JOURNAL OF RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY
CBM PRODUCTION, TROUBLESHOOTING,
TRANSPORTATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT
1
JEEDULA MEENU VIKAS, 2Mr.K.MANOJ, 3Mr. K.S. RAMBABU
1
M.Tech Student, 2,3Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
KAKINADA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGICAL SCIENCES, Ramachandrapuram
ABSTRACT
India, along with other nations, is
frantically looking for alternative energy
resources such as coal bed methane (CBM),
shale gas, and gas hydrate to satisfy the
rapidly growing demand for energy and the
rapid depletion of traditional energy
supplies. CBM is thought to be the most
feasible of the three. The next sections
address the potential of CBM as a clean
energy source, the challenges associated in
CBM manufacturing, and improved recovery
methods.
1. INTRODUCTION
Coal bed methane is commercially
generated in the United States, and it has
sparked interest across the globe as a
possible supply of low-cost natural gas.
Operators have adapted and used petroleum
industry technologies to enhance the
performance of their fields since the coal bed
methane business began in the mid-1970s.
Conventional oil and gas technology, on the
other hand, does not necessarily work well
for generating coal bed methane.
 Because coal geology differs so
much from that of conventional gas
deposits, you'll need to adopt a
distinct strategy that considers:
 The rock's chemical makeup. Coal is
90% organic, while traditional gas
deposits are almost entirely
inorganic.
 Coal has a variety of mechanical
characteristics. Coal is brittle and
prone to collapsing in the wellbore
because it is brittle and weak.
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 Natural cracks, sometimes known as
cleats, in coal. In coals, these
fractures, known as face cleats and
butt cleats, are common. Hydraulic
fracturing, on the other hand, is
required to increase output in most
coal reservoirs.
 The gas storage mechanism in coal.
While gas is trapped in the pore
spaces of ordinary rocks, it is
adsorbed or adhered to the interior
surfaces of coal.
 The presence of significant amounts
of water in coal seams. To decrease
reservoir pressure and liberate the
gas, water must be constantly
pushed from coal seams.
 Coal reservoirs have a low pressure.
To optimise gas flow, backpressure
at the wellhead must be maintained
low. In addition, every gas generated
must be compressed before being
sent to a sales pipeline.
 The low rates of gas flow from coal
reserves. To create a cost-effective
project, capital expenditures and
operational costs must be kept to a
minimum.
Because of the particular features of
coalbed reservoirs, inefficiency will be
minimal. Successfully developing a coalbed
methane field requires careful management
of both the technical and financial elements
of the project. The Rock Creek Methane
from Multiple Coal Seams Completion
Project was developed by Gas Research
Institute (GRI) and Taurus Exploration, Inc.
to explore methods for commercially
generating coalbed methane resources. This
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field study location is southwest of recommendations for developing coalbed

Birmingham, Alabama, in the Black Warrior methane resources have been developed as a
Basin. The main goal of this project, which result of the Rock Creek project and the
began in 1983, is to develop technologies for efforts of other operators in the Black
producing methane from shallow, thin Warrior Basin. In the Black Warrior Basin,
numerous coal seams utilising single vertical collaboration and open communication
wellbores at a lower cost. The goal of the Ile between operators and service firms were
project is to figure out the optimum mix of required to improve both fundamental
drilling, completing, stimulating, and knowledge and practical expertise in
operating methods for producing these wells generating methane from coal seams
cheaply. Many practical methods and
1.1 FORMATION OF COAL BED METHANE

1.2 formation of coal bed methane
Because temperature rises beyond
the most suitable range for bacteria, water is
ejected, porosity diminishes, and biogenic
methane production reduces as bituminous
types mature. Simultaneously, heat degrades
complex organic molecules, releasing
methane and other heavier hydrocarbons
(ethane and higher). The thermal
decomposition of coal may also produce
inorganic gases.
1.2.1 CONTROLING FACTORS OF
CBM
Fracture permeability, development,
gas migration, coal migration, coal
distribution, geologic structure, CBM
completion choices, hydrostatic pressure,
and generated water management are all
variables that affect production potential.
Natural fracture networks are the most
sought-after locations for CBM development
in most countries. Natural fracturing occurs
in areas where geological features and
localised faulting have developed, increasing
the number of production paths inside the
coal seam. The cost of bringing producing
wells online is reduced because to natural
fracturing.
Although most coals contain
methane, it cannot be commercially
generated without the presence of open
fractures that offer pathways for the
desorbed gas to move to the well. Methane
stays trapped in the coal bed matrix as long
as the pressure exerted by the water table is

