Authoritarian rule PREVIEW cae ‘Even though democratic ideas have spread to many pats of the world since 1945, and many people now lve im democracies, many ans zeman authori-* Authotarian rule: taran, wih rong ler andl placed on the aby of czens to paries- a OVER tein governments Brookes (2009) pu i on-JEDSEMALE GOED, | may whether by elders chief, monarchs, aritoras,empins,mliary regimes ot ad (se platy san has bot te owen for noe aC hema Minor’. Coit g ‘rentith century wil be emembered at leat as muck forthe dicatorshis it spawned ~inclating Hider’ Geemany,Sala\ Rus, Mao’ Chiea, nd Pol «Fans of authoritarian ots Cambodis ~ a for che demoed wanton ata close. And inspite ofl ‘he spread of democracy, the most prominent authertarian snes remain iter= || ‘pavonaly significant, whether judged by their economic reach (Ching) :sincu-_* The polical impact of eg of cresien (AGhmisnljby hctcomtal erences Buesahier byez (Mea te su or soeingl intended postion of maclear weapons (Pakistan nd Ia) ‘This dupter follows te lead ofthe Democracy Index by looking 2t non democracies 2s hybeid and authoritarian regimes Ie begins with a survey of {hose Iybrid ropes that give some oF dhe appearances af being democrat, ‘bu whew instution ae manipulated to keep rules in power. I goes on 10 look st suthortarin rpms, reaing them down sto neeral cre pe lolure monary rung resides, ruling pares, miltary governed {ener Tt end with a sevew ofthe particular role of corruption, which {sso mucha partof the poial ndsape a achoriaran stems, ‘Aahortaria regimes Peznon eau gato dani oan ages pode afi sna c ucasnng deray “he once of yr rages afr an termediate poston beter suthortanm ander “Too sate of hing th us of average and conto ofthe dis ky res nthe Iramceanc of auortn ginos, (Ore kyo urdatancgasthortaran ging to reogtze tha lw a sacute rans; rany fee [Sidecars mavesterscines poston nor Serio comecrtceaa ar Pore esp eens cep ener ay r Cs ere eee eens 1th at reer te ag cee eee Speen Germano eee erame geeAUIMORTARAN RULE ST Authoritarian rul an overview ‘We sw in the previous chapter thatthe meaning of democracy is contested, and that democracies come i dere types. In much the ame fon, the messing ‘of authoritarian sao contewed and tere i 0 i= fle model ofa suhortarian reine le eadyng ther, ‘we should avid fling ino the tap of anociatng them: too realy withthe kind of despots and rule through feat and survellnce that most eauly comes to mind ‘when thinking about non-democracis. ‘Authoritarian rulers operate within unspoken limit, recognizing the need to serie dels with ather ppowcr-holdes ch as busines the mata. or regional Doses. Just as democratic lenders need wo retain elee- tonal support, so auchoriaran tulem mast convince their ale to continue supporting the exiting regime. Furthermore, government typically takes te frm not tof single dominant leader bu, rather, of an ete group Within which there is consideable internal jockeying for power. deology and poy are oen absent. ers seek to maintain their contol (and ineese shir wee) by liing mass participation, rather thas by mobiizing the population, Ondinary people are unl to expert fence a koock on the door at midnight a longa they ‘ep away from politi n ich a situation, grvernance ‘san uneay combination of formaly unlimited 2uthor- ity and considerable politi valerabiy. Since non-democratic leaders 90 clstly wand shove the lithe constiuona arcitecare (Fay) 2 poor guide Livs are vague and conradiciory cre ating present for bringing any chosen tmublemaker to cour. Special cours uch at matary tribunals are often used for sensitive nes. The leglaure and the Jaticary are under soured, unpofenional and inet fective Ci liberi are poorly respected and the ate often requires private onparzaion to be Beemed The thence of comtintionl contrast lade t9 callow stagmation. The price ofthe rulers securing lrg sce ‘of the pie i thatthe pic ine fla to grow; generating ‘more politcal vulnenbilty. Inthe wake of the dramatic cll of commis sa the end of the 1980s andthe Arab Spring of 2011, 42 tempeing to wow any remaining non-democratic TABLE 4.1: Featuces of sutoritarian ule + The absence of ecard an reprsenatve govern, th electons where they av hed ofan "ret aviation and lees + We innrt omy sted potas ions ‘Sed rouse wi bowen hrc eases Sie tnen wed canon te eoabianrent + Riatlscon ott of sata atceaton ‘nnd mpreseratien. andro guarartes at he ces (o ctzen nil be bo Relay ‘rmedmcod one potecon ova ‘iz ieeSinsuner be msm pense regimes as historical anomalies which weil won be ‘anguashed by the Facebook generauon. But we sw Jn Chapter 3 that such optimiom i both sweeping std premature Ifa to recognize sha euting one athori- trian leader may just lead to another ~ of toa fale state or imason. The collapse of communism bas not ‘brought democracy to Bela, Kazakstan, or Usbeki- stan, and the long-tcem prognosis for Egypt Lys, “Tunisia, and Yemen remairs quesionable In fc, Way (2011: 17) judges that a compariaon withthe comms nit collapse sags that more Arab autora wl ig con, ‘and that chose [An countries which do witne authoritarian colapse wil belo likely to democraze racy Tndox between Iybrid reyimes and authors ges The fit ofthese