GEN 004: Readings in Philippine

History Student Activity Sheet:

Name: Classnumber:

Section: Schedule: Date:

Lesson Title: Materials:

Political Issues, Graft and Corruption, Early Pregnancy, Social Student Activity sheets
Media/Fake News
References:
Lesson Objectives: https://www.wiki.issues-political/h
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to: ttp://www.wiki.digital-citizenship/
http://www.wiki.early-pregnancy/
1. Describe the concept of politicalissue.

2. Describe the effects of early pregnancy and fakenews.

Productivity Tip: Welcome back to school! Start strong! Train your brain to shift to work mode by setting a
regular time during the day for your lessons. Set an alarm and stick to your working hours.

A. LESSONPREVIEW/
REVIEWIntroduction (2min)

Good morning/afternoon class, welcome to GEN 004 Readings in Philippine History. Anybody here who
knows someone who gets pregnant at 13 years old? Did you know that early pregnancy is just the same as
havingcancer,diabetesthatkillsthepatient?Didyouknowthatengaginginearlysexisnotthatfun?Youmight be curious
but it kills. It kills your dreams, you future and your child as well. Did you know that Facebook is the biggest
country in the world? It has more citizens than some countries combined. Did you know that we are all digital
citizen except those who do not know how to use social media? Anybody here who knows a couple with same
sexual orientation? Do you think LGBT can get married in the Philippines? Why the President is always having
a bad times with gay issues? Does the President really wanted to kill the drug addicts, or they fight authorities
during arrest? Are the press people safe in the Philippines? Are you intimidated by the President who keeps on
telling over and over again that” If you will not stay away from drugs, I will kill you, even if the United Nations
listen, I will kill you! My God I hate drugs! He is President Duterte and a very brave and strong political leader
of the Philippines and there’s a lot of issues related to his management style of the country and that is our topic
for today, Political Issues. Let’s start. Are youready?

Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (3 min)

Directions: In this activity, read the question in the middle column and write your answer in first column, leave
the 3rdcolumn blank for later use. Try your best answer, there’s no right or wrong answer here. Okay?

What I Know Questions: What I Learned (Activity 4)

1. Describe the concept of is an important subject that people are
political issues divided and arguing involving the leader
of the state and how his power is
applied and used in the country.

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2. Describe the effect of fake news fake news can make a person turn away
from reality, therefore making them do
the wrong things. hearing a false fact
can make someone believe in it and can
cause unnecessary panic or false hope
depending on the type of news

3. Describe the damaging effects Pregnancy during teenage years is also

of early-pregnancy associated with a higher risk of health
problems such as preeclampsia, anemia,
contracting STDs (sexually transmitted
diseases), premature delivery,
postpartum hemorrhage, and poor
mental health outcomes.

B. MAINLESSON

Activity 2: Content Notes (13 min)

Directions: Read the lecture notes here and analyse the details so you can answer the questions that follow.

Political Issues in the Philippines

An issue is an important subject that people are arguing about or discussing, it becomes political issue if it
involves the leader of a political body. Political means relating to the way power is achieved and used in a
country or society.

A political issue is an important subject that people are divided and arguing involving the leader of the state
and how his power is applied and used in the country.

ThreeyearsafterPresidentRodrigoDutertetookofficeinJune2016,his“warondrugs”haskilledthousands of people
largely from impoverished urban areas. Extrajudicial killings by police and their agents have
continuedonaregularbasis,spreadingfrom thecapitalregion,Metro Manila,intoothercitiesandprovinces.
Theimpactofthe“drugwar”includesnotonlylossoflifebutdamagetothelivelihoods,education,andthe

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mental health of surviving family members.

In July 2019, the United Nations Human Rights Council adopted a resolution asking the Office of the High
Commissioner for Human Rights to submit a report in June 2020 on the human rights situation in the
Philippines, bringing to bear international pressure for accountability. The Duterte administration responded
byorderingthesuspensionofallnegotiationsforfinancialassistancefromthe18countriesthatendorsedthe
resolution.

Statesecurityforcesandgovernment-backedparamilitariescontinuetoharass,threaten,arbitrarilyarrest,and in
some instances attack and kill political activists, environmentalists, community leaders, andjournalists.

General elections in May 2019 solidified Duterte’s power base as more politicians allied themselves with his
rulingparty.Duterte’sformeraide,ChristopherGo,andhisformerpolicechief,RonaldodelaRosa,whoinitially
spearheaded the “drug war,” were among those elected to the Senate. Dela Rosa was named to head the
Senate committee charged with investigating police matters and the “drugwar.”