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higher than that exerted by the coal. Because
water is typically saturated in coal cleats and
cracks, the hydrostatic pressure in the coal
seam must be reduced before the gas may
move.
1.2.2 COAL QUALITY
Under appropriate circumstances,
geological processes exert pressure on dead
biotic material over time, causing it to
metamorphose into:
Peat, which is a predecessor to coal,
is used as a fuel in certain parts of the world,
including Ireland and Finland. Peat is a very
efficient absorber for gasoline and oil spills
on land and water in its dehydrated form. It's
also utilised as a soil conditioner to help it
hold and release water more slowly.
Lignite, often known as brown coal,
is the lowest rank of coal and is almost
entirely utilised to generate electricity. Jet is
a polished form of lignite that has been used
as a decorative stone since the Upper
Palaeolithic.
Subbituminous coal, whose
characteristics vary from lignite to
bituminous coal, is mainly utilised as a
source of light aromatic hydrocarbons for
the chemical synthesis sector and is
predominantly used as a fuel for seam
electric power production.
Bituminous coal is a thick
sedimentary rock that is typically black, but
may sometimes be dark brown, and has
distinct bands of brilliant and dull stuff. It's
mainly utilised as a fuel for steam electric
power production, but it's also used for heat
and power in industry and to produce coke
in large amounts.
Steam coal is a mixture of
bituminous and anthracite coal that was
formerly extensively utilised as a locomotive
fuel. In this particular use, it is sometimes
referred to as "sea coal" in the United States.
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For household water heating, tiny steam coal
(dry small steam nuts or DSSN) was utilised.
The hardest, glossiest black coal,
anthracite, is mainly utilised for home and
commercial space heating. It's further split
into metamorphically altered bituminous
coal and "petrifield oil," which comes from
Pennsylvania's reserves.
Graphite, the highest rank, is
difficult to ignite and is seldom used as a
fuel; it is mainly utilised in pencils and as a
lubricant in powder form.
1.2.3 COAL MATURATION
Coal is a carbon-rich rock formed
from plant debris (peat) that collected in
wetlands and was then buried by natural
processes. As the plant material is buried
deeper, it starts to coalize, releasing volatile
materials (water, carbon dioxide, light
hydrocarbons, including methane) as it
transforms into coal. As coalification
progresses, it becomes more carbon-rich and
continues to release volatile materials.
Methane and other hydrocarbons are
produced in coals as a result of thermal
maturation, which begins around the sub-
bituminous “A” to high volatile bituminous
“C” rank stage (see coal rank classification
chart), with amounts of methane produced
increasing significantly throughout the
medium to low volatile bituminous coal
ranks.
The plains' shallow coals (e.g.,
Ardley, Horsehose Canyon) have a low rank
and have not produced significant amounts
of methane. Deeper coals (such as
Mannville) have undergone more
coalification (high rank) and have generated
and kept more methane than shallower coals.
Methanogenic bacterial activity may
have generated some coal bed methane
(CBM). If the circumstances are right,
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biogenic gas may be generated at any point
throughout the coalification process.
Gas is held in coal as an adsorbed
component on or within the coal matrix, as
well as as a free gas in the micropore
structure or cleats of a coal bed. Because
reservoir pressure holds the gas in place,
lowering the reservoir pressure enables gas
to escape from the coal.
1.2.4 FIXED CARBON
The fixed carbon content of coal
refers to the carbon that remains after
volatile elements have been removed.
Because some carbon is lost in hydrocarbons
with the volatiles, this varies from the final
carbon of coal. Fixed carbon is a measure of
how much coke can be extracted from a
given quantity of coal. The volatility test, as
mentioned above, determines fixed carbon
from the initial mass of the coal sample.
1.2.5 TEMPERATURE GRADIENT
When a temperature gradient is
generated along the slag's penetration
direction, the infiltration properties of
industrial coal slag into alumina (Al2O3)
refractory material are compared to those
obtained under near-isothermal
circumstances. Experiments were carried out
at a hot face temperature of 1450oC with a
CO/CO2 ratio of 1.8, corresponding to an
oxygen partial pressure of 10-8 atm. The
refractory that was exposed to a near
isothermal temperature profile with higher
average temperatures had a larger
penetration depth than its counterpart that
was exposed to a steeper temperature
gradient, which pooled and solidified on the
sample's surface.
1.3 MODELING OF COAL BED
METHANE
A successful development strategy
requires determining the possible range
recoverable quantities for a coal bed
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methane (CBM) deposit. Several important
best practises were integrated into a process
to evaluate the CBM potential of a variety of
possible locations on a regular basis. Based
on accessible structural data, 3D static
models were created for each region. Coal
characteristics like density and ash content
were geo-statistically supplied into the
models. Other characteristics that have been
established include gas content,
permeability, and Longmuir volume. To
characterise the uncertainty in each
correlation, an analysis of residual
