SOCIAL WELFARE AND SOCIAL WORK 1.

Social Security – compulsory measures instituted

(THIRD EDITION) to protect the individual and his family against the
Thelma Lee Mendoza consequences of an unavoidable interruption.
Published by: Central Book Supply Inc. 2. Personal Social Services – service function which
has bearing on personal problems, individual
Chapter One situation of stress, interpersonal helping or helping
people in need.
SOCIAL WELFARE 3. Public Assistance – refers to concrete aids/
An organized system of social services and institutions, materials supports provided usually by Government
designed to aid individuals and groups to attain satisfying agency.
standards of life and health, and personal and social
relationship which permit them to develop their full SOCIAL SERVICES
capacities and to promote their
wellbeing.(FRIEDLANDER) Refers to the programs, services and other activities
provided under various auspices, to concretely answer the
Includes those laws, programs, benefits and services which needs and problems of the members of the society.
assure or strengthen provision for meeting social needs
recognized as basic to the well-being of the population Concrete demonstration of social welfare or concern for
(Elizabeth Wickenden) the well-being of human society.

Includes all those forms of social interventions that have a According to Richard M. Titmus, social problems are
primary and direct concern with promoting both the basically located in the economy. He considers social
wellbeing of the individual and the society as a whole. It services as partial compensation for the “SOCIALLY
includes the treatment and prevention of social problems, GENERATED DISSERVICES AND SOCIALLY
the development of human resources, and the CAUSED DISWELFARE”
improvement of the quality of life (Romanyshyn)
THREE GOALS OF SOCIAL WELFARE:
“An organized concern of all people for all people” 1. Humanitarian and Social Justice Goal -
(Gertrude Wilson) democratic ideal of social justice. This goal involves the
identification of the most afflicted, the most dependent,
It encompasses the well-being of all members of the the most neglected and those that least able to help
society including physical, mental, emotional, social, themselves, and making them the priority target for the
economic and spiritual being. investment of scarce resources.
2. Social Control Goal - This is based on the
Society responds to unmet needs through the following: recognition that needy, deprived or disadvantaged
1. Individual and group effort groups in a society are capable of striking out,
2. Major societal institution which have their individually or collectively, against what they
designated roles and responsibilities for meeting consider to be an alienating or offending party.
human needs – Shared Responsibilities 3. Social Therefore society has to secure itself against
Agency threats to life, property, and political stability in
TWO VIEWS OR CONCEPTIONS OF SOCIAL the community posed by those who are deprived
WELFARE of resources and opportunities to achieve a
1. Residual formulations – conceives of the social satisfying life.
welfare structure as temporary, offered during 3. Economic Development Goal - This gives
emergency situation and withdrawn when the priority to those programs designed to support
regular social system. increases in the production of goods and services
2. Institutional formulations - sees social welfare as and other resources that will contribute to
proper, legitimate function of modern society. economic development. The immediate
THREE CATEGORIES OF SOCIAL WELFARE beneficiaries -- able bodied, relatively better-off
PROGRAM members of the community.

Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY.
SOCIAL WORK 1899 – American introduced the new educational system,
new health methods and religious freedom.
A profession which is concerned with man’s adjustment in 1900 – Phil. Normal School
his environment; a person in relation to a person’s social 1902 – Insular Board
situation. 1905 – American Red Cross, Philippine Chapter
1907 – La Gota de Leche
Social work seeks to enhance the social functioning of 1910 – Phil. Anti – TB Society
individuals, singly, and in groups, by activities focused 1913 – Associacion de Damas Filipinas
upon their social relationship which constitute the February 5, 1915 – PWB ( Public Welfare Board)
interaction between man and his environment. January 1917 - Associated Charities of Manila
These activities can be grouped into three functions: 1 1921 – Office of Public welfare Commissioner 1922 -
restoration of impaired capacity 2 provision of individual Office of Public welfare Commissioner prepared
and social resources 3 prevention of social dysfunction solicitation forms
(US Council on SW Education) 1924 – Associated Charities became independent agency
1933 - Scholarship grants for professional training for
Social Work in its various forms addresses the multiple Social Work
complex transactions between people and their Josefa Jara Martinez
environment. (IASSW and IFSW) She worked on the Public Welfare Board and introduced
the scientific approach in Social Work. Commonwealth
Period
SOCIAL FUNCTIONING PROBLEMS ARE 1940 – Department of Health and Public Assistance
CAUSED Service took over the activities that used to be performed
BY: by the Associated Charities before it had ceased to exist.
1. Personal inadequacies o sometimes pathologies Japanese Occupation
which may make it difficult for a man to cope with Social Welfare activities during this period consisted
the demands of his environment. mainly of giving medical care and treatment, as well as
2. Situational inadequacies and other conditions food and clothing, to the wounded soldiers, prisoners and
which are beyond man’s coping capacities. civilians. Prominent among volunteer organizations are
3. Both personal and situational inadequacies. Philippine
Red cross, Young Women’s Christian Association, and
PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN RIGHTS and SOCIAL National Federation of Women’s League.
JUSTICE The Post War Year
are fundamental to social work 1946 – Bureau of Public Welfare re- opened.
1946 – UNICEF was created.
Chapter Two October 4, 1947 – the Bureau of Public Welfare became
the Social Welfare Commission and was placed under the
THE PRE-HISTORIC PERIOD Office of the President.
Social Welfare work in those times centered on mutual August 1948 – PACSA was created by Pres. Quirino.
protection and economic survival. 1948 – UNICEF became active in the Phil. January 3,
THE SPANISH PERIOD 1951 – SWC and PACSA was fused in only one agency
During the Spanish Period the Spaniards brought the which is Social Welfare Administration.
teaching “to do good to others for the salvation of their The Seventies
souls” Sept. 8, 1976 – Department of Social Welfare became the
1565 – Don Miguel Lopez de Legazpi established the first Department of Social Services and Development.
hospital in Cebu. June 2, 1978 – Ministry of Social services and
1882 – Hospicio de San Jose was founded to house the Development. The Eighties
aged and the orphans. - Case Management was Launched. Jan. 30, 1987 –
1885 – Asilo de San Vicente de Paul, an asylum for girls MSSD became DSWD under E.O No. 123,
was established signed by Pres. Cory Aquino
The American Period Nineties

Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY.
 RA 7877 ANTI-SEXUAL HARASSMENT
Oct. 10 1991- R.A 7160 “Local Government Code” was ACT OF 1995
passed. RA 8353 ANTI-RAPE LAW OF 1997
R.A 4373 Social Work Law 1965 RA 8505 RAPE VICTIMS ASSISTANCE
No Social Welfare Agency shall operate and be accredited AND PROTECTION ACT OF 1998
unless it shall first have registered with the Social Welfare RA 9208 ANTI-TRAFFICKING IN
Administration which shall issue the corresponding
PERSON’S ACT OF 2003
Certificate of Registration.
RA 9262 Anti-VAWC
R.A 5416 1968 C. OLDER PERSONS/PWD’S
Empowers the Department to: BP 344
A. Children ACCESSIBILITY LAW
1. Set standards and policies to insure effective PD 603 RA 7277 MAGNA CARTA
THE CHILD AND FOR YOUTHDISABLED
implementation of public and private social welfare WELFAREPERSON
CODE
programs RA 7432 SENIOR CITIZENSTOTAL
ACT OF 1992
RA 6972 BARANGAY
2. Accredit public and private institutions and RA 7876 SENIOR CITIZENS
DEVELOPMENT AND CENTER IN
organizations engaged in social welfare activity ALL
PROTECTION OF CHILDRENCITIES AND
including licensing consultative services to them. ACT MUNICIPALITIES
3. Coordinate government and voluntary efforts in RA 9257
RA 7610 SPECIALEXPANDED SENIOR CITIZENS
PROTECTION OF
social welfare work to avoid duplication, friction
ACT OF
CHILDREN 2003
AGAINST CHILD
overlapping of responsibility in social services. ABUSE, DISCRIMINATION AND
D. FAMILY
DSWD VISION EO 209EXPLOITATION
FAMILY CODE OF THE
RA 7658 AN ACT PROHIBITING
PHILIPPINES THE
“a society where the poor, vulnerable and disadvantaged
RA 8187EMPLOYMENT
PATERNITY OF LEAVE
CHILDREN
individuals , families, and communities are empowered for
RA 8369BELOW FAMILY
15 YRS. OLDCOURTS ACT OF 1997
an improve quality of life”
RA 8043 RA 8972INTER-COUNTRY
SOLO PARENT ADOPTION
WELFARE ACT
DSWD MISSION ACT OF OF
19952000
“to provide social protection and promote the rights and RA 8044 YOUTH IN NATION BUILDING
E. HEALTH
welfare of the poor, vulnerable and disadvantaged ACT
RA 7875 ESTABLISHING PHILHEALTH
individuals, families and communities that will contribute EO 340 PROVIDE DAY CARE CORPORATION
INSURANCE SERVICES
to poverty alleviation and empowerment through DSWD FOR THE EMPLOYEES
RA 7883 INCENTIVES TO ACCREDIT
policies, programs, projects and services implemented with CHILDREN UNDER 5 YEARS OF
BHW
or through local government units. NGO’s, Peoples AGE
organization, other national government agencies and RA 8344 PENALIZING THE REFUSAL OF
RA 8552 DOMESTIC ADOPTION ACT OF
other members of civil society” HOSPITAL AND
1998
MEDICALCLINICS TO
RA 8980 ECCD ADMINISTER APPROPRIATE
SELECTED SOCIAL LEGISLATION
RA 9231 ELIMINATION
INITIAL OF WORST FORM
MEDICAL TREATMENT
RA 924 OF CHILD
AMENDMENT OF RAAND
LABOR 7875
STRONGER PROTECTION FOR
F. LABOR/ EMPLOYMENT
WORKING CHILDREN
PD 442 LABOR CODE OF THE
RA 9255 ALLOWING ILLEGITIMATE
PHILIPPINES
CHILDREN TO USE SURNAMES
RA 7655 INCREASING MINIMUM WAGE
OF THEIR FATHER
OF HOUSE HELPERS
RA 9344 JUVINILE JUSTICE AND
RA 8042 MIGRANT WORKERS BENEFITS
WELFARE ACT OF 2006
AND INCENTIVES ACT OF 1995
B. Women
RA 8282 STRENGTHENING THE SOCIAL
RA 6525 STRENGTHENING THE
SECURITY SYSTEM THEREBY
PROHIBITION ON
AMENDING RA 1161
DISCRIMINATION AGAINST
RA 8291WOMENINCREASING
IN RESPECT TO THETERMS
COVERAGE
AND AND BENEFITS OF THE
CONDITION OFGSIS
G. EMPLOYMENT
OTHERS
Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY.
RA 6955 RA 7160MAIL LOCAL
BRIDE GOVERNMET
ORDER AS
CODE OF
UNLAWFUL
THEACT
PHILIPPINES
RA 7192 RA 8371WOMENINDIGENOUS
IN NATION BUILDING
PEOPLE’S RIGHTS
ACT OF ACT
1992 OF 1997
RA 8425 SOCIAL REFORMS AND
POVERTY ALLEVIATION ACT
OF 1997
Establishment of holistic feminist services for victims/
SOME GOVERNMENT
survivors of all forms of violence against women.
AGENCIES/ORGANIZATIONS
Elimination of all forms of violence against women
through the formation of women’s communities,
OWWA
supporting initiatives and encouraging partnership.
The agency offers both local as well as overseas programs Change and transformation of existing values and
and services for Filipino contract workers and their attitudes that breed violence against women through
dependents in keeping with the provisions of the Labor the application of feminist principles.
Code. MAJOR PROGRAMS:
o Crisis Intervention
National Housing Authority (NHA)
o Feminist Counseling (face-to-face and hotline)
Created under Presidential Decree No. 757 in 1975.
o medical assistance and advocacy o legal
It’s mandate is to develop and implement a
assistance and advocacy o temporary shelter o
comprehensive and integrated housing program in the
survivor’s support group o education and
country. Focused in providing housing assistance to the
lower 30% of the urban population. advocacy o training and education o research
The NHA also provides technical and other forms of o documentation and publication
assistance to local government units in implementing their o consultancy services
urban development and social housing programs.
HAVEN, a hospital-based crisis center for women
Public Attorney’s Office (PAO) survivors of a violent environment and also coordinates
Under the DOJ and used to be known as the Citizen’s with NGOs all over the country in efforts to prevent
Legal Assistance Office (CLAO). and eliminate family violence.
It represents, free of charge, indigent persons or the
immediate members of their families, in all civil , Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Child
administrative, and criminal cases where, after due Sexual Abuse (CPTCSA)
investigation, and the interest of justice will be served. Established to help children, and their families, who are
victims of sexual abuse.
Some Private Social Welfare Agencies and It offers them protective services, prevention and
Organizations treatment services, training, research and advocacy,
Philippine Business for Social Progress (PBSP) post-rehabilitation, educational and medical assistance,
A private, non-profit organization established on housing, legal assistance, and technical training.
December 16,1970, to serve as private enterprises’
implementing arm for social development. Tribal Development Foundation in the Philippines
Its current priorities are indigenous peoples, small This agency addresses the needs of tribal communities
lowland farmers, small upland farmers, sustenance in different parts of the country.
fisher folks, landless rural workers, and the urban Its services include: skills development and livelihood
poor. projects, tribal leadership training, educational
assistance and adult literacy.
SOS Children’s Village
A private child caring agency founded by Dr.
Hermann Gmeiner in Austria after World War II. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOCIAL WORK
Outside of adoption, it is the only agency which PROFESSION IN THE PHILIPPINES
implements Alternative Parental Care formulating a
purposely planned long-term care orphaned and Associated Charities
abandoned Filipino children. – mother of the social work profession in the
Philippines
Women’s Crisis Center (WCC) – First to use casework as a method of helping
This agency was established to pursue the following people.
goals: – First to use social workers a a full time and paid
employees
Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY.
 – First to hire a trained social worker as executive activities focused upon their social relationship
secretary (Josefa Jara Martinez) which constitute interaction between individuals
– (Josefa Jara Martinez) introduced new and their environment.
CONCEPT IN CHILD WELFARE WORK at William Schwartz
Office of Public Welfare Commissioner - SW profession mediates the process through which
– President’s Action Committee on Social the individual or society reach out to each other
Amelioration (PACSA) established by Pre. through mutual need for self-fulfillment.
Quirino - Symbiotic means relationship between people and
– PACSA is a community development agency to their nurturing group
help with the problem of social unrest in the - the Social Worker’s Field of intervention lies at the
country side, 1948. point where two forces meet: the individuals
– Philippine School of Social Work was impetus towards health, growth and belonging, and
established in June 1950, offering a 1 year degree organized efforts of society to integrate its parts
program called Master of Arts in Social into a productive and dynamic whole.
Administration
– First director of PSSW is Mrs. Jara Martinez William Gordon
– RA 4373, June 19, 1965 - PERSON IN HIS LIFE
SITUATION
THE PHILIPPINE ASSOCIATION OF SOCIAL COMPLEX – a simultaneous dual focus on man
WORERS –PASWI and his environment. This focus has been
concentrated at same times on the side of the
- National organization for professional social
organism as interpreted by psychological theory
workers in the country
and at other times on the side of environment as
- Founded on November 12, 1947
interpreted by sociological and economic theory.
- It was incorporated on April 18, 1948 and
Harriet Barlett
reincorporated with the security and exchange
commission on October 18, 1988 - Social functioning is the relation between the
coping activity of people and the demand from the
- MAGNA CARTA FOR PUBLIC SOCIAL
environment.
WORKER
Louise C. Johnson
RA 9433, APRIL 11, 2007
- Social workers become involved when individuals
The Association’s objectives: are having difficulty in a relationship with other
1. Promote and maintain a professional standard of people: in growing so as to maximize their
social work practice potential and in meeting the demands of the
2. Strengthen the competence of members through environment. He described this situation as
the provision of opportunities for their continuing “people coping” and
professional growth and development.
“environmental demand”.
3. Work for the better understanding, acceptance and
recognition of social work as a profession.
Social Role – socially recognized pattern of behaviors and
4. Initiate and work for social legislation in social
activities expected from an individual occupying a certain
welfare and development through effective action.
position in society.
5. Expand professional activities of the association
through the organization of local chapters and
development of linkages with international THREE WAYS OF SOCIAL WORKERS TO
organization devoted to human services. IMPROVE SOCIAL FUNCTIONING OF
INDIVIDUAL
Chapter Three SOCIAL 1. Change strategies directed towards the individual if
FUNCTIONING: SOCIAL WORK’S FOCUS OF personal inadequacies or sometimes pathologies
CONCERN make it difficult for the individual to cope with the
demands of his situation or environment.
Wernes Boehm 2. Change strategies directed toward the environment
- Social work seek to enhance the social functioning if it is latter that is beset with inadequacies or if the
of individuals, singularly and in groups by
Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY.
 situation is such as to be beyond the coping groups generated a social configuration unique to
capacities of the individual. the profession, viz… a profession culture.
3. Change strategies directed towards both the Social Values - basic and fundamental beliefs of a
individuals and the environment. professional group, practically reasons for its
existence.
THE FUNCTIONS OF SOCIAL WORK Professional Norms – accepted standards of
1. REHABILITATIVE FUNCTION - tries to put behavior of doing things, which guide the
back the person to a normal of healthy sate of social professional in various situations such as how to
functioning. Curative aspect – seeks to remove gain entry into formal and informal groups
factors which have caused the breakdown in the Symbols - “meaning-laden items” including
person’s social function. emblems, insignias, dress, history, its idioms, and
2. PREVENTIVE FUNCTION – early discovery, vocabulary and its stereotypes of the professional.
control and elimination of those conditions or Chapter Four
situations which may have harmful effect on social 3 essential components of profession:
functioning. Values
3. DEVELOPMENTAL FUNCTION - both to help - worth which man attaches to certain things,
the individual make maximum use of his own systems or person within realm of usefulness, truth,
potentials and capacities as well as to further the goodness or beauty. Formulation of preferred
effectiveness of available social or community behavior held by individuals or group.
resources. - William Gordon states that to “value” something
is to prefer it and measure of the extent of a
5 ELEMENTS OF ATTRIBUTES OF A preference what is price, effort or sacrifice one will
PROFESSION obtain what is preferred whether article, behavior or
BY ERNEST GREENWOOD state of affair.
RA 4373, promulgated in 1965 – Social Work officially Knowledge
recognized as a profession with the passage of a law by - Refers to what it thought to be as confirmed by the
Congress. reality.
- Refers to what, in fact seems to be, established by
1. SYSTEMATIC BODY OF THEORY - the the highest standards of objectivity and rationality
skills that characterize a profession flow from and of which man is capable.
are supported by a fund of knowledge that has Skills
been organized into a internally consistent system - Ability expertness or proficiency gain from practice
called body of theory. and knowledge.
3 types of knowledge used by social work: - Application with doing
TESTED KNOWLEDGE – established through THE PHILOSOPHY OF SOCIAL WORK
scientific study - Derived from the society of which it is a part
HYPOTHETICAL KNOWLEDGE – unproved - “man has worth and dignity”
theory, undergo transformation into tested - This belief is associated with democratic theory,
knowledge which views man as having worth because he is
ASSUMPTIVE KNOWLEDGE - practice capable of reason, of rational analysis and choice.
wisdom
2. PROFESSIONAL AUTHORITY – client- THE VALUES OF SOCIAL WORK
professional relationship
3. COMMUNITY SANCTION - 1. Each person has the right to self-fulfillment
professionalcommunity relationship deriving his inherent capacity and thrust towards
4. REGULATIVE CODE OF ETHICS - serves to that goal.
check possible abuses which can arise out of a 2. Each person has the obligation, as a member of
professions exercise of authority, and its society, to seek ways of self-fulfillment that
accompanying powers and privileges. contribute to the common good.
5. PROFESSIONAL CULTURE – interactions of 3. Society has the obligation to facilitate the
social rules required by the formal and informal selffulfillment of the individual and the right to
Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY.
 enrichment through the contribution of its or request as pleasantly as
individual members. possible.
4. Each person requires for the harmonious 3. Go Between or tulay means 3rd
development of hi powers socially provided and party who will carry a message
socially safeguarded opportunities for satisfying his b. Amor Propio is a term used to refer to
basic needs in the physical psychological, the sensitivity to personal affront and
economic, cultural, aesthetic and spiritual realm. functions to protect the individual
5. As society becomes more complex and against loss of social acceptance.
interdependent increasingly specialized social Hiya is fear of exposure of one’s
organization is required to facilitate the individual’s insecure self.
effort at self-realization. 2. Emotional Closeness and Security in a Family
6. permit both self-realization and contribution to - This value is believed to be facilitated through the
society by the individual, social organization must following: sacrificing individual interest for the
make available socially provided devices for needs good of the family, parental striving to give their
satisfaction as wide in rage, variety and quality as children an education even at great cost to
the general welfare allows. themselves older
3. Authority Value
SEE TABLE ONE - Belief that families will remain close if someone
exerts firm authority, and that such person must be
DESCRIPTION OF MAN (Leonard Schneiderman) respected and obeyed.
1. Natural vs Transcendental View - - Closely relate to the authority value is the respect
Naturalistic View can explain by science. for traditions and rituals no matter how
- Naturalistic View, man is part of nature impractical they have become.
- Transcendental View can never fully explain man 4. Personalism
partly due to our ignorance and partly because man - Attaches major importance to personal factors
has a potential to transcend the natural order of which guarantees intimacy, warmth, and security
things to choose, to create and to be rational of kinship and friends in getting things done.
2. Man as Social, Asocial or Anti-social - E.g tiwala, kakilala, walang pakialam
- Social, men aspire to live on good terms with 5. Utang na Loob
others to be part of and to contribute to group life, - Debt of gratitude
making personal goals subservient to group goals. - It is granted when a transfer of goods or service
- Asocial, they are discreet (unnoticeable) takes place between individuals belonging to two
individuals who came together to form groups for different groups
their mutual protection and safety. - Returning the favor “with interest”
- Anti-social, self-seeking egotistical out to extend 6. Patience, Suffering and Endurance
personal gain at the expense of others - A person must suffer before he can gain happiness,
3. Democracy’s view of Man and related to it is that which many still believe,
- man viewed as capable of reason of rational analysis that women, particularly must suffer in silence.
and choice
Seven Principles of the Social Work
DOMINANT VALUES OF FILIPINO Relationship
1. SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE – defines as being taken Felix Biestek
by one’s fellows for what one is, or believes he is PURPOSEFUL EXPRESSION OF FEELINGS
and being treated in accordance with his status. - Recognition of the client’s need to express
a. Smooth Interpersonal Relation S.I.R feelings freely
1. Pakikisama which means giving - Worker listens purposefully
in concession or following the - Worker neither discourages nor condemns the
lead of suggestion of another. expression of feelings
2. Euphemism means stating of an - Sometimes worker actively stimulates
unpleasant truth, opinion, and encourages expression of feelings
CONTROLLED EMOTIONAL INVOLVEMENT
Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY.
 - The worker is sensitive to the client’s feelings - - An ethical obligation of the worker - Necessary
Makes effort to understand their meaning for effective helping
- A purposeful, appropriate use of the worker’s - The client’s right, however, is not absolute
emotions in response to the client’s feelings - The client’s information is often shared with other
- Controlled and objective emotional involvement in professional persons within the agency and in
the client’s problem other agencies
- Controlled emotional involvement in the client as a - Written permission is required to divulge
person information to other agencies
ACCEPTANCE Two concepts that sw’ers usually experienced when
- The recognition of client’s innate dignity, worth, dealing with clients
equality, basic rights, and needs Ambivalence
- Regardless of client’s individual qualities arising - Conflicts between two opposing tendencies within
from heredity, environment, behavior, or any other oneself are manifested in day to day experiences of
source. social workers
- Acceptance does not mean approval of the client’s - Mixed feelings
behavior, attitudes, or standards Transference
- Acceptance includes thought and feeling elements, - Client unconsciously transfer to the social worker
and is expressed primarily in the manner of attributes or characteristics of some important or
service. powerful persons in his early life.
INDIVIDUALIZATION Counter transference
- The recognition and understanding of each client’s - Worker’s unconscious response to the client’s
unique qualities unconscious transference.
- Differential use of principles and methods to assist ETHICS
client toward change - The science that treats of morals and right conduct
- Individualization is based on the right of human PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
beings to be individuals - System of ethical principles and rights of conduct
- Right to be treated not just a human being but as generally accepted by the members of a
this human being with these personal differences. professional group, based on philosophy, values,
NON-JUDGEMENTAL ATTITUDE guiding principle of that profession. It has two
- Based on the conviction that the helping process aspect:
precludes: 1. Profession’s code of ethics which is written
- assigning guilt or innocence expression of some of these principles and rules of
- degree of client responsibility for causation of the conduct for the guidance of professional group.
problems or needs 2. Unwritten principles and rules of conduct
- Does include making evaluative judgments about
the attitudes, standards, or actions of the client PASWI CODE OF ETHICS
CLIENT SELF-DETERMINATION 1. Believing in the inherent worth and dignity of all
- Based upon the right of the individual to make person emanating from a supreme being who
their own choices and decisions directs our actions of love for one another.
- The client has a right and a need, within certain 2. Believing that every human being has natural and
limitations, to have freedom in making their own social rights capacities and responsibilities to
decisions/choices develop his full potential as a human being.
- Worker has a duty to respect that right, in theory 3. Believing in the human being’s capacity to change
and in practice and recognize the value of unity in diversity,
- refrains from any direct or indirect interference individual differences and pluralism in society.
- positively helps the client to exercise that right. 4. Believing in free men and women living in a free
CONFIDENTIALITY society where poverty, in all forms, is neither a fate
- The protection of secret/private information nor a punishment but is a condition that can and
disclosed in the professional relationship must be change.
- Confidentiality is a basic right of the client 5. Believing in the family as a basic unit of society
and its vital role in the growth and development of
Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY.
 the individual, the family system and the To uphold the basic human rights of clients and to serve
community. them without discrimination
6. Believing that the government, the private sector
and the public have a joint responsibility to To accept primary responsibility and accountability to
promote social justice and to ensure the political, clients, respecting their right to self-determination and
economic and social well-being of all people. observe confidentiality in all my dealings with them
7. Believing in the role of social workers as agents
and advocates of change and in the promotion of To seek out the marginalized and ensure equal access to the
professionalism, responsibility and accountability. resources, services and opportunities required to meet basic
8. Believing that our professional practice is deeply needs.
rooted in our cultural values. Standards of ethical
conduct: To expand choice and opportunity for all persons, with
special regard for disadvantaged or oppressed groups or
A. Relative to Self and the Profession persons.

To conduct myself in a manner consistent with the C. Relative to Colleagues

philosophy, principles, values and beliefs of the social
work profession. To acknowledge and respect the professional expertise of
other disciplines, extending all necessary cooperation that
To act at all times with honesty, openness and transparency will enhance effective service.
in all my professional transactions.
To bring any violation of professional ethics and standards
To constantly work towards my own professional to the attention of the appropriate bodies inside and outside
advancement so as to contribute to the promotion of social the profession and ensure that relevant clients are properly
work practice involved.

