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Application of optimization methods in the closed-loop supply chain: a

literature review
Article in Journal of Combinatorial Optimization · February 2021

DOI: 10.1007/s10878-020-00677-y
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Journal of Combinatorial Optimization (2021) 41:357–400
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10878-020-00677-y
Application of optimization methods in the closed‑loop

supply chain: a literature review
Luttiely Santos Oliveira1 · Ricardo Luiz Machado1
Accepted: 9 December 2020 / Published online: 7 January 2021

© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC part of Springer Nature 2021
Abstract
An essential aspect of a closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) involves its optimization.
In this context, systematizing the publications on optimization methods applied in
CLSC constitutes this research’s primary objective. In this sense, a comprehensive
literature review was carried out on 354 papers published from January 2008 to
October 2020 to find future directions involving CLSC optimization. It was found
stochastic methods are the primary approach in the studies regarding CLSC optimi-
zation, being applied in 27.68% of the publications investigated, while hybrid meth-
ods appeared in 21.75%, and deterministic methods were used in 20.62%. It was ver-
ified that 49.71% of the publications were related exclusively to strategic decisions
concerning organizational decision-making levels, 22.03% analyzed tactical deci-
sions, and 13.56% studied operational aspects. Regarding the sustainability dimen-
sions, it was found that only the economic dimension was investigated in 70.62%
of the analyzed publications. The three dimensions (economic, environmental, and
social) were investigated simultaneously in only 6.21% of the publications. As the
main conclusion, a lack of research covering the whole spectrum of the CLSC envi-
ronment was found, comprising the various levels of organization decisions and sus-
tainability dimensions of the triple bottom line.
Keywords Closed-loop supply chain · Optimization methods · Sustainability ·

Literature review
1 Introduction
Logistics is a combination of processes to meet customer demands, including sup-

pliers, manufacturers, transport companies, warehouses, retailers, and customers
(Chopra and Meindl 2010). According to the Council of Supply Chain Management
Professionals (CSCMP 2019), logistics is the part of an organization’s business that
* Ricardo Luiz Machado

drrmachado@gmail.com
1
Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
13
Vol.:(0123456789)
358 Journal of Combinatorial Optimization (2021) 41:357–400
deals with the "… process of efficiently planning, implementing, and controlling the
flow and storage of products as well the services and associated information, cov-
ering from the point of origin to the point of consumption, in order to meet con-
sumer requirements". An important concept associated with logistics is the supply
chain management (SCM). According to CSCMP (2019), SCM comprises the plan-
ning and managing of all activities related to the supply, procurement, transforma-
tion, and administration of the logistics system. Also, SCM includes, in addition to
managing the logistics system, coordination, and collaboration with the business
partners involved, such as suppliers, outsourced service providers, and consumers
(Simchi-Levi et al. 2014). The concept of reverse logistics (RL), as opposed to for-
ward logistics, begins with end-users of the logistics chain, where used products (or
returned products without use or defects) are collected and headed to some part of
the supply chain, from decisions that may involve recycling, remanufacturing, repair
or final disposal (Govindan et al. 2015). Figure 1 shows a generic supply chain with
forwarding and backward supply flows. The solid lines represent the forward logisti-
cal flows, and the dashed lines represent the reverse flows.
The closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) simultaneously considers as an integrated
process forward and reverse flows. The CLSC should be elevated to a broader con-
text, including stakeholder actions related to logistics chain management. Several
literature reviews analyzed RL and CLSC. Some of these studies adopt different
approaches and deserve highlights, such as those presented in Table 1.
One of the first mentions of the design of CLSC was presented by Beamon
(1999), with a vision of sustainability. In his study, he proposed extending the sup-
ply chain’s one-way structure to turn into a closed-loop, including operations to deal
with collecting, packaging, and reusing wasted (end-of-life) products (Beamon,
1999). Based on this perception, Quariguasi et al. (2010) validated the assump-
tion that the CLSC should be considered sustainable. Guide and Van Wassenhove
(2009) presented a more systematized conception of CLSC, considering it as the
design, operation, and control of the supply chain to maximize value creation dur-
ing the product’s life cycle. Sustainability awareness has advanced simultaneously
with the need to optimize resources, reduce costs, and deliver aggregate value to
Fig. 1 A generic model of direct/reverse logistics. Adapted from Govindan et al. (2015) and Tonanont
et al. (2008)
13
Table 1 Literature reviews considering RL and CLSC
Authors Area Focus
Sasikumar and Kannan (2008) RL Reverse distribution

Ilgin and Gupta (2010) RL/CLSC Environmentally conscious production and product recovery
Akçali and Çetinkaya (2011) CLSC Quantitative models for inventory and production planning
Asif (2011) RL RFID with uncertainties, in order to optimize RL
Sahamie et al. (2013) CLSC CLSC management as a contributor to implementing sustainable operations
Stindt and Sahamie (2014) CLSC CLSC planning characteristics in industrial process and related publications
Govindan et al. (2015) RL/CLSC Overview of future directions in RL/CLSC studies
Hosseini et al. (2015) RL RL in construction
Jena and Sarmah (2016) CLSC Current practices in CLSC

Govindan and Soleimani (2017) RL/CLSC Trends in RL/CLSC issues
Glock (2017) CLSC Decision support models for CLSC management
Wang et al. (2017) RL/SCM RL as a critical component of SCM
Ray and Mondal (2017) CLSC CLSC for business model
Islam and Huda (2018) RL/CLSC End-of-life cycle in RL/CLSC of waste electrical and electronic equipment
Coenen et al. (2018) CLSC Dynamic complexity and uncertainty for CLSC management
Shekarian (2020) CLSC Investigate CLSC models designed based on the game theory
Peng et al. (2020) CLSC Examine the uncertainties presented in CLSC
359
13
society (Deakin 2001). In the sustainable design of the supply chain, the focus on
management emerges from a performance perspective approach primarily focused
on cost control, towards the adoption and development of broader aspects of sustain-
ability, considering, in a balanced way, economic, environmental, and social goals in
the development of companies (Nikolopoulou and Ierapetritou 2012). Coenen et al.
(2018) studied the CLSC addressing demand uncertainties and product return pre-
dicting. Glock (2017) and Sahamie et al. (2013) studied the management of CLSC.
Akçali and Çetinkaya (2011) carried out a literature review on the production plan-
ning and stock control models in CLSC. Asif (2011), Hosseini et al. (2015), and
Sasikumar and Kannan (2008) studied reverse logistics elements covering, respec-
tively, description of reverse flow, use of RFID to improve product flow, and applica-
tion in the construction industry. In other research lines, the focus turned to analyze
the problems related to CLSC planning (Ray and Mondal 2017; Stindt and Sahamie
2014). Jena and Sarmah (2016) updated existing CLSC practices. Wang et al. (2017)
advanced the area’s understanding and identified RL approaches as SCM strategies.
Govindan et al. (2015) and Govindan and Soleimani (2017) carried out researches
on bibliographic reviews emphasizing future opportunities for the areas of reverse
logistics and CLSC.
Many of CLSC’s performance studies adopted approaches involving optimization
techniques. Lee and Chan (2009) proposed a genetic algorithm to select appropriate
collection sites for used products to minimize RL costs and increase the collection
point utilization levels. Yang et al. (2009) developed a generic CLSC network model
to optimize the balance between network elements through variational inequality
theory. Kannan et al. (2010) studied the CLSC in the recycled battery industry. In
this research, the authors developed a genetic algorithm based on heuristics, aiming
to structure a network model with multiple levels, multiple periods, and multiple
products for a CLSC, considering material procurement, production, distribution,
recycling, and the final disposal of used product. Some authors have addressed the
optimization of CLSC in order to reduce uncertainties and inaccuracies in its param-
eters, creating models of bi-objective mixed-integer programming (Pishvaee et al.
2011, 2010; Pishvaee and Torabi 2010). Wang and Hsu (2010) investigated CLSC
network optimization using an approach based on genetic algorithms. Griffis et al.
(2012) developed metaheuristics for application in the supply chain. Hasani et al.
(2012) structured a network model with multiple levels, times, and products for a
CLSC for perishable goods. Mota et al. (2015) created a multi-objective mathemat-
ical programming model for the design and planning of supply chains, including
the economic, social, and environmental sustainability dimensions. Pourhejazy and
Kwon (2016) studied operational research methods for closed-loop supply network
design. Barbosa-Póvoa et al. (2018) presented operational research methods to sup-
port sustainable decisions.
In the analysis of bibliographic production on CLSC, it was found that the num-
ber of publications involving optimization has increased considerably in recent
years. When analyzing publications presented previously, it was verified that no
comprehensive bibliographic review study on CLSC regarding optimization meth-
ods was done. No investigation was conducted to provide a summary of the most
relevant publications with this focus. In this context, it is considered relevant to
13
Journal of Combinatorial Optimization (2021) 41:357–400 361
obtain an overview of future research to carry out a comprehensive bibliographi-