“War Against Drugs”

The government’s “drug war” continued in 2019, with new cases appearing in the media daily. The modus
operandiforthekillingsinvolvedpoliceraidinghomestoapprehendallegeddrugdealersorusers,whoinstead of
being taken into custody would be reported dead, with the police claiming self-defense. Human Rights
Watch has documented the police planting weapons near suspect’s bodies to justify their lethal use offorce.

ThePhilippineNationalPolicereportedthat5,526suspectswerekilledinpoliceoperationsfromJuly1,2016to
June30,2019.However,thisnumberdoesnotincludethethousandsmorewhom unidentifiedgunmenkilled in
cases that the police do not seriously investigate, pushing the death toll to as high as 27,000 according to
estimates by domestic human rights groups. Research by Human Rights Watch and credible media outlets
such as Rappler and Reuters indicate that these vigilante-style killings were perpetrated by police officers
themselves or by killers linked to theauthorities.

Previously concentrated in Metro Manila, an increasing number of the killings are now being carried out in
other urban areas, notably Cebu City in the central Philippines and Bulacan province just north of Manila.
Human Rights Watch also found “drug war” killings in many other cities and towns in 2019.

Of these thousands of cases, only one case has resulted in the conviction of police officers. In November
2018,threepoliceofficersweresentencedtoupto40yearsinprisonforthemurderof17-year-oldKiandelos Santos.
CCTV footage showed the police officers taking the teenager into a back alley where he was later found
dead. The police claimed in September 2019 that 103 police officers were facing criminal charges in court for
their role in “drug war” killings, fewer than half of thoseimplicated.

President Duterte continued to endorse the anti-drug campaign, warning in a September 25 speech that, “if
you go into drugs... I will kill you.” He added: “Even with the United Nations listening, I will kill you, period.”

Killing of Political Activists, Community Leaders, Human Rights Defenders

The extrajudicial killing by security forces and their agents of political activists, environmentalists, and human
rights defenders continued, most notably on the central Philippine island of Negros. According to a
Rapplertally,therewere116killingsonNegrosfromJuly1,2016toAugust27,2019.Whilesomecasesmay

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bedrug-related,mostvictimswereactivistfarmersandfarmergroupleaders,reflectingtheviolentlandconflict that
has wracked the island for decades. The killings on Negros spiked in July, when 14 land activists were fatally
shot in a singleweek.

Attacks on Civil Society

The Duterte administration has not relented in its campaign against members of civil society. On July 18, for
example, police filed sedition complaints against Vice President Leni Robredo and 35 other people, including
priests and bishops, political opposition members, and human rights lawyers and activists whom it claimed
had participated in a plot to oust Duterte. The respondents all denied the charge.

Freedom of Media

Political attacks against journalists intensified in 2019, beginning with the arrest on two occasions of Maria
Ressa,executiveeditorofRappler,anewswebsite,whichhaspublishedextensivelyonthe“drugwar.”Ressa faced
baseless cases of tax evasion and libel, while Rappler received official scrutiny for alleged funding by
foreigners. Rappler CEO was found guilty beyond reasonable ground but filed an apeeal on the Court of
Appeals.

ThelatestistheABS-CBNshutdown.ThefranchisetooperatehasbeeninCongressyearsbeforeitsexpiry,
butsincethen,nothingwasdonewithituntilitexpires.Unfortunately,thePresidenthassomeissueswiththe network,
claiming that some of his political ads were not aired though it was paid in full. The network tries to calm and
apologize and tries to return the money for un aired political ad but the president said, “donate it to anywhere
you like” and here comes the hearings of renewal but it eventually sign off. All lawmakers said that all
networks that applied to them were allowed to operate while franchise is pending in the House, but it’s not
the case of this ABS-CBN. The endless hearings for franchise renewal is still up in the air. Resulting to
thousands who lost jobs and billions lost in taxes.

Children’s Rights

The government’s brutal “drug war” has devastated the lives of countless children and their families. Human
Rights Watch research in the past year shows that the killing of breadwinners has resulted in psycho-social
trauma and economic hardships for affected families, with many children having to stop going to school and
begin working. Some of these children are bullied in schools and in their communities; many are driven to
extreme poverty that forces them live in the streets. The government has done little to address these
consequences of its “drug war.”

Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity

The Philippine Congress failed in 2019 to pass pending legislation prohibiting discrimination based on sexual
orientationandgenderidentityinemployment,education,healthcare,housing,andotherdomains.Italsohas not
passed legislation recognizing same-sex partnerships and extending benefits to same-sexcouples.

Same Sex Marriage

On February 18, 2016, during his presidential campaign, Rodrigo Duterte announced that should he win the
election he would consider legalizing same-sex marriage if a proposal is presented to him. Duterte won the
presidential election. In March 2017, however, Duterte said that he personally opposes same-sex marriage.

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During his presidential campaign, Duterte expressed liberal views on homosexuality, saying the Bible should
have recognized gays. But as president, Duterte has been inconsistent on his views on same-sex marriage;
in March 2017, claiming that marriage was only for a man and woman, but by the end of the year supporting
a change in law to allow same-sex marriage. It was submitted to Supreme Court and it was ruled out that
samesexmarriageisnotallowedbyourconstitution.InJanuary2019,Duterteattackedthecountry'sCatholic bishops
and claimed most of them were gay after the church criticised his war on drugs, saying "Only I can
saybishopsaresonsofbitches,damnyou…Mostofthemaregay.Theyshouldcomeoutintheopen,cancel celibacy
and allow them to haveboyfriends".

Death Penalty

Allies of President Duterte in both houses of Congress pushed for the reimposition of the death penalty,
especiallyfordrugcrimes.InSeptember,Congressconductedhearingsonnumerousbillsthatseektoamend
existinglawstoincludecapitalpunishment.IntheSenate,wherepreviousdeathpenaltybillshavefoundered,
SenatorMannyPacquiaoledthecampaigntoresuscitatethemeasure,withthehelpofnewlyelectedsenators who
ran under Duterte’s partybanner.

Key International Actors

The United States remains the key economic and security ally of the Philippines, although there have been
growing concerns in Washington about the Duterte administration’s increasingly cozy relationship with China.

On July 11, 2019, the UN Human Rights Council adopted a resolution sponsored by Iceland, despite efforts
by the Philippines to block the resolution, including through an extensive misinformation campaign and wide-
reachingdiplomaticpressure.TheresolutionrequestedtheOfficeoftheHighCommissionerforHumanRights
(OHCHR) to present a report on the human rights situation in the Philippines. The passage of this ground-
breaking resolution marked the first time the Philippines was the subject of such a measure from the Human
Rights Council. In September, the OHCHR began soliciting inputs from member states, civil society, and the
UN system for the report, due in June2020.

Inretaliation,theDutertegovernmentinlateAugustissuedamemorandumorderingagenciesofthePhilippine
government not to accept financial assistance from the 18 countries that voted in favor of the resolution. The
memorandum“suspendedallnewtalksanddealsforforeignloansandgrants”fromthecountries,dueto“the
administration’s strong rejection of the resolution of the UN Human RightsCouncil.”

The prosecutor of the International Criminal Court continued to conduct a preliminary examinationof alleged
crimesinthePhilippinessinceJuly1,2016—despitethePhilippines’withdrawalfromtheRomeStatute,which took
effect in March. The Office of the Prosecutor confirmed its jurisdiction over crimes committed while the
Philippines was still an ICCmember

Other Important Issues in the Philippines: Teenage Pregnancy, Digital Citizenship,

A digital citizen is a person using information technology (IT) in order to engage in society, politics, and
government.AsdefinedbyKarenMossberger,oneoftheauthorsofDigitalCitizenship:TheInternet,Society, and
Participation, digital citizens are "those who use the internet regularly andeffectively."

What is digital citizenship and why is it important?

Digital citizenship refers to responsible technology usage, and teaching digital citizenship is essential to
helping students achieve and understand digital literacy, as well as ensuring cyberbully prevention, online

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safety, digital responsibility, and digital health & wellness.

Socialmediareferstothemeansofinteractionsamongpeopleinwhichtheycreate,share,and/orexchange
information and ideas in virtual communities and networks. The Office of Communications and Marketing
manages the main Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Snapchat, YouTube and Vimeoaccounts.

Uses of Social Media

(1.) Sharing experiences online (2.) introducing oneself to other people online (3) interact with other people
online (4) be updated with the latest happenings around the world (5.) do business online.

How to be a responsible digital citizen?

A responsible digital citizen or Netizen protect himself, his family and friends and the community.