Herd democracy and author taranism, wih ome ofthe indicators of democracy but subeamtal weaknescs in the way it conducted and a the fenures that we normally asocute with the let Semocae sjiems, such a song leader, cena polsial conta and mia on popular participation. Hybrid regimes “Teh dcibed bye Deo ner srsap i apy dct! by Levy end iy (GIO) meompetie horn sien They dts (or wm ch Neel mere cans58 cuarrens re widely viewed as de principal means of obmin- 1g and Qercetng pole suthonty’ (but whee Incumbents volte dhe rut x0 often and eo sich ‘iti that he egene Gil meee tentonal ‘ininnm eandads for detocrcy,. lathe Democracy Indes, yb regimes ae described a ering weak eeu boda poll eles sid he Sime Gt goverument and political paracpaton, Hlecuons are heli, butare undermined by regulars that fin pe ‘ete thems Bn blog tk ee ed gd pre ‘et peeve on opposition parties and candies cin bbe common. Corruption ead wo be widespread, ce solar and the rule Flew are weak he jadi acs Independence, and journals ae rypialy hase. yb eines: ae em tha hae fe npn feng democrat bt whee tes. eee el nie ee eter leg nee Ins yd magia, leaders or ring parties a lected, but they sie sate esourecs and thee inucnee ‘over the media to dewtiine the outcome of elections long before campuigs begin. Bulocsufing is only needed if a defeat sin the offing. Once elected, the government shows only a Hed sense of consnu- ‘ona seein such concepts i playa lal epposi- ‘don, and individual righ buey register. sas kind cof sprem, notes O'Donnell (1994: 59), whoever wins {he dlecton i thereby ented to govern a be or he sees ft, constrained only by the bad fc of exsting ower slations td bys consntinslly Hated tem of ‘office’ Tae ules what Huntnggon (1991: 306) once osribed st denocracy without tamover and compe- sss without almtion”Iibeml democracy i te in which pares lose evion’ (Paework, 1991: 10) competitive authoritarianism is a system in which ‘ey do not. Rather, change atthe top way reals {fom 8 consitusona mt on tome oF the ecaonal sepeaton Singapore ofers an example While thas mile poliial puis, 2 bast big-eechuology economy And one of the worlds ighes andar of living ts lusified inthe Demoeicy Index asa hybrid cepime. ‘This i minly beens he People's Acton Pary has governed the ind sate snce 1959, routinely winning ‘ore than 6 percent ofthe vt, aintaiing an lee tora stem that lowed it co wan 99 percent of ees Jase est 2011 uth oma 6014 po come ha of the vore and dineczng investment to dstres chat wore toe the pasty, Hybrid regimes are ormlly founded on pow fifa lends 'Se plied pact shes tet oo ei destitution Ip euce for king cae of the needs of the poople, leaders claim thee rapes, deference, ard Seppo Bocas che juny 6 rcerstcired, fuble to enlrce the ndividil rights documented i the consitution. The lw i aed teletvely, a #00 ie powers thet while plea pppondens me saber to detailed legal scrasay supportes find dat the lee racy intudes on thei aciviesfor my fends, ery thay: foe may cotr, de hd Geto Vega cole president of Bran The sate amervenes at the mar He, veh pels coeeecice Sieh eto sevvards Ye in contest wo pure auiorarian segs, the leader bfien provides eflacine governance, thus ‘cing mld euiplicing— popu apport "The fem i prcully common inte i ae oor, cha fer deep ner ions (whether ethnic, elipionsor cern) snd tha fs pal or coasted xtra threats In theteescurstanccy national her figure or dominant party canbe paxented a an engine of development 22 balk pune domestic dsitegra- ‘og, and as protector agus external seas The bead, Seis claimed east be allowed to tle the body polite For mos of ts pes-commuis hiwory, Ukaine hus offered a epreserative case. A former republic of the Soret Union, t became independent i 1991, tou temas poor (dha per cia GNI of just under £4,000 in 2012), an Sind self orm berween Western tnd Russian cccle of influence The efor made by President Leong Kschms to conta the medi, mani lis the poliseal stem, side Ukraine wich Russian economic imerets, and then tig presidential elections sparked the 2004 'Onaige Revolution’ and sow cee- fons. These were won by 2 pro-Weser alliance of poltieal groups which elewied Viktor Yusichenko co ‘he pridency Democratic reform Slowed, bet the ‘country mained divided between pro-Western abd fo-Roian fore and when Viktor Varych wo the 2010 presidental elecion, he took he country femly in the Ruan decion. ‘Yarukoyychearched Mimelé and hs pital sip- porters ingcinghiscounty+datatarone ofthe welds ost corrupt Fr ordinary peope.the need ro bribe pub Be fia wat fact of plea, senting them een their supposedly demeentic government Neier cl society soe the juicy provided an efbtive check etposes When YanskowychS goverment dropped plans in Bul tosis tadeapeement wat the usopeas Usson, ‘mas deostaonsensved ad the government FL The epee’ leader ed to Rosia which thon anneaad the (Ceincan pend Figg broke out in the eaten part ofthe county renforang histor: dvisonsand deaten- fing the siiey of She Uinien maton gowrrment (Stblih ec gorermance. “To the extent tat hybrid ees ae personal in character hey might be expected the wneaBle in the Jeng eu Hanan (991; 157, for ample, eins ‘at ths half-way house eanot sane, Sima. Levisky