cal analysis of the literature published in the area. Therefore, this work seeks to fill
this knowledge gap, with the primary objective to systematize the publications on
optimization methods applied in CLSC. As state of the art is growing considerably,
this study aims to provide a comprehensive review of this field of knowledge, cat-
egorizing and analyzing the literature’s content. Therefore, the authors classified the
optimization models found in the literature as deterministic, stochastic, or hybrid
and identified the main modeling parameters that sufficiently represent the peculiari-
ties of the CLSC.
This paper is structured into four sections. Section 2 describes the research meth-
odology used in the study. Section 3 presents the characteristics of the analyzed
sample and a detailed view of the application of optimization methods, addressing
decision levels, sustainability dimensions, and industries investigated in the publica-
tions analyzed. Finally, a critical analysis of the publications and a proposal for a
future research agenda are presented.
2 Research design
The research approach applied in this work consisted of a literature review. With
a comprehensive review of the literature, knowledge about an area of interest can
be employed more confidently (Brocke et al. 2009; Machi and McEvoy 2016; Mer-
edith 1993). This research method has already been adopted in the analysis of top-
ics related to supply chain management in previous works Agrawal et al. (2015),
Gold et al. (2010), Govindan et al. (2015), Islam and Huda (2018), and Seuring and
Gold (2012), with different approaches from the adopted in this work, as indicated
in Table 1.
The research was carried out in four stages, based on Mayring (2014) proposal
regarding the qualitative content analysis method: material collection, descriptive
analysis, category selection, and material evaluation.
2.1 Material collection
The study covered publications in peer-reviewed scientific journals available on

Web of Science and Scopus research platforms from January 2008 to October 2020.
The research procedure was performed in three steps:
• Initially, the keywords "closed-loop supply chain" and "optimization" were

inserted into the search engines of the platforms studied. Two hundred and
ninety-one publications were obtained from the Web of Science platform and
265 in the Scopus platform. A total of 604 papers were collected and considered
for initial verification of content and relevance to the research.
• In the second stage, a database was prepared in Excel for Windows software,
considering all papers selected in the previous step. This database was structured
containing each publication’s elements relating to its title, authorship, year of
13
publication, journal in which the paper was published, keywords, and abstract.
These latter data were inserted into the database in order to ensure that duplicate
analyses were not performed from results obtained on different platforms.
• Finally, a filter was applied to the initial selection of publications, considering
only the papers that presented research objectives related to applying optimiza-
tion methods in CLSC. At the end of this stage, 354 publications were selected.
Each selected paper was carefully analyzed to identify the objective function,
the sustainability dimension, and the decision level (strategic, tactical, or opera-
tional). The optimization approach and the object of study (sector/product) were
also analyzed.
2.2 Descriptive analysis
A first analysis identified the research trend concerning CLSC optimization. For this
purpose, a graph was constructed showing the annual number of publications, as can
be seen in Fig. 2. It can be observed in Fig. 2 that 94 papers were published between
2008 and 2014, while 260 manuscripts were produced from 2015 to 2020. A higher
number of papers were published in 2018, representing approximately 20.62% of the
sample.
Journals in which the papers appeared were investigated after studying the trend
of publications. It was found that the selected papers were published in 131 jour-
nals, as presented in the Appendix. The analysis reveals that CLSC optimization
issues are considered in several journals. Among the analyzed journals, the Jour-
nal of Cleaner Production (with 29 papers), the International Journal of Produc-
tion Research (with 26 papers), and the International Journal of Production Eco-
nomics (with 16 papers) were more active than the others, representing more than
20% of the total number of publications surveyed. On the other hand, 116 journals
Fig. 2 Annual distribution of publications involving CLSC optimization
13
containing 1 to 4 publications were found, which indicates a great attractiveness of

the theme, published by different journals. It was found that 55% of selected articles
were published in 17 from 131 journals identified in the research.
It was also investigated the countries where there were more CLSC optimization
studies, as shown in Fig. 3. Iran appeared as a nation with the most significant num-
ber of author publications residing in that country, and China / Hong Kong came
in second place. The significant growth in the number of studies in Iran is prob-
ably related to its investments in science and technology throughout the last dec-
ades. According to Abdollahi (2010), the significant amount of research in Iran is
based on its congressmen’s work in projects related to research and development.
This work aims to increase the budget for scientific research, researchers’ training,
and the modernization of research equipment. According to Abdollahi (2010), the
Iranian government orders 0.5% of the country’s GDP to science and technology,
bringing it closer to industrialized countries’ investments, which average 1.4% of
GDP.
2.3 Category selection
The publication categorizing was based on analyses of different topics of the

reviewed papers. Three criteria were defined for the categorization of publications:
the optimization method applied (deterministic, stochastic, or hybrid), the decision
level (strategic, tactical, or operational), and the sustainability dimension (environ-
mental, economic, social, or more than one of them). The optimization methods
were categorized at a more detailed level, as shown in Fig. 4.
The category of optimization methods was subdivided into subcategories of
deterministic, stochastic, or hybrid. When the method did not fit the previous alter-
natives, it was classified as "other methods". A method was considered deterministic
when its set of inputs was known and resulted in a set of outputs. The work with
Fig. 3 Country´s sources of publications on the issue CLSC optimization
13
Fig. 4 Optimization methods
stochastic methods was characterized by several research choices’ random nature,

based on stochastic numbers. The publications using hybrid methods used heuris-
tics with the deterministic method, in which candidate solutions were generated and
transformed into a set of criteria of minimization or local maximization, re-feeding
an algorithm until the criterion of completion was satisfied. The category named as
other methods of optimization involved different approaches, such as applying the
theory of games or theory of queues, for instance.
2.4 Material evaluation
The last stage of the content analysis process was material evaluation. The publi-
cations’ evaluation process started with insertion in a spreadsheet of various infor-
mation about papers analyzed. Then, some validation mechanisms were created to
verify the integrity of the records inserted in the database since sometimes there
were titles, keywords, and abstracts of papers inconsistent with their contents. After,
the analysis was conducted seeking answers to the following questions:
1. What methods were explored in addressing CLSC?