To contribute time and professional expertise to activities To advocate with legislative and policy bodies for the
that promotes respects for the integrity and competence of welfare of all colleagues
social workers.
Unwritten Duties and Obligations Expected of a
To contribute time and professional practice wisdom to Professional Social Worker
colleagues and other professionals [Link] toward clients

To be vigilant and act to prevent the unauthorized and A professional deals with clients openly and frankly A
unqualified practice of social work. professional is patient, tolerant and consideration of the
clients point if view
To support the professional association duly organizes and A professional never use threat or deceit
constituted for the professional welfare of all social A professional never is punctual in keeping appointment
workers and makes no compromises she cannot keep
A professional is careful and thorough in dealing with
To respond and volunteer my professional services in times client problems
of emergency. A professional never discriminates against any client,
giving so-called “hopeless” cases as much attention as
To uphold and protect the dignity and integrity of the promising ones
profession A professional will act in relation to a client’s problems
only on the basis of adequate knowledge of client’s
To promote cultural values that will enhance the practice of situation
the social work profession B. Duties toward colleagues and the profession

B. Relative to Clients A professional is courteous and fair in dealing with

coworkers
Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY.
A professional cooperates with co-workers in the pursuit of • Pumphrey states, “Surely there was more ethical
common goals than unethical, more value-based than valuedefying
A professional should maintain high standards of honor, social work.
integrity and morality • Justice Ramon San Jose, addressed the successful
A professional does not exploit her professional examinees in the 1963 bar examinations. “The legal
membership, and distinguishes between activities she does profession, next to priesthood is the most exalted
as a private citizen and as a member of the profession. and dignified; it is an apostleship of justice… 
Ross states, “Obligation and freedom are polar
Purposes served by a professions Code of Ethics opposites: freedom is an absence of constraint, and
obligation and constraining...” “…All social life seems
• It helps check abuses, which can result to me based on genuine morality, whose core is
from the powers and privileges accompanying the obligation, and whose condition for existence is
monopoly enjoyed by a profession. choice, and so freedom to choose.”
• It provides the community same protection
against abuses by members of profession • It sets INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL
forth basic principles which serve as guidelines to WORK PRACTICE
members of profession, and which are helpful in • 1967 National Workshop on social Work
the socialization of future professional • It sets Education resulted to:
guidelines for relationships, if not specific duties of o Dictated that schools teach social work
members to each other, to their clients and to other methods based on generics approach
groups o Develop skills based on generic aspects
• It is a useful resource for the enrichment of the methods used by social worker
or improvement of the professional curriculum • Integrated method of Social Work Practice US =
ETHICAL DILEMMA usually faced by social workers Generalist Social Approach PH
I. Manipulation: the matter of influencing clients • Against the separation of Methods (Casework,
to act in the way a worker wants them to act in Group Work, Community Organization): Herbert
response to a given situation, or manipulating Bisno, Comptom and Galaway
agency reports to justify budgetary requests. • Herbert Bisno – the inclusion of a quantitative
II. Advocacy: Some promote unnecessary attribute of the potential transaction unit in the
conflict situations, resorting to various designation of the method has led to an illicit bond
machinations, including the use of insult, between a given method and a given, but arbitrary
embarrassment, distortion of the truth, disruption restricted and limiting client system.
and violence.
III. Conflicting loyalties: Would loyalty to a • Bisno’s 9 Social work method
client’s cause such as where human dignity or 1. Adversary
survival is involved be a justifiable reason for not 2. Conciliatory
upholding loyalty to one’s organization or 3. Developmental
colleague group? This is where professionals unite 4. Facilitative-Instrumental
against outsider who threaten the privileges and 5. Knowledge Development & Testing
rewards of the group 6. Restorative
IV. Cultural and other realities: Eg. 7. Rule-Implementing
Personalistic culture calls for the use of personal 8. Rule making
connections to facilitate action on a client’s • Comptom and Galaway- the traditional model
request. This quite often mean that one has to encourages the dichotomous thinking that:
disregard accepted agency rules or channels. o Community Organizer will work to
Political influence is when a worker remains on the produce community change, the case
job only because of political influence and engages worker to produce individual change, and
and activities that is not acceptable to the others in the group worker either depending on the
the agency. nature of the groups, instead on
maintaining the primary focus of SW
Important Names to Remember intervention in the person-situation
interaction.
Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY.
 o Has led to the training of specialists in CONCEPT OF NEED
each of these methods who tend to see the - Universality of need
problems of their clients in terms of their 1. Material
own methodological preference, rather 2. Non-material
than in terms of ta complete assessment of CONCEPT OF PROBLEM
the client situation interaction. - Problem as manifest need
• Micro Approaches- focus on the individual - Problem as person-centered
• Macro Approaches- directed towards community - Problem as universal ad yet singular
or larger social systems - Problem as cause and consequences
• Filipino clients are multi-problem clients - Problem as institutional lack or dysfunction in
• The essentials elements in SW practice are: o society’s institution for meeting needs
Client PERSON - Problem as challenge and opportunity
o Worker PLACE o Problem - Problem as requiring solution in the form of social
PROBLEM o Process PROCESS welfare services
• PLANNED CHANGE- a change originating from - Problem as requiring social work help
decision to make a deliberate effort to improve the CONCEPT OF PROVISION
system and to obtain the help of an outside agent in - Individual and group effort
making this improvement. - Major societal institutions and their role and
• Client System (CS)- System that is being helped responsibilities for human needs
• Outside Agent- professional Agent - Social agency as provision for helping people with
• Problem- or situation assessed is the reason of entry their problems; as an integral part of a community
of the change agent institutionalized network of services to the people
• Process- or the development of the helping MOTIVATION FOR SOCIAL WELFARE
relationship. It consists 7 phases. PROGRAMS AND SERVICES
• Change Force- increases the willingness of the CS - Social justice
for change - Social control
• Resistance Force-reduces the willingness of CS for - Economic development
change - Human values and norms which shape policies and
services
Chapter Five SOCIAL WELFARE PROGRAMS AND SERVICES
- Historical and current forces which contribute to
Alfred Kadushin social problems and generate social policies
- Knowledge base of social work is a comprehensive - Source of policies
topic which encompasses the facts and theories, - Policy –formulation, implementation and
skills and attitudes, necessary for effective, efficient improvement inter-related processes;
practice. competencies and skills needed for effective
Three Areas of Social Work Knowledge participation.
- Ways and means by which policies are translated
1. SWPPS into programs and services.
- Is concerned with the organization, administration - Setting priority targets for investment of resources
and operation of social welfare programs and - Assessing and evaluating effectiveness as well as
services which are established in the society in deficiencies or inadequacies of programs and
order to meet human needs and problems, the services in meeting needs and problems.
development of these undertake them, and the 2. HBSE
nature of needs being served by these programs. - Is concerned with the material necessary for
understanding the client in his problem situation,
OUTLINE OF THE SPECIFIC KNOWLEDGE the dynamic of individual and group behavior, and
REQUIRED FOR THIS AREA of group and community process which affect or
FRAMEWORK influence of the individual, the group and
- Society responds to a variety of human needs and community process.
problems through the institution of social welfare.
Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY.
 - It is also concerned with content about normal and - Process
deviant behavior. Planned Change
- Understanding of individual and collective - Change originating from a decision to make a
behavior deliberate effort to improve the system and to obtain
- Critically assess the state of theory and knowledge the help of an outside agent in making this
about man and his social environment. improvements
- 3 ASPECT OF INNER STATE Client System
1. Cognitive - Specific system that is being helped.
2. Emotional Outside agent in planned change is called
3. Conative/ striving/ tendency to do actively “Professional change agent” who works with particular
- ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL FORCE/SOCIAL client system.
COMPONENTS
1. Societal - social patterns PHASES OF PLANNED CHANGE
2. Institutional- organizational arrangement
3. Status – characteristics and position in the PHASE 1: client system discovers the need for help
society PHASE 2: helping relationship is established and
4. Normative – forms in which social behavior define
are expressed and the social rules that these PHASE 3: problem is identified and clarified
forms. PHASE 4: change goals/ intention is established
5. Interactive – type of interaction and PHASE 5: change effort is attempted
perception of interaction made of self and PHASE 6: change is generalized ad stabilized
others that are basis of behavior. PHASE 7: H-R ends
- 2 types of physical environment
a. Natural DYNAMICS OF PLANNED CHANGE
b. Constructed Change Force- aspect of the situation which increases
- The biological, psychological, physical, social and the willingness of the c-s to make a propose change
cultural determinants of human behavior can be Resistance Force- aspect of the situation which reduces
group into internal/ nature and external/ nurture the willingness of the client system to change
factors.
- According to Compton and Galaway: Chapter Seven
interpenetration, interaction and transaction of the THE HELPING OR PROBLEM SOLVING
self and the outside world PROCESS IN SOCIAL WORK
3. Social Work Methods John Dewey in his book “How We Think ”
- Is concerned with the actual process by which the - Problem solving process is describe as what
social worker helps the client – an individual, group, goes on in the human mind when confronted
or community, the methods and techniques of with a problem.
helping, the resources necessary for helping, as well - The problem solving behavior s based on the
as the appropriate attitudes that facilitate the helping reflective thought that begins with a feeling of
process. doubt or confusion.
PHILOSOPHY: human worth and dignity FIVE PHASES OF REFLECTIVE THINKING –
VALUES: self-realization social responsibility, JOHN DEWEY
equal opportunities 1. Recognizing the difficulty
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL WORK 2. Defining/ specifying the difficulty
PRACTICE: client, problem, worker, process. 3. Raising a suggestion for possible solution and
rationally exploring the suggestion, which include
Chapter Six data collection.
THE ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS IN SOCIAL WORK 4. Selecting an optimal solution from among many
PRACTICE proposals
- Client 5. Carrying out the solution
- Worker PROBLEM SOLVING FRAMEWORK IN SOCIAL
- Problem WORK
Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY.
Helen Harris Pearlman – originator of P-S Framework in 10. Limitation
sw. 11. Confrontation
- In her book “Social Casework: A Problem Solving 12. Planning
Process” she describes the social work process as 13. Enabling
a progressive transaction between the professional 14. Spontaneity and control
helper and the client, consisting of a series of 15. Role and person
problem solving operations which can be 16. Science and art
summarized as follows:
SELF-AWARENESS may be called for in situation where
1. STUDY (facts that constitute and bear upon worker’s values clash with the client values. Many of these
the problem must be ascertained and grasped) values usually been so internalized that the worker is often
2. DIAGNOSIS (facts must be thought about, not conscious that she is judging other people’s behavior
examine relationship and searched for along these values.
significance)
3. TREATMENT (some choices or decision PROBLEM SOLVING PROCESS
must be made as an end result of the - Essentially a cognitive process,
consideration of the particular facts with the a rational procedure involving series
intention of resolving the problem) of steps to be followed sequentially.
IN GENERAL, THE PROBLEM SOLVING PROCESS SOCIAL WORK HELPING PROCESS
DEMANDS THAT A WORKER BE SUCCESSIVELY - Is not just a cognitive process since it involves a
INVOLVED IN THE FOLLOWING SEQUENTIAL relationship between 2 parties (C-W system).
STEPS Professional values and ethical principles guide this
1. Recognition or definition of the problem, and relationship particularly in relation to the handling
engagement with the client system of feelings, attitudes that inevitably enter the
2. Data collection picture.
3. Assessment of the situation STEPS IN SOCIAL WORK HELPING PROCESS
4. Goal setting and planning of an action 1. Assessment
5. Intervention or the carrying out of an action 2. Planning Beginning Phase
6. Evaluation 3. Intervention Middle Phase
7. Termination 4. Implementation
5. Evaluation Ending Phase
THE HELPING RELATIONSHIP 6. Termination
The worker-client relationship is such a crucial factor it can
spell difference between successful or unsuccessful Helping Relationship has the ff elements:
problem-solving. All of the worker’s professional 1. SELF-DISCIPLINE AND AWARENESS
relationships should involve self-discipline and Noimi Brill believes that an effective worker
selfawareness. must:
a. Be aware that she is a walking values
Emmanuel Tropp (Developmental) – developed an b. Use all means to become conscious to those
important set of statement that sum up the essential values
characteristics of the worker’s presentation of self to each c. Strive to evaluate herself and her on values by
of her clients: looking at the origin
1. Compassion d. Strive to change those values that need to be
2. Mutuality changed
3. Humility 2. AUTHORITY/PROFESSIONAL
4. Respect AUTHORITY/POWER
5. Openness Position or functions in the agency; and
6. Empathy professional knowledge and experience
7. Involvement 3. COMMITMENT AND OBLIGATION
8. Support Accountability and responsibility to Clients and
9. Expectation others
Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY.
Naomi I. Brill – recognizing the worker’s value system 1. Primary source – the client
defines her behavior and relationships with other 2. Secondary source – significant others
people, believes that the effective worker must: 3. Existing source – records and reports
1. Be aware that she is a walking system of values 4. Worker’s own observation
2. Be conscious of what these biases are PRINCIPLE IN DATA GATHERING
3. Strive to evaluate herself and her values objectively 1. The client should be the main source of information
and rationally although, when appropriate and available sources
4. Strive to change those values that, on the basis of should be used.
this evaluation, need changing 2. Data to be gathered should directly relate to the
identified problems.
AUTHORITY (and the power that accompanies it) 0 there 3. The client should be informed about the source
are 2 sources of a worker’s authority – her position and being used for data collection. In certain cases, his
corresponding functions in the agency, and her possession permission should be sought before certain kinds of
of knowledge and experience. information are obtained.
o GODSTEIN points out that is SW relationships, 4. Data collection is a continuous process, but it is the
when one seeks something from another person collection, organization and synthesis of such data
“that cannot be obtained elsewhere – the that is especially critical to the definition of the
relationship cannot be equalized. problem and setting of goals.
5. The type of client and the general nature of the
COMMITMENT AND OBLIGATION – to bind or problem can guide the worker on the type of data
pledge one’s self to relationship; to obligate one’s self is to that should be collected and how much.
perform the moral responsibility that goes with a pledge or THE INTAKE PROCESS AND THE PRESENTING
a promise made PROBLEM
Intake – process by which a potential client achieves the
HELPING CONTRACT is frequently used in reference to status of a client.
the expectations and terms of the commitments and - On the client’s part, this involves the presentation
obligations of both client and worker, which are often of the self and the problem or need as he/she is
clearly spelled out. experiencing
- On the worker’s part, this involves some
STEPS IN SOCIAL WORK HELPING PROCESS assessment of the client and the problem and
Assessment whether or not the agency is in a position to help.
Max Siporin – assessment is a process and product of - A good intake interview should provide the client
understanding on which action is based. with adequate understanding of the agency and its
The process involves the collection of necessary policy and program in relation to the need or
information and analysis and interpretation in order to problem, as well as the responsibilities and
reach an understanding of the client, the problem, and the obligations from both client and worker.
social context in which it exist. - Intake may be accomplished in one session with a
client.
ASSESSMENT Presenting problem- problem that is a threat to the client’s
o Also termed as diagnosis and social study o or other’s welfare, and usually stated or presented as it is
Involves the collection of necessary information being perceived or experienced.
and its analysis and interpretation
o The ultimate purpose is to provide understanding In working in a small group, a worker does individual or
necessary for appropriate planning. group intake interviews.
o The major tasks involved during this stage are data,
gathering, and problem definition based on the Individual Intake Form: community identifying
agreement between the client and the worker as to information, presenting problem and circumstances
the problem-for-work. o These tasks culminate in relating to this, background data and other pertinent
the worker’s writing of an Assessment Statement or information obtained during the initial contact with the
a Problem Definition. o community.
TYPES OF SOURCES
Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY.
DEFINING THE PROBLEM 6. Assessment identifies needs in life situations,
Compton and Galaway- the way you define the problem defines problems, and explains their meaning and
will define the data collected and will dictate what are seen patterns
as appropriate answers. 7. Assessment is individualized
Problem for work- place of beginning together which 8. Judgment is important in assessment because many
means problem or part of the problem that: decisions have to be made.
9. No assessment is ever complete
Defining the problem – the problem for work means:
1. The problem or part of the problem that the client PLANNING
system is most important or a good beginning
place. The link between assessment and intervention
2. The problem or part of the problem that in the Planning process translates the content of assessment into
worker’s judgement is most critical a goal statement that describes the desired results and is
3. The problem or part of the problem that in the also concerned with identifying the means to reach the
worker’ judgement can most readily yield to help goals. 2 majors task during the planning stage:
4. The problem or part of the problem that falls within 1. Formulating goals that directly relate to the client’s
the action parameter of the helping system. need or problem
*** the Clients Presenting Problem: , if it is the problem or 2. Defining the specific actions/interventions that are
part of the problem the client system feels is most necessary to achieve the goals.
important, it may serve as the “Problem for Work” GOALS
*** if the client system presents multiple problems, the • The desired or expected outcomes of an endeavor
worker may use PARTIALIZATION – the process of • The term interim goals, intermediate goals
separating from so many problems identified by the C and objectives- refers to specific, short-term goals
the W, the problem that need to be addressed first, and will which facilitate the achievement of the long term or
be the focused of the helping relationship. overall goals.
PRIORITIZING- the added aspect of a problem taking • Characteristics of goals- SMART
precedence over other problems because of its Importance.
PLANS
WRITING AN ASSESSMENT STATEMENT • Means to achieve goals
• Consist of the specific actions/steps to be
Components of an assessment statement by Maria undertaken in order to reach the goals.
O’niel Mcmahon: • Jointly made by the worker and the client, helping
• Opening casual statement- this requires the worker Plan, Action Plan, or intervention Plan
to clearly indicate who’s has the problem, and why • Systematic review of the client strengths when
the problem exists at the time. preparing of intervention plan is one way to avoid
• Change potential statement- a statement- a offering an intervention plan without considering
problem’s change potential is dependent on three alternatives with the client.
interdependent factors: problem, person and
environment. UNITS OF ATTENTION
• Judgment- about the seriousness or urgency of the • Intervention or Action/Helping Plan calls for an
problem. identification of other persons who, in additions to
client, have to be given attention because they are
CHARACTERISTICS OF ASSESSMENT involved in the situation, and work with them is
1. On-going essentials to goal attainment
2. Focuses on understanding the client in situation and • Systems that are the focus of the change activity.
providing a base of planning and action.
3. A mutual process between client and worker STRATEGY DEFINED AS AN OVERALL
4. There is movement within the assessment process APPROACH TO CHANGE A SITUATION
5. Both horizontal and vertical explorations are
important Factors that influence the plan of action

Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY.
 1. The community in which it is being carried out Resource Provider- engages the worker in the direct
2. The agency sanctioning the plan 3. The social provision of material aid and other concrete resource that
problem that the plan is response to will be useful in eliminating or reducing situational
4. The social worker involved in the plan. deficiencies.
5. The client.
Social Broker- involves the process of negotiating the
The assessment and planning steps in the problem solving service jungle for client, whether singly or groups. The
process culminates in the workers writing of a case study worker links or connects the client to needed service in the
that contains the synthesis of the information that has been community.
obtained on the client and his situation, and assessment • It requires a broad knowledge or community
statement/ definition of the problem of work and the resources and operating procedures of agencies.
helping intervention goals and plans. • Referral is considered a basic activity in this
interventive role.
THE HELPING CONTRACT • Networking- worker’s efforts at establishing and
After having worked together in assessment and action maintaining relationship with other community
planning, what should follow is an agreement between the entities which have resources that can support and
worker and the client on what needs to be done and who supplement her own agency’s resources
should do it. This is called a “contract” in our setting and
having verbal agreement is common practice. Mediator- person who acts as an intermediary or
conciliator between two persons or sides.
INTERVENTION
• This phase in the helping process is concerned Advocate- the worker has to take a partisan interest in the
with the action that would solve the client’s client and his cause. The objective is to influence, in the
problem client’s interest, another party, usually possessing same
• Involves the rendering of all the specific and power or authority over the client.
interrelated services appropriated to the given
problem and situation in the light of the Enabler- involves the social worker in interventive
assessment and planning activities that will facilitate the clients’ strengths and
• Includes all the goal related activities that the resources within themselves to solve problems they
worker will undertake following the agreement experiencing
forged with the client based on the problem to be
worked on and the plan of action to be pursued. Counselor/Therapist- the goals of the worker is the
restoration, .maintenance of the client capacity to adapt or
Compton and Galaway have vey apt words for two adjust to his current reality.
phases of the helping process:
Deciding what to do (assessment and planning) and INTERVENTIVE ROLES BEYOND DIRECT
Doing PRACTICE
the decided (intervention)
Mobilizer of Community Elite- involves the worker in
ECO-MAP is an assessment, planning and interventive
activities aimed at informing and interpreting to certain
tool. A simple paper and pencil simulation that present the
sectors of the community, welfare programs and services
individual or family and the major systems in the life
as well as need and problems, with the objectives or
space, as well as the nature of the individual’s or family’s
enlisting their support and/or involvement in them.
relationships with these various systems.
Documenter/Social Critique- worker documents the need
INTERVENTIVE ROLES IN DIRECT PRACTICE
for more adequate social welfare policies and programs
Interventive role refer to the composite of activities or
based on her knowledge about the inadequacies on
tasks that she is expected to undertake in order to
deficiencies in these existing welfare policies and
accomplish the goals agreed upon with the client.
programs as well as on her belief as to how there ought to
be, in the light of professional values and goals.

Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY.
Policy/Program Change Advocate- worker is involved in
efforts to change policies and programs on behalf of
particular sectors of the population based on the values of
profession.

LIMITATIONS OF WORKER ACTIVITES:

Times- the worker may not be able to give the client
unlimited time
Skill- the worker should perform only those activities that
are within her competence
Ethics- the worker watch out for activities that might
commits her unethical behavior
Agency Function- the worker must be sure that she
understand and interprets agency function properly.

EVALUATION

• Collection of data about outcomes of a program

relative to goals and objectives set in advance of
the implementation of that program.
• Ongoing evaluation
• Terminal evaluation
• Both qualitative and quantitative

Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY.
 

Summative evaluation concerned with outcomes TRANSFER – process by which the client is referred
of effectiveness by his social worker to another worker usually in the
• Formative evaluation concerned with looking at same agency because the former will no longer be able
the process of the work. It forces the worker to to continue working with the client…
find out whether the implementation plan is being REFERRAL – an act directing a client to another
implemented as designed worker/agency because the service that the client needs
o Intervention plans can be viewed in 2 beyond the present agency worker’s competence, or the
levels conceptual level and operational client needs additional services which the present
level. agency cannot provide.
• Professional accountability- SWer and SW
agencies must answer for their work, not just to COMPONENTS OF TERMINATION according to
client who are the direct users, but to the public Pincus and Minahan
that supports them.
• 2 Aspects of Accountability o Effectiveness- A. DISENGAGENMENT
refers to the questions on whether or not the
services or intervention plans are accomplishing Most Common Reactions during
their intended goals; termination/disengagement
o Efficiency- refers to the cost of services 1. Denial – avoid painful feelings. Avoiding the
and intervention plans in money, time and discussion of termination.
other resources. 2. Emotional reaction – fear of loss or fear of the
unknown can give rise to the feeling of sadness and
grief. There can be anger expressed in verbal
outburst of physically violent behavior directed
TERMINATION towards the worker or other significant others.
- End of helping relationship 3. Bargaining – clients tries to negotiate an extension
of time or a modified schedule which can mean
MOST COMMON REASON FOR TERMINATING fewer contacts over a longer period with the
CLIENT WORKER RELATIONSHIP worker. Some offer promises or gifts.
4. Depression – listlessness, little energy, withdrawal,
1. When the goal set by the worker and client has sadness, helplessness, despair, absence of
been reached. motivation to go on.
2. When, after reasonable period of time, there has 5. Acceptance – the client manifest an increase
been very little movement toward the attainment energy and is able to talk about good and bad times
of the goals formulated, and the prospect for any and to think for future.
change in the situation held unlikely Factors that influence their reaction during
3. When the client thinks that the worker has termination
provided sufficient help so that it is now possible
for the client to pursue problem solving on his 1. Length of service
own. 2. Attainment of client goals
4. When an agency does not have the resources 3. Client worker relationship
needed by the client of the worker does not get her 4. Modality of intervention
agency approval to provide the services needed by
the client.
5. When the system outside the client make it B. STABILIZATION OF CHANGE
difficult for the client to continue with the helping
relationship or when these systems influence the Ronald Lippit – contend that the main test of a change
client to discountinue the relationship. agent’s help is the stability and performance of the client
6. When for one reason or another, the worker must system’s changed behavior when the change agent is no
leave the agency. longer actively working with client. They submit “the
change process must equip the client system to carry on
Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY.
effectively in a wide range of day to day activities after the Schniederman: the goal of this model is the enhancement
initial change project is over” of client social functioning through the direct functioning
Robert Vinter – explains this as the requirement of through the direct provision of material and useful in
transferability. i.e gains achieved by the client within the eliminating or reducing situational deficiencies.
helping process must be transferrable beyond this process,
and the degree of improvement should be assessed Helping Process : APIET
according to conventional standards in the community. Activities:
1. Case by case involvement of the client in the study
C. EVALUATION and evaluation process (determination of need and
It is ongoing part of helping process. forms of need-meeting)
Periodic/regular evaluation allows the worker and the 2. A determination of eligibility within the
client to review and, if necessary, revise the goals and administering agency’s terms of reference
objectives ….. 3. A judgment that the provision of the service or
benefits will promote the clients best interest
Spin- offs or unexpected/unwanted consequences
- This may help the worker and the client to know Recruiting, selecting, training, supporting, collaborating
how to deal with future problems. with personnel offering direct care (e.g. Homemakers,
- The worker should identify what have been useful foster parents, adoptive parents, health personnel, trainers,
and what have not been helpful and what might day care workers)
have been done differently.
Example:
Chapter Eight A family who’s want to take advantage of the
SOCIAL WORK HELPING MODELS AND government’s
APPROACHES Balik Probinsya Program

I. For individual, groups and communities: direct

provision model, intercession- mediation model,
Intercession-mediation Model:
mobilizing resources of clients system to change Involves the process of negotiating the service jungle for
their realities, crisis intervention approach and clients, whether singly or in groups. The worker connects
problem solving model the client to need services in the system until he has
availed of them Social Worker takes partisan interest in
II. For individual and groups: task-centered model,
the client and his cause. Advocacy efforts of the social
psychosocial approach, functional
worker are frequently directed towards securing benefits to
approach, behavioral modification, and
which the client is legally entitled.
family intervention
III. For groups: developmental approach,
interactionist approach, remedial approach Proponents and principles/Key Concepts
IV. For communities: community development Schneiderman: the utilization of non-consensual
model, social planning model, social action model strategies such as direct confrontation, administrative
V. Indirect model of intervention: working with the appeal, and the
elite, documentation/social criticism, advocacy use of judicial and political systems, as an appropriate

Helping Process: APIET

The Direct Provision Model: Activities: Social Workers may need to argue debate,
Involves the direct administration of existing programs of bargain, negotiate and manipulative the environment on
material aid. This should not be equated with dole out. behalf of the client.
Other refers to this as Resource Provision, where resources
may be mobilized, created, directly furnished where the Example:
client may be advised and counseled in making optimal Working women are defined labor benefits by their
use of them. employers, juvenile offenders who are arrested, the illegal
detained, neglected prisoners who should already qualify
Proponents and principles/Key Concepts

Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY.
 

