Senior High School

Understanding Culture
Society and Politics
Quarter 1 – Module 1
The Nature, Goals and Perspectives of
Anthropology, Sociology and Political Science
 COPYRIGHT 2020

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Writer: Alex M. Pino

Editors: Joeid C. Placeros, Maribeth L. Dimla, Dante M. Orozco
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i
 Senior High School

Understanding Culture
Society and Politics
Quarter 1 – Module 1
The Nature, Goals and Perspectives of
Anthropology, Sociology and Political science

ii
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Understanding Culture Society and Politics Self-Learning

Module on The Nature, Goals and Perspectives of Anthropology, Sociology and
Political science.

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by

educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or
facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum
while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims
to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration
their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body
of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that will help

you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You
also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their
own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as
they do the tasks included in the module.

For the learner:

Welcome to the Understanding Culture Society and Politics Self-Learning

Module on The Nature, Goals and Perspectives of Anthropology, Sociology and
Political science.

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled
to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.
CONTENT STANDARD Learners demonstrate an
understanding about human cultures,
human agency, society and politics;
recognize cultural relativism and social
inclusiveness to beat prejudices; and
develop social and cultural competence to
guide their interactions with groups,
communities, networks, and institutions.
PERFORMANCE STANDARD
The learners examine stories that explore
cultural, social, and political aspect and make
informative message to the people.
LEARNING COMPETENCY
Nature, goals and perspectives in/of
Anthropology, Sociology, and government
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

1. Determine the subsequent concepts: Anthropology, Sociology, and Political

Science
2. Apply knowledge of anthropology, sociology, and scientific discipline truly
situations
3. Recognize the common concerns or intersections of anthropology, sociology,
and political science with regard to phenomenon of change.

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INTRODUCTION

Welcome to the Self-Directed Learning Module on Understanding Culture

Society and Politics in the nature, goals and perspective of anthropology, sociology
and political science!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will have the
opportunity to nurture your understanding of the basic concepts and underlying
theories in understanding culture society and politics.

PRE-TEST

Directions: Read and understand each statement carefully. Choose and write the
letter of the correct answer on the space provided before the number.

_____1. It is the study of the remains of cultures that existed before the time of written
records.
A. Applied Archeology
B. Cultural Resources Management
C. Prehistoric Archaeology
D. Historical Archaeology

_____2. Which of the following is a science of the totality of human existence?

A. Sociology
B. Anthropology
C. Archaeology
D. Etymology

_____3. It is the system by which a state or community is controlled by a certain rules

and regulations.
A. Political
B. Constituents
C. Government
D. System

_____4. Which of the following is the study of relationships among people?

A. Anthropology
B. Sociology
C. Archaeology
D. Etymology

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_____5. It deals with the system of presidency and also the analysis of political activity
and political behavior.
A. Public Policy
B. Political Theory
C. International Relation
D. Social Science

_____6. Who studies Anthropology?

A. Sociologist
B. Psychologist
C. Anthropologist
D. Archaeologists

_____7. Which of the following terms that pertains to a bunch of individuals which
involved interpersonal relationship, an oversized social grouping sharing the
identical geographical or social territory, typically subject to the identical
political authority and dominant cultural expectations?
A. State
B. Society
C. Government
D. Culture

_____8. Which of the following varieties of work would anthropology is applied?

A. Cultural resource management
B. Medical Anthropology
C. Ethnobotany
D. All of the Above

_____9. Which of the following that deals with system of state, the analysis of political
activities and behaviour?
A. Political Science
B. Anthropology
C. Sociology
D. Culture

_____10. It is the outline and comparison of the adaptations made by human groups
to the various ecosystem of the planet.
A. Physical Anthropology
B. Social Anthropology
C. Archeology
D. Linguistic

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_____11. It is the study of language on how it is made and how it works.
A. Physical Anthropology
B. Social Anthropology
C. Archeology
D. Linguistic