Q
Q2. What decision levels were addressed (strategic, tactical, or operational)?
Q3. What sustainability dimensions have been explored (economic, environmental,
or social)?
13
Q4. In which industrial sectors/products were the studies performed?
3 Discussion of results
The results obtained in the research are presented in the following sections. Analyses
were focused on identifying optimization methods used in publications, hierarchical
levels of decisions addressed, dimensions of sustainability adopted in research, and
objects of study (processes or products) investigated.
3.1 Optimization methods
Concerning methods applied in the papers studied, as shown in Fig. 5, it was con-
cluded that the studies related to stochastic methods (heuristic and metaheuristic,
stochastic/robust programming, simulation, and modeling) represented the first
approach applied in the publications analyzed. Stochastic methods were applied in
27.68% of the publications studied, corresponding to 98 papers. Hybrid methods
were used in 21.75% of the publications, with 77 manuscripts. Nonlinear program-
ming represented the category of optimization methods with the lowest presence in
the publications, with 2.54% of total papers analyzed.
3.1.1 Research using deterministic methods
Deterministic methods were present in 20.62% (73 papers) of the sample. Linear
programming was applied in research in 42 publications, nonlinear programming
was applied in 9 studies, and 22 investigations employed other mathematical pro-
gramming approaches as dynamic programming, quadratic programming, and
Fig. 5 Optimization methods applied in the analyzed publications
13
integer programming. The organizational decision area in which the research was
carried out was also investigated. The following areas have been identified: alloca-
tion, selection and location, design, inventory, management, operation, planning,
product, and recovery. Table 2 shows the publications organized by method and
area.
In the analysis of Table 2, it was found that linear programming was used in 7
areas of organizational decision, representing the method with the most significant
scope in terms of application. Mathematical programming appeared in second place,
involving allocation, selection and location, design, product, management, planning,
operation, and recovery. Nonlinear programming was applied only in 4 areas.
A wide variety of approaches concerning optimization methods was found. San-
tander et al. (2020) developed a MILP model to evaluate a CLSC of distributed and
local plastic recycling for 3D printing technologies in northeastern France. Demand
analysis was analyzed by Mota et al. (2018) and Salema et al. (2010). Dutta et al.
(2016) and Özceylan (2016) addressed problems of demand and capacity. Amaro
and Barbosa-Póvoa (2009) investigated the demand and price phenomenon. The
uncertainties of demand and return were considered by Altmann and Bogaschewsky
(2014), Amin et al. (2017), Jena et al. (2017), and Srinivasan and Khan (2018). The
risk analysis was studied by Prakash et al. (2017) using MILP modeling to study
the design of the supply network. Mohammed et al. (2017) studied CO2 emis-
sion in a bi-objective model. Decision-making was handled by Amin and Zhang
(2013a). Krikke et al. (2008) and Nenes and Nikolaidis (2012) addressed aspects
related to information in the supply chain in the model developed. Quality and quan-
tity returned uncertainties were studied by Zeballos et al. (2012). Aspects related
to product processing were studied by Kristianto and Helo (2015, 2014), who used
MINLP modeling and disjunctive programming for achieving the ideal modularity
of the product architecture.
3.1.2 Stochastic methods
Publications related to simulation approaches permeated various study areas con-

sidered in the research, representing the greatest versatility of applications (research
were recorded in 7 areas). Among the 26 studies carried out, only 11 established
objective functions of maximization/minimization, most of them being multi-objec-
tive models. As in the research by Bottani and Casella (2018), Moghaddam (2015),
and Wang et al. (2016a), ten papers considered in their models the treatment of some
uncertain parameters, among which are variables related to time spent, quantity,
quality returned sales patterns, and flows. Almost 38.5% of studies using simulation
was conducted in China. Seventeen studies were conducted with bias in economic
analysis. There was no major simulation software in the investigations conducted. It
was found several options such as ARENA, VENSIMPLE, EXCEL, MATLAB, and
POWERSIM. Among the metaheuristic approaches used in the analyzed researches,
Hassanpour et al. (2019) and Hajipour et al. (2019) used particle swarm optimiza-
tion. Rajesh (2020) applied teaching learning-based optimization, and Zarei and
Rasti-Barzoki used (2019) multi-object particle swarm optimization.
13
Table 2 Organization of deterministic methods by organizational decision area
Deterministic methods Authors Area
Linear programming Altmann and Bogaschewsky (2014), Amin et al. (2017), Amin and Zhang (2012), Banasik et al. (2017), Design
Jeihoonian et al. (2016), Kalaitzidou et al. (2015), Metta and Badurdeen (2013), Mohammed et al.
(2017), Mota et al. (2018, 2015), Özceylan et al. (2017), Özceylan and Paksoy (2013a), Ponce-Cueto
and Muelas (2015), Prakash et al. (2017), Salema et al. (2010, 2009), Trochu et al. (2018), Xu et al.
(2017), Zeballos et al. (2012), Alkahtani and Ziout (2019), Jemai and Sarkar (2019), Prakash et al.
(2020), Niranjan et al. (2019), Vimal et al (2019), Samuel et al. (2020)
Krikke (2011), Rezaee et al. (2017), Srinivasan and Khan (2018), Santander et al. (2020) Allocation, selection and location
Fahimnia et al. (2013), Omrani et al. (2018), Rad and Nahavandi (2018), Taleizadeh et al. (2019) Management
Amaro and Barbosa-Póvoa (2009), Fang et al. (2016), Taleizadeh and Moshtagh (2018), Montagna and Planning
Cafaro (2019)
Shankar et al. (2018) Recovery
SasiKumar et al. (2017) Inventory
Nenes and Nikolaidis (2012), Subramanian et al. (2012) Operation
Nonlinear programming Tsao et al. (2017) Allocation, selection and location