sd Why Q210-20) note thar such mime are ranked by {inherent txsion in whit opposiuons can develop 2 serious challenge tothe exiting power arwcre Thess tees free ruler iter to sabi (od demsoeraie), foro repre (and revert» rude authoritarian rule). Tine cot wih He pines out of exert tbyjint deveibing thew a tranidonal, Sonne (special, ‘hot fir fom Were zones oF noe) he rode ‘ptllemetd of goectaing poor nd nega sei fpsrueudy since dhe cad of communism rendered Wa ‘ant dcttoship ess defense Onceseta bed regime cm be a sung amalgam, not let in Klamic setings ‘whee Uber} democney fan be eoued wih Weer Perishenes, Wing on aub-Sharan Afi, Heft (2001: 35 judges thar ns wong o conclude tat A an sates ar taeling betwen derioray ad author (arian singly Beene 2 majors of dem belay either category Rasen be cueat condition of Ahan ‘eae could well preva for decades’ Such thinking led ‘Case (1996: 468) to conclude that hybrid regimes re aot “Gere sy season on the rnd to fuer democracy’ Haid provides a patulay datucing eve of Inybrid see I hasbeen independent nce 1804 but has ‘neverbeen able to ttle on a dab and table poli ‘ode, and ance ont the mos tonbled coxny {he westera hemisphere In theory ii unitary prea ental sep with thre branches of government at in realy is whatever is incumbent alminseration is thle to fashion Goes the winckage of ines, el ‘unrest and corruption. It does aot belp that the Coun try hssufied nmeroas natn dates, aging on ‘burianes to eurthguakes, bu a falure to bud ade~ (quits infruractre hat made i lee she to wihtand Such problems, In 2006, however che advent of 2 new ‘goverment di encourage redo Home to upgrade Hai fom a ranking of Not Fee to Parly Fre. But hen cane the Jary 2010 earhguake, which Lied AUTHORTARN RULE 59 an estimated 230,000 people and lef goverment, the (On the 2014 Human Devlopment Index i¢ ranked 168th oot of ie 187 cours on the Bet, Authoritarian regim: Jn this section, we Look a states wd the features we ost seudily caocite with auboritaranis: song Jewders, cenvalzed political cool and weak reco dh popular peeps hl Mets snl el ght ‘swe will see however authoritarian seginses come ‘sid a fling party oF he malury to sptens reveling sound « sng individual, wit the wildig of power ting end fing wih the tones ofthe ede. ‘Athostarln regimes: Regine bod on bron 0 ‘ther carsara by rug elt nied pli pl ‘an ceed pase con tale oppo, 2nd Raman ip ae ‘Absolute monarchies apr, the abence of a clear succession procedure isa conral weaknes of avheriar~ J regu, providig tue of thes polcal dyn Becaine there awe no competitive clstions to retest the lesderip, athorkarian leaders ray contioue fa post wt well pas their sel-by dates. wat the ageing totocrat fli vernon a the Arb ews of 211 (Tle 42).Ae ose uprising show, chaning the Fader ‘ivan auihoniaran pine i gonerly more dificult proces thn ia democracy The pattern in China, where face the 1990 the Commune Pary ha changed is top leaders on 2 ten-year eyes, exceptional conti lutesto the pry cotiaued eld on power. A. deckne ito desposiien an inherent danger of authocarian regimes Inthe cae of Libya, Muar sar Gaddafi ams to power in 1963 2 the rl of 2 siltary coup, and claimed chat i was his goa to unite ‘he Arab world, He posed bs owe ideology Libya {contained within his Green Book) and exercised trl contol over his government andthe people of Lyn Even Gada dit not prove Savlnerable, Inspired by the Arab Spring. an uprising agit hen in 2001 lod tov bret el sar th rele hi tl death the hans of beh. But uo agement ox 2 posArab Spring setlement his emerged, resuking in feting among competing fictions As the example of Gadel60 cuarrens @ crocus: The Democracy Index mates a dsincSon betwee bli epines an authoritarian regres, The fatal these up Consisting of 39 counsin ho 2014 nda hae ho folowing fess subtariregularties hat ‘Sten prevent sectors fm being fxe arf, qoucmmentpresste on opaoaton perce ens earcidets, hatesmert ol ouralt, a terdercy to widespeud croton, the absence ofan ndepandent ji, ord ‘weaknesses npoines| tur, the tunevonng a govern, poles erscpstin, the rl eo nov society. Forthor pr, sutsortarn egimes(ofahich sere were §2 she 2014 inde) ater am an absence ef arheae nits upon poltcl puraiam. Many of ese countries ae ight datos any feral Instsions of democracy having Inte ssbeance. Whore sections are hold thay are rot foe anda theo lercaet fr sbises and nsineents ofl Uberti the mache me pcaly state-owned a ented By ‘90up#conracted to the ring age, and there i rpreson of tick of he government a pervade connie. Hybrid vs. authoritarian regimes Distinguishing benwoon hybrid regimos and suthrtaion ogi can quire fn plc jdgorent and Inmay ce tng store toate Lays ited ae 9b regine, ors se Nagas ar Naw Karen consid ihn the are group of author gies Examples ef the two Spence te felling Hybrid rogimos ‘Authoritarian regimes aye Alganistan ai ogo ng hire Kona Cubs Loe tee Pakitan Nigeria Nom Kora sae ula Sau Abia statin tale a be removed By upeeats ft any time, meaning that they must devote consant sutetion to shoving up tice poutine tis fort ey ‘erally exploe tree Key contol devices the miley paronage.and te media. TABLE 4.2: Lesdore overthrown inthe Arab