for parole privileges, slum dwellers who are having 1. Assessment of the situation involves mainly an
illegally evicted. evaluation of 5 components: a. The hazardous
event
Crisis Intervention Approach b. The vulnerable or upset state
c. Precipitating factors or event
is a Process for actively influencing the psycho-social
d. The state of active crisis and
functioning of individuals and groups, during the
e. The state of reintegration or
period of acute disequilibrium. Involves crisis-oriented,
reorganization
time limited work, usually 2 or 6 weeks in duration. To be
2. Implementation of treatment )the middle phase) is
really effective, it should be available within 24 to 72 hours
about setting up and working out specific tasks a.
after application or referral for assistance.
Material arrangement tasks
b. Psycho-social tasks Some
Key Concepts
techniques:
Crisis is defined as an upset in a state, an emotional
a. Sustaining techniques reassurance and
reaction on the part of an individual, family or group to a
encouragement to lower anxiety, guilt and tension,
threatening life event.
provide emotional support.
b. Direct influence procedures giving advice,
The theory is based on the idea that there is no such thing advocating a particular course of action, warning
as a problem-free state and life is a series of recurring clients of the consequences of maladaptive
development crisis.
resolution of the situation
c. Direct intervention- used in extreme situation such
Lydia Rapoport Goals for this approach: a threats of or attempts at suicide
• Relief of symptoms d. Reflective discussion techniques- used as the client
• Restoration to the optimal pre-crisis level of becomes more integrated
functioning Eclectic orientation- behavioral modification techniques
• Understanding of the relevant precipitating events like positive reinforcement, shaping, modeling and
that contribute to state of disequilibrium desensitization.
• Identification of remedial measures that can be
taken by the client and the family Termination emphasizes on the tasks accomplished, the
• Recognition of the connection between the current adaptive coping patterns developed and the ties build with
stress and past life experiences and conflicts persons and resources in the community.
Initiation of new models of perceiving thinking Stance of the worker: active, purposive, committed, will to
and feeling and development of new adaptive and take risks.
coping Reponses
Example:
Jacobson Two Treatment Approaches Sexually abused child, battered wife and victim of
• Generic: does not require assessment of the calamity etc.
psychodynamics of the individual in crisis. Can be
done by paraprofessional, a non-mental health
professional, or a community care giver Problem Solving Approach
• Individual: emphasizes assessment of the it is always the person is being helped in relation to what is
interpersonal and intrapsychic process, designed focused to be stressful. The goal is to help a person cope
for use by mental health professionals. as effectively as possible with problems in carrying on
social tasks and relationship which are perceived, felt as
Activities stressful and found insuperable without outside help.
Naomi Golan a treatment offers a treatment model that is
rooted in the problem-solving theory of casework and Proponents/ Key Concepts
developed as part of the short-term, task centered approach Helen Harris Perlman
to practice. Elements of the problem solving approach

Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY.
• The person- a product of inherited and recognize, understand, acknowledge and want to attend to.
constitutional make up in continuous transaction A task is what the client is to do to alleviate the problem,
with potent persons and forces in life experiences. which makes the task both an immediate goal, and at the
Seen as a product in process of becoming. same time the means of achieving the goal alleviating the
Personality is an open system continuously problem.
responsive to input and feedback from outside
itself. Partialization is the recognition that the Laura Epstein, Professor Emeritus and William Reid.
person is not just living whole; he also has a
biological psychological social system. This model is
1. Brief and time limited
• The problem- is simply a problem in the current 2. Intervention is concentrated on alleviating specific
life situation of the help-seeker, which disturbs or problems, which the client and the worker expressly
hurts the latter in some way. contract to work to
3. Work on the problem is organized around tasks for
• The place- the particular organization, agency or problem solving actions the client agrees to carry out.
social situation, the purposes of which define its
functions, services, and its areas of social concern. Features of the model:
1. Assessment
• The process- steps of Study, Diagnosis and 2. Case planning
Treatment (Perlman) 3. Implementation
4. Tasks
THE PROCESS:
• Identification of the problem THE PROCESS:
• Identification of the person’s subjective experience Start up: clients referred by an agency or client applies
of the problem. independently and voluntarily
• Identification of the causes and effects of the
problem and its import and influence upon the Step 1: Client Target problems identified
person in life space Step 2: Contract, plans, target problem priorities, goals,
• Search for the possible means and modes of practitioner tasks, duration, schedule, participants
solution must be initiated and considered Step 3. Problem Solving
• Choice and decision must be made as a result of Step 4: Termination
thinking and feeling through
TASK CENTERED MODEL WITH GROUPS
Action taken on the bases of these considerations will test
the validity and workability of the decision. Preliminary interview – problems are explored, clarified
elicited in individual interviews
Diagnosis focuses on:
1. The person’s motivation, capacity and opportunity Group Composition- SW decides who should be in a
including as assessment of what factors and forces deter particular group, and the size of the group.
or thwart these;
2. The persons in the client’s problematic role network. Group Formation- The members share the problems that
they will seek to reduce or eliminate by formulating and
Example: accomplishing agreed-on tasks

There is no special target group that is addressed by this Group processes for task accomplishments- SW works
model. Does not distinguish between treatments of with the group so they can help each other to accomplish
environmental problems for psychological problems. the tasks within the time frame agreed upon.

Task-Centered Model: Example:

A technology for alleviating specific target problems Client who lacks the motivation and interest in continuing
perceived by clients, that is, particular problems clients his studies.
Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY.
 

Psycho-social Approach 3 TYPES OF DIAGNOSIS

Referred to organismic approach and diagnostic school of • Dynamic: Examination aspects of the client’s
thought personality interact to produce his total functioning,
interplay between the client and other systems,
dynamics of family interaction.
A systems theory approach concerned both the inner
realities of human beings and the social context in which • Etiology the cause or origin of the difficulty
they live. usually multiple factors in the person-situation
configuration
Classificatory: classifies various aspects of the
The person being helped is seen in the context of
clients functioning and his place in the world
interactions or transaction in the internal worlds and
including, if possible, a clinical diagnosis (refers
effort are taken to understand the segment of the external
to classify based on personality disturbance)
world with which the person is in the close interaction.
classifying individuals according to socio
economic class, race, ethnic background and
Treatment is differentiated according to the client’s needs,
religion.
hence the term differential treatment.
Treatment
The worker must engage in fact-gathering and come with
• Indirect treatment: the worker intervenes directly
a professional opinion called diagnosis or assessment.
in the environment of their client by obtaining
The help provided in this approach will enable change to
needed resources and modifying the client’s
occur in the person or in the situation or both.
situation when change in his situation is necessary
• Direct treatment involves direct work with the
Key concepts/ proponents
client himself or what Hollis describes as the
Mary Richmond, Marion Kenworthy, Bersey Libbey,
influence of mind upon mind
Gordon Hamilton, Lucille Austin and Florence Hollis

6 Procedures of Intervention (Hollis) Behavioral modification Approach

1. Sustaining (supportive remarks) An approach intended to improve the social functioning of
2. Direct Influence (suggestion and advice) individuals, families, groups and organizations by helping
3. Catharsis and ventilation (discharge of pent-up them learn new behaviors and eliminating problematic
feelings and emotionally charged memories) ways of behaving.
4. Reflective consideration of the current
personsituation configuration Usually used in group work to shape stabilize, modify, or
5. Encouragement of client to reflect on dynamics of alter clients’s behavior with the use of certain techniques
his response patterns or tendencies such as reassurance, reinforcement etc.
6. Encouragement of the client to think about the
development of response patterns or tendencies Proponents:

The process: Wilheim Wundt, John Watson, Ivan Pavlov, Clark Hull,
Edward Tolman, B.F. Skinner, Joseph Wolpe, Albert
Initial phase: understanding the reasons for contract, Bandura and Hans Eysenck
establishing, engaging the client in the treatment, beginning
treatment itself (treatment begins in the first interview) Decisions that guide the change process are made on the
psychosocial study (gathering the information needed for basis of data, not on the basis of assumption about why
the psychological diagnosis and guidance of the treatment) people behave as they do.

Assessment of the client in His Situation; consists of a The process:

critical scrutiny of a client-situation complex and the
trouble concerning which help is sought or needed.
Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY.
1. Initial phase- background information problem Behavioral Instigator – the worker influences a situation
identification and goal setting so that behavior will be modified such as introducing a
2. Implementation phase- plan implementation based point of rewards system to encourage task performance in
on the contract and the commitment of the worker and the youth home.
client 3. Evaluation and termination Phase- usually periodic
evaluation and monitor the phase the helping process Teacher – the worker teaches behavioral modification
4. Termination techniques to clients, parents, related professional, and
other professionals.
Focus
•Upon observable responses •More on the fundamentally Functional Approach-
classes of behavior: Emphasizes Observation, data
a method for engaging the client through relationship
collection and careful
essentially one to one in the use of a social service toward
measurement before, during and after the intervention
his her own and the general social welfare.
Three elements of social learning
The purpose of the service being offered helps to give
sharpness and focus to the diagnosis or the
1. Target behavior - behavior that will be the focus understanding needed for the particular pathological
of intervention condition for which a type of treatment is defined in order
2. Antecedent behavior – the behavior that occur to achieve an environment goal. Agency service is made
prior from the problem behavior available
3. Consequent behavior – behavior that occur after Key concepts/ proponents
the problem behavior
Ruth Smalley, Virginia Robinson, Otto Rank, Jessie
BEHAVIORAL TECHNIQUES Taft The effectiveness of the SW process is enhanced by
1. Conditioning the
a. Classical conditioning – learning of a worker’s conscious use of time phases in the process
behavior because it is associated in time with
specific stimulus with which it was formerly
The use of agency function gives focus, content and
associated.
direction to helping process.
b. Operant conditioning – learned behavior
which takes place because it operates upon or
To be effective the SW Process requires the practitioner’s
affects which takes place because it operates
use of relationship to engage the client in making and
upon of affects environment
acting on choices or decisions as central to the
2. Reinforcement – anything that strengthen a target
accomplishment of a client- identified purpose within the
behavior, or to increase the likelihood that a target
context of agency function
behavior will occur more frequently.
3. Punishment – the presentation of an unwanted or
The process:
unpleasant stimulus
Extinction – refers to withdrawal of
Initial phase establish whether the client seems to be able
whatever forces a target behavior, which
to use the agency services and try to help him/her to use it
will tend to discourage the occurrence of
the behavior
Beginning phase partilization of problem for work. To
find common base for worker and client to work together
SOCIAL WORK ROLES:
toward
a common purpose
Direct Modifier – the worker is the agent of modification
in which she herself directly uses a technique like positive
Middle phase- characterized by others taking
reinforcement to increase a child behavior relating to
responsibility. Deepening on the relationship involved
observing rules.
Ending Phase- termination of the helping process

Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY.
 

The client and the worker will agree on what the former Developmental approach
can do with the service that is being made available. People are not seen as being sick or healthy, but on a scale
ranging from socially functional to dysfunctional to
Family Centered Approach- eufunctional/ good functioning…… continually move up
to scale in a life-long developmental process of
a process of achieving better child and family well-being
selfrealization.
outcomes. It is an approach to child welfare social work in
- Maximizing the potentials to self-realize
which the family is seen as the primary unit of attention.
Respecting, strengthening and supporting the family- while
guaranteeing child safety- are hallmarks of this method. It Three major themes characterized by developmental
is also referred to as family casework. Safety of the child is approach
the first concern and the family is the fundamental resource 1. Humanistic- a view of one human being by
for the nurturing children. another. Tropps elaborate on this theme by
describing how the worker functions and relates
Key concepts/ proponents with the group.
2. Phenomenological – its main concern is what is
Virginia Satir. Salvador Minuchin, jay Haly, Murray
happening at present, whether in the group or
Bowen, Nathan Ackeman, Carl Whitaker, Michael
outside of it, or group. The approach is
White, Gregory Bateson, Donald Jackson, john
realityoriented, focusing on current group and
Weakland, William Fry, paul Watzlawick and Ross
individual behavior rather than on the past
Speck.
personality diagnosis and interpretations of
behavior.
Families are diverse and have the right to be respected or
3. Developmental – it sees people as being able to
their special cultural, racial, ethnic and religious traditions.
move forward in a life-long process of
selfrealization or fulfillment of potential in social
There may be some inner resources member which can be functioning.
mobilized and used to improve family and home conditions
for the benefit of the member experiencing difficulty and
CHARACTERISTIC OF DEVELOPMENTAL
the
APPROACH p.350-353
family a whole
1. Specific kinds of group experience are viewed as
most effective in attaining of enhanced social
The process:
functioning.
2. Common goal group
Identification of the problem- involves data gathering and 3. Common goal may take the form of a common
answer the question what and why? concern or common interest or common life
situation each of which results in a peer
The treatment planning stage- includes diagnostic relationship among member.
assessment (the How), and interview-involves planning the 4. The effectiveness of the group goal achieving
treatment setting up the goals and objectives which must be process is the primary target for both members and
based on the worker’s knowledge on the nature of the the worker.
problem, resources for modifying it, and the motivation and
capacities of those involved in it.

Evaluation and termination evaluation starts as soon as

some gains have been made as a result of the treatment
taking place. Termination of work with families takes place
after some services have been reached.