_____12. Which of the following is the study of culture of individuals who board the
past by examining whatever remained in the sites where they once
occupied?
A. Physical Anthropology
B. Social Anthropology
C. Archeology
D. Linguistic

_____13. Which of the following is the center of politics?

A. Power
B. Influence
C. Authority
D. Legitimacy

_____14. It is the permission of the people for the government to try to something on
behalf of the people.
A. Power
B. Influence
C. Authority
D. Legitimacy

_____15. Which of the following is an economic and social group by which a country’s
trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit instead by the
state?
A. Capitalism
B. Communism
C. Socialism
D. Anarchism

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REVIEW DRILL

Directions: Identify whether the following statement gives the importance of studying
the CULTURE, SOCIETY or POLITICS. Put your answer on the space provided.

___________1. It gives meaning to the significance of the self in relation to others.

___________2. Broadens our perspective on how we value our own and others’
cultures.
___________3. Educates us on the importance of exercising our rights and
maximizing our political participation to sustain, maintain or change
society.
___________4. Provides a bigger context on how government works and how rules,
regulations and laws maintain social order, cohesion and unity.
___________5. Describes how and why we belong to a bigger global society.

The nature, goals and perspectives of Anthropology, Sociology and

Political Science

Conflict was inevitable, both inside and out of doors of every society.
Technologies were invented and enhanced to forms lives easier within each society
and to win wars against others. Some nations were occupied. Some were erased from
the maps. Some cultures were adapted, some changed, and a few forgotten.
Religions were created. Beliefs and ideologies were transformed. Colonies desired for
freedom. Citizens wanted change in their society and then revolutions were started.
New countries were formed. New governments reigned. But some social issues still
remained and new ones arose.

LEARNING ACTIVITIES

Activity 1. Find Me!

Directions: Identify whether the following statement concludes human as: SOCIAL
being, CULTURAL being, or POLITICAL being. Write your answers on the space
provided.

__________1. We always belong to the group and interact with people.

__________2. We carry our ancestors’ traditions and beliefs.
__________3. Our rights and privileges are limited because we are governed by rules
and laws of our society.
__________4. Our power is inherent in the rights guaranteed and protected by our
State.
__________5. We relate with our childhood friends, neighbors, and classmates.

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__________6. We speak the language of our parents, practice faith and the distinct
way of life of our community.
__________7. People create or showcases the arts and heritage of our people and
transmits some, if not all, of these to the next generation.
__________8. We become citizens, we elect our leaders, we pay taxes, we receive
welfare and support from the government because our Constitution
and our laws tell it so.
__________9. We will be having our co-workers or colleagues in office, professional
peers here and abroad.
__________10. We are always in company with others like our parents and siblings.

Activity 2. Jumbled Letters

Directions: There are five words that you can find below; however, the letters are
jumbled. A short description is provided to help you identify the words. Kindly write
the correct word/phrase on the blanks provided.

1. GYOLOPORTHAN
Scientific study of man or human beings.

2. GYOLOICOS
Study of human social relationships and institutions.

3. CALITILOP ECNEICS
A social science that deals with humans and their interactions.

4. ERUTLUC
Consists of beliefs, behaviours, objects, and other characteristics common to
the members of a particular group or society.

5. SFEILEB
A state or habit of mind in which trust or confidence is placed in some person
or thing.

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ANALYSIS

Directions: Using your previous knowledge and experiences, share your insights on
the following questions. Write your answer on the underlined spaces provided in each
item.

1. Why understanding culture, society and politics are important?

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

2. How can we improve our awareness on the social, cultural and political changes?

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

3. Can you share your opinion regarding the political dynasty in the Philippines?

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

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ABSTRACTION

What’s Anthropology?

Anthropology is the science or study of man. The word anthropology comes

from the Greek terms Anthropos which suggests man, and logos which suggest
science or study. Anthropology lets us study the cultural and biological evolution of all
human groups so we will analyze them and apply the findings within the present
situations of man and prepare ourselves within the possible changes in human within
the longer term.