Spring, 2077 Despatch pre cf che scene byte aban othe ponen wee wary holes dhe we of ok ntnicon a be edo Serie to wars af enn oa gen aed be es Satsang ah stp ees ey SS Se TT ee yp ema Mubare “nla Ze 8 Abide Ben Al Yorn _A Abts Sah 2 ” o Nee Tete Si cor cto or Sa wan ete Nar ena tAUTHORTARAN RULE 61 ‘A exong military and security presence and a will. segs by authortaras leaders fuse tht rou, ‘cacti The Arab Spring generally moved farther and ie i ne cre hes ht cagfoe It he op pect ofthe ons of vicknee, or showed an unwig- ‘so use them ~ though government reprewion did ‘oe powers violence in ibys an Syria. igh spending fon dhe armed force, fen made peable by revenue {fom natal sours, san inverted Rp ulers tanya potenti oppor, and prides the teas oe sappecsing dometie dett,Even when the ene tary does nor isl ale ill provides 2 ey support tbe Sr the pli eeccuthe: Lavih extent of tht med laces thorloresaevale,pogucang « drug (u Seontme pedorince, Andria sept bck the epuraton of mitery and pola aes which characte iberal democracy. "Thesertmd device fen unc potronye ne wodk ia Which oer holder af power are icoeporated by providing cher ait resus (ich a contol omer jobs mitun! raceree, and acces to money making ‘opportniis) wich dhey dstbute, is war, o dir ‘ows supports, In cis way, diet allegiance ro onc patron and nde tothe regime, becomes the ey to {succes career These pauon~ebent pyramid exxend enughoue society, priding 2 wel oF allegiances which overides che pubic-privae divide As loug as the eliens ae obelly sound, heptane shady behaviour, ct whit helps explain vey cor ruption iso widespread in auiboritaran reine. Ist fnitons are weak, while rym lanes are song, Dolding the eegine together. But vere i a high peice to piy-cornipenn commer whatever pub appre the ogee may poses, inating potetal italy, Patong: Spar. encrpensne sce lege toned ne nc ster a ec of sharks guna te rs decribed eo e Pst ye ce eres ‘The thind device used by authoritarian leaders is control of the media to eae Givourable: coverage for thee achivuments, and ericion or naglect ‘of their opponent Censorship implemented by iteeal offences nich a theatenng the digit and ecivenss of the sae, In le, there is mince of poble and private owner of the media, and a ‘wide variety of optocs om which to choca, but the Jamie Revolutionary Court monitor: reports and settons tat sang be deemed treats to the ate These are sufficiently vaguely defined oso allow & aldo sage of hayes which tight lead ro loan, sespension, or imprtenment of the publication i= question. Many lranass circumvent offal censor ship By soing on thee, tte elev, sobale phones ‘Agresson and beligerence ae oe driven by fear ii lberblng and hs io roe of antes sus Conumunicaton i epague, tus behing, gover rent spending is mined, corapton i endemic Inve ie igoceed eetmnwnis tel obedience tens bes pr ‘te tnate and ore anvestors are cubes. ay ie, die coreens a ste slog an despa Sng economy anda eynie population. Even sation duran mile Gu sometimes genente mpid economic sprth. China i the mctathe exingl:b eretor forth between 1978 sid 2009 fr exeveded that of flemosrae India (Madhokar nd Napasuns, 2011; Sen, 2011). There & evidence to snggent tn entcierien rule can genemtecaly-age ceowonsiedevopeent in paicularindustridzation requires masiveinvescmeas fn infasrucee (ch a mampor, communicaions, and education) and authoriarian rulers can generate ‘he aegis forts fvetmcot by stg heer, sectoral presces for immediate consuan ion. Simply put, they can kick-start development because they can {rere the complains of thas whose eonumgtion snl ied. ‘Although a few non-demoontie rims initite sconomic tke of mos do:noe Many wadional rules, fc asthe ring fies fn the Middle Fax, cominae to seit modernization, Other dictators ~ for ext ple, Niger mata lootocras'~ set back economic dlevelopmest by decade darough rose skenagerient [A seas sea by Preworsk al. (2000-271) found that even in shove cates where authoritarian regis Inne achieved promt, thi ncreate hat dependod pri sanly on expanding the Lbour foe. Democrcies, ‘ny estat make more rodoetie we oftheir ip, 4 orm of gromh which cin, i principle, cominue Sn Forms of authoritarian rule ‘Boenane thee i sade lirge elemene of oppo jam involved in authoritarian rule, with strong leaders and/or sling groups either exploiting opportuniien62 cuarrens TABLE 4.3: Forme of authortaian ade Baran, Kuma, Oman, Cater, Saud Sebi Usted Ant Envater Soveral foam Sole apubis,Angla, Zimbabwe ‘Commun aes, and many Ahan satesin the decoder eer ncepensance ‘Many Aca, Asan ane Ltn Ameria coomies fine mena decades aouing he Secon Weis Wer {tae common today Absckte —_Aruingsovrsign ert correl wth other ‘moray armbar havea amy ay pola and nay pom ung “The prsidoney dominates goverment and te preideen stad, with opponents kop of qed an the Stposiion marines Rulng panies Rule by angle poy ote combined tha song present tatan rte Goverment by the mit. fen alg tough oe ‘imedforcen Theoeracy Ara frm aren which lau leaders ‘gern arecy that come thee way 6 being tbh ta power by secident, 0 simply filling into bad habits, anthori- tarinism has few of the standard templates shat we lund waes we study democracy. Is