Treatment modifies or change the barriers in managing

the life tasks of the family and its members

Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY.
 5. The group members achieve different individual C. The workers contributing ideas, facts and
gains in social growth within the context of the values that may be useful
group goal achieving process. D. The workers sharing of her own vision of the
6. The group becomes the medium for the member’s work, feelings about the process, and the faith
action for the perception of each other’s actions in the clients strengths
and for the workers perception or both. E. The workers defining of the limits and
7. The group gal achieving process is carried out on requirements of the situation in which the work
the basis of open agreements takes place.
8. The group is essentially self-directing 4. ENDING AND SEPARATION

Interactionist Approach
William Schwartz
- Mediating function of social work is the key
concept in this approach
- According to him, the function of social work is to
mediate transactions between people and the
various systems through which they carry on their
relationship with society…
- Symbiotic means needing the other for its own life
and growth and each reaching out to the other with
all he strength it can command at the given
moment.
- The social worker is the third party
THE GROUP IN THE INTERACTIONIST
APPROACH HAS FOUR MAJOR FEATURES
1. Collective
2. People need each other
3. To work in a common task
4. Embedded agency function

Phases of Work
**Schwartz**
1. THE TUNING IN- is the preparation for entry
phase which requires the worker to understand the
group i.e the member’s feelings, doubts, about
their own selves, about each other and about
the worker.
2. THE BEGINNINGS – the heart of this phase is
contracting. The valued outcome of this phase is
an opening consensus: from the members, on what
they need and from the worker,on what the agency
offer.
3. THE TASK
A. Search for common grounds between the
needs of the client and those of the systems
they have to negotiate
B. Directing the challenging obstacles that come
between the members and the systems

Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY.
 of a given task, assists a member to perform more
REMEDIAL APPROACH/ Social effectively in a given position.
2. Indirect means of influence
Treatment Approach - The worker acts on and through the group, its process
Robert D. Vinter
and its program.
The group is conceive as a small social system whose
a. Group Purposes- it sets for the group
influence can be guided in planned ways to modify client
determine worker actions which affect the
behavior.
group, shape the group’s program and
activities and affects
It provides opportunities for direct – client interactions the client’s attraction t and satisfaction with
which can help effect change. the group.
b. Selection of Group Members –
TREATMENT SEQUENCE c. Size of Group –
d. Group operating and governing behavior-
1. INTAKE- process by which a potential client e. Group development
becomes a client. (preliminary diagnosis) 3. Extra group means of influence
2. DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT PLANNING - Refers to the modification of the behavior or attitudes
- more comprehensive and exacting assessment. – of persons in the clients social environment or
the workers writing of a concreate statement that largely social systems within which both the
crystallizes the assessment of the client ad make it clients and other individual occupy statuses which
explicit the objectives to be pursued and the way by may in turn lead to positive changes in the groups
which they will be implemented member’s behavior and attitudes.
3. GROUP COMPOSITION AND
FORMATION Practic Change Goal Staff Constituents Target of Change
e Role Change Strategy
4. GROUP DEVELOPMENT AND Model
TREATMENT – the worker guides the Community Increase Coordinator Citizens Programs Develop a
group’s interaction and structures its experience development community
capacity and
Enabler
Catalyst
Participants or services consensus
among
to achieve the specific goals for each of the integration groups

members. Social Change Advocate Victims of The power Mobilize

Action resources & Negotiator oppression structure people to
5. EVALUATION AND TERMNATION - power Activist Constituents take action
dynamics Employers against
powerful
STRATEGY OF INTERVENTION Social Problemsolving Expert Data Consumers of Communi Collect
analyst; Service ty data;
By: Robert Vinter Planning
Problem Systems choose
Solver the best
plan
“in the social treatment group, he sees the need for the
worker to employ several mode of intervention/ Means of
influence” THREE MODELS IN C.O
1. Direct means of influence BASIC ASSUMPTIONS OF ROTHMAN’S MODEL
- Face to face worker –client contact may be in and
outside the group session.
4 Types of Direct Means of Influence THE MODELS OF C.O ACCORDING TO THE
1. Worker as a central person- object identification SELECTED PRACTICE VARIABLES BY ROTHMAN
and drives.
1. Goals Categories (task or processed goals)
2. Worker as a symbol and spokesperson- agent of
2. Assumptions regarding community structure and
legitimate norms and values. Worker also sets limits
problem conditions
and controls on individual and group behavior and
applies positive and negative sanction.
LD- the community may be seen as tradition-bounded,
3. Worker as motivator and stimulator – definer of ruled by small group of conventional leaders and
individual goals and tasks. compose of illiterate populations who lack skills in
4. Worker as executive – controller of member’s problem solving and understanding of the democratic
roles. Worker also assists a member in the discharge process.

Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY.
 SP- the planner see the community as compromised by a - Position views the community as made up of multitude of
substantive social problems. conflicting publics or interest groups which endlessly
SA- the planner see the community as compromised of a contend with one another in the public arena.
hierarchy of privilege and power.
Unitary- single set of ends to central decision
3. Basic Change Strategy Individualist- social choice
LD- rationalist-unitary
LD – let’s all get together and talk each other SP-idealist –unitary
SP- lets’s get the fact and take the logical next step SA- realist-individualist
SA – let’s organize to destroy our oppressor
10. Conception of client population
4. Characteristic change tactics and techniques
LD- normal citizens
LD- tactics of consensus SP- Consumer of service
SP- fact finding and analytical skills SA- Victims of the system
SA- confrontation and direct actions i.e rallies, boycotts
11. Conception of the client/constituent roles
5. Practitioner roles and medium of change
LD- active participants
LD- enabler/encourager SP- Recipients of service
SP- more technical and expert role SA- benefiting groups
SA- advocate and activist role
INDIRECT MODELS OF INTERVENTION
6. Orientation towards power structure
I. WORKING WITH THE ELITE
LD- power structure is included within an all-embracing Elite- comprised of individuals and groups who are usually in a
concepts of community. position to provide, in one way or another, the resources we
SP- power structure is usually present as sponsor or need in our work with clients
employer of practitioner. Planners are usually highly
trained professional specialist whose services required a In working with the elite, the social worker should be guided by
considerable financial outlay in salaries as well as certain principles.
support in the form of supplies, facilities, auxiliary 1. Need and resources determination and matching
technical and clerical personnel 2. Clarity of purpose or objectives
SA – power structure is seen as an outside target of 3. Involvement in program/project planning
action. The power structure usually represents a force and implementation
antithetical to the client or constituent group whose 4. Unitary accountability
wellbeing of practitioner is committed to uphold. 5. The SW should treat the elite with respect and
recognize their contribution to the agency
7. Boundary definition of community client system or 6. Professionalism in dealing with the elite
constituency (p. 390)
8. Assumptions regarding interest of community II. SOCIAL CRITICISM/DOCUMENTATION
subgroups (p. 390) As a form of intervention requires a good understanding of
9. Conception of public interest existing policies, programs and service, accurate knowledge of
THREE CATEGORIES OF PUBLIC INTEREST ACCORDING data about their application or implementation and skill to
TO SCHUBERT, GLENDON analyze these data.
1. Rationalist
- Postulates a common good that can be arrived at through It requires knowledge of how policies, programs and services
deliberate processes involving a cross section of interest ought to be implemented
groups within population.
2. Idealist This knowledge is translated into concrete, specific
- Holds that public interest can be best arrived at through the recommendation as to what should be done or what PPS should
exercise of judgment and conscience on the part of be replace that which has been shown, through documentation,
knowledgeable and compassionate advocates of public as ineffective and unsatisfactory.
interest.
3. Realist
Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY.
 III. ADVOCACY 6. Do not rush into direct action or help without fully
Involves the worker in efforts of change policies and programs on understanding the clients situation
behalf of sectors of the population, based on its own professional 7. The interviewer should have the proper deportment .
values.
Communication
This model personified by Jane Addams who spent most of her
Is a term derived from latin word COMMUNIS which
life working for social reform
means make common
In our country, it is Dr. Jose Fabella who espoused the “whole
child” concepts in relation to children in public welfare agencies. ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION PROCESS
1. Source

Chapter Nine 2. Message

GENERIC TOOLS IN SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE
3. Channel
Most important and commonly used in work with all kinds
of client systems are the interview, social work records, 4. Receiver
communication, community resources, and program and
activities. Communication Skills

INTERVIEWING Process of giving and receiving a message 2- way exchange

A face to face meeting between the worker and client; a between sender and receiver necessitates that the receiver
direct conversation, an event composed of a sequence of gets the intended message as intended by the sender
physical and mental experiences that occur when and where Involves many skill (or Sub Skill)
a helping professional practitioner and a client talk to one
another Active Listening

Usually the first contact person between client and the Responsive Listening
worker a critical tool communicating with the client, - Combines talking and listening
collecting information, determining eligibility, developing - Indicates that worker heard and understood the
and implementing service plans. client and is responding to his/her message
INVOLVES SIX SEPARATE SKILLS
SKILL Required for an Effective Interview • Attending- communicating interest in what the
1. Skill in relating with the interviewee client is saying or doing
2. Skill in Observing the interviewee • Using silence- meaningfully pausing to give client
3. Skill in listening time to think and respond
4. Skill in asking questions • Paraphrasing- restating the client’s thought in
5. Skill is answering personal questions own words
6. Interpreting the client response • Summarizing- condensing the content and
identifying essential themes and ideas
Conducting the interview • Questioning- probing for information,
confirmation understanding the client’s emotional
Practice will help a worker become a more effective perspectives and communicating this
interviewer. Below are suggestions for conducting an understanding
interview.
1. Prepare for interview Questioning Skills- questions provide a systematic way
2. Always start by making the client feel comfortable on understanding and accepting feelings
3. Use your intuition or sixth sense
4. Exercise care in the use of interview instruments Direct Types of Questions
like intake and surveys forms • Closed Ended- calls for specific answer
5. Be conscious of time

Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY.
 • Open Ended- enables the client to define, discuss • Provides important information to make decisions
or answer the question in any ways she chooses on expanding, changing or terminating programs
• Leading- used when it is desirable for the client ti and services and for reporting to the community on
continue to explore the subject at hand. how funds have been used.
• Responding- usually follows the lead of the client’s • Supervisory tools.
response • Basis for learning and serve an important
• Answer and Agree- the client is expected to educational purpose
answer in such way as to agree with the worker • Source of statistical information about agency
operations and provide data for various research
Paraphrasing projects.
• Worker restates clients words and ideas in own
word not (not the same as repeating or parroting Types of records
what the client says)
• Defining feature of accurate paraphrasing is on • Intake forms- face sheet, admission form and
interchangeability with client ideas. application form
• Focuses on immediate statements without adding to • Summary records as part of the information-
one altering the meaning of the client’s statement. gathering stage in problem solving
Overcoming Listening Obstacles • Survey report- contains findings about the
• Be aware of various barriers community situation indicating date, place and
• Be conscious of filtering the client’s message source of data
• Be patient • Case Study- identifying information, a synthesis of
• Encourage trust the data obtained from various sources
• Control noise • Summarized process recording- includes
• Stay focused reactions and response of both client and worker,
• Avoid making assumptions followed by the workers assessment/analysis of
• Manage personal reactions what transpired
• Remember that listening does not mean agreeing • Periodic Evaluation summaries- includes
• Be aware of blind spots statement about the major developments that have
occurred
Defining the relationship • Transfer summaries- includes recommendations
of future course of action
Contracting- negotiating the intended purpose of the • Final evaluative statement- focuses on the extent
to which goals spelled out in the case study.
helping relationship

Using Immediacy- evaluating the quality of the Community Resource- the programs and services offers by
a variety of agencies and organizations. It constitutes a very
relationship in terms of its contracted objectives
important tool in helping people.
Using workers self-disclosure- reducing and
The agency may also be placed on an adequacy-inadequacy
normalizing client’s negative feelings
continuum, in terms of quantity and quality of services
being provided, personnel standards, etc.
Recordings
Community Resources are almost indispensable to social
• Serve as tools that guide worker and client proceed workers, the intercessor-mediator role of the social worker
with the lack of problem solving is meaningful because there are resources that can be
• Useful in evaluation-success or failure in achieving availed.
objectives
• For improvement of workers knowledge and skill in Social Workers:
helping people • Know their community resources
• Provide an account of what have taken place which • Are up to date on their knowledge(because of
is needed when one worker must replace another, or change of agency’s policies and procedures)
when emergency, one worker must take another.
Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY.
 • May also know of resources that are available to the • The form and source of controls governing
people in a community participant activity: whether another person, a
• To include in their responsibilities the acting alone fellow participant, or rules/instructions relevant to
with the clients to see to it that resources are made the activity
available to the people • Provision for physical movement: the extent to
• Should look beyond what is familiar or common which participants are required or permitted to
knowledge (resource are just waiting to be tapped move about in the activity
and mobilized) • Competence required for performance: the
NOTE: when there are particular resources needed that minimum level of ability required to participate in
are not available, the worker together with the client the activity (some activities require special skill
participation may have to create needed resources and ability)
• Provision for participant inter-activeness: the
Programs and Activities- denote a general class of way the activity locates and engages participants so
activities each of which consists of an interconnected that verbal and non-verbal interaction is required or
series of social behaviors that usually in infused with provoked
meaning and guide by performance standards from the • Reward structure: the types of gratification and
larger culture. rewards available (praise, legitimate tension release,
improved skill)
Activities a SW can use to serve a variety of purposes: Whittaker points out the need for the workers to evaluate
 To establish positive relationship certain individual and group variables which should he
• To promote/improve communication between considered in the selection of an activity which clients will
clients and worker, or among clients themselves engage in.
• To serve as a diagnostic tool
• To provide channels or outlets for otherwise Individual Variables consist of:
destructive energies • Skill – the competence to participate in the activity
• To serve as educational tools • Motivation – the willingness to participate in the
• To serve the need for socialization, particularly for activity
people who are isolated from social contract, or • “on tap control” – the amount of self-control
who while exposed to people, tend to hide in their available to the client at a given time
own shells
• To provide Catharsis or means for expressing Group Variables include:
feeling and emotions • Group Solidarity – a group that is not yet cohesive
• To influence people to act or behave in a certain may not respond to activities requiring a great deal
way like being more objective and perceptive, of interaction and inter-dependence
learning to be sensitive to the feelings of others, to • Group Composition – the more homogeneous the
control impulses, being cooperative group the easier it is to find activities that the
• To develop proper attitudes like economy, members will participate in and enjoy
industry, self-reliance • Group mood – the “climate” or how the group is
• To develop a sense of accomplishment and the feeling at the moment
corresponding pride and self-confidence that goes
with a completed activity Chapter Ten
• To help bring about community change and
development by way of the participated process THE FIELDS OF SOCIAL WORK
• To develop awareness of one’s social reality which
can be stimulus for change. CHILD WELFARE

Activity Dimensions This field is concerned with the well-being of children and
• Prescriptiveness- the degree and range of rules or youth through the provision of programs and services for
other guides for the conduct of participation in the their physical, social, psychological, spiritual and cultural
activity development.

Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY.
The focus is on strengthening the relationship between - Legal process whereby a child who is deprived of a
parents and child, the role of the family, and the birth family is provided with substitute new ties.
responsibility of the community in the child’s • LEGAL GUARDIANSHIP
development. - A process undertaken to provide substitute parental
care through the appointment of a legal guardian for
It also includes supplemental and substitute child-caring the child, including his property until the child
services to prevent the child’s suffering from parental reaches the age of majority
deprivation. • FOSTER CARE
- Substitute temporary parental care provided by a
2 typed of child welfare services: licensed social worker. The ultimate aim of the
Direct Service – is rendered in the form of: foster family care is reunite the child with
a) Assistance to children in their own homes in the biological parents or to prepare the child for
form of material assistance, educational services, adoption, in case of older children, to prepare them
sports and recreation, health services, and etc., for independent living.
b) Child placement through residential care in an • RESIDENTIAL/INSTITUTIONAL CARE
institution, foster care, or adoption. - Temporary 24 hours residential group care to children
Indirect Service – is in the form of: whose needs cannot, at the time be adequately met
a) Financing on a national or international level by their biological parents or other alternative
(sponsorship of programs) family care arrangements.
b) Coordination to facilitate and avoid duplication
among agencies with similar or related services FAMILY WELFARE
Family welfare is concerned with the improvement,
ACTIVITIES strengthening and support of the family in meeting its own
• Admission interviews with the child, family and/or needs.
significant others, Programs that provided by the SW agencies are the
• Following through recommendations given which following:
institutions if this is what is called for assisting the • Parent effectiveness
child and his family in coping with their situation, • Marriage strengthening (pre-marriage counseling)
or assisting youth conducting individual • Establishment of community support programs
counseling or group sessions. • Strengthening of family values and preservation of
• Conducting individual counseling or group cultural heritage
sessions with child and/or his family. • Family and environment service
• Interpreting the child’s needs and problems to the • Livelihood programs
staff/other members of the helping team. • Fertility and family planning
• Following up the adjustment of the child if he is
with foster or adoptive parents. ACTIVITIES
• Planning appropriate activities with the youth to
meet their individual as well as group needs • Engaging the family in problem-
• Preparing the child for discharge/placement in the solving relationship
case of children in residential homes, or helping • Mobilizing existing resources and crating
the child and his family during the period of nonresources needed by the family
probation if this is the court’s disposition on the • Regularly assessing the adequacy and effectiveness
case, and then helping him prepare to make of existing policies, programs and services that
satisfactory adjustment in the community relate to the family
• Recommending discharge of the client or closure • Supervising staff in their various activities to the
of the court case if conditions call for it. families being served

Health
CHILD CARING SERVICES OR CHILD
PLACEMENT
• ADOPTION
Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY.
Concentrated in hospitals which provide social services to be returned to the correctional institution if he violates the
patients who are emotional and social situations directly or conditions of his parole.
indirectly cause, maintain, or aggravate their illness.
Some of the functions of social worker in relation to
Medical social services are aimed at the following: juvenile probation work are:
1. Better acceptance of and more favorable reaction to 1. Preparation of social case studies to facilitate legal
medical treatment decision-making
2. Better understanding, on the part of medical 2. Provision of counseling and other necessary
personnel, of the patient’s illness, and to enlist the services to the youth and his family throughout the
family’s cooperation in the treatment and period that the youth is on probation
rehabilitation of the patient 3. Referral and mobilization of community with other
3. Health education of the patient and their families groups/agencies which are engaged in activities
4. Utilization of community services that would relating to or affecting probationers
facilitate rehabilitation and prevention of illness 4. Preparing reports/recommendations on the basis for
5. Helping the patient and his family to deal the decision making by the courts.
psycho-social components of the physical illness
ACTIVITIES: ACTIVITIES
• Eligibility studies (this is done during admission During the correctional periods the service of the
since there is need to determine whether a patient correctional agency is viewed as Re: socialization, in the
should be given free or partly free medical personal community that will response to his needs as an
treatment) individual
• Interpretation to patient and his family of hospital
policies and regulations For his re: socialization process to be effective, the
• Data gathering on patient’s personal and social offender will have to provided;
situations to assist medical staff to arrive at a more
accurate diagnosis 1. Significant individual relationships that allow him
• Use of appropriate forms of help to patient and his to see himself as a person or worth
family during the period of medical treatment, 2. Membership in groups that offer genuine
including counseling as well as group treatment satisfaction through legitimate experiences
activities with his family and/or together with 3. Access the normal opportunity structures of the
other patients community, such as employment, education,
• Mobilizing hospital as well as community recreation and religious instruction
resources to meet various patient needs 4. Remedial services appropriate for dealing with his
• Performing coordinating and liaison activities individual problems in social functioning such as
between the patients and the medical staff, the vocational training, psychotherapeutic help or
patient and the hospital administration, and the medical rehabilitation.
patients/hospital and the community at large
Children and adolescence that are not granted
CORRECTIONS probation by family courts because their adjustment
cannot be achieved in their own homes are committed
Corrections is the administration of penalty in such a to reformatory or training schools. ( boys- Vicente
way that the offender is corrected, that is his current Madrigal rehabilitation Center/ Girl Marilac Hills)
behavior is kept within acceptable limits at the same
time his general life adjustment is modified. SCHOOLS
Social Worker exist primarily to provide helping service to
It is a process of treatment, prescribed by the court for those students whose problems in school stem from social
person convicted of offenses against the law, during which and emotional causes which interfere with their adjustment
the individual on probation lives in the community and and potential academic achievement.
regulates his own life under conditions imposed by the
court and is subject to supervision by a probation officer.
While parole is the release of a prisoner under him might
Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY.
The purpose of social work is to provide services they - See p. 480-482
would achieve any or all of the following:
COMMUNITY WELFARE
1. Restoration of impaired adjustment As a field of social work practice, it encompasses a variety
2. Provision of resources by mobilizing capacities of of programs and services which have for their main goal the
individual students, their parents, families and the well-being of entire communities. Social workers in this
academic and larger communities 3. Prevention of field work with individuals, families, and small groups, and
maladjustment their concern is the provision of opportunities that would
enable people in the community to work together towards
SPECIAL GROUPS common goals, particularly those that would bring about
their common upliftment.
Drug Dependents
- Are person, who , as a result of periodic or Social work practice in all these settings involves not only
continuous use of drugs ( usually in the form of the provision of needed community services and in the
sedatives, stimulants, hallucinogens) have process cooperating and collaborating with various groups
developed a physical/ psychological need for / and organizations, but also organizing communities for
dependence on these drugs to the extent that their their own problem solving.
denial produces adverse effect.
Drug Abuse or Substance Abuse Role of social worker in the field of housing relocation
- General term that includes all drug-taking. and resettlement:
- Use of any drugs legal or illegal when it is • Helping families prepare for relocation (including
detrimental to the user’s physical, emotional, providing opportunities for them to participate in
social intellectual and spiritual well- being. the process of planning their relocation)
Dangerous Drugs Board • Helping families cope with and adjust to the
- Leading agency in development changes that go with relocation and resettlement
and implementation of drug abuse prevention and • Involving the people in the efforts to develop their
control programs in the country. Five components conditions in the resettlement sites
regarding anti-drug program of the • Identifying and developing local leaders
government • Helping develop local organizations
1. Intensified information drive against dangerous • Promoting/facilitating the coordination of
drug community groups and organizations which are all
2. Prevention through a variety of actions to protect trying to work for the well-being of the relocated
the communities against dangerous drugs families
3. Law enforcement • Provision of certain social services needed by the
4. Research and studies to support legislative relocated families, such as food and transportation
proposals assistance, day care services, counseling services,
5. Establishment of affordable rehabilitation and family planning services, skills training and job
treatment centers for victims of dangerous drugs placement, and the like.

SOCIALLY DISADVANTAGED WOMEN INDUSTRY

- Include women who are victims of gender-
based Social welfare services in the field of modern industrial
violence…… operations are generally concerned with any or all of
- SEE P. 475-477 the following:
RELEASED PRISONER AND FORMER PATIENTS (a) efforts to establish or improve social security,
OF PSYCHIATRIC INSTITUTIONS health and general welfare of employees and their
- SEE P. 477-478 families;
(b) finding the best-suited workers for employers and
the right job for workers seeking employment;
OLDER PERSON
- See p. 478-480
PWD
Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY.
 (c) the use of social workers to assist the employees disabilities; political and economic refugees; persons with
and their families in personal, health, and financial mental illness; and persons who have been disadvantaged
problems and difficulties; and on the basis of gender, race/ethnicity, poverty, religion,
(d) the development and maintenance of community social class, caste, and sexual orientation
welfare services.
Role of social worker in the field of industry: • The realization of more balanced approaches to social and
• Counseling employees on work and/non-work economic development
related problem
• Providing counseling and other forms of help to the • The assignment of the highest priority to the fullest
families of employees possible human development
• Engaging in informational and educational
programs to maximize employee and company • The fullest possible participation of people everywhere in
services determining both the means and outcomes of
• Assisting management in making employees development
understand company policies and rules 
Interpreting worker’s needs and problems to
• The elimination of absolute poverty everywhere in the
management/employers and assisting them in
world
developing responsive services to workers
• Providing referrals to workers and their family
members for needed community-oriented services • The promotion and protection of human rights for all
that would benefit the communities where workers citizens
live, especially when their problems emanate from
the community situation
• Developing employee-oriented training programs • The realization of new social arrangements that accelerate
the pace of development and assure the satisfaction of
CULTURAL COMMUNITIES basic needs of people everywhere
a.k.a tribal Filipinos, ethnical minorities, indigenous
peoples and national minorities • The transformation of societies toward more humanistic
values based on social justice, the promotion of peace,
In direct work with cultural communities or what is also and the attainment of the fullest possible human
referred to as “grassroots practice” most agencies in the development.
past were project oriented, convinced primarily with the
accomplishment of specific projects that would benefit the LIST OF SPECIALIZED AGENCIES OF THE
community. UNITED NATIONS

RA 8371 (IP’S RIGHTS ACT ) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
EDUCATION AND TRAINING Nations leads international efforts to defeat hunger and
- Facilitative instructional method – performed by acts as a neutral forum where all nations meet as equals
social work teachers and trainers to negotiate agreements and debate policy. FAO's
mandate is to raise levels of nutrition, improve
INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL WELFARE agricultural productivity, better the lives of rural
The Goals of International Social Work populations and contribute to the growth of the world
economy.
Agreement also exists in the social work profession
concerning the goals of development-focused International Maritime Organization (IMO), formerly
international practice: known as the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative
Organization (IMCO), was established in 1948 through the
• The elimination of barriers to development which, in United Nations to coordinate international maritime safety
every society, have been used to oppress historically and related practices.
disadvantaged population groups—especially women;
older adults; children and youth; persons with
Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY.
International Monetary Fund (IMF) provides monetary are fully responsive to the needs and aspiration f
cooperation and financial stability and acts as a forum for people; to alleviate the most urgent social problems
advice, negotiation and assistance on financial issues. without undue delay and prevent further social
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural disruption and to achieve a more equitable
Organization (UNESCO) Its stated purpose is to distribution of benefits accruing at each stage of
contribute to peace and security by promoting international national development ”
collaboration through education, science, and culture in
order to further universal respect for justice, the rule of law, Chapter Eleven
and the human rights and fundamental freedoms proclaimed
in the UN Charter. TRENDS IN SOCIAL WORK IN THE PHILIPPINES

United Nations Industrial Development Organization The Generalist/ Integrated Method of Social Work
(UNIDO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations Practice
system, headquartered in Vienna, Austria. The - It is used in the context of professional social work
Organization's primary objective is the promotion and methodology.
acceleration of industrial development in developing - It is being advocated in place of separate practice of
countries and countries with economies in transition and the the methods of social casework, social groupwork
promotion of international industrial cooperation. and community organization.
Integrated Program – comprehensive agency program for
multi-problem clients usually economic assistance, skills
World Health Organization (WHO) acts as a coordinating training, informal education, health, family planning and
authority on international public health. Established on 7 counseling
April 1948, the agency inherited the mandate and resources Integrated Learning – use of integrated knowledge from
of its predecessor, the Health Organization, which had been different courses and apply these in working with people.
an agency of the League of Nations. Integrated Development Approach – refer to the process
of combining social as well as economic concerns n policy
Refugee formulation and program development.

A refugee is a person who is outside their country of origin Generalist social work practice – is the use of range of
or habitual residence because they have suffered skills as needed to intervene in the variety of client
persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, situation. This requires a wide skill repertoire as possible in
political opinion, or because they are a member of a order to facilitate interactions between people and social
persecuted 'social group'. institution and situation in which they live.