Protect yourself by means of the following by:

1. Managing your digital footprints and how you manage your post and share informationonline.
2. Managingwhocanaccessyourprofile,theycanbeyourfriendsorthepublic,howyoucanbeaccess online by
workplace, school, news groups, images and social mediaaccounts.
3. Being aware of your reputation online, do not share important and sensitive information especially
account numbers, credit card number and pin or passwords, and banking detailsonline.

Protect your online identity by:

1. Limiting use of internet and avoid using dummyaccounts
2. If you will use another device, make sure you log out from your accountproperly.
3. Check security settings and log in and out afteruse.
4. Make a strong password with two factorauthentication.
5. Avoid scams. Verify the identity of the person before you send moneyonline.

Safety Tips on using Facebook

1. Do not use a dummy account and learn to unfriend, unfollow andblock.
2. Use a strong password in combination of caps and lowercasealphanumerics.
3. Choose your audience carefully and check your locationprivacy.
4. Secure you log in and log out and always conduct privacycheck-ups.
5. Check security setting to your maximum protectedstatus.
6. Prevent scams and phishing, do not provide sensitive and important personal and financialdetails.

For privacy check-ups:

1. Choose who can see your posts, phone numbers, and your friends’lists.
2. Secureyouraccountsbysettingstrongpasswords,enablelog-inalerts,activatinglog-inapproval,log- out
from unused devices, and do securitycheck-up.

Respectfully deal with people online.

Commenting with care on post online with your friends, family and work. Always remember that you are not
talking to a screen but there is a person behind the screen that also feels and do like you. Your responses
says a lot of things about you.

Types of Information shared online:

All of these information comes as news, products and ads, government and community notices.
1. Facts – are truthful and undeniable important or painfulinformation.
2. Opinions - are the thought of people as to how they see a certain events, person ofcontroversy.

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3. Fake news – are deliberately false information that mis-inform, dis-inform the public. Its effect is so
damaging to reputation of the person involved. It breeds fear and panic. And it deceives thepublic.

Is It FakeNews?
1. Checkthe“AboutUs”websitesection,domainandwebsitename,checkthepictureofsenderandhis friends.
2. Confirmthefakenewsbycheckingifitwassharedbygroupsorpageyoufollow,sharedbymorethan 1,000
people, shared by authors of articles or by respectableinstitutions.
3. Check validity of post by: (1)spelling errors, (2) all caps and dramatic punctuations, (3)date of article
and date of post, (4) if article is familiar (5) picture, reverse search (6) trending on social media, (7)
posted in all major news outlets (8) sent by a friend inmessenger

Reporting Fake News

1. Click…. Next to the post inquestion.
2. Click ….ReportPost
3. Click…..It shouldn’t be onFacebook
4. Click…..It’s a false newsstory.

Wearedigitalcitizen,amemberoftheonlinecommunityandweareresponsibletoeachother.Agooddigital citizen
protects himself, his family and friends and thecommunity.

Three Principles of Digital Citizenship

Digital citizenship is a term used to define the appropriate and responsible use of technology among users.
Three principles were developed by Mark Ribble to teach digital users how to responsibly use technology to
become a digital citizen: respect, educate, and protect. Each principle contains three of the nine elements of
digital citizenship.

1. Respect: the elements of etiquette, access, and law are used to respect other digitalusers.
2. Educate: the elements of literacy, communication, and commerce are used to learn about the
appropriate use of the digitalworld.
3. Protect: the elements of rights and responsibilities, security, and health and wellness are used to
remain safe in the digital and non-digitalworld.
Within these three core principles, there are nine elements to also be considered in regards to digital
citizenship. According to digitalcitizenship.net, these nine theme include:

1. Digital access: This is perhaps one of the most fundamental blocks to being a digital citizen. However,
duetosocioeconomicstatus,location,andotherdisabilities,someindividualsmaynothavedigitalaccess.
Recently, schools have been becoming more connected with the internet, often offering computers, and
other forms of access. This can be offered through kiosks, community centers, and open labs. This most
oftenisassociatedwiththedigitaldivide,itisthegulfbetweenthosewhohavereadyaccesstocomputers and the
Internet, and those who do not. Digital access is available in many remote countries via cyber cafés and
small coffeeshops.
2. Digitalcommerce:Thisistheabilityforuserstorecognizethatmuchoftheeconomyisregulatedonline.
Italsodealswiththeunderstandingofthedangersandbenefitsofonlinebuying,usingcreditcardsonline, and so
forth. As with the advantages and legal activities- there is also dangerous activities such as illegal
downloads, gambling, drug deals, pornography, plagiarism, and soforth.