msportast to ote that che most common toe! of authorsarian rule not meprenion bt co-op, end jst of al chics but of whole segments of dhe population. We will se this as we review fve different srands chat ve ws succes into the personality of authori- firian government sbiolte rronarehy, ruling presi less, ruling pastes, sluary sue, and heoersey oe ‘Title 43). Absolute monarchy ‘Wille mdemscrstitan bite tceasciy eon pro vide a sable amowork for the exersse of adonat auutonty, in which ruler show pacrmalie concer for ther subjets. In conzas: to de copssitional men archies of Europe, where King and gucens weve oly 1s figures with few significant powers Gee Chup ter 9, absolute acxaics all wiel uated power, ‘They se pacticalry Enpoctat in the: Me Ent, thelr major oll and cat gas eserves giving evel ‘ofthem such a Babin, Kowat, Oman, Qa, Sch ‘Anibia, and the Usted Ar Emintcs ~ comidenble lobul influence. Absolute monarchy: A or of overs wc 2 ‘Bona wes ante pws ore seen ch eh sors fearon smal Seal othe confond wash lil power conser ‘socal ‘We Ad te he exe ince neo the tr in cory Qe by one) 0 deserbe dhe adil poltial stems found in the Pesan Cl, fr three 1 The tnt by Ab enna nfl til or [Maonis madiion, aim oni ender or commander, ‘sei (vere leader of the tie), or oan (eer ‘whe pens stor) = ha nsdn sakes <0 iiorlag acta nain than a single menare, offen exercise athoriy These cumin ae nn by Gay Taine, ether than sole ter. * While the king typically designates a crown prince ss his profred tuceator, catorm regeizes shat ‘clin coumesl meets ater the monarchs dent t0 Coniem or change this appointment la tot Euro ean monarchies by cons, sucession b bused ox eres by tie fsboen ‘Asthoriy inthe male-dominatid Ab amass sowed wo the ruler rather than wo amor abstract ety tech at 23000 cr party; the ule constrained wee ther by lw nor by compestive election In some eases ‘hese spss hve shown remadable xing power I ‘Onin, for example, the Al Bu Said dysty as suled since 1749, longer than the Unite tars hs existed as anindependent county According ois 1996 cova Son, the person ofthe Sula evilae and me be respecte and is ordees must be obeyed. Several kingglams notably Kunait have now eae lished combative avembl, but his refor x wnikely te presage a franition to s comintional mocanchy (Hers, 2008). Because dhe ruler ss expected 29 tkeexpociilty for his peopl the right of onary peo- ple to peckion on individ mater wel estabiied. Hloweves the petioner requests benevalet ercetmens, not the implememacion of constitutional cgi. The emacs of ae inking ules and cides is weak, fate such siodern concept a comiratons, ht, ltees: group, the separation of power and the cue of Taw, Polite Based on intrigue at the palace, with tle unsysommunstepusi permet etree ess eee ol es [irs toa) Snes Lease Tce] a a= a] Sto ered 89 saree cena opt 982 Lolli > Unearar Neon! Passe Cans ran 3000 ere caren cy sragnlacl and roa eangrss Mow on orb poods work aid cut when noses by 215. mero Staring Contes. Executive > The Sute Count hooded byte premiere to exe bod supevng nek fhe nite, Deb ret erties ation Ser cel eo an reo eae oe FP ‘blenders athe CCP “Isdiclary > Notipean sahil out Rite tial ha renee butt tem ee aero Electoral system =) Sectors have been recast may of Chinas vlagos ad9 some aarrps Hower, ecco stl apenas th panyaaineninon hvactlacien aunt hrials Parties 2 sng gary he Chine Camus Pary/ICC ears ha dominant pokcalee,telesenhisbag & parle gaemmen wth when mos epover case ey (Baap atin ag Ca of pod pay Lo, many Alcan cscs, malar Leaders have jus el ‘play Alouph eter comurupimapes os it (ad uteekome cpio power fon ia rere, Sany coup ae ooe my rp wth sate, ovole ae os fia soe enn welcomed by Sia. ‘Bod coupe by anpuing that the chins ae doi 2 poor job of geversing, and elming that power wll be feted to the els once anew nd more effcive tysemn of goverment cabled. But then the new salary leaden offen deude vo ay ox indeitelyoxAUTHORMARAN RULE 67 Authoritarian rule in China lets 2007: 828 gues that 'Crna has become 2 pre nampa of how authortaran goverment can Cope aa a eee pdacaramie davsoprant How tsitmarages cater Pua of ne sae as inthe dasha Chines Communi ary nem mataning fe money postion sporting he governart. the josie sam Sea va-nas mada) hls aeobeworing wx rushe rd more superveoy, Th evcal eer tas bean ‘Moreton of cena cone kam Bang, nol Eris bbe tera cl esther _dtuioa wo ges che police! matt, that ‘han fee mart. These lancer am corponed not nyo well piace pty martes but aha of eli ie poe be ear chron Shanta an sympa agultons, norton Supls vensoor Sr eter nbacos Se poles! rd aconamie reform dee nat aces npy 2 sitar amare coro peng within hele oan Reform enpeweslocl ‘ny to ceitwent themes a cv poliins, Such feu to atone civil tus rany be real or purely for appearances che es, the armed forces wsualy ‘etn a signee polital act. Nigesia is a representative case having spent rely 30 years der matary goncrament since Independence in. 1960. Civihins were removed fa a coup in 1983 amid. cheng that pois akties wee! Vectra! Gach hbo td, soaically, Ut the government was becom fg ee rathoracin, The sew enfeey leader — ‘Major Gencrallorahim Babangida~ oversaw the an sition