Ashayeri et al. (2015), Özceylan et al. (2014), Bo et al. (2019), Wang and Shi (2019) Design
Yamzon et al. (2016), As’Ad et al. (2019) Planning
Kristianto and Helo (2015) Product
Mathematical programming Dutta et al. (2016), Hashemi et al. (2016), Rad et al. (2018), Rezapour et al. (2015), Soleimani (2018), Design
Tsao et al. (2018)
Amin and Zhang (2013a), Bhattacharya and Kaur (2015), Kim et al. (2013), Özceylan (2016), Tao et al. Management
(2015), Yang et al. (2013), Garai and Roy (2020)
Kwak (2018), Nagurney et al. (2019) Planning
Sheriff et al. (2014) Allocation, selection and location
Krikke et al. (2008) Operation
Kristianto and Helo (2014) Product
Das and Dutta (2015), Igarashi et al. (2014), Jena et al. (2017), Kinoshita et al. (2018) Recovery
367
13
The modeling approach was present in 27 papers covering eight areas. Almost all
the investigated publications adopted the analysis of minimization/maximization of
cost/profit. The mathematical model proposed by Fazli-Khalaf et al. (2019) mini-
mized total supply chain costs and transportation time between facilities of donated
blood in laboratories. Among objective functions presented in the models, only
Bhattacharya (2016) considered the maximization of the coefficient of profitability.
Pinçe et al. (2016) presented a study addressing the uncertainty in demand param-
eters. Hamdouch et al. (2017) and Shi et al. (2011) considered, in addition to the
demand analysis, uncertainty regarding the return of the products. MATLAB and
MATHEMATICA were the most used software in the studies. The focus on the eco-
nomic dimension was present in researches in all papers. Van Loon and Van Was-
senhove (2018) included the environmental dimension in their research, evaluating
the remanufacturing sector of scrapped products, scrap iron, and steel. Chung et al.
(2014b) also addressed environmental issues in their research to develop a theoreti-
cal study of a product’s modular design. Considering the social dimension in his
research, Kong et al. (2017) developed a model for decision-making on price and
service level variables. Most publications have adopted theoretical approaches, with
only six applications in agriculture, electronics, machines and home appliances,
scrap products, scrap iron, and steel sectors (Agrawal et al. 2016; Alfonso-Lizarazo
et al. 2013; Pinçe et al. 2016; van Loon and Van Wassenhove 2018; Yang et al.
2010; Zhu et al. 2017).
The economic approach was adopted in all investigations of 25 publications using
heuristic and metaheuristic methods, and consideration of environmental concerns
has been treated only in two papers (Chung et al. 2014a; Tiwari et al. 2016). The
studies adopted conceptual research objects (in 16 publications), with practical
application in the electronics, home appliances, tires, and oil derivates sectors. Most
of the researches presented an objective function of cost minimization or profit max-
imization, except Lee and Chan (2009), which dealt with the maximization of total
customer network coverage, and Gong et al. (2018), who analyze the minimization
of fuel consumption, waiting time, and delivery distance. Eight studies considered
the treatment of uncertainties in their optimization models (Chen et al. 2012; Dai
and Zheng 2015; Gong and Huang 2012; Hajiaghaei-keshteli et al. 2018; Kumar and
Chan 2011; Lee and Lee 2013; Ren et al. 2018; Zhou et al. 2015). Genetic algorithm
and particle swarm optimization were used in the research discussed in 19 papers.
Gholizadeh et al. (2020) analyzed a CLSC for disposable appliances recycling net-
work. Gong et al. (2018) studied the ABC method. Tiwari et al. (2016) investigated
the estimation of a distribution algorithm. Chung et al. (2014a) studied the heuris-
tic graph partitioning. Minner and Kiesmüller (2012) investigated the optimization
of construction processes. The focus of this approach was on strategic applications
(~ 50%).
There was a strong presence of studies using robust programming on the analysis
of publications adopting stochastic methods, with 95 papers. In these studies, the
design area received 58 investigations. The management area appeared in 11 pub-
lications. Planning was present in 15 investigations, and other areas as operation,
product, recovery, and selection were investigated in 17 studies. All the objective
functions were based on cost/profit minimization/maximization, except for the paper
13
Feng and Wang (2012), which focused on optimizing the choice behavior. In most
of these studies, there was a need to address uncertainties in the models developed.
Among the parameters considered, capacity uncertainty, demand, price, quantity,
and quality returned, costs, input data, and risks were the most important. The eco-
nomic dimension is applied in all papers, having joint applications considering the
environmental (23 papers) and social dimensions (three papers).
Regarding the sphere of decision, the strategic level appeared in 62 papers, while
the tactical and operational levels were studied in 13 and ten surveys, respectively.
Empirical studies were carried out in 40 studies, and approximately 50% of this
total was used as objects of study in the electronics, batteries, and machine sectors.
Table 3 shows the authors of the analyzed works.
3.1.3 Hybrid methods
Hybrid methods appeared in 77 publications, covering 8 study areas considered in

the research, representing the highest versatility of applications, with approximately
30% of the empirical studies dispersed in nine different sectors. Nearly 45% of the
studies presented multi-objective models, focused on minimization (cost and CO2
emission) and maximization (profit and job opportunities). Uncertainty related to
demand was considered in the optimization model in 23% of the studies. The eco-
nomic dimension was addressed by 98% of the studies. Only twelve papers included
all dimensions of the triple bottom line (Aalirezaei and Shokouhyar 2017; Devika
et al. 2014; Fakhrzad et al. 2018; Govindan et al. 2016; Hajiaghaei-Keshteli and
Fathollahi Fard 2018; Nobari and Kheirkhah 2018; Pourjavad and Mayorga 2018;
Rajak et al. 2018; Rezaei and Kheirkhah 2018; Sahebjamnia et al. 2018; Darbari
et al. 2019; Hajipour et al. 2019), and approximately 70% of them were published in
2018. Kundu and Chakrabarti (2018) presented only the environmental dimension
in its production model, remanufacturing, and waste disposal. Research adopting
approaches at the strategic decision level encompassed 54,54% of the articles, while
tactical and operational levels were addressed in 26.36%. Table 4 shows the results.
3.1.4 Other approaches
Twenty-eight papers were identified among approaches that did not allow the fram-
ing of previously categorized methods, as shown in Table 5. Most of the papers pre-
sented research approaches based on game theory, queuing theory, and variational
theory. In approximately 90% of the studies, the tactical decision level was adopted.
The strategic decision level was addressed in 10% of studies. Almost all the papers
presented only a theoretical application, except for Jinmei et al. (2017), that carried
out a practical application for home appliances, and Johari and Hosseini-Motlagh
(2019), who developed a research related to lead-acid batteries, considering social
welfare, collecting, recycling and pricing decisions. Most of the research covered
only the economic dimension, except Aziziankohan et al. (2017), who focused on
CLSC management based on environmental analysis. Shu et al. (2018), Taleiza-
deh et al. (2018a), and Johari and Hosseini-Motlagh (2019) addressed all aspects
of the triple bottom line, focusing its model on optimizing the expected profit, sale,
13
Table 3 Organization of stochastic methods by area
370
Stochastics methods Authors Area
Simulation Guerrero et al. (2018), Huaibo (2016), Jiao et al. (2018), Lieder et al. (2017), Wu et al. (2017), Design
13
Yan and Sun (2012), Zhao et al. (2018a)
Bottani et al. (2015), Bottani and Casella (2018), Georgiadis and Athanasiou (2013), Golroudbary Management
and Zahraee (2015), Karakama and Kainuma (2013), Mitra (2012), Yoo et al. (2009)
Godichaud and Amodeo (2015), Hasani et al. (2018) Inventory
Lee and Lee (2012), Wang et al. (2016a), Zhang and Zhou (2016) Operation
Li (2013), Ou et al. (2017), Zhang et al. (2014) Planning
Lehr et al. (2013), Miao et al. (2017) Recovery
Moghaddam (2015), Salmasnia et al. (2015) Allocation, selection and
location
Modeling Hamdouch et al. (2017) Design
Alfonso-Lizarazo et al. (2013), Bhattacharya et al. (2018), Lee et al. (2011), Li et al. (2014), Shi Management
et al. (2011), Yang et al. (2009), Zhang et al. (2015)
Yang et al. (2010), Yuan and Gao (2010) Inventory
Zhu et al. (2017) Operation
Giri and Sharma (2015), Jiang (2012), Tahirov et al. (2016) Planning
Bhattacharya (2016), Gan et al. (2015), Gao et al. (2016), He (2015), Jiang et al. (2016), Kong Pricing
et al. (2017)
Chung et al. (2014b) Product
Agrawal et al. (2016), Kapur et al. (2017), Pinçe et al. (2016), Steeneck and Sarin (2017), van Recovery
Loon and Van Wassenhove (2018), Zhou and Piramuthu (2013)
Table 3 (continued)
Heuristic and metaheuristic Dai and Zheng (2015), Hajiaghaei-keshteli et al. (2018), Wang et al. (2016b), Zhou et al. (2012), Design
Hassanpour et al. (2019), Goli et al (2020), Rajesh (2020)
Chen et al. (2015b), Gong and Huang (2012), Kumar and Chan (2011), Minner and Kiesmüller Management
(2012), Ren et al. (2018)
Turki et al. (2017) Inventory
Chen et al. (2012), Gong et al. (2018), Jing and Li (2018), Kannan et al. (2009), Zarei and Rasti- Operation
Barzoki (2019)
Chung et al. (2014a) Product
Zhou et al. (2015) Recovery