distribution between each correlation and its
data was utilised. Several options for
reducing this uncertainty were explored.
These varied from discrete trends to geo-
statistical; property population applications.
The impact of each on the predicted EUR
was looked at. Production prototype
reservoir simulation models were developed
and history matched. Because of the
complexity of the coal reservoir and the non-
uniqueness of the history match, further
work was done to capture the remaining
uncertainty and evaluate its effect on model
output.
1.4 COAL CLEAT ORIENTATION
Porosity is present in coal, although
matrix permeability is low. Coal seams must
have a system of secondary permeability,
such as fractures, in order for fluids to be
generated from them into a well-bore. Water
and natural gas may move from matrix
porosity to the producing well via fractures.
Cleat is a word used to describe the network
of natural cracks that develop in coal seams
when the coal matures. Cleats are formed as
a consequence of coal dehydration, local and
regional tensions, and overburden unloading.
Cleats regulate the directional permeability
of coals, making them crucial for CBM
research via well location and spacing.
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1.5 METHANE GAS MIGRATION
The majority of gas in coal seams is
absorbed by tiny laminations and micro
holes in coal macerals. Natural gas may also
migrate via more broad distributed fracture
sets linked to faults and tectonic jointing
1.2 Coal maturity
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 ITRODUCTION
The venting of methane from coal
seams gave rise to coal bed methane.
Boreholes were bored into the seams of
certain coal beds because they were known
to be "gassy" for a long time. In the late
1970s, the US federal government gave coal
bed methane a big push as a natural gas
resource. While the government intended to
promote greater gas production, federal price
restrictions discouraged natural gas drilling
by maintaining natural gas prices below
market levels. Research into a variety of
unconventional gas sources, including coal
bed methane, was sponsored by the US
Department of Energy. Federal pricing
restrictions were waived for coal bed
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when hydrostatic pressure is reduced by
water production. Gas desorbed and moved
into the cleats system, where it began to flow
towards the producing well. Faults may last
for many miles and are linked to geologic
movement and structure. They can also be
beneficial.
methane, which also received a federal tax
credit.
CBM was identified as a significant
mining danger in the nineteenth century
because the pressure of gases in coal seams
produced structural stress on mine beds,
resulting in explosions and outbursts. These
gases must be vented or controlled in order
to manage this. However, because the
severity of global warming is 25 times that
of carbon dioxide over a 100-year period,
the release of these gases into the
atmosphere added to the greenhouse effect
(IFP engineers report 2008). CBM started to
be generated for use as a fuel from
conventionally drilled wells in the late
twentieth century, and it quickly established
itself as a major unconventional supply of
natural gas (Flores 1998).
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CBM is mostly made up of methane
and is comparable to other natural gas
sources. To make it acceptable for storage
and transportation, it must be compressed or
liquefied. Natural gas is expected to overtake
coal as the biggest source of energy
production in the United States by 2035,
according to the US Energy Information
Administration.
Gas is generated from both
conventional and unconventional sources to
satisfy this need. Conventional gas
production takes place in geological
formations that are moderately porous and
permeable, such as stand stone and
carbonates. It is difficult to produce from
non-conventional deposits (e.g. CBM, shale
gas, tight gas, and gas hydrates). As gas
demand grew and conventional gas supplies
dwindled, these non-conventional resources
were initially tapped in the United States in
the 1970s. Legislative measures, such as the
elimination of wellhead price limits and
limitations on the use of gas for power
production, aided this. Incentives for the
development of additional natural gas
sources are also available. By the 1990s, a
significant number of CBM wells would
have been established.
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The major factors that sustain
interest in CBM are
1. Increased safety and productivity in coal
mining operations
2. Potential for greenhouse gas reduction.
3. Capture and storage of greenhouse gases.
Co2 sequestration is referred to as
greenhouse gas capture and storage. This
method, which involves injecting Co2 into
deep coal, seems to be doubly appealing
since it addresses the emission of this major
anthropogenic greenhouse gas while also
improving CBM recovery.
Overall, CBM is a major energy
source that is quickly expanding. According
to the International Energy Agency (IEA),
CBM accounted for 10% of natural gas
output in the United States in 2008, 4% in
Canada, and 8% in Australia, and there has
been interest in CBM production in other
nations with significant coal deposits, such
as India, China, Russia, and Indonesia
(Stevens 2010). In its 11th five-year plan,
China has designated CBM as one of 16
priority projects. Figure 1 shows the
worldwide CBM market volume by
application.
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2.1 Coal bed methane utilization based on end- use application.