oa new clin spstem of goversmen: based on | neve consinen. But he raed to handover power tis new present in 1993 ceimnng that the election had been Gaudulest. The selling outry forced him tomep dove, snd he wat soon replaced by Bracar Sani Abacha, who made no boaes about is dese to be elected as a:celtn pedidnt and acetylated [Nigeria ail pros along the way. He died of 3 sup- posed ert atack Sa June 1998 (an event popslaly ltes to crn a sate sponsored business dos. hose members ude pubic offs na pay rembors by ‘hie woy to raw rah erin depen one pola ‘ye asda not ek charge “Te leesonng or ena peal ern oe san expesin cf entsdon. Inthe now ericson pubic amploous re quck 2 ecaghze oscorunios {Sears onta money to her oe poston Geng et 300000 for pat but wihin to yori Se Feller Teatro 4S00 perce etary athe Profeason ax prfuatle a hsunce teaver? lan fic! fomths Cen! Seepine naacaion Commason, usted Merego, 2070: 70, How, peraps bone of ‘he prys maecileems: con ony ara memoers byotlerng poor argue resources bul eal untuence by the armed frces-When new evita rulers are unable co limit the generals to 2 profes sional maitary sole, the armed forces will continue TABLE 4.5: Recent examples of military rule +0 dominate, sapersise oF comsrain the government, compromising su demoentie rodent, Theocracy -Acwich miltary rule goverment by religous desis sa bee arcs not an anton ha cet Te stacori authorsaran governance orev, sone euntresn democratic premance) A gin sot soy guts licen «a preacet en, Mini contri pil separate gi a falleadenhip win the content ofan vel comnt- frene fem Teed mt ofthe Mae Da Zowgue fas become source ot oppo o aathon pis lle re hich end tor beetle ee fi ad cl Indah beloged in the ene ands “At leu nce the end of iba ue in Aibariean in 2001, he Marnie Repel of en eands Slane at ah example os contin thectscy, Ahsan, ‘Pioens ind Mata ho comer thence to bee opus it cgi Its et poe seat Even i lea, sul by sigs Lede (ota tnd mit) poscaes Enid. eginary experi among the young and educated Pubic demonsraors {nian depuing th ren ofthe 2009 pede ee dion confined ot eal pope eton wih te pollieal stem, bu aso divaios betwen mirme {nd hardliner thin the ange tle Forte pro- teas daring te Ant Spring 2011 wexe contain by 2 gone security epous bu this id 0t p te ‘ory inthe 2013 predental lecon ofthe rlatey ‘nmi Hsin Rola EE age 2010-1 Burma, 1962-2001 200s ‘rsdn: Mamadou Tara suspended the cnstinaon ad asumed amergune powers ftonng stated 209 oat to change te oration to allow im tov ar a ied term He mors ‘rsh poi in fico but war evervown ina 2010 coup. ew craton nos gid ond Floning the death ofLanana Corts wha had sezad pouerin 1988 coup and agin the backgrene of rebel neurgeno, Mowe Dade Cras sozed powerin 2008 Hew es © ‘ep down by eu roar ard n OTG tn county hide Wat pen slectanesnc SE a nog ying Govern nots neon gh bse, on Socemmars anata pom m Zot butte 200acenstuten craved oar paitea [ven for he min. he he ily oteted ars 0 et up a carmiion oleok ino comouretio er ictina far err coup, be clon govrsrrt as freed ov fie hn 2008 Mina chal FarkAUTHORTARAN RULE 69 Totalitarianism “ealtarian regimes demencng ld nuppot fora supreme lnaclr ete rare een in he were carn and thor is enya et 003) (Nort Kore) In pita oft an ots tana cannot be gro a3 plead ‘ype, and te work mang danse the henchman forthe mat extreme orm af pte coral we Rave scone tne mode's ees feature nlude a domnting leader peruayed at working nthe benecer interests rte pape ane angie guaing eesigy pated ons eset wen otrumen ste na ne spe ‘sterol a doa eit nthe face exer and intemal gopcaion lee Gooch, 2007, ‘The sechenpaltrltaran rie wae thst domiste by Jonah Stn inthe Soviet Union between ta ate 1920s, she he cars to power and deat 1953, Under is won ft the USSR moved aay Hors Meat Idols towards an absoltis and unaleng detetohp hat deranded unqusoring suppor for tha sat, ho pry ase esdera Stn uned-gamati snd ainiatad spores to afore ha eft. the proce of ‘hich perhaps as many 2620 milion people do From famine, axccuon, war snd many milion more were Porged.crecied te conceraton camps Stalin slan meant almineion of nan Aight ae te ne of Sit peony, and of «secret pice to ety mde rel, ‘Sin ao atblinad » command economy sich ll te deesians ha are ean by te ea merat a sib! cerocracy woe mace by sate planers: they cece wat shouldbe produced, kent snoul be Procied,wnete shad fe detieed, anc at what paces tana Re sla Ay ea, ho Seen eau} bbcere both tire and massively netic. eso eyo pla wat rbiove ergs ch ot indusviation, wth the goal of svengthorng the county woak itor aonal postion. The Communi Pry Infitated vary poof Sot ie creating srew clas af puleges pti antenna dashing any rma ing hope of ashiewng Marr yin ofa cesses society. See, Neth chon toupee iy nf tere intr he ator so a seco cso human ogi anusay he saaninson of plea! snd tary power ams sunersion ofthe ves of ens orn by the rling Werks Party, lactone ich there only ne canteen sch cit and on Inlexbl acoromic syst that has ad not ust 0 stagraton but ale to ase stanaton Ttaltaranon: The se fir hin ‘ul bade or ging log orth go eae lees ei ed ecclee etiy rely Spee ors peat gle nae et “Theory Govern igi ae blame epue: Ase hed