TOPIC

The aim of the research is to design Knowledge Center of Water, which will reconstruct the vision of
people by providing knowledge and awareness of how to conserve and use water judiciously by creating
certain spaces in the center. It also envision to understand various traditional forgotten methods and
amalgamate with newer ideas for creating a better understanding of different aspects of water.

SYNOPSIS
Climate change and its effect on water is an unavoidable phenomenon. However, the scarcity of this
precious resource is not just due to changing natural patterns but a highly manmade disaster. Water use
has been growing globally at more than twice the rate of population increase in the last century, and an
increasing number of regions are reaching the limit at which water services can be sustainably delivered
especially in arid regions.

Similar to this condition, the water system in Jaipur has central instabilities. With high level of
dependence on a single source at the moment, high transmission loss, increasing water pollution and
degradation of the ecosystems, the resilience to such loss is low. This condition has further worsened
due to the changing precipitation patterns leading to less rainfall in the last decade and intensive heat
which causes high evaporation. But, in order to meet the rising demand of the population and
industries: changing land use both in urban and peri-urban areas; has resulted in over exploitation of
ground and surface water, the city is now facing a severe water crisis. Nearby water reserves have run
dry and the seasonal river (Dhravyawab) which passes through the city is now used as a sewage drain,
catering to all domestic and industrial waste due to lack of efficient governance and inadequacy in
providing effective infrastructure for supply and treatment. The existing traditional water systems which
has been the only practice of rainwater harvesting in the region are non-operational and insufficient to
meet the demand of the growing population and industries. All these trends are interrelated and create
a cause effect scenario, ultimately leading to conflicts and drought conditions.

In order to become resilient, there is a stronger need for communities to effectively manage water
resources through conservation and reuse. As part of a long-term effort to this increasing shortage of
water, it encourages greater conservation and management through spatial guidelines on the regional,
urban and local scale where indigenous practices and green infrastructure become part of the
contemporary system and solutions. This growing threat in times of climate change is imperative to
address before the city faces a day zero. Therefore, with this project I would like to produce an example
for how to tackle water scarcity and produce good quality of water by reconstructing the vision of
people via knowledge and awareness of the same.

FOCAL AREA OF RESEARCH

 To understand water as an element with its usage and its natural form.

 How to generate awareness in the society about the limited resources of the water .

 How to reconnect people with the elements imbibed in water, in all its dimensions, including
social, cultural, artistic and spiritual dimensions.

 How to use different natural elements and materials to reflect the formation of human life and
in turn generate methods to conserve water.
 How to create a learning center which will be open-ended where everyone could contribute and
study.

 How to build and provide an active research facility dedicated to the preservation of heritage
structures like various step wells, reservoirs, etc.

 How to exhibit various forms of water in architectural terms and understanding.

 How to give a experience to the people through various spaces and intervention.

 How to use expressive forms that would be created by observing water formations, which will
draw visitors into the facility.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Water Scarcity in Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
Jal Bhagirathi Foundation
Kathleen Roberts, Michael Reiner, and Kimberly Gray
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
Research in Jaipur in Summer 2013 | Document completed in Fall 2013
http://www.civil.northwestern.edu/EHE/HTML_KAG/Kimweb/files/Jaipur%20Water%20Resources%20(0
1.15.14).pdf

 Two engineering students from Northwestern University, Kathleen Roberts & Michael Reiner,
traveled to Jaipur in the Summer 2013 to study the water resource and sanitation system.
Investigated conditions by touring various critical sites, conducting literature searches, & meeting
with professionals in the field of water issues in Jaipur.
 Jaipur receives only an average of 600 mm of precipitation per year, mostly in the monsoon
months of June-September.
 Jaipur ranks 10th among Indian megacities with an annual growth rate of ~ 5% between 2001 and
2011, and a population of 3.1 million.
 The city’s economy is primarily based on trading, administration, tourism activities, & local
handicrafts industries. Jaipur is a popular tourist destination, with about 3000 tourists visiting the
city daily.
 Jaipur depends on the Ramgarh Dam as its surface water source throughout the 1900s, but this
became a non-viable source in the late-1980s/early-1990s, leading to a shift to complete
dependence on groundwater & thus, a rapidly depleting aquifer.
 Jaipur is currently experiencing growing water scarcity and diminishing drinking water sources.
 Jaipur relies extensively on groundwater and a single surface water source, the Bisalpur Dam,
which is located 120 km southwest of Jaipur & is shared with Ajmer and Tonk District villages.
 There are tens of thousands of unaccounted for wells throughout Jaipur, since tapping of
groundwater is still a landowner’s right.
 There is a lack of adequate water supply and demand accounting, both in terms of government
water supply and private water supply. In addition to water scarcity, degradation in quality of both
surface and groundwater sources is of great concern.