Goals of Anthropology
1. Explain and analyze similarities and differences of different human
cultures.
2. Support the cultural development of our species on the findings in
archeological records.
3. Evaluate the biological evolution of the human species as revealed in
fossil records.
4. Explain this human biological diversity

Lenkeit (2008), as cited by Saluba et al. (2016), listed the following field of
Anthropology as follows:

1. Biological/Physical Anthropology. It studies individual as biological

beings both within this and within the past.
• Paleoanthropology. The thought word paleo means ancient. It is the
study of human biological evolution through an examination of the fossils
of who we believe are our ancestors.
• Primatology. It is the study of primates who are believed to be the closest
animal relatives of groups of individuals.

2. Cultural/Social Anthropology. It is the outline and comparison of the

adaptations made by human groups to the numerous ecosystems of the
planet. We call these adaptations culture.
• Ethnography. It is the descriptive study of 1 culture, subculture or
microculture supported on filed work. Ethnographers spend time (a year
or more continuous or on and off) within the field (some support the
people they study) so as to record the way of life and also the way it
changes.
• Ethnology. It is the comparative study of cultures. Different cultures are
analyzed by explaining their similarities and differences. The topic of
comparison maybe the full culture or a selected aspect of culture like as
gender, law, and education.

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 3. Archeology. It is the study of culture of individuals who lived within the past
by examining whatever remained within the sites where they once occupied.
Archeologists study how these people adapted to their natural and
sociocultural environment and so the way culture spread and adjusted
through time.
• Prehistoric Archaeology. The study of the remains of cultures that
existed before the time of written records.
• Historical Archaeology. The study of the remains of cultures and
subcultures that have written records but about which little, if anything
was recorded
• Cultural Resources Management. The work to preserve
archeological sites which are threatened, produce environment impact
reports and do salvage digs on sites that perhaps destroyed by
contemporary buildings.
• Applied Archeology. A vicinity in archeology that uses methods of
archeology to review contemporary material culture with the aim of
solving problems.

4. Linguistics. It is the study of language, how language is made and thus the
way it works, the history and development of language and its relationship to
other aspects of culture.
• Descriptive Linguistics. This study focuses on the mechanics of
language
• Historical Linguistics. This study works to reconstruct the history of
languages, including the event and relationship to other language

What is Political Science?

Politics is that the branch of study that deals with systems of presidency, and
also the analysis of political activities and behavior. It’s specifically the study of power:
how it’s created, exercised, justified, and challenged. He who has the facility has the
control.

As a science, government focuses on group power, the ‘how’ and ‘why’ of

collective decision-making. Hence it leads us to think about the ethics of power, which
successively involves conceptions of community, identity, justice and citizenship.
Under the banner of politics, we gather the study of democracy, war, law, rights,
wealth, and authority, additionally because the institutions that shape and secure
them.

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Aristotle and also the Politics

“Man is after all a political animal”. Aristotle, Father of Politics.

Aristotle conceived of politics as being like an organism instead of to a
machine, a group of parts none of which could exist without the others. Politics as
defined by Aristotle himself is a “practical science” because it targets with making
citizens happy. His philosophy is to hunt out the supreme purpose of life, virtue as he
puts it.

Many of the key concepts of politics need to do with relationship of control, in

step with Lawson (1997), as cited by Saluba et al (2016).