on ani cine ‘ed Bl eptiion faew oh the ‘pecs ota her Heine tiga Irae icocracy waa eid ofthe 1979 cevluton, (Oa Ie pete erection of the tenth cones ‘which Ayatollah Koei, a 7e-yeurcld cleric come ‘ited tm blesde Kidarestlinn, everticew theo ‘Weer Shah of Iran, The sevoluionaiessdvoated a teatonal Mamie sepuic se fom fosign doeina- ‘onneiter Ea nor West wae the sagan I power, the sola crested unique Iamic state in which they siualy govern indicty through secular rulers there i directly elezed president and Jegidasue, but Ia renains authoritarian, ral power Tying wih the clerics The mow senior of hex 4 the Supreme Leader, who tas a lifetime appoinamenc as Dead of ste mat he an oxper in Iam ew ad Bat many executive powers, induding contol of foreign tl econewniepoicy Metnwtale,a -member Con ‘SL Gaines corte th logon en ed dite for offec our to lac law. Government bused on sriely enforced adonal male-dominated ‘Marie codes the Interior Minit ill rakes exeneve se of informants and the wate employs arbitrary ares 1a fore of conta thooagh Ste70 cuarrens ‘As with cany aucoritrian regimes, Ins xs cer no clear direction on auch peateal tiers 2s economic development, monetary policy and ever ‘ea tide, Thee miles pgm nnd porary OE fnteraationl tenor ate intermational anctons, ‘hereby liming esonomic growth oll revemaes noc” ‘widening: Tete, the clerics Hie gre ely Dy etablsng lad ~ ax exempt harsh cus for their personal benefit These foundations ~ and he puble sector, generally — dominate an incsient ceonomy- The roult that lean theocratic estab ‘ment consis of competing factions of midle-aged to ay sen empltingthe mercatinary henge f'8 Succes llr wo bud and retain power ad wal [Nether smbeg perry ance oy cy exe pone ‘oven diction ‘Unsurprisingly in a country where the median age ‘wasnt 20 years in 2015, rule by ts thencrae eine thas intensified yoneraional divisions, Wel-duated young people, itiuding many female graduates, cafe dhe retletine impesed by the nites ea ‘ment. This desire for cedars not necemarily eooted in secular oudook: saher it reflects opposition to the cultura rpreson impowed by aegis leader ship lacking a postive wison of the coun’ facure (Gheinasi, 2005), The political impact of corruption ‘Corruption is far fom unique to zwhoriarian 95- erayed eats nd teney Loe of gonernent and sdnunstason in every society whe people ae willing feiibus pie fice fr pefnee pa. Wenn be fund the most wable and sucefl democracies, 26 well ‘et lien ~ eed democrat However corruption ‘plays a pursculry teling clin hybrid and suthomtar- fan eps being both case and effet ofthe Kind of over that authoritarian leaders wick! In the famously ‘pte clacton of the sneteenb-century Beith polis Lord Actor Power sk 1 cortape snd able power tee to ova suoltly- isa men ae alt avy, ed men, evo won they exeteie influence and foc authori ll ore when. you topesdd the tendeny or the erat of soeuption by surhorn (Acton, quoted st Figs ad eure, in) eee a eel freee when a iia locus shes exchange Sr ee ern oo the bk tenet Ta be te peal i fo ew thy nal te done Peon een Mos worrying comuption can undermine the quauty of gorerance abd the ekcency of a eo omy. Te replees efforts 10 promote the pulic good sth eles toposes the pate good ens He sted resources vay fom those who most aced thera, Ascourages foreign investrent, and places the interes ‘af thee wilig eed able to bral the Inw shove the ‘teres othe popultion a4 whole Tlic corspllon ces im ES, ‘dining he llowing con fad involves manipulating the outcome of tions, whether bythe di of eer discs, Wy mung id far votes vo a ie bly ‘nsiniating opposition candidates and ther sappore- t,o by arifically expanding the thcto ral foy doubl- counting votes or ading Eke or dead vote), The giving of 2 tribe wa goverament oficial or a police ofc Inu poaing, were someone sls tei inituence fi gamers beneleathil pty Fox exile, ‘fica ny we thes office to enue that purtelar company is awarded « publi conmact, or wo exsure ‘Hat Blend or cate ls chcwea wo Gla metey Patage wat dcaed eater, and i many feet 1s legit, bur becomes commune when eval Tiare stlecting lee quiiiad over moore quali fied candiats for ofce ix resura for their poli, ipport * Nepotim inva Gvourng aves, while crony- ft lortees Bourg personal lends, ree in being select as candidates in elections, in being appointed to inyportant goverument alee, or it ‘emg avanled government cones. 1 Eanbecelonent evolves the thf of public fin the infos cases of Nigecan mibtary Ides who ‘durag the 1990s wed tack fice to phon of en ‘tn sree ame pl alg be accu 1 Kies accu when government ficial use thee position to offer « contact for public work to & ovary in return fora share ofthe payment ade to the companyMeasuring and qusntiying eoruption is co easy spasnly becuse #8 by cetnssea~ a ep and ‘underground activey Ix terms of making comparisons, ‘hohe puie we have comerin the form ofthe reper published by TranpureneyIntrastional, a ongniea- ‘on headquartered in Brin thas works oils coreup- ton and promos manparency Te poblsies an anal ‘Comupuion Perceptions Lades wich uses a Sanety ot governmenal and nom govecumertal sources 19 rank fevtptlons of compen rodod the werd The hey ‘woed