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3. Digital communication: This element deals with understanding the variety of online communication
mediumssuchasemail,instantmessaging,Facebookmessenger,thevarietyofapps,andsoforth.There is a
standard of etiquette associated with eachmedium.
4. Digitalliteracy:Thisdealswiththeunderstandingofhowtousevariousdigitaldevices.Forexample,how to
properly search for something on a search engine versus a database. How to use various online logs.
Oftentimes many educational institutions will help form an individual's digitalliteracy.
5. Digital etiquette: As discussed in the third element, digital communication, this is the expectation that
various mediums require a variety of etiquette. Certain mediums demand more appropriate behavior and
language thanothers.
6. Digitallaw:Thisiswhereenforcementoccursforillegaldownloads,plagiarizing,hacking,creatingviruses,
sending spam, identity theft,cyberbullying, and soforth.
7. Digital rights and responsibilities: This is the set of rights digital citizens have such as privacy and free
speech.
8. Digital health: Digital citizens must be aware of the physical stress placed on their bodies by internet
usage. They must be aware to not become overly dependent on the internet causing problems such as
eye strain, headaches, andstress.
9. Digitalsecurity:Thissimplymeansthatcitizensmusttakemeasurestobesafebypracticingusingsecure
passwords, virus protection, backing up data, and soforth.

Digital Citizenship in Education

Digital access is the first element that is prevalent in today's educational curriculum. Other crucial digital
elements include digital commerce, digital communication, digital literacy, and digital etiquette. He also
emphasized that educators must understand that technology is important for all students, not just those who
already have access to it, in order to decrease the digital divide that currently exists.
Inthepasttwoyears,therehasbeenamajorshifttomovestudentsfromdigitalcitizenshiptodigitalleadership in order
to make a greater impact on online interactions. Though digital citizens take a responsible approach to act
ethically, digital leadership is a more proactive approach, encompassing the "use of internet and social
media to improve the lives, well-being, and circumstances of others" as part of one's dailylife.
Along with educational trends, there are overlapping goals of digital citizenship education, and they include:

1. Digital footprint: An acknowledgment that posting and receiving information online can be tracked,
customized, and marketed for users to click and follow. Not only the internet use but individuals' digital
footprints can lead to both beneficial and negative outcomes, but the ability to manage one's digital
footprints can be a sub-part of digital literacy. Digital footprints do not simply consist of the active
participation of content production as well as sharing of ideas on different media sites, but they can also
be generated by other internet users (both active and passive forms of digital participation). Examples of
digital footprints includes liking, favoriting, following, or commenting on a certain online content creation,
or other data can be found by searching through history, purchases, andsearches.

2. Digitalliteracy:Almosttwentyyearsago,Gilster(1997)defineddigitalliteracyas"theabilitytounderstand
anduseinformationinmultipleformatsfromawiderangeofsourceswhenitispresentedviacomputers." Digital
literacy includes the locating and consumption of content online, the creation of content, and the way that
this content is communicated amongst a group ofpeople.

3. Information literacy: The American Library Association defines information literacy as the overall ability
foranindividualtotargetinformationthatisvaluable,beingabletofindit,evaluateit,andutilizeit.This

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can be through information creation, research, scholarly conversations, or simply plugging in keywords
into a search engine.

4. Copyright, intellectual property respect, attribution: By knowing who published sources and whether
or not content creation is credible, users can be better educated as to what and what not to believe when
engaging in digital participation.

5. Health and wellness: A healthy community allows for an interactive conversation to take place between
educated citizens who are knowledgeable about theirenvironment.

6. Empowering student voice, agency, advocacy: Utilizing nonprofits as well as government-affiliated

organizationsinordertoempowerstudentstospeakupforpolicychangesthatneedtobemade.Currently,
morethan10differentmobileapplicationsaimtoallowstudentstheopportunitytospeakupandadvocate for
rightsonline.

7. Safety, security and privacy: Addressing freedoms extended to everyone in a digital world and the
balance between the right to privacy and the safety hazards that go along with it. This area of digital
citizenship includes the assistance of students to understand when they are provided the right
opportunities,includingtheproperaccesstotheinternetandproductsthataresoldonline.Itisonthepart of
educators to assist students in understanding that it is crucial to protect othersonline.

8. Character education and ethics: Knowing that ethically speaking, everyone will come with different
viewpoints online and it is crucial to remain balanced and moral in onlinebehavior.