UNHCR provides protection and assistance not only to RELATED CONCEPTS IN INTEGRATED SW
refugees, but also to other categories of displaced or needy METHODS
people. These include asylum seekers, refugees who have
returned home but still need help in rebuilding their lives, 1. The concept of one client system as a point of entry
local civilian communities directly affected by the for working with other client system
movements of refugees, stateless people and so-called 2. The concept of total problem solving- total
internally displaced people (IDPs). IDPs are civilians who problem solving allows the worker to help the
have been forced to flee their homes, but who have not client as a system, and to deal with other systems
reached a neighboring country and therefore, unlike of which the client is part and which are
refugees, are not protected by international law and may affecting him.
find it hard to receive any form of assistance. 3. The concept of the client’s problem as the basis for
the choice of the worker’s helping approach or
SOCIAL PLANNING intervention.
- Charged with the responsibilities of seeing to it that
the country’s strategy for social development SOCIAL WORK DEVELOPMENTAL SOCIAL
“includes as essential components those welfare WELFARE
activities which help to insure plans and policies

Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY.
SOCIAL WELFARE – refers to those laws, programs, - “CONVERGENCE OF TRANFORMATIVE
benefits and services which assures or strengthen provision MICROACTIONS” to facilitate macro structural
for meeting social needs recognized as basic to a well-being change.
of the population and better functioning of the social order.
RURAL SOCIAL WORKK PRACTICE
When social welfare is specifically addressed to social
development concerns, it is developmental social welfare. Guidelines which is Helpful in Working with
Rural Communities
2 Levels of Developmental Social Welfare
MACRO LEVEL – formulation of laws, policies, 1. Social workers should come to a community
programs and benefits that will promote and ensure social with adequate knowledge of a variety of
justice helping interventions and strategies from
which they can draw in order to be able to
MICRO LEVEL – involves the following activities: respond to particular needs/situation
2. Social worker should help the community set
a) re-orientation of existing social welfare services;
realistic goals
b) Establishment of social welfare services that are 3. Social worker need to understand the
responsive to the changing needs in society; and communities they are working with,
particularly their culture
c) Identification of the social welfare aspects of social
4. Institutions that can help promote and
development programs in which social workers are
maintain participation in community affairs
or will be involved.
abound in the rural areas
IMPLICATIONS OF DEVELOPMENTAL SOCIAL 5. Social worker should be open to learning and
WELFARE TO SOCIAL WORK developing indigenous community organizing
tactics
1. Setting priorities 6. Rural residents can influence institution to
2. Systematic problem solving and choosing become more responsive to their needs but
appropriate helping intervention this process takes a long time, and even then,
3. Mobilizing people it is not the same as wielding power by
4. Identifying leaders holding elective position
5. Facilitating access and linkages 7. Social worker who are engaged in CO in rural
6. Participating in social welfare planning areas should awaken the rural people to their
7. Evaluating and measuring impacts own potentials and capacities for self-reliance
8. Examining/assessing social work practice and
education The effective rural social worker
STRUCTURAL CHANGE 1. With good understanding of rural community
dynamics
2. Sensitive to the community response to her.
- Main target is the economic system, which is 3. Able to adapt her lifestyle of the rural environment
perceived as being at the core of inequality in the 4. With good human relations
other systems in our society. 5. Versatile and knowledgeable
- Calls for an access to and participation in the 6. Able to identify and mobilize a wide range of
political decision-making process of the society by resources which can be helpful in community
the masses of our people. problem solving
- Enormous task that will probably be less 7. Help community set priorities
overwhelming if social workers would realize that 8. Able to help communities find new non-existent
their contribution could well start by way of resources and find ways how to use the existing
activities that can bring about change in the existing resources.
economic, political, and cultural aspects of people’s
lives. CASE MANAGEMENT

Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY.
 - Organizes, coordinates and sustains a network of REPUBLIC ACT NO. 4373 - AN ACT TO
formal and informal supports and activities REGULATE THE PRACTICE OF SOCIAL WORK
designed to optimize the functioning and well-being AND THE OPERATION OF SOCIAL WORK
of people with multiple needs. AGENCIES IN THE PHILIPPINES AND FOR
OTHER PURPOSES
Major Functions of Case Management
(a) "Social Work" is the profession which is primarily
1. Assessment – critical scrutiny of the client situation
concerned with organized social service activity aimed
in order to understand the nature of difficulty with
to facilitate and strengthen basic social relationships
increasing details and accuracy.
and the mutual adjustment between individuals and
2. Service planning their social environment for the good of the individual
3. Implementation of the case plan and of society.
4. Evaluation
5. Termination (b) A "social worker" as used in this Act is a
6. Follow up – done to ensure that the gains that have practitioner who by accepted academic training and
been achieve are maintained and that no new social work professional experience possesses the skill
problems have emerged. to achieve the objectives as defined and set by the
social work profession, through the use of the basic
COMPTON AND GALAWAY methods and techniques of social work (casework,
4 ASPECT OF EFFECTIVE REFFERAL group work, and community organization) which are
1. Information about resources designed to enable individuals, groups and
2. Preparing the client – instruction giving communities to meet their needs and to solve the
3. Preparing the referral agency – referral summary problems of adjustment to a changing pattern of
4. Follow up society and, through coordinated action, to improved
economic and social conditions, and is connected with
an organized social work agency which is supported
partially or wholly from government or community
EMPOWERMENT – ORIENTED SOCIAL WORK solicited funds.
PRACICE
- Is not a social service delivery, but practice in
which both the client and the worker involved in (c) A "social work agency" is a person, corporation or
mutual assessment and partnership in which they organization, private or governmental, that engages
together define and solve problems on behalf of the mainly and generally, or represents itself to engage in
clients group and society in general. social welfare work, whether casework, group work,
- Self-help underlying philosophy of rural or community work, and obtains its finances, either
community development totally or in part, from any agency or instrumentality
of the government and/or from the community by
COMPONENTS FOR EMPOWERMENT BASED direct or indirect solicitations and/or fund drives,
INTERVENTION and/or private endowment.
1. Power-shared relationship RA NO. 5175 – AN ACT TO REGULATE THE
2. Counter based assessment PRACTICE OF SOCIAL WORK AND
3. Collectivity for mutual aid OPERATION OF SOCIAL AGENCIES IN THE
See page 536-537 PHILIPPINES.

INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY IN SELECTED BEHAVIORAL AND

SOCIAL WORK see page 539-544 SOCIAL SCIENCE THEORIES IN SOCIAL
WORK
A. PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
- Sigmund Freud, father of psychoanalysis
APPENDICES - He proposes that at birth, individuals are pushed
by unconscious and irrational drives towards

Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY.
 satisfaction of desires which are largely Boundaries- closed circle around selected variables where
unconscious and irrational. there is less interchange of energy of communication.
- Carl Jung, believed that human beings are guided
Feedback- communication network which produces actions
as much as aims and aspiration as by sexual urges.
in response to an input of information and includes results
- Alfred Adler, human beings have an innate social
of its own action in the new information by which it
interest and tendency to strive for superiority.
modifies subsequent behavior.
- Freud’s concepts:
- Homeostasis- organism’s tendency to maintain a Change and stability
relatively stable internal environment
Role
- Psychological Determinism – thoughts and cations
are caused by one’s unsatisfied drives/ desires. SIX TYPES OF SOCIAL SYSTEM BY ALLEN
- Personality Structures- id – inner worl of PINCUS AND ANNE MINAHAN
subjective experience; ego- mediator; superego –
1. Change agent system – the agency or organization
moral precepts of our own minds as well as our
that employs the worker who will plan and work
ideals and aspiration
with the six system towards change.
- Defense Mechanism – thoughts and behavior
2. Client system – those who have asked for the
which, while not on the level of the individual’s
worker’s services, those who are expected to benefit
consciousness, serve to wards off anxiety and guilt
from these services and those who have entered into
Ego Psychology an explicit contract with the worker.
3. Target System – the people that the change agents
- Erik Erickson - Ego is the “executive officer” need to change or influence in order to accomplish
- 12 functions of ego their goals
1. Reality testing 4. Action system – those with whom the social
2. Judgement worker interacts in a cooperative ways in order to
3. Sense of reality of the world and self bring about change helpful to client
4. Regulation and control of drives affects and 5. Professional system – professional association of
impulses social workers educational system by which
5. Object relations workers are prepared, and the values and sanctions
6. Thought processes of professional practice.
7. Adaptive regression in the service of ego 6. Problem identification system – the system that
8. Defensive functioning acts to ring a potential client to the attention of the
9. Stimulus barrier worker
10. Autonomous perception
11. Mastery competence Concepts in Role Theory
12. Synthetic-integrative function Status- one’s rank or standing in a group based on the
Feminist theory kind of job he holds

- Philosophy of women’s movement/feminism “an Norms – refers rules and standards of behavior that come
awareness of women’s oppression and exploitation from a group or society, and may apply to individuals or to
in society , at work and within the family, and groups
conscious action by women and men to change the Role Set/ Clusters – array of roles that any one person
situation” may be occupying at any particular time
Concepts in Systems Theory Role complementary or reciprocity – role positions are
Open system – one that is engaged in interchanges with its usually paired
environment and therefore continues to grow and change Role conflict – this occurs when there are conflicting
Close system – do not interact with other system neither expectation because the person occupies two or more
accepting inputs form them, nor producing output for them positions simultaneously
Role incongruity – a situation in which one’s own
perception of one’s role id defined differently from the
Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY.
expectations of significant others in the system or 3. Norms – the unwritten ad written rules that
environment. guide behavior and conduct appropriate to
given situations. Folkways or customs
Small Group Theory (patterns of everyday life). mores (folkways
GROUP STRUCTURE which involves moral/ethical values)

- Patterns that develop and maintain themselves over Learning Theory

time in interpersonal relations. Shaping- process used in establishing more complex
- Structural properties of groups behavior patterns by breaking a behavior into smaller units
1. Communication structure – channels and and reinforcing each unit in turn until desired pattern is
flow of communication established
2. Affectional structure – interpersonal relations
that are produced from the liking and disliking Modeling – a process in which a person imitates a model
that develop among the members of a group who is displaying the desired behavioral pattern
3. Power structure -
Organization Theory
4. Leadership – ability to influence other people
in some way, which can be positive or negative Three levels of hierarchy: executive, supervisor, worker
5. Role structure – interrelated patterns of
Characteristics of a bureaucracy
behavior of the group embers based on their
mutual learned expectations from each other 1. Specialization and hierarchy
6. Group norms – rules and standards of 2. Emphasis on rules
behavior which emerge in a group in the 3. Assignment of roles
process of interactions 4. Clear and official areas of jurisdiction
7. Status – rank/standing
Four major casework processes or techniques by
GROUP PROCESS HOLLIS, FLORENCE
1. Group bond – The feeling of belongingness A. ENVIRONMENTAL MODIFICATION – to
that exists in the group change the environment in the clients favor by the
2. Conformity- yielding to the majority worker’s direct action.
3. Conflict- sharp disagreement or clash arising B. PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT – encouraging
out of the interpersonal conflicts between or the client to talk freely and express his feeling;
among the group expressing sympathetic understanding of the
4. Group cohesiveness – the degree to which the client’s feeling and acceptance of his behavior,
members of the group desire to remain with the interest in the client, desire to help, expression of
rest of the group confidence that a way can be found to improve his
5. Decision making – the process by which the situation.
group, using certain procedures, arrives at the C. CLARIFICATION – accompanying
decisions psychological support, the dominant tone is
Culture Theory understanding by the client of himself, his
environment, and/or people with whom he
- Culture is learned, shared, cumulative, dynamics, associated. It is directed towards increasing the
diverse and whole. ego’s ability to see external realities more clearly
- Aspect of culture: and to understand the client’s own emotions,
1. Beliefs- concepts about how the world operates emotions, attitudes and behavior.
and where individuals fit in it; may be rooted in D. INSIGHT DEVELOPMENT – involves carrying
the blind faith, experiences, traditions and understanding to a deeper level than that described
scientific observation in clarification. Current and past emotions must be
2. Values – the general and shared concepts of re-lived in a therapeutic atmosphere.
what is good, right, appropriate, worthwhile
and important; either reflected in behavior or
expressed verbally.

Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY.
 The above classification was later revised into 1. Secondary Social Work Methods are also called
Supportive treatment 2. Development of “auxiliary” methods
selfawareness
Social Action/ Social Reform
WILSON, GERTRUDE AND GLADYS RYLAND
- is an organize effort with the aim of securing social
Social Group Work: a process and method through which progress and solving mass social problems by
group life is affected by a worker who consciously guides influencing social legislation or the administration
the interaction process towards the accomplishment of of the social services.
goals which are conceived in a democratic frame of - It involves public pressure by influencing public
reference. opinion though informational publicity.
TRECKER, HARLEIGH B. Social Work Research
Social Group Work: method through which members in - Critical inquiry and scientific testing of the validity
many groups in a variety of community agency settings are of social work organization, functions, and methods
helped by a worker who guides their interaction in in order to verify, generalize and extend social work
programs and activities designed for them to relate knowledge and skills.
themselves to others and experience growth opportunities in
accordance with their needs and capabilities towards Social Welfare Administration
individual, groups and community development. Seven functions
Planning- process of envisioning the future structure and
ROBERT D. VINTER operation of social agency, including determination and
Social Group Work: it is a mode of serving individuals clarification of objectives, functions, and policies pursued.
through sustained face to face interaction to induce desired Organizing – it determines the functions of the group of
changes among the client participants. ultimate control
He is the proponent of treatment sequence in group work Staffing – recruitment, employment, ensure efficient
under remedial model. service
MURAY G. ROSS Directing – this is the function of executive involving the
Community Organization: process by which a community responsibility for final decisions and for the supervision of
identifies its needs or objectives, orders these needs or the administrative process of the agency
objectives; finds resources (external / internal) to deal with Coordination – this is the distinct determination of each
those objectives; takes action in respect to them; and in so staff’s member assignment and establishment of lines of
doing extends and develops cooperative and collaborative responsibility and authority.
attitudes and practices in the community.
Reporting – it requires system of recording and accounting,
ARTHUR DUNHAM statistics and research upon which the reports are based.
Community Organization: conscious process of social Budgeting – function of mobilization, disbursement and
interaction and a method of social work concerned with any control of the financial resources of the agency.
of the following objectives:
a. The meeting of broad needs and bringing about and
maintaining adjustment between needs and
resources in a community or other area.
b. Helping people to deal more effectively with their
problems and objectives by helping them develop,
strengthen and maintain qualities of participation,
self-direction and cooperation.
c. Bringing about changes in community and group
relationships and in the distribution of decision
making power.

Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY.
Summarized and Encoded by: M. Duran BUCSSP- FOR BOARD EXAM ONLY.