Lee and Chan (2009), Lee and Lee (2013), Patne et al. (2018), Tiwari et al. (2016), Das et al Allocation, selection and
(2019) location
371
13
Table 3 (continued)
372
Stochastic/robust programming Ahranjani et al. (2018), Amalnick and Saffar (2017), Amin and Baki (2017), Amir et al. (2017), Design
13
Badri et al. (2017), Calık et al. (2018), Dai (2016), Dai and Dai (2016), Dai and Li (2017),
Dehghan et al. (2018), Eslamipoor et al. (2015), Farrokh et al. (2018), Fathollahi-Fard and Haji-
aghaei-Keshteli (2018), Fazli-Khalaf et al. (2017), Fazli-Khalaf and Hamidieh (2017), Ghafari-
moghadam et al. (2016), Ghomi-Avili et al. (2017), Ghorabaee et al. (2017), Haddadsisakht and
Ryan (2018), Hamidieh et al. (2018, 2017), Hamidieh and Fazli-Khalaf (2017), Hasani et al.
(2012), Jabbarzadeh et al. (2018), Jeihoonian et al. (2017), Khatami et al. (2015), Litvinchev
et al. (2014), Ma et al. (2016), Mohammed et al. (2018), Özceylan and Paksoy (2013b), Özkir
and Başligil (2013), Paksoy et al. (2012), Paydar et al. (2017), Pei and Li (2018), Pishvaee and
Torabi (2010), Rahmani-ahranjani et al. (2017), Ramezani et al. (2013, 2014, 2015), Sasikumar
and Haq (2011), Sherafati and Bashiri (2016), Soleimani et al. (2017), Subulan et al. (2015a,
2015c), Tavakkoli-Moghaddam et al. (2015), Üster and Hwang (2017), Vahdani (2015), Wu
et al. (2018), Zeballos et al. (2016, 2014), He-Lambert et al. (2019), Saedinia et al. (2019),
Tosarkani and Amin (2019), Zhen et al. (2019), Ma et al. (2020)
Chen et al. (2015a), Demirel et al. (2014), Fathollahi-Fard et al. (2018a), Feng and Wang (2012), Management
Kisomi et al. (2016), Mahmoudzadeh et al. (2013), Mohajeri and Fallah (2016), Pishvaee
et al. (2011), Saffar et al. (2014), Yildizbaşi et al. (2018), Zhang and Da (2010), Saraeian et al.
(2019), Taleizadeh et al. (2020a, b)
Keyvanshokooh et al. (2016), Fazli-Khalaf et al. (2019), Hajej et al. (2019) Operation
Alimoradi et al. (2015), Babazadeh and Torabi (2018), Calmon and Graves (2017), Chen and Planning
Chang (2012), Ghomi-Avili et al. (2018), Jindal and Sangwan (2014), Kenné et al. (2012), Kim
et al. (2018), Kumar et al. (2014), Liao et al. (2017), Safaei et al. (2017), Shahparvari et al.
(2018), Subulan et al. (2012), Tosarkani and Amin (2018), Wang and Huang (2013)
Zeballos et al. (2018) Product
Subulan et al. (2015b), Wang and Chen (2015), Gholizadeh et al. (2020) Recovery
Amin and Zhang (2013b), Ebrahimi (2018), Ferguson et al. (2011), Kang et al. (2017), Soleimani Allocation, selection and
et al. (2014), Talaei et al. (2016), Vahdani et al. (2012a), Zhao et al. (2018b) location
Table 4 Organization of hybrid methods by area
Authors Area
Hybrid methods Aalirezaei and Shokouhyar (2017), Bisheh et al. (2018), Chen et al. (2017), Devika et al. (2014), Eskandarpour et al. Design
(2013), Forouzanfar et al. (2016), Garg et al. (2015), Hajiaghaei-Keshteli and Fathollahi Fard (2018), Li et al.
(2018a, b), Lieckens and Vandaele (2012), Liu et al. (2018), Nahr et al. (2018), Nobari and Kheirkhah (2018),
Pazhani and Ravindran (2018), Pishvaee et al. (2010), Pourjavad and Mayorga (2018), Quariguasi et al. (2009),
Rahimi and Fazlollahtabar (2018), Rajak et al. (2018), Rezaei and Kheirkhah (2018), Sahebjamnia et al. (2018), Shi
et al. (2016a, b), Soleimani et al. (2013), Soleimani and Kannan (2015), Subramanian et al. (2013), Subulan et al.
(2014), Tokhmehchi et al. (2015), Vahdani et al. (2013, 2012b), Vieira et al. (2015), Wang and Hsu (2010), Yang
et al. (2016), Yi et al. (2016), Zhalechian et al. (2016), Zohal and Soleimani (2016), Atabaki et al. (2019), Yavari
and Geraeli (2019), Taleizadeh et al. (2020a, b)
Gaur et al. (2017), Pedram et al. (2017), Sarkar et al. (2017), Baptista et al. (2019), Chen et al. (2019), Darestani and Management
Pourasadollah (2019)
Goli and Davoodi (2018), Hajipour et al. (2019) Operation