1. Power. It’s the center of politics but power is totally hard to define. Three
fallacies got by Robert Dahl within the analysis of power:
• “lump-of-power” fallacy – power cannot be shared
• “confounding power with resources” fallacy – associating power with
things like money
• “confounding power with rewards and deprivations” fallacy – associating
power with the flexibleness to reward or sanction
2. Influence. It includes all cases when one party’s desires affect the behavior of
another party. Power is another style of influence. But influence can happen
without the threat of sanctions or use of force, moreover as without the promise
of non-public reward.
3. Authority. It is the correct to exercise the pliability and influence of a given
position that comes from having been placed therein position in line with
regular, known, and widely accepted procedure, like elections and
appointments by functionary.
4. Legitimacy. It is the permission of the people for the government to try and do
and do something on behalf of the people. Authority is that the correct of
somebody to undertake to something on behalf of the government. But the
government gained this right because the citizens give them legitimacy. But it
is possible to possess authority without legitimacy like an insane king where the
people could approve the next person in authority to steer the state.
5. Linkage. Altogether relationship of control, there is a component of linkage.
• In terms of diplomacy, linkage refers to ways on how one nation may
force desired decision in another. For instance, a nation will aid another
country if the latter relaxes their tariffs on the former’s exports.
• In domestic situations, linkage is how pressure groups, political parties,
and electoral processes connect the overall public with the leaders to
create a policy decision.

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 By providing government with legitimacy, ideology justifies the established
order per Rodee (1983), as cited by Saluba et al. (2016). But ideology may additionally
be employed by activists, rebels, and reformists to travel against the establishment.

1. Anarchism. Is defined from the Greek word anarchos, meaning “having no

government”. It is portrayed by “each citizen is his own legislator”.
Legislation and political views are the perquisite of every individual as
he/she knows his/her own interests and needs.
2. Communism. In practice, it is a system in which a tiny low elite controlled
the political and economic lifetime of nation.
3. Socialism. It is the assumption that the means of production should be
owned and operated by and for the people in generally instead of by and for
personal individuals.
4. Fascism. It is any centralized, authoritarian government that is not
communist whose policies glorify the state over the individual and are
destructive to basic human rights.
5. Capitalism. An economic and political group during which a country’s trade
and industry are controlled by private owners for profit instead of by the
state.

What is Sociology?

Sociology is that the systematic study of human social relationship and

institutions. It focuses on how the parts of society fit together and alter, still makes us
tuned in to the implications of that social change.

Sociology’s subject material is diverse, starting from crime to religion, from the
family to the state, from the divisions of race and people to the shared beliefs of a
standard culture, and from social stability to radical change in whole societies.
Unifying the study these diverse subjects of study is sociology’s purpose of
understanding how act and consciousness both shape and are shaped by surrounding
cultural and social structures.

The Development of Sociology as a Science

Ancient philosophers like Plato and Socrates have thought and taught about
social behavior. However, they didn’t utilize systematic methods is testing their
theories on social behavior. They were called social philosophers, not sociologists. It
absolutely was only within the nineteenth century when European social philosophers
used scientific methods and thus, the sphere of sociology was born.

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 Three revolutions had to require place before the sociological imagination could
crystallize.

1. The scientific revolution (16th to 17th c.) was part of the Renaissance period
and it encouraged the utilization of evidence to substantiate theories.
2. The democratic revolution (18th c.) encouraged the view that act can change
society.
3. The commercial revolution (19th c.) gave sociologists about their material. It
absolutely was caused by the social upheavals of the nineteenth-century
Europe (e.g. French Revolution) and therefore the advancement of the natural
sciences.

Many social philosophers felt the necessity to seek out solutions to the
challenges in their societies and to know how and why such radical change could
occur. So that they utilized the methodology as means to grasp and control the social
world.

Sociology studies these links: how society affects the individual, how the
individual affects society, and the way a personal affects another individual in an
exceeding certain society. And there are minimum of three reasons why we want to
review these.

1. For intellectual exercise. Sociology is pursued for our own personal

intellectual satisfaction, for the pleasure of ticking our own curiosity, or for
producing knowledge base.
2. To grasp our lives. Sociology encourages us to be more curious of the society
we sleep in, to actively participate in it while evaluating the popular assumptions
further as our understanding of the various social aspects like race and
ethnicity, gender, and sexual orientation.
3. To pursue a particular career. Sociology will be accustomed pursue a career
within the government (to fight crime, improve education, reduce poverty, and
to solve other social issues) or within the private sector (as a sociology teacher,
social researcher, social critic, political analyst, or any job that needs
sociological knowledge).