here & pomp; the dex refccs how cous ‘ies are regarded by those who know themrather hae roving dict aed ebjertine netine' of coer Ill Ine index is bused on = compton of nora Het Sa Has, Sten end lente gr Tht fverip with firms uf polit rule is cose, the least ‘comup: counties corresponding with fill democracies, td the rare eocpe cnedaping ith wetboririn ‘egies oe Figure 4.1), "That even the mort adeanced democracies exper ence comipton & mBoted in the cases of Danmarks [Now Zeah, whic sat che top ofthe Tassparcacy AUTHORMARAN RULE 71 Inernationalinkings (though this does noe mean chat they a the Jt errupt count Ho much thous ‘where coerption isles evider-The repor noes that Tenant acs expan i polled eed compen Saancing has ousted ows op Seadom of aforation, an provides insuficiene protection co whistleblowers, while Now Zealend i erczed So ts Flas to nf ‘he United Nauons Comenuon Agaisse Corupton. ‘These ae minor concerns when compared with (he sition in Nori Keres abd ‘Srl, wich fied for lst pace ia the 2014 Corruption Percep- sions Index tn the cate of North Kore informion i gleaned manly fen deters, whoae apres mee gest that 2 culture ol corrupucn bas unhtated the free sie Bribery nites Lankew @2013:89-91) bas ‘beconse a mater of basic survival given dhe eoustey’ food shorages.lck of basic resource, and lsh penl- tie Soe ey ations Cate ght he defined at threatening the governing gine. Somalia experiences compurble problems, with the addison of even more high level Coerapsion involving pazonage and the mispproprs- tion ef public funds, Mes iint saeesas 5 ‘0 5 ° eee FIGURE 4.1: The worl ten lass nd mat cerrut states72 cuarrens @ DISCUSSION QUESTIONS ‘© Which is preferable: «sable dictatorship o the inability that often aives in poor and deeply di- vided soceses with no experience of democracy? How does patronage difor in its democratic and cuthoritarin forms? Where doos Wester critic of non-Western authoritarianism cease robe heli and evalve into cultural or poten inoperiatics? 5 Mao Zedong once suggested that polities! power grows out of the kerel oF gun. So why, shen ae the armed forces notin charge * Does mittary rule necessarily involve the occupation by miltary officers ofthe key instcwtions of ‘eowernment? 1 Why are 20 many authoritarian rapes corrupt? .@® KEY CONCEPTS ‘Absoite month ‘Authositaran gine Coupon Coup dose Cal of perionaiy Depocim ‘Hybrid spine Mise copie Pouwonage Theacrtey “Touaitarisi | Cire ‘Brookes, Pal (2008) Now-Dawcae Reimer‘Theory Conrmet ond Pats, 2 ed. A comprehen sve abyss othe mala types oF authoritarian ee. ‘Ea Naha and Erica Frantz Q011) Datos and ‘Deon: Undenanig Autontarin Rage and Th Les. cep sumiay of the aca ‘Serie Breture on non-derooerde governments Heywood, Paul M (el) 2015) Rowleae Hook oF lal Comapion A row of the meaning sd causes of cuption, with capes oletng “suc fom diene pars of che wed “Levis Steve and Lucan A Way (2010) Compe tive Auhortarioion: Hybrid Regines Afr te Cold Wc A deed scrout of ie rae and dive {ats of compensve authoritarian ragones nce 1990, Ssich, Tony 2015) Goverae ond Pai of Ching, “4th edn. An informative guide tothe words moe mportant authoritarian regime. Svollk Mian W. 2012) The Pats of uhntarian (Rule A sey of he dysamics of dictzonhip, ad of the protiemsfced by dicutos.Theoretical approaches PREVIEW ee So far we have looked a comparative gowerniens and politi im broad terms, and ts poly ready dee tha Feld of complexity and of eofictng “Theoratiel approaches: analyses, tis tangled enough at the level of the individual state,but when we add edad ‘up plea sper to the ection the challenges of achieving am under Thy z ‘Sndngseompouncd Ther concrodie ey pling eerie * Techn see! ichentherwiebeacheceCmrectred diecetiom snd ie coe iene (eect ‘work that can be tee and applied indifferent pce an a diferent tims. «Th ngtonal approach ‘Acthcorsical approach is 2 simpiffing device ora concept filter that” =m STOPS apprORSY ‘helps ws doige what iporant n tena of exphining polical phenomena. In other words i can help ws through 2 body of fac, decice which ae ‘Tha behavioural approach prinary and which are secondary enable us 9 organize ad nterpeet the nfor- © The scr approach Rina and desdoy complete aquniae and sapanadine sa de bate | ‘of ouratudy. + The ational choice "This chapter offers some nih: into the theoretical approaches waa by approach shih ices Thee ai dk pate in ele eens ; Ev comprrienie insted we for hee on fie ofthe mat impor ie * THe Rta apcech ‘ota blend seco faecal and rpsve pera The lpes bephe sh alc ere thanging cat emp pt ecco sien thre ry lan eng saccttee Ep opeete meeuert ng tc gency poke ocelot Pez “Tip orcs ae fin pn anche ing ta eh esto a onshowt Tinton pospezive as dene nox 0 dupe the dewopment of pote ssa cicpre andrei sn Imporartuaalcn a conpa'aie poles ‘Tes panaiaualspacecn amine alte the ll fthe ec rabingprinahy an qusnotne arab Beare nee “The arch approach fests on nucle sone paso help undensanssne pasa nah t Feige ndge hee ord ny ‘Tea atonal soe apreach seis apn pote atc by along inaractone beter pta coe ‘hay pueu ha patted Mare sh go ‘Ts nnaieton porch wwe oie he ee aeupe consist shauna the cain thers, owe ven tor Harare aioe!