HISTORICAL

PERSPECTIVES
OF NURSING
PRACTICE
PRESENTED BY:
SACRAMENTO, JULIE ANN
HISTORY AND PROFESSIONAL
IDENTITY
Nelson and Gordon (2004) note is that nurses are adept at
eliminating bothersome parts of their history and trying to start
anew. This can include needlessly criticizing the skills of
different types of nurses. The arguments go like this:

1.Nurses in the early 20th century did little besides maintain

cleanliness and comfort (Dingwall & Allen, 2001, as cited in
Nelson & Gordon, 2004).

2.Nurses with a baccalaureate degree (in the United States) are

real nurses, unlike those with less education.

3.Advanced practice registered nurses do not function

as nurses compared with ordinary bedside nurses (Nelson &
Gordon, 2004).
HISTORY AND DIVERSITY
OF PRACTICE
History explores the national and
international humanitarian work
of nurses as they travel to disaster
areas, including war zones and
those of nature
EARLY
CIVILIZATION
EGYPT-(BOOK OF EXODUS)
ØThey hired women later known as midwives, to
assist with childbirth(the first records of nurses)

INDIA
ØINDIA-early hospitals were staffed by male
nurses who were required to meet four
qualification(Ayurveda);

1.)knowledge of drug administration;

2.)cleverness;
3.)devoted;
4.)purity of mind and body.
CHRISTIANITY
ØNursing began to have a formal and more
clearly defined role.

ØWOMEN made the first visit to sick

people.; MALE gave nursing care and buried
the dead.

ØNursing become a RESPECTED VOCATION

 15TH TO 19TH CENTURY
•A tremendous shortage of people
MIDDLE AGES to care for the sick.; woman who had
committed crimes were recruited in
•Nurses developed CUSTODIAL CARE
to nursing in lieu of serving
and depended on physicians for
sentences.
direction.

•Nurse midwifery, as one of the oldest

nursing roles, flourish.
•Nursing care was provided by monks
and nuns, which was segregated by sex.
•The only acceptable nursing
role was within a religious order
where services were provided as
part of CHRISTIANITY CHARITY.
NURSING DURING
THE REVOLUTIONARY
WAR 1800’S
General George Washington ordered
many women to serve as nurses to the
soldiers.

Many wives followed their husbands so

that they could nurse them back to
health when they were injured.
PERIOD OF NIGHTINGALE
(1820-1910)
Florence Nightingale was born in
May 12, 1820 in a wealthy family

she was determined to become a nurse since she

believed she was “called by God to help others and to
improve the well-being of mankind”;

the outbreak of the Crimean War gave Nightingale an

opportunity for achievement;

Nightingale and her nurses transformed the military

hospitals by setting up diet kitchens, a laundry,
recreation centers, and reading rooms
 PERIOD OF NIGHTINGALE
(1820-1910)
and after the war, Nightingale established the Nightingale
Training School for Nursed at St.Thomas’ hospital in
London;

Nightingale Training School for Nursed the school served as a model for other training school;
as the founder of modern nursing, Florence Nightingale
established the first nursing philosophy based on health
maintenance and restoration.
 EARLY 20TH-CENTURY NURSING AND
HEALTH
01 PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING
03 World War II Notable Mental Health Nurses

Mental health was a major issue on the battlefield

02 World War I Nurses and among the wounded, and nurses had to learn
new ways to care for soldiers who were
Ten thousand American nurses served abroad, traumatized by what they experienced on the
mainly in France. battlefield (Silver- stein, 2008). The following
British and French doctors taught the nurses new were two such nurses:
techniques in care for critically wounded soldiers. Lucille Spooner Votta—stationed in the
Nurses often slept in tents or in unheated barracks. Philippines
When the fighting intensified in 1918, they worked Hildegard Peplau—stationed at the 312th Station
tirelessly with only 2 hours of sleep per day. Hospital and School for Military Neuropsychiatry
After the armistice was signed, some nurses stayed for the European Theatre (Callaway, 2002)
until all the American soldiers were well enough to
travel back home (Power, 2013).
 Shaping the Modern Nursing Profession:
Nursing Theorists and Leaders

NURSING Florence Nightingale (1820–1910): Environment Theory

PROFESSION IN
Virginia Henderson (1897–1996): Need Theory
Hildegard Peplau (1909–1999): Interpersonal Theory

THE 21ST Faye Glenn Abdellah (1919–): 21 Nursing Problems

Dorothy Johnson (1919–1999): Behavioral Systems Model

CENTURY
Martha Rogers (1914–1994): Unitary Human Beings
Dorothea Orem (1914–2007): Self-Care Model
Imogene King (1923–2007): Goal Attainment Theory
Betty Neuman (1924–): Health Care Systems Model
NURSING THEORIST Rosemarie Parse (1924–): Human Becoming Theory
Madeleine Leininger (1925–2012): Culture Care Diversity
HEALTH POLICY and Universality
RESEARCH Ida Jean Orlando (1926–2007): Deliberative Nursing
Process
Sister Calista Roy (1939–): Adaptation Model
Jean Watson (1940–): Philosophy and Science of Caring
Patricia Benner (1942–): From Novice to Expert
THE
REFERENCE

END. BOOK Title: Fast Facts About

the Nursing Profession :
Historical Perspectives in a
Nutshell by Deborah Dolan
Hunt, PhD, RN