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CHECKING FOR UNDERSTANDING

Activity 1: Understand Me!

Directions: Evaluate the similarities and differences of Anthropology, Sociology and

Political Science according to its nature, goals and perspective.

Nature Goals Perspective

1. Anthropology
2. Sociology
3. Political Science

APPLICATION

Activity 1. Where I Can Use It?

Direction: Give a certain situation happening in your barangay where you can apply
any of the given concepts about Anthropology, Politics and Society. Explain it with
clear descriptions.

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Activity 2. My Own Poster

Directions: Create a poster that reflects your understanding of anthropology,

sociology and political science. Use illustration board in any size. Refer to the rubric
below for the scoring.

Rubric for poster making

Category 4 points 3 points 2 points 1 point
Details on the Details on the Details on the Details on the
poster capture the poster include poster relate to the poster have little
important important topic but are too or nothing to do
Coverage of information about information but general or with main topic.
the Topic the topic and the audience may incomplete. The
increase the need more audience needs
audience’s information to more information to
understanding. understand fully. understand.

All graphics are All graphics are All graphics relate Graphics do not
related to the topic related to the to the topic. relate to the
Use of
and make it easier topic and most topic.
Graphics
to understand. make it easier to
understand.

Information is very Information is Information is The information

organized with clear organized with organized, but titles appears to be
titles and titles and and subheadings disorganized.
Organization
subheadings. subheadings. are missing or do
not help the reader
understand.

All information on Most of the Most of the Much of the

the poster is in information on the information on the information on
focus and can be poster is in focus poster is in focus the poster is
Layout and
easily viewed and and the content and the content is unclear or too
Design
identified from 6 ft. easily viewed and easily viewed and small.
away. identified from 6 identified from 4 ft.
ft. away. away.

The presentation The presentation The presentation The

was at the was at the was at the presentation
appropriate length. appropriate length appropriate length was too long or
It did not seem but seemed but seemed very too short. The
hurried or too slow. slightly hurried or hurried or too slow. presenter did
The presenter too slow. The The presenter not speak
Presentation
spoke clearly and presenter spoke spoke clearly and clearly most of
distinctly and clearly most of the distinctly only some the time and
established eye time and of the time and/or established little
contact with the established eye established little eye contact with
audience. contact with the eye contact with the the audience.
audience. audience.

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ENRICHMENT

Learn more. Evaluate Me!

Directions: Using the picture below, identify the concepts that you can associate with
of the following:

ANTHROPOLOGY

1.________________________
2.________________________
3.________________________

POLITICS

1._______________________
2._______________________
3._______________________

SOCIETY

1.________________________
2.________________________
3.________________________

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REFLECTION

Directions: Write a reflection learned from the discussion. In writing your reflection,
you have to complete the sentence below on a separate sheet of paper.

I learned that ______________________________________________________

I realized that _____________________________________________________

If given a chance ___________________________________________________

POST-TEST

Directions: Read and understand each statement carefully. Choose and write the
letter of the correct answer on the space provided before the number.

_____1. Which of the following is an economic and social group by which a country’s
trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit instead by the
state?
A. Capitalism
B. Communism
C. Socialism
D. Anarchism

_____2. It is the permission of the people for the government to try to something on
behalf of the people.
A. Power
B. Influence
C. Authority
D. Legitimacy

_____3. Which of the following is the center of politics?

A. Power
B. Influence
C. Authority
D. Legitimacy

16
_____4. Which of the following is the study of culture of individuals who board the past
by examining whatever remained in the sites where they once occupied?
A. Physical Anthropology
B. Social Anthropology
C. Archeology
D. Linguistic

_____5. It is the study of language on how it is made and how it works.

A. Physical Anthropology
B. Social Anthropology
C. Archeology
D. Linguistic

_____6. It is the outline and comparison of the adaptations made by human groups to
the various ecosystem of the planet.
A. Physical Anthropology
B. Social Anthropology
C. Archeology
D. Linguistic