Physical Geography of Jaipur-

Jaipur is located in the semi-arid zone of India, which is characterized by high temperatures, low rainfall,
and a mild winter. The average annual rainfall of Jaipur is about 600 mm.

Linking Jaipur’s History to its Water Management -

Jaipur is the first planned city of India.
 Water security was considered in its design. The Old City continued to benefit from the original
natural water systems in place until the 1930s when the population of Jaipur exceeded the
capacity of the Old City.
 The city soon had to turn to reservoirs located outside the immediate reaches of the city.
Compounded by a lack of infrastructure (e.g., sewage systems, water piping, or drainage systems)
& rapid growth, which defied any unified government planning, Jaipur’s water security and supply
began to deteriorate.
Jaipur’s Early History -
Before the founding of Jaipur in 1727 by Maharaja Jai Singh II , Amer, located 9 kilometers north of
Jaipur, was the capital of the then-state.
 Amber did not have enough space for growth and suffered from water scarcity. Jaipur was
planned to support a population of 150,000 people over an area of 1658 acres (or 6.7 square km).
The early water supply system of Jaipur initially relied upon groundwater.
 Given Jaipur’s topography, drainage patterns allowed for groundwater recharge.

Growth and Urbanization Pre-Independence -

 In the early 1900s, with population exceeding a lakh, the need for augmentation and expansion
of the existing water supply scheme was felt. Compounding the increasing water demand, the
Amanishah Nala was considered inefficient for further tapping due to recurring droughts.
Emergency measures were taken regularly through installation of wells at the Amanishah Nala.
 In 1903, a large reservoir and dam, named Ramgarh Dam, was constructed 30 kilometers
northeast of the Jaipur & depended on inflow from the Banganga River.
 Ramgarh Dam initially used for irrigation purposes in the surrounding villages.
 With the advent of power generation in 1925 in Jaipur, a scheme was developed to actually bring
this water to Jaipur. By 1931 Ramgarh Dam supplied water to Jaipur, although household piped
water supply was not common and was only available to well-to-do families. Many localities did
not have a public distribution system, and thus reliance on wells was still extremely common.
 The walled city became very congested in the early 1900s & the expansion of a modern Jaipur
beyond the walled city became the dream of Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II.
 5 residential colonies, recognized as the first residential development outside of the Walled City,
were planned: Adarsh Nagar, Banipark, C-Scheme, New Colony, Fetah Tibba. Development
efforts were made in the 1940s to make Jaipur a center of industry and trade.
 During the 1940s the population of Jaipur began a rapid increase due to the partition of India in
1947, which lead to the immigration of refugees from Pakistan, and the declaration of Jaipur as
the capital of the newly merged Rajasthan State in 1949. With a government eager to satisfy the
immediate needs of its residents, city planning and infrastructure were neglected. The original
symmetry, order, and design of the city were compromised in order to allow for the rapid influx of
people.
 During its rapid, pre- and post-independence urbanization, Ramgarh Lake was the main source of
water for Jaipur.
 Various augmentation schemes were implemented throughout this time to increase the supply
capacity to Jaipur.
 In the 1980s, Ramgarh started to show signs of excessive drawdown & gradually silted up to 14
ft., which greatly reduced its storage capacity. The government attempted to find another source
of water supply in 1989 by sanctioning a water supply scheme to bring 18 million liters per day
from the Bandi basin 20 km away from Jaipur. However, due to resistance from local people, this
scheme could not be implemented. By 1999, water was no longer reaching Ramgarh Dam at all.

Urbanization & its Impacts -

Rapid population growth, especially since post independence, resulted in a vast expansion of the city
limits of Jaipur.

Urban Impact on Hydrology -

  There are as many as 518 rivulets originating from the Aravalli Hills: 398 1st order streams, 92 2nd
order stream, 25 3rd order streams, & 3 4th order streams.
 Many natural streams began to be used for dumping garbage. Due to expansion, 150 streams with
113 of 1st order, 37 of 2nd order, and 10 of 3rd order are blocked or have been filled for
construction purposes.