Alegoz and Kaya (2017), Cheraghalipour et al. (2018), Chern et al. (2014), Cui et al. (2017), Desport et al. (2017), Planning
Dubey et al. (2015), Fakhrzad et al. (2018), Ghobadi et al. (2015), Kadambala et al. (2017), Kannan et al. (2010),
Kundu and Chakrabarti (2018), Subulan and Tasan (2013), Sundar et al. (2013), Torkaman et al. (2018, 2017)
Darbari et al. (2019)
Ray and Mondal (2018), Wei and Zhao (2011) Pricing
Chen et al. (2018) Product
Govindan et al. (2016), Habibi et al. (2017), Gholipoor et al. (2019) Recovery
Afshari et al. (2016), Easwaran and Üster (2009), Fathollahi-Fard et al. (2018b), Forouzanfar et al. (2018), Iassinovs- Allocation,
kaia et al. (2017), Li et al. (2018a, b), Yadegari et al. (2018), Yang et al. (2017) selection and
location
373
13
Table 5 Diverse approaches
Authors Area
Others—operational research
Vahdani and Mohammadi (2015), Wang and Wang (2016), De Giovanni and Zaccour Design
(2019), Li et al. (2019), Yavari and Geraeli (2019)
Aziziankohan et al. (2017), Bazan et al. (2017), Gu and Gao (2012), Wei et al. (2015), Management
Huang et al. (2019), Johari and Hosseini-Motlagh (2019), Ma and Huang (2020), Qing
(2019)
Shi et al. (2016a, b), Wu and Ryan (2014) Operation
Li et al. (2017), Taleizadeh et al. (2018b), Dong et al. (2019) Planning
Ghosh et al. (2010), He et al. (2018), Jinmei et al. (2017), Shu et al. (2018), Taleizadeh Pricing
et al. (2018a, 2017), Xu and Liu (2017), Zou et al. (2018)
Aydin et al. (2016) Product
Huang and Wang (2017) Recovery
collection rate, and social welfare. Environmental and economic dimensions were
addressed by Bazan et al. (2017), Li et al. (2017), and Ma and Huang (2020), who
developed theoretical models. Li et al. (2019) studied the economic and social
aspects of CLSC.
3.2 Hierarchical decision levels
The categorization of publications by hierarchical levels of decision had as objective

to identify the scope of application of the optimization method. The analysis sought
to identify how optimization methods support decision making at all three levels:
strategic, involved with decisions about supply chain elements and their processing
capabilities; tactic, dealing with questions regarding the use of the configuration of
the supply network; and operational, which involves service, production, and trans-
portation activities (Stevens 1989). The combination of decision levels is also ana-
lyzed since it allows the comprehension of the analyzed papers´ scope. It was found
that authors of the studied publications were only involved with studies at strategic
levels in 45.8% of the analyzed publications (140 studies). The research focusing
exclusively on the tactical level was present in 72 papers (representing 23.5%) and
adopting the analysis of operational questions represented 15.3% of the total (or 47
papers). Only one research explored the strategic, tactical, and operational levels
(Rezapour et al. 2015). The strategic and tactical levels were surveyed in 30 papers,
and the tactical and operational levels in 16 papers. The results of this analysis are
presented in Fig. 6.
Table 6 shows the number of papers applying modeling approaches addressing
different decision levels. The papers dealing exclusively with aspects related to stra-
tegic decisions appeared mainly related to the use of stochastic methods in 50.87%
of the publications, followed by applying of hybrid methods, with 23.39% of the
papers and the deterministic methods, with 17.54% of the researches. Concerning
research that adopted the tactical level as a focus, 75 studies were identified, with
13
Fig. 6 Distribution of papers by decision level
stochastic methods being used in 41.33% of the research. Deterministic methods

Table 6 Association between optimization methods and strategic decision levels
Decision level Optimization method
Deterministic Stochastic Hybrid Other methods
Strategic 30 87 40 14
Tactical 20 31 12 12
Operational 6 30 11 1
Strategic, tactical, and operational 1 0 2 0
Strategic and tactical 10 13 9 1
Tactical and operational 5 10 1 0
were applied in 26.67% and hybrid methods, and other approaches were applied in
equal proportions of 16% each. At the operational level, 48 studies were identified:
62.5% applied stochastic methods, 22.91% used hybrid methods, and 12.5% used
deterministic methods.
3.3 . Dimensions of sustainability
The design of the closed-loop supply chain is inextricably linked to sustainability

issues. According to Elkington (2004), sustainability is related to the balanced inte-
gration of economic performance, social inclusion, and environmental resilience.
Figure 7 shows what was analyzed as an indicator of sustainability in the optimiza-
tion model’s objective function in each publication studied.
The economic dimension is approached in 250 works analyzed, correspond-
ing to 51.6% of the total, as shown in Fig. 7. In this dimension, stochastic methods
13
Fig. 7 Distribution of papers by sustainability approach
were applied in 53.2% of the research. Hybrid methods were used in 19.6% of pub-
lications, and deterministic methods were adopted in 19.2% of research. The joint
approach of economic and environmental dimensions appeared in 65 papers. In this
approach, 49.23% of the studies used stochastic methods, followed by deterministic
methods (with 24.62%) and hybrid methods (21.54%). The joint approach of eco-
nomic and social dimensions appeared in only ten studies, in which seven used sto-
chastic methods, and the deterministic, hybrid and other methods were applied in
only one research each one. Regarding the environmental dimension, it was found
that most papers that covered this theme comprised only aspects related to carbon
dioxide (CO2) emissions. These results highlight the narrow perspective of environ-
mental studies’ carbon footprint, leaving behind other environmental impact assess-
ment features. Some exceptions can be observed in Pazhani and Ravindran (2018),
Quariguasi et al. (2009), and Tavakkoli-Moghaddam et al. (2015), that applied to the
environmental dimension the use of energy and/or the number of tailings. One study
related to customer service level, attendance to demand, and reduction of work acci-
dents was found in Soleimani et al. (2017). Twenty-two works conducted investiga-
tions considering the three dimensions of sustainability, representing a small number
of comprehensive studies addressing the full development of the CLSC (Aalirezaei
and Shokouhyar 2017; Devika et al. 2014; Fakhrzad et al. 2018; Govindan et al.
2016; Hajiaghaei-Keshteli and Fathollahi Fard 2018; Mota et al. 2018, 2015; Nobari
and Kheirkhah 2018; Pourjavad and Mayorga 2018; Rad and Nahavandi 2018; Rajak
et al. 2018; Rezaei and Kheirkhah 2018; Sahebjamnia et al. 2018; Shu et al. 2018;
Soleimani 2018; Taleizadeh et al. 2018a; Alkahtani and Ziout 2019; Darbari et al.
2019; Garai and Roy 2020; Hajipour et al. 2019; Johari and Hosseini-Motlagh 2019;
Mohammed 2019) (Table 7).
13
Table 7 Association between optimization methods and sustainability dimensions