9. Parenting: Emphasizing the efforts of educators, many want to continue preaching rules and policies
addressing issues related to the online world. Cyberbullying, sexting, and other negative issues that are
brought up are regulated by the School Resource Officers and other schoolcounsel.
Altogether, nine of these facets contribute to one another in the development of a healthy and effective
education for digital technology and communication.

TeenagePregnancyreferstotheearlypregnancyoffemalesaged10-19yearsold.Mostoftheseagebracket are
supposed to be in high school and yet they are advancing in terms of social responsibility. Early
pregnancy is a social problem amongpopulations.

What is the reason of teenage pregnancy?

These young females have not yet reached adulthood and the causes of teenage pregnancy vary greatly.
Teenagepregnancymaybelinkedtothingssuchas:(1)lackofeducationandinformationaboutreproduction,
(2) peer pressure and (3) early engagement of sexual activity.

The teenage pregnancy rate in the Philippines was 10% in 2008, down to 9% in 2017. Live births by teenage
mothers (aged 10-19) in 2016 totalled 203,085, which slightly decreased to 196,478 in 2017 and 183,000 in
2018. Still, the Philippines has one of the highest adolescent birth rates among the ASEAN Member States.

The issue of teenage pregnancy is widespread in various parts of the country and the world. In European
Union, teenage pregnancy is labeled alongside obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer rates
as a major public health problem. Today, we face the painful reality that at a very young age, most young
peoplehavechildrenoftheirown.Teenagepregnancyisnotanobstetricalproblembutasocialproblemand

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it is accompanied by damaging effects to young mothers.

Damaging Effects of Early Pregnancy

Female reproduction has always been risky and doubtless pregnancies and births are, independent of
maternal age, critical phases in the life of mother and fetus. Teenage pregnancies were seen as a special
problem because adverse health consequences of teenage pregnancies were solely attributed to the young
maternal age for a long time. While it is possible for a teen, who becomes pregnant, to experience a healthy
pregnancy and be an excellent parent, many pregnant and parenting teenagers struggle with multiple
stressors, health risks and other complex issues.

1. Being pregnant as a teenager puts you at higher risk for having a baby born too early, with a low birth
weight and, tragically, higher risk The World Health Organization in 2015 said an estimated 1.2-million
adolescents aged 10-19 years diedworldwide.
2. At this time, teenage pregnancies were seen as obstetric problems per se, which are associated with an
increased risk of anemia, preterm labor, urinary tract infections, hypertension, preeclampsia, a high rate
of cesarean sections, sexually transmitted infections, unsafe abortion, postpartum hemorrhage, and
mental disorders, such as depression but also preterm birth, low birth weight, and intrauterine growth
restriction.
3. Adolescents becoming pregnant at an early age have associated risk factors such as having multiple
partners and having greater age differences with their partners, which may put them at greater risk of
acquiringHIV.
4. InthePhilippines,childrenborntoadolescentmothersaremorelikelytodiecomparedtochildrenofolder mothers.
Youth in the country are also at risk for multiple pregnancies in their adolescence. Filipino teen mothers
aged 15-19 average 17 months between previous pregnancies compared to the average of 35 months
for mothers of allages.
5. Ifapregnancyisunplanned,themothermaynotreceivetheprenatalcaresheandherbabyneedormay not even
be healthy enough to carry a child toterm.
6. Adolescents are often unprepared for the realities involved in parenting an infant and often, complex
relationships,financialburden,socialstigmaandparentingarestressfulandcanputanewbornatrisk.of death.
7. Someteenparentsarealsosingleandbeingasoloparentcanhavefinancialandemotionalstressorsand
astressedparentputs ababyatrisk.Socialstigmamayalsoleadateenmothertovoluntaryabortion.
8. Teenage motherhood is significantly associated with dropping out of school, low educational level, low
income,povertyandsingleparenting.Whatremainsunknownistheextenttowhichthesepooroutcomes result
from teenage pregnancies or from per se social disadvantages which affect the teenage mother already
beforepregnancy.

Graft is a form of political corruption, being the unscrupulous use of a politician's authority for personal gain.
Similarly,politicalgraftoccurswhenfundsintendedforpublicprojectsareintentionallymisdirectedinorderto
maximize the benefits to privateinterests.
Corruption is a form of dishonesty or criminal offense undertaken by a person or organization entrusted
with a position of authority, to acquire illicit benefit or abuse power for one's private gain. Corruption may
include many activities including bribery and embezzlement, though it may also involve practices that are
legal in many countries.
Politicalcorruptionoccurswhenanoffice-holderorothergovernmentalemployeeactsinanofficialcapacity for
personal gain. Corruption is most commonplace in kleptocracies, oligarchies, narco- states and mafiastates.