Urban Impacts on Surface Waters -

 Degradation in Water Quality Industrial processes in and around the city have greatly and
negatively affected the quality of surface waters in Jaipur.
 Amanishah Nala has become unsightly and foul smelling due to the discharge of industrial
wastewater to its storm water drainage network.
 Decreased water quality causes increased health risks and increased spending on health care.
 These conditions also allow for an increased risk of pollution of shallow aquifers

Urban Impact on Groundwater -

 Jaipur’s groundwater supply has diminished to a critical limit, with more than 500%
overexploitation in some areas & severe degradation in quality. Lack of regulation of tube wells
has also compounded the problem.
 With an estimated 20,000 private tube wells within the city, compared to approximately 2,000
Public Health Engineering Department controlled tube wells, the regulation and monitoring of
groundwater extraction are nearly unachievable.

Depletion -
 With increasing population, increasing dependence on groundwater Loss of forest lands,
agricultural fields, pasturelands, & open wasteland due to urbanization, building of roads, houses,
and commercial complexes has reduced recharge areas around Jaipur.

Degradation -
 The overexploitation of groundwater concentrates the inherent salts, fluorides, chlorides, and
other chemicals already found in the water. The seepage of sewage water into surface water
sources has further degraded the water.

Urban Impact on Natural Gradient and Flood Area-

 Rapid urbanization of Jaipur, increase in paved area and decrease in open, recharge areas land
has resulted in an increase in local urban flooding.
 During rapid urbanization, the drainage system of Jaipur was given little attention.
 New development and residential colonies developed over the bed of the drainage patterns. As
well,
construction often involves flattening of the land disrupting the natural topography and thus
drainage of the area.

Current Supply Scheme and Management -

The water supply from the government is intermittent and the average duration of running water is 90-
120 minutes per day. General inadequacy in water availability can be found in:
 calculations of supply and demand that reveal deficits in government water supply
 high unaccounted for water losses
 drops in supply pressure due to large quantities of water released in short durations or the
depletion of groundwater affecting pressure in tube wells
  issues with water metering and fees

Role of Government and Policy -

 Water Metering According to the Public Health Engineering Department, there are 384,058
metered connections in the Jaipur water supply scheme. However, about 60% of meters are not
functional. Lack of adequate replacements of water meters is attributed to a shortage of staff and
a low meter repair rate.

Estimates of Water Supply & Demand -

 Public Health Engineering Department
Water demand is 462 million liters per day (l/d), water supply from the government is 374 million
l/d, and thus, there is a water supply deficit of 90 million l/d.
 Average water supply system production in 2010 of 401 million l/d. Of the 401 million l/d, 368.32
million l/d came from tube wells while 32.64 million l/d came from Bisalpur Dam.
 It is difficult to make accurate estimates for water demand due to the presence of many tourists,
large migration fluxes, high unaccounted for distribution losses, and inadequate water metering
for customers.

Drinking Water Quality -

 Water Quality is a serious concern- specifically Total Dissolved Solids, Nitrate, and Fluoride. Also:
Bicarbonate, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Metals (Manganese, Iron, Nickel, Lead, and
Cadmium).

The Impact of Climate Change -

No significant trends in annual rainfall or seasonal rainfall for 1901-2008.
 The last twenty years or so have entered into a phase of downward trending rainfall and high
variability.
 Median annual rainfall is likely to decrease by 2040.
 Rainfall is likely to decrease in all seasons except the post- monsoon season (but not likely to
offset decreases in other seasons).
 Climate change will likely continue the path of high variability, putting a strain on the water supply
scheme.
Traditional Water harvesting systems of Rajasthan
Amirthalingam Murugesan
C.P.R. Environmental Education Centre
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312799247_Traditional_Water_harvesting_systems_of_Raja
sthan