Dimension of sustainability Optimization method
Deterministic Stochastic Hybrid Other methods
Economic 48 133 49 20
Environmental 1 1 1 1
Social 0 2 0 0
Economic, environmental, and social 6 0 13 3
Economic and environmental 16 32 14 3
Economic and social 1 7 1 1
Environmental and social 0 1 0 0
3.4 Economic sector analyzed
In order to identify the application of the optimization methods, the nature of the
supply chains was investigated. Among the various sectors in which research was
carried out, the most important were agriculture, automobiles, batteries, electron-
ics, glass, fibers and cellulose, health, machinery, household appliances, natural
resources, airplanes and discarded products, steel and iron, tires and oil derivatives.
In Fig. 8, we can verify the distribution of the works according to these sectors.
Stochastic methods appeared in 51.68% of publications. Deterministic meth-
ods were applied in 27.52% and the hybrid methods by 18.12%. A group of 4.7%
of publications was focused on agriculture. In this group, Cheraghalipour et al.
Fig. 8 Sectors and supply chain studied
13
(2018) analyzed a citrus network, Banasik et al. (2017) studied mushroom produc-
tion, Zohal and Soleimani (2016) researched the leather supply chain, and Alfonso-
Lizarazo et al. (2013) and Dehghan et al. (2018) studied the vegetable oil chain. The
automotive and battery sectors appeared in 6.71% and 7.38% of the publications,
respectively. The electronics sector accounted for 18.8% of the papers (with analyzes
on cell phones, notebooks, and other components). The machines and home appli-
ances sector were analyzed in more than 16.1% of the studies. Glass, fibers, and pulp
sector represented 8.1% of publications analyzed. The health area was addressed
in 3.35% of the publications. In this sector, Amaro and Barbosa-Póvoa (2009) and
Sherafati and Bashiri (2016) developed their studies in hospital and pharmaceuti-
cal contexts, respectively. In the natural resources area (with 2.38% of publications),
Soleimani (2018) studied the transport of ornamental rocks. Garg et al. (2015) and
Govindan et al. (2016) used the geysers study’s sustainability criterion. The remanu-
facturing system of the aerospace sector was approached by Hashemi et al. (2016).
Scrapped products and scrap iron and steel were addressed in 13 papers, and the
application in tires and oil derivates appeared in 12 papers analyzed, as shown in
Table 8.
4 Final remarks
The conclusion of this research helped to identify several aspects of bibliographic pro-
duction related to CLSC optimization. It was verified that stochastic methods repre-
sent more than 50% of the studies. Deterministic and hybrid methods were applied in
approximately the same amount of research, representing, in aggregate, about 40% of
the researches developed. When analyzing strategic levels of decision, it was verified
that stochastic methods were the most used research approaches. In publications that
Table 8 Association between optimization methods and study objects (sector/product)

Dimension of sustainability Optimization method
Deterministic Stochastic Hybrid Other
meth-
ods
Aerospace 1 0 0 0
Agriculture 2 3 2 0
Automotive 6 2 2 0
Battery 1 6 3 1
Electronics 8 13 6 1
Glass, fiber, and cellulose 3 8 1 0
Health area 2 3 0 0
Machines and home appliances 5 15 3 1
Natural resources 1 0 2 0
Scrapped products and scrap iron and steel 2 9 2 0
Tires and oil derivates 4 6 2 0
13
analyzed strategic aspects involving design, configuration, and network capacity, sto-
chastic methods were used in 55.7% of the researches. In studies directed to the tactical
level, in which the use of supply network was analyzed, stochastic methods excelled
over the others, being employed in 43.1% of researches. Stochastic methods also pre-
vailed in the publications at the operational level, with 63.8% of the related studies. At
that level, studies were carried out to analyze the flow of the supply network, involving
problems related to attendance, production, transport, and inventory control.
The economic dimension represented the most adopted research focus regarding
the sustainability approach, corresponding to 72.2% of publications analyzed. In this
dimension, stochastic methods appear mostly, corresponding to 54.8% of the studies’
applications. In the joint approach of economic and environmental dimensions, sto-
chastic methods were applied in 54.5% of publications and the joint approach’s eco-
nomic and social dimensions in 85.7%. Another relevant finding was that cost and
profit are the main objectives of research in CLSC optimization. When analyzing sec-
tors or products considered in supply chains, it was once again verified that stochastic
methods were applied mainly in the analyzed studies. In these studies, these methods
appeared in 54.1% of researches.
The present study revealed future research opportunities related to the study of
uncertainties in demand and return of products in the optimization models. Also, few
studies have been carried out analyzing the quality of returned products, representing a
preliminary aspect of the reverse logistics chain. Another shortcoming observed in the
studies carried out was the supply network flow analysis, also considered an essential
element to verify its efficiency. Risk analysis represents another opportunity to develop
optimization models in CLSC. An explanation for the small number of publications
involved in analyzing uncertainties present in the CLSC is related to the difficulty in
estimating the optimization models’ input data with precision. Different approaches can
deal with these uncertainties, such as stochastic methods in two stages and fuzzy logic
(considering weights and objectives or multiple criteria).
Another aspect of research that represents a development opportunity is the one that
is related to the integration of the models developed in the different levels of decision
(strategic, tactical, and operational) of the CLSC. In this sense, in most of the papers
analyzed in this research, it was identified the treatment of one decision level at a time.
Therefore, there is a lack of new research aimed at integrating the different decision
levels in the design, planning, and control of CLSC. It was evidenced that there is lit-
tle research that works in a comprehensive and integrated way the optimization of the
three basic dimensions of TBL sustainability in CLSC. This integration consists of the
insertion of the three dimensions simultaneously in the optimization model. This inte-
gration can be performed in methodological terms considering the objective functions,
the decision variables, and the model’s constraints.
13
Appendix
Amount of published Data collection journals
Over 20 papers Journal of Cleaner Production; International Journal of Production Research

10–20 papers Applied Mathematical Modelling; International Journal of Advanced Manu-
facturing Technology; Sustainability; Computers & Industrial Engineering;
International Journal of Production Economics; Mathematical Problems in
Engineering; Transportation Research—Part E
5–9 papers Annals of Operation Research; Expert Systems with Applications; Computers
and Chemical Engineering; Journal of Manufacturing Systems; Applied Soft
Computing; European Journal of Operational Research; International Journal
of Engineering; Neural Computing and Applications; Resources, Conservation
and Recycling
3–4 papers Scientia Iranica; Computers & Operations Research; Human and Ecological
Risk Assessment; Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research; Journal
of Industrial and Production Engineering; Journal of Industrial Engineering
International; Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems; Journal of Intelligent
Manufacturing; Journal of the Operational Research Society
2 papers Advances in Mechanical Engineering; Advances in Production Engineering &
Management; Asia–Pacific Journal of Operational Research; Computers and
Industrial Engineering; European Journal of Industrial Engineering; Fuzzy
Sets and Systems; IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management; Industrial
Engineering and Management Systems; International Journal of Industrial and
Systems Engineering; International Journal of Innovative Computing Informa-
tion and Control; International Journal of Logistics Systems and Management;
International Journal of Sustainable Engineering; Journal of Industrial Engi-
neering and Management; Journal of Manufacturing Technology Manage-
ment; Journal of Uncertain Systems; Manufacturing and Service Operations
Management; Omega-International Journal of Management Science; Robotics
and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing; Soft Computing; Technological and
Economic Development of Economy; Transportation Research Part D; Trans-
portation Science
13
Amount of published Data collection journals