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What are the forms of graft and corruption?

Forms of corruption vary, but include bribery, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, parochialism, patronage,
influence peddling, graft, and embezzlement. Corruption may facilitate criminal enterprise such as drug
trafficking, money laundering, and Human trafficking, though it is not restricted to these activities.
1. Bribery-Briberyinvolvestheimproperuseofgiftsandfavoursinexchangeforpersonalgain.Thisisalso known as
kickbacks or, in the Middle East, as baksheesh. It is a common form of corruption. The types of favours
given are diverse and may include money, gifts, sexual favours, company shares, entertainment,
employment and political benefits. The personal gain that is given can be anything from actively giving
preferential treatment to having an indiscretion or crime overlooked. Example: An election leaflet with
money stapled to it. Bribery can sometimes form a part of the systemic use of corruption for other ends,
forexampletoperpetratefurthercorruption.Briberycanmakeofficialsmoresusceptibletoblackmailorto
extortion.
2. Embezzlement, theft and fraud - Embezzlement and theft involve someone with access to funds or
assets illegally taking control of them. Fraud involves using deception to convince the owner of funds or
assetstogivethemuptoanunauthorizedparty.Examplesincludethemisdirectionofcompanyfundsinto
"shadowcompanies"(andthenintothepocketsofcorruptemployees),theskimmingofforeignaidmoney, scams
and other corruptactivity.
3. Graft - The political act of graft is when funds intended for public projects are intentionally misdirected to
maximize the benefits to private interests of the corruptindividuals.
4. Extortionandblackmail-Whilebriberyistheuseofpositiveinducementsforcorruptaims,extortionand
blackmail centers around the use of threats. This can be the threat of violence or false imprisonment as
well as exposure of an individual's secrets or prior crimes. This includes such behavior as an influential
person threatening to go to the media if they do not receive speedy medical treatment (at the expense of
other patients), threatening a public official with exposure of their secrets if they do not vote in a
particular manner, or demanding money in exchange for continuedsecrecy.
5. Influence peddling - Influence peddling is the illegal practice of using one's influence in government or
connections with persons in authority to obtain favors or preferential treatment, usually in return for
payment.
6. Networking Business networking - Networking can be an effective way for job-seekers to gain a
competitive edge over others in the job-market. The idea is to cultivate personal relationships with
prospective employers, selection panelists, and others, in the hope that these personal affections will
influence future hiring decisions. This form of networking has been described as an attempt to corrupt
formal hiring processes, where all candidates are given an equal opportunity to demonstrate their merits
to selectors. The networker is accused of seeking non-meritocratic advantage over other candidates;
advantage that is based on personal fondness rather than on any objective appraisal of which candidate
is most qualified for theposition.
7. Abuse of discretion - Abuse of discretion refers to the misuse of one's powers and decision-making
facilities. Examples include a judge improperly dismissing a criminal case or a customs official using their
discretion to allow a banned substance through aport.
Favoritism, nepotism and clientelism - Favouritism, nepotism and clientelism involve the favouring of not
the perpetrator of corruption but someone related to them, such as a friend, family member or member of an
association. Examples would include hiring or promoting a family member or staff member to a role they are
not qualified for, who belongs to the same political party as you, regardless of merit.

Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (20 min)

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 GEN 004: Readings in Philippine
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Directions: In this activity, you need to answer the questions per number.

1. Frayer Model
Directions: In this activity, you need to fill up your Frayer Model based on the discussion.

An
DEFINITION issue is an important subject that people Political issues concerns theFACTS/CHARACTERISTICS
top
are arguing about or discussing, it becomes political leader and his style of
political issue if it involves the leader of a handling issues affecting his
political body. Political means relating to the administration and management of the
way power is achieved and used in a country country.
orsociety.
Philippine Political Issues
Rumours on celebrities on social
War
EXAMPLES on Drugs, Attacks on media and press media and the private lives of the
NON-EXAMPLE
freedom, Same Sex Marriage, Teen-aged politicians
pregnancy, Social media and Fake news,
Graft and Corruptions

2. How important is the role that media plays in a free world?Explain.

The media is an important source of awareness and the building of social thought. Public opinion, as well as influence the
composition of their interests and their intellectual and political orientation, and this is gaining their importance in the process
of development of countries and human societies.