Forts and palaces, clubbed with a unique colorful folk culture, festivals and an environment with clear
blue skies, the state of Rajasthan has a charming effect on its visitors. But for those inhabiting the
region. surviving the summers is a big challenge. The state is located in the north western part of India,
having arid to semi-arid climatic conditions and main sources of water being the seasonal rivers and
deep groundwater aquifers, cultivation is a tough occupation. With more than 10.4% of the country's
geographical area, the state houses more than 5.5% of total population and 18.70% of the livestock. but
only has 1.16% of the total surface water available in the country (J. Hussan, 2014). 'Barring the
fortunate few with access to irrigation from canals or tube wells, the large majority has to depend upon
the meager rainfall and the resultant land produce' (Jhunjhunwala, 2005).
Eagerly looking forward to the months of June and onwards, the communities use remarkable practices
evolved through landscape and human ingenuity which are unique to the region. In order to survive the
harsh summers and water shortage. 'Ancient civilizations grasped the complex reciprocities of natural
systems and created infrastructure that was modeled on, and worked in tandem with those
reciprocities' (Brown & Stigge. 2017). More than 30% of the state is covered in Thar Desert which is
considered as one of the most inhabitable places with annual rainfall even lesser than 120mm in some
areas. Yet it is also the most densely populated desert in the world and has been an area of settlement
for over 1200 years. And this is only because the local inhabitants mastered the use their resources
wisely, particularly water. They succeeded in designing structures which helped them in efficiently use
and conserve water. Some of these practices have been discussed in the theory paper and are now
being used in villages across the state.
The main principle behind these indigenous practices is 'rainwater harvesting' and is deeply rooted in
the social fabric. These practices are eco-friendlier, inexpensive, contextual and base their logic on
following natural processes, encourage community participation and allow for more equitable
distribution of development benefits. Unfortunately, 'despite their appropriateness, depth and
profoundness several of these practices are under severe stress due to greatly increased population
pressures and degradation of common property' (Jhunjhunwala, 2005). However, on a positive note.
these systems possess the capacity to function even today and are now being revived in several villages
with great success in recharging the water table and providing water security to the people.
1) Johad
Rajasthan receives about 16 inches of rainfall annually, mostly during the months of June to September.
leaving the soil to dry for the rest of the year under intense heat. To adapt to such conditions. through
centuries of experience, the dry-land dwellers built 'Johads', a crescent shaped earthen clam bound of
three sides by natural slopes, to catch and hold every drop of rainfall runoff. The water storage area
varies from 2 ha to 100 ha. The optimal storage created was 1000-1500 m3 per hectare of cultivated
area. These structures serve two functions, (1) to store and let the water percolate to shallow and deep
aquifers and recharge nearby wells as far as a kilometer away, (2) to hold water on surface for
agriculture and livestock during dry periods. 'A johad was more than any one family could build. It took a
village. But because every villager has a stake in the johads, residents banded together to build and
maintain them'.
But, over the centuries of British rule and pressure to increase food production, the villagers turned to
modern technology of tube wells' to keep the water flowing. This led to the gradual decline of johads.
With the advent of tube wells which lead to overexploitation of both shallow and deep aquifer, many
parts of the state soon ran out of water resources, further leading to ecological imbalance. depleting
forest cover and soil erosion. However, over the last decade. these structures are being revived and
rebuilt across several villages. A successful attempt in using these systems in present day scenario can
be learnt from the initiatives taken by an NGO named Tarun Bharat Sangh (TBS), led by popularly known
as the 'Waterman of India', Rajendra Singh. Based in a tiny remote village near Alwar, Rajasthan, TBS has
attracted visits and support from the World Bank, the UN and USAID and has revived over 5 rivers in the
dry state, which has allowed over 1000 villages to escape the effect of five-year drought. And this has
done by simply reviving Johads. Moreover. with building johads comes self-reliance and local
democracy. This has allowed more than 40 villages in the Alwar district to have self-governance systems
in water management.

2) Khadin
To cope with drought conditions. one of the techniques of run off farming that is practiced in the state
since the 15th century is the Khadin system to make the best use of rainfall. This system 'cultivation
involves water harvesting from the shallow rocky surfaces into low lying farm land during monsoon
period and subsequently growing crops when water recedes in winter'(Kolarkar, Murthy, & Singh, 1983).
The minimum requirement for this cultivation three conditions, are (a) suitable highlands having good
runoff potential to serve as catchment for generating enough runoff with little care, (b) relatively low
plain in the proximity of the above unit to receive, collect and store runoff and (c) the second unit
should have deep soils and store the runoff water for crops.'(Prasad. Meta, & Narain, 2004).