_____7. Which of the following discipline that deals with system of state, and also the
analysis of political activities and behaviour?
A. Political Science
B. Anthropology
C. Sociology
D. Culture

_____8. Which of the following varieties of work would anthropology is applied?

A. Cultural resource management
B. Medical Anthropology
C. Ethnobotany
D. All of these

_____9. Which of the following terms that pertains to a bunch of individuals involved
in persistent interpersonal relationship, or an oversized social grouping
sharing the identical geographical or social territory, typically subject to the
identical political authority and dominant cultural expectations?
A. State
B. Society
C. Government
D. Culture

17
_____10. Who studies Anthropology?
A. Sociologist
B. Psychologist
C. Anthropologist
D. Archaeologists

_____11. It deals with the system of presidency and also the analysis of political
activity and political behavior.
A. Public Policy
B. Political Theory
C. International Relation
D. Social Science

_____12. Which of the following is the study of relationships among people?

A. Anthropology
B. Sociology
C. Archaeology
D. Etymology

_____13. It is the system by which a state or community is controlled by a rules and

regulations.
A. Political
B. Constituents
C. Government
D. System

_____14. Which of the following is a science of the totality of human existence?

A. Sociology
B. Anthropology
C. Archaeology
D. Etymology

_____15. It is the study of the remains of cultures that existed before the time of written
records?
A. Applied Archeology
B. Cultural Resources Management
C. Prehistoric Archaeology
D. Historical Archaeology

18
GLOSSARY

Anthropology – the science or study of man. The word anthropology comes from the
Greek terms Anthropos which suggests man, and logos which
suggest science or study.

Anthropologists – Someone or practitioner who studies Anthropology.

Archeology – Study of culture of individuals who board the past by examining

whatever remained in the sites where they once occupied.

Capitalism – It’s an economic and social group within which a country’s trade and
industry are controlled by private owners for profit instead by the state.

Caste – It’s the system by which a state or community is controlled on put order.

Government – It’s the system by which a state or community is controlled on put order

Legitimacy – The permission of the people for the government to try to something on
behalf of the people.

Linguistic – Study of language, how language is made and the way it works.

Political Science – The branch of scientific discipline that deals with system of state,
and also the analysis of political activities and behavior.

Power – It’s the center of politics.

Social Anthropology – It’s the outline and comparison of the adaptations made by
human groups to the various ecosystem of the planet.

Social Science – It deals with the system of presidency and also the analysis of
political activity and political behavior.

Society – A bunch of individuals involved in persistent interpersonal relationship, or

an oversized social grouping sharing the identical geographical or social
territory, typically subject to the identical political authority and dominant
cultural expectations.

Sociology – Is the study of relationships among people.

19
 20
Activity 1. Find Me!
1. Social being
2. Cultural being Post Test Pre-Test
3. Political being 1. A 1. C
4. Political being 2. D 2. B
5. Social being 3. A 3. C
6. Cultural being 4. C 4. B
7. Cultural being 5. D 5. D
8. Political being 6. B 6. C
9. Social being 7. A 7. B
10. Social being 8. D 8. D
9. B 9. A
Activity 2. Jumbled Letters Review 10. C 10. B
1. Anthropology 1. Society 11. D 11. D
2. Sociology 2. Culture 12. B 12. C
3. Political Science 3. Politics 13. C 13. A
4. Culture 4. Politics 14. D 14. D
5. Beliefs 5. Society 15. C 15. A
ANSWER KEY
REFERENCES

Understanding Culture, Society and Politics for Senior High School by Ederlina
D. Balena et al

https://moodle.depeddasma.edu.ph/course/info.php?id=108

https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/university-of-san
carlos/psychology/other/melc-ucsp-module-1/8533058/view

https://www.jstor.org/stable/3317483?seq=1

https://sociology.unc.edu/undergraduate-program/sociology-major/what-is-
sociology/

https://www.scribd.com/document/470779208/UCSP-Module-I-Anthropology-
Sociology-and-Political-Science-No-Pics-pdf

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