Check your answers against the Key to Corrections found at the end of this SAS. Write your score on your
paper.

Activity 4: What I Know Chart, Part 2 (2 min)

Directions: In this activity, you need to go back to Activity 1. In the What I Know Chart, write your answer in
column 3 based on the topics that you finished reading.

Activity 5: Check for Understanding (5 min)

Directions: Read each questions carefully. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it is incorrect
on the space provided for it.

True 1. Social media and digital citizenship guarantee people redress of grievances against thegovernment

True 2. Same sex marriage for LGBT community was not allowed as provided bylaw.

True 3. Press freedom is attacked when leader of Rappler were arrested for reporting the deaths in drugwar.

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 GEN 004: Readings in Philippine
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True 4. The church and civil society was also attacked by the President when his drug war wasmentioned.

True 5. United States as an all-time political ally was set aside as President Duterte gets friendly withChina.

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 GEN 004: Readings in Philippine
History Student Activity Sheet:

Check your answers against the Key to Corrections found at the end of this SAS. Write your score on your
paper.
C. LESSONWRAP-UP
Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5min)
A). ProgressTracker
Directions: In this activity, mark your work tracker and see how much work you have accomplished and how
much work there is left to do. This tracker will be part of your student activity sheet. Try to make room for your
scores as well.

B). My LearningTracker
What module# did you
do? What were the What were your scores in
What’s the date today?
learning targets? What
activities did you do?
What contributed to the
quality of your
performance today?
What will you do next
the activities?
session to maintain your
performance or improve
it?

C). Directions: Since you are done with today’s lesson, please carefully read the question below and give your
honest answer toit.

Didyoufindthislessoneasy/difficult/important?Wereyouabletomeetthelearningobjectives?Yes/No/Why? Explain
in your ownwords.

Did you have challenges in today’s learning? How did you overcome those challenges??

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 GEN 004: Readings in Philippine
History Student Activity Sheet:

FAQs (Frequently Asked questions)

Since we know you have questions about this lesson, we write 2 items and answer it on your behalf so it
will be clear to you. Please read the following questions and the corresponding answers to it.

Question 1. What are the reasons why teen-age pregnancy is comparable to cancer, diabetes and HIV?

Answer: Teen-aged pregnancy is coupled with deaths, it kills dreams, as well as the child, and the bright future
of the mother and a sure formula for grievous poverty status. Teen-agers are supposed to be in school, get
educatedforbrighterfuture,theyarethehopeofthecountrybeingthenextgeneration,butiftheypracticedsex too early,
and get pregnant will add up to the nation’s problems, what hope is thereanymore?

Question 2. Why is it important to have a President with very strong political will to do what he believe
is right?

Answer: The Philippines with President Duterte as a political leader became an instant international celebrity in
his own right, when he slammed doors to investigating bodies from International Human Rights who are
investigating his War on Drugs. And told in live TV in his own words “My God I hate drugs! I will kill you if you
will not stay away from drugs, even if United Nations listen, I will kill you!” And during the pandemic when some
leftistgroupincitedpeopleto gettothestreetsdespitethelockdowns,inliveTVagainin hiswords”Shootthem dead!
Anyonewhodisobeyordertostayhome,shootthemdead!”Hesenttheclearsignalthathe isin-charged in this country
and we have sovereignty so no one can dictate him, what to do. These actions of the president called the
attention and respect of world leaders and people wanted him to be their presidenttoo.

Job well done! You have reached the end of this lesson.

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KEY TO CORRECTIONS

Activity 3: Skill Building Activities

DEFINITION FACTS/CHARACTERISTICS
An issue is an important subject that people are arguing about or discussing, it becomes political issue if it involves the lea
orsociety.Phil Political issues concerns thetoppoliticalleader and his sty

ippine
Political Issues
EXAMPLES NON-EXAMPLES
Llkjjh
War on Drugs, Attacks on media and press freedom, Same Sex Marriage, Teen-aged pregnancy, Social media and Fake news, Graft a

Rumours on celebrities on social media and the

private lives of politicians

2. How important is the role that media plays in a free world?Explain.

Answer: Media makes everyone magnified in the ears and eyes of the public, it’s a watchdog on what the 3
branchesofgovernmentisdoingintheirspheresofinfluenceandnobodycanresisttheirscrutiny.Allthethings that
happens around must be known to the public. It is considered as the 4thbranch of government in their role in
helping people get the right information.

Activity 5

1. True
2. True
3. True
4. True
5. True

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