The runoff water from catchment areas is diverted to low lying areas which is boarded by an earthen
bund constructed across the gentle slope. During periods of monsoon, the runoff gets accumulated in
the lower area. The earther bund acts as a small check dam which holds the water and disperses it
uniformly. The area over which it is spread is known as a 'Khadin' and is provided with a spillway for
overflow of water. During winters, when the water level is low due to evaporation and seepage, the rich
low-lying area is then used for cultivation of crops which do not require excessive irrigation. The size of
khadin varies from few to hundreds of hectares and its ownership may be with individuals or
community. In large khadin, the fields of farmers are thin and parallel strips along the runoff channel
which ensures benefit to all the farmers'(Prasad et al.. 2004).
3) Tankas
Most of the rainfall that falls on land is either lost due to evapo-transpiration or runs into rivers away
from the settlements. In order to capture this runoff, especially in many water poor regions like
Rajasthan, small scale collection infrastructure contributes greatly to the volume of available freshwater.
These structures, also known as Tan kas' in the state, collect rainfall and runoff using 'micro catchments'
and stores water before it evaporates or enters the water table. These structures are usually used by
one household or institution. Constructed in a circular or rectangular shape, this collection and storage
infrastructure in the form of underground tanks (cisterns) and excavations (either lined with water
proofing or unlined) into which rainwater is redirected by creating gentle slopes on ground. The runoff
passes through a pattern channel system where through the process of sedimentation, water is filtered
from soil and other waste before it enters the main well. These wells not only ensure adequate supply of
water throughout the year but in case of an unlined well, also help in recharging aquifers. A traditional
tanka constructed with lime plaster and thatched with bushes has a life span of 3-4 years (CGWB 2011).

'The tank- typically about 10 feet deep- is built underground. The catchment area of about 30 feet radius
is made sloping towards the tank inlet.' (Jhunjhunwala, a, 2005). The water stored in such tanks can last
up to 6-9 months for a family, eventually getting recharged during the monsoons. Availability of the
tanka in the desert regions also ensures that women would not have to walk miles to fetch water from
other sources. With few modifications over the years, now-days rooftop rainwater pipes are linked to
the tanks, and the catchment area can be used for other purposes.

4) Choukos
A Chauka. meaning 'square' in Hindi. are a series of interconnected water dykes. built across a gently
sloping area to collect maximum rainfall runoff. Built in a small enclosure of about 2000sq mt. the typical
layout usually consists of two equal rectangles. Dykes are built on three sides on the periphery of the
rectangle and the other side is connected to the main water channel that is meant for overflow. The
squares are designed to hold up to 22cm of water when full that slowly infiltrates in the soil and are
built in series so that each one overflows in the next one (Carriere. 2018). Rows of such chaukas are dug
5 feet apart and trees are planted along these dykes to give them addition support and curb soil erosion
during periods of rainfall. After the overflow reaches the last square. excess water flows into the
monsoon drain along the gradient.

With an aim to utilize every drop of rainfall, the chaukas are dug on bare land which replenish aquifers
due to increased infiltration and maintain soil moisture: This increase. combined with seeding. provides
the community with grazing areas for several months a year, which increases livelihood. Additional
benefits include erosion control. increase in biodiversity and improved living environment (GVNML.
2037)'. During dry periods. the rich soil is used for agriculture and grazing livestock The most significant
characteristic of this system is that it spreads water evenly over a large area. thus ensuring water logging
is prevented.

This system has now been modified into three typologies. 'The simple model, is made on a unidirectional
slope not exceeding 1.5% with a shape of long rectangles. with the main bund slightly tilted to enable
excess water to move in one direction' (ICFRE. 2014). The second type consists of a waterway in the
middle and is effective for land with a natural outlet for runoff. The third, also known as the staggered
model is used on land with uneven slope not exceeding 2%. The direction of the chauka changes
according to the topography and excess water drains on both sides of chauka to finally flow into a
community reservoir.
5) Stepwells of Rajasthan
Water has a special significance in Hindu mythology believed to be as a boundary between heaven and
earth. For centuries. stepwells and stepped ponds. also known as &Ids, Badis, or Vays. have not just
played a significant role in functioning as traditional water systems. serving the community through
generations but also as hotspots of social. cultural and touristic interactions. 'While various water
structures such as tanks. cisterns, paved stairways along rivers (ghats), and cylindrical wells are found
elsewhere in India, step-wells and stepped ponds are indigenous to semi-arid regions of Gujarat and
Rajasthan'(Livingston & Beach, 2002).

