Sz, Ss, Ss closed. HS, Ss + open; S;, Ss, S) + closed.Ss —+ opens; Si, $2, $4, Ss — closed. R=109 Si R=19 S$ R195 a ane 5 R=12 lov Solution: i. Here, the circuit can be represented as, RS Si it? Reg = Ra + Rs + Rs S1+1+1 32 vo 1-2-8 <3, + La! He: Rd Here the circuit ean be rors i T Ry si et ps ply ari Ry Rs | 10V As switch 8) is open, no current will flow in the circuit. Ans: i. Current’ flowing through circuit is 333A, ii, Current flowing through circuit is 3.33 A. Current flowing through circuit is A. Q92. An electric circuit with a carton resistor and an electric bulb (60 watt, 300 Q) are ‘connected in series with a 230 V source. Brown Blue Brown Bulb 230 i. Calculate the current flowing through the circuit, Ifthe electric bulb of 60 watt is replaced by an Jectrie bulb (80 watt, 300 0), will i€ glow? PR: Hence, i 75 watt R) > Ry Tey Now.. lic wire, 1lorats ‘7, is greater than T;. Q.94. If n identical cells, each of emf E and internal resistance r, are connected in series, write an expression for the terminal pd. of the combination and hence show that this is nearly n times that of a single cell. Voltage i, Let n identical cells, each of emf E and internal resistance r, be connected in series. Let the current supplied by this combination to an external resistance R be L. fi, The equivalent emf of the combi Eye E+E +....(ntimes) = nF.Ths, the te times that ofa single cell. Q.95. If n identical cell Ans: ‘The equivalent intemal resistance of the combination, fog =r 1+... (n times) 7 ‘The terminal p.d. of the combination is E154 V = Bey Heg= nB — Ine = n (E — Ir) ‘V=nx terminal p.d, of a single cell al p.d. of the series combinat internal resistance r, are parallel, derive an © current supplied by external resistance combination supp times the current when the extern smatter than the a single cell, R is much tance of the the external resistance R In this case, the equi ‘combination is E, The equivalent internal resistance ‘combination is, Jali €rr ton get ort _(nterms) ‘venuteemnpadalaca | Utorials Henee, the current supplied by each cell, =v j= bee r This gives the current supplied by the ‘combination to the external resistance as (terms) =n( $Y) x current supplied by a single ‘Thus, current cll This proves that, the current supplied by the combination is n times the current supplied by ‘a single cell. Q.96. Internet my friend (Texrhook paye no. 218) hutps:/www britamnica.com/science'supercond [Students are expected 10 visit the above ‘mentioned website and collect more information about superconductivity.]ieee oma t ‘Current Density Ohm’s law Electromotive force (e.m.f) of a cell ‘Current density at a point in ‘a conductor is the amount of current flowing per unit area of the conductor. Formula: J = Drift Velocity Electrons under the ac of the applied electric diift with a drift speed The current {through a conductor is directly proportional tothe difference V potential for a metallic smperature T °C Ohmie Substance =Ro(1+aT) Substances which obeys for a metallic ohm’s law are called temperature T °C ohmic substances Pr=Po(1+aT) eg., Gold, silver je in resistors Calls in series Cells in parallel Ent Eat Ey +E, ae 1+ Ro+ Ry “In parallel combination 2™ significant figure Db Tolerance icant figure Multiplier fog = xy « 102 Tolerance Recap of colour code: (B.B. ROY of Great Britain had Very Good Wife)-——( important rormutae_J——- 1 3 4 3s 4. 15. Electric current through a conductor: Electric current through a metallic Current density: J = Relation between drift electronic current: vy~ Relation between dri density: vs Ohm's form Resistance: R= Drift velocity of el Relation between el 1 density: E= pl I Electrical energy: AU= QV — Electrie power: Poly Heat produced by electric current in joules: H=ERt Resistance of carbon resistor from colour code table: R=xyx 10+ 1% Equivalent resistance in series: Rs=Ri+Ra+Ry+...Ry Equivalent resistance in parallel: Specific resistance (Resistivity): RA _m p= RAs 7 net 17, Electrical conductivity of material of 1 conductor: 6 =~ ° 18. — Resistivity of a conductor at T °C: P=po(l +a) 19. Resistance of a conductor at T °C: R=Ro(1 + aT) 20, Temperature coefficient of resistance: = R=Re___ poo, i, E=1R+n Flow of current through a conductor vention for electric current. -o : os Tuto hizo of drift velocity. Refer 0.10. 5, What is current density? State its ST unit. Ans: Refer Q.11. 6. Derive relation between curtent density and drift velocity. Ans: Refer Q.12. 7. A uniform copper wire of length 1 m and cross-sectional area 5 x 107 m’ carries a current of | A. Assuming that there are 8 x 10" free electrons per m’ in copper, how Jong will an electron take to drift from one end of the wire to the other? Ans: 64x 10's