1 paper Advanced Engineering Informatics; Advanced Science Letters; Advances in
Mechanical Engineering; Advances in Modelling and Analysis A; AIChE Jour-
nal; Applied Energy; Applied Science; Central European Journal of Operations
Research; Chaos Solitons & Fractals; Clean Technologies and Environmental
Policy; Cluster Computing; Cogent Mathematics; Computational Intelligence;
Computational and Mathematical Organization Theory; Computers & Chemical
Engineering; Decision Sciences; Digital Manufacturing & Automation III;
Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society; Dyna; Energies; Engineering Econo-
mist; Engineering Optimization; Environmental Modeling & Assessment;
Frontiers of Engineering Management; ICIC Express Letters; ICIC Express
Letters, Part B; IEEE Access; IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics; Indian
Journal of Science and Technology; Industrial Instrumentation and Control
Systems; Industrial Management & Data Systems; Information Science; Inter-
national Journal of Advanced Operations Management; International Journal
of Applied Decision Sciences; International Journal of Applied Mathematics
and Computer Science; International Journal of Business Performance and
Supply Chain Modelling; International Journal of Computational Intelligence
Systems; International Journal of Environment and Sustainable Development;
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health; Interna-
tional Journal of Industrial Engineering Computations; International Journal of
Industrial Engineering-Theory Applications and Practice; International Journal
of Information and Management Sciences; International Journal of Information
Systems and Supply Chain Management; International Journal of Management
Science and Engineering Management; International Journal of Operational
Research; International Journal of Production Management and Engineering;
International Journal of Services and Operations Management; International
Journal of Services, Technology and Management; International Journal of
Simulation: Systems, Science and Technology; Iranian Journal of Fuzzy Sys-
tems; Journal of Advanced Transportation; Jordan Journal of Mechanical and
Industrial Engineering; Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Systems; Journal
of Advanced Mechanical Design Systems and Manufacturing; Journal of Busi-
ness Economics; Journal of Central South University of Technology; Journal of
Combinatorial Optimization; Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nano-
science; Journal of Computer and Systems Sciences International; Journal of
Engineering Science and Technology Review; Journal of Global Optimization;
Journal of Industrial and Management Optimization; Journal of Japan Industrial
Management Association; Journal of Optimization in Industrial Engineer-
ing; Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering-Transactions of the
Asme; Journal of Mechanical Design; Journal of Modelling in Management;
Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy; Journal of Southeast University;
Knowledge-Based Systems; Mathematical and Computer Modelling; Networks
& Spatial Economics; Operational Research; Operations Research Perspec-
tives; Opsearch; Optimization; Or Spectrum; Plos One; Production Engineer-
ing; Resources Policy; Sãdhanã; Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory;
Stochastic Models; Uncertain Supply Chain Management; Waste Management
and Research; 4OR
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Application of optimization methods in the closed-loop supply chain: a

Article in Journal of Combinatorial Optimization · February 2021

Ricardo Luiz Machado

Sustainable production of the sugarcane supply chain in Brazil View project

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Application of optimization methods in the closed‑loop

Accepted: 9 December 2020 / Published online: 7 January 2021

Keywords Closed-loop supply chain · Optimization methods · Sustainability ·

Logistics is a combination of processes to meet customer demands, including sup-

* Ricardo Luiz Machado

Sasikumar and Kannan (2008) RL Reverse distribution

Jena and Sarmah (2016) CLSC Current practices in CLSC

obtain an overview of future research to carry out a comprehensive bibliographi-

The study covered publications in peer-reviewed scientific journals available on

• Initially, the keywords "closed-loop supply chain" and "optimization" were

Fig. 2 Annual distribution of publications involving CLSC optimization

containing 1 to 4 publications were found, which indicates a great attractiveness of

The publication categorizing was based on analyses of different topics of the

Fig. 3 Country´s sources of publications on the issue CLSC optimization

stochastic methods was characterized by several research choices’ random nature,

1. What methods were explored in addressing CLSC?

Q4. In which industrial sectors/products were the studies performed?

3.1.1 Research using deterministic methods

Fig. 5 Optimization methods applied in the analyzed publications

Publications related to simulation approaches permeated various study areas con-

Nonlinear programming Tsao et al. (2017) Allocation, selection and location

Hybrid methods appeared in 77 publications, covering 8 study areas considered in

Stochastics methods Authors Area

Chung et al. (2014a) Product

Zhou et al. (2015) Recovery

Stochastics methods Authors Area

Goli and Davoodi (2018), Hajipour et al. (2019) Operation

3.2 Hierarchical decision levels

The categorization of publications by hierarchical levels of decision had as objective

Fig. 6 Distribution of papers by decision level

stochastic methods being used in 41.33% of the research. Deterministic methods

3.3 . Dimensions of sustainability

The design of the closed-loop supply chain is inextricably linked to sustainability

Fig. 7 Distribution of papers by sustainability approach

Table 7 Association between optimization methods and sustainability dimensions

3.4 Economic sector analyzed

Fig. 8 Sectors and supply chain studied

Table 8 Association between optimization methods and study objects (sector/product)

Amount of published Data collection journals

Over 20 papers Journal of Cleaner Production; International Journal of Production Research

Amount of published Data collection journals

Abdollahi M (2010) Perspectives of science in Iran. Iran J Pharm Res 9:207–208

Fathollahi-Fard AM, Hajiaghaei-Keshteli M, Mirjalili S (2018a) Multi-objective stochastic closed-loop

Ghomi-Avili M, Naini SGJ, Tavakkoli-Moghaddam R, Jabbarzadeh A (2017) A network design model

Hajiaghaei-keshteli M, Abdallah KS, Fathollahi-fard AM (2018) A collaborative stochastic closed-loop

Sahebjamnia N, Fathollahi-Fard AM, Hajiaghaei-Keshteli M (2018) Sustainable tire closed-loop sup-

Zhalechian M, Tavakkoli-Moghaddam R, Zahiri B, Mohammadi M (2016) Sustainable design of a

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Fig. 2 Annual distribution of publications involving CLSC optimization

Fig. 3 Country´s sources of publications on the issue CLSC optimization

3.1.1 Research using deterministic methods

Fig. 5 Optimization methods applied in the analyzed publications

3.2 Hierarchical decision levels

Fig. 6 Distribution of papers by decision level

3.3 . Dimensions of sustainability

Fig. 7 Distribution of papers by sustainability approach

Table 7 Association between optimization methods and sustainability dimensions

3.4 Economic sector analyzed

Fig. 8 Sectors and supply chain studied

Table 8 Association between optimization methods and study objects (sector/product)