Largely built between the 7th and mid-19th century these structures are usually from three to nine
stories deep, forming a passage into the terrain escaping the heat, thus also becoming community
spaces and invested with religious meanings. In Rajasthan. these can majorly be found along the belt of
the Aravalli Hills between the That desert and Delhi. Fed either by rainwater harvesting or natural
springs. these stepwells were majesty used for bathing and washing purposes. However some of the
Bawadis were built to cater to specific building or complexes viz. temples and gandens, some were used
by the commoners resichng within the settlement of Amber. while others were part of highway
infrastructures. where trespassers used these bawadis' (Drona, 2015). Some of these structures also
contain semi open arcades and chanters which were often used by those traveling on foot and served as
highway infrastructures. The earlier rectangular stepped open pond and related linear stepwells were
combined to make water available in every season. The central idea is fairly simple. 'An excavation lined
with stone alms the water level inside the cavity to fluctuate freely with the surrounding water
table:(Livingston & Beach. 2002). Thus. during monsoons. the descent to water is less and the well fills
up and reaches higher steps meanwhile also recharging the water table and even during dry periods.
water is always available through the water table.

The architecture of these bawadis varies by type and location and when they were built. According to
Unesco. the stepwell's construction reflected mastery of this complex technique and great beauty of
detail and proportions (UNESCO. 2014). In Rajasthan. two typologies have been found. (1) an open well
with steps on all four sides that lead clown to the water reserve.' at a relatively shallow depth and (2) a
series of steps in a narrow shaft which is partially or fury covered to protect from direct sunlight leading
to the main well. However. these structures gradually lead to decline during the British Rule as they
feared the unsanitary conditions of these drinking and bathing spots. thus replaced them with
centralized water pipes and pumps.
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR WATER
UNEP-DHI
https://www.unepdhi.org/wp-
content/uploads/sites/2/2020/05/CC_Adaptation_technologies_for_water_red.pdf

Adaptation for Water Scarcity

The biggest challenge of water management that cities and other areas face is the climate induced
impact on natural resources: As mentioned in the policy brief by Swedish Water house(SIWI).
'Adaptation to climate change can consist of strategies which specifically take climate change and
variability into account (planned adaptation) or those with goals that are not specifically climate related.
but that improve resilience to climate change as an additional effect (autonomous adaptation)'(VVilk.
2009). Examples of such autonomous adaptation strategies could include reviving traditional systems.
restoring poor or obsolete irrigation facilities, creating and maintain wetlands for soil conservation etc,
whereas planned adaption includes resilience against droughts. floods, etc.

However, the most efficient and successful strategies would be that can concurrently provide resilience
against various factors such as urbanization, environmental degradation, globalization, water pollution.
etc. Furthermore, stresses such as poverty, cultural norms, fluctuating market, lack of awareness and
education etc also add as stress factors. in this context adaptation strategies should aim to meet the
larger goals of reducing poverty, diversifying livelihoods, protecting common property resources and
ecosystem services, and strengthening of collective action' (Wilk. 2009). To do so, it is important to plan,
design and implement these adaption strategies that help in augmenting use of finite resources. These
key adaptation responses given by UNEP are:

1. Improved water allocation: These agreements are the key to ensure efficient, limited and responsible
consumption of water resources, thus reducing the risk of over extraction and degradation.' Water
allocation as a climate change response aims to implement technologies and establish arrangements for
sharing existing resources among users in a way that is equitable. and to ensure maximum benefits for
all. including the environment' (UNEP).
2. Water Augmentation: This aims to increase the availability of freshwater sources through recharge
and protection of water reserves. Due to increased built environment and reduced water infiltration,
water augmentation strategies purposes increased water percolation through green areas, artificial
recharge systems and nature-based solutions.
3. Water storage: In areas with fluctuating precipitation patterns and frequent drought conditions,
creating water stories strategies is really important, especially during scarcity conditions. These systems
are available on both small and large scale.
4. Water Efficiency and Demand Management: These strategies help in reducing inefficiency and
overuse of freshwater resources through improved technologies. This method can be done through a
variety of measures such as integrated watershed management, improved cultivation systems and
setting regulation standards by lowering the per capita use.' Successful implementation, however,
requires a high level of engagement from stakeholders, including the general public. Therefore,
awareness raising and education often play an important role in successful implementation of such
approaches.'(UNEP).
5. Alternative Water Supply Sources: By adopting alternate water systems such as rooftop rainwater
harvesting, desalination systems, reuse of wastewater and context based water harvesting systems can
increase sustainable and efficient use of water resources.
Some of the examples have been mentioned in the table for areas with too little water, which can be
implemented and modified according to the issues and context -