2.2 Coal bed methane occur in worldwide

2.2 Coal bed methane occur in worldwide

3 POTENTIAL COAL FIELD OF CBM
3.1 CBM potential in India
248 billion tonnes of total coal resources
Nearly all of it comes from the Gondwana
Basins. The coal deposits in the Damodar
Valley account for half of this resource,
making them a prime exploration target. 0.8
to 1.5 TCM is the estimated CBM resource
(different resources). Jharia, Bokaro, North
Karanapur, and Raniganj, according to an
COAL FIELDS OF INDIA AND THEIR CATEGORIZATION
ONGC early evaluation, are the most
promising coal resources in the Damodar
valley. Most Indian coals are below the
threshold maturation level of 0.8 VRO,
making it unlikely that enough thermogenic
methane production would be present to
saturate the coal under reservoir conditions.
Biogenic methane resource through active
hydro-geological play, as shown in a few
foreign basins with less than threshold
maturity. If such conditions exist in any
Indian coal basin, they might prove promisin

Category I Gondwana coals ranking Jharia, Bokaro, Raniganj and

High volatile bituminous A
and above
CategoryII Gondwana coals ranking
High volatile bituminous A
and below
CategoryIII Low ranking Gondwana coals
CategoryIV Tertiary coal/ Lignite
North Karanapur coal fields.
South Karanapur, Raniganj,
PenchKanhanandSohagpur coal
fields.
Talchir, Ib, Pranhita-Godavari
Valleylandwardha valley coal
field.
Cambay, Biknaneer-Nagaaur,
Barmer, assam-Arakan,
Cauvery and Himalayan foot
Hills Basins.

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Table 3.1 Coal fields categorization in India

Methane from coal beds may be found nearly everywhere where there is coal. Although it
is seen as a hazardous nuisance in the mining business, it has the potential to serve as a plentiful
source of clean energy to assist replace other depleting hydrocarbon sources.

State Coal field Resources Proved reserves

Orissa Talcher 40869.47 12311.10
West Bengal Raniganj 25558.85 12877.90
Orissa Ib-rever 22364.11 5401.83
Jharkhand Jharia 19430.06 15077.57
Chattisgarh Mand-raigarh 19106.04 1953.88
Andhra Pradesh Godavari Valley 17714.46 8791.13
Jharkhand N. karanapur 15860.91 8077.77
Jharkhand Rajmahal 14275.91 2077.97
Madhya Pradesh Singrauil 13478.31 5002.52
Chattisgarh Korba 10115.21 4980.58
Jharkhand E.Bokaro 7067.47 4980.58
Jharkhand S.Karanapur 6036.79 2542.18
Maharashtra Wardha Valley 5669.63 2944.42
Jharkhand W.Bokaro 5004.99 3488.10
Chattisgarh Hasdo-arand 4972.96 1183.36
West Bengal Birbhum 4683.02 7985.40
Madhya Pradesh Sohagpur 4602.63 1688.54

Table 3.2mState wise coal field in India

4. OPERATING WELLS AND operational expertise in a specific coal bed

PRODUCTIONEQUIPMENT methane field. This chapter will guide you
ANDTRANSPORTATION through the process of creating successful
production strategies. It will guide you
4.1 INTRODUCTION through:

Some specific production methods are • Preparing Surface Facilities for Production
required while operating coal bed methane
wells and production equipment. These • Unloading the Well
methods were mainly acquired via trial and • Bringing the Well on Line
error as well as on-the-job observation. For
example, field experience at the project has • Troubleshooting Well and Equipment
shown that the way you return a well after Problems
stimulation may have a big impact on how
quickly it recovers. Similarly, the method 4.2 Preparing Surface Facilities for
you choose to pump a well down may have Production
an impact on its production. Learning to
After the well has been fractured and
identify and solve common production
flowed back, and the pumping unit has been
issues has also been proven to significantly
installed, ensure sure the surface facilities
decrease production downtime.
and collecting system are ready to accept the
You will definitely discover methods that well's output. Preventing hazardous
operate well in your region as you acquire operating conditions, environmental issues,

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and needless downtime to repair facility
problems may all be avoided by doing this
inspection before bringing the well online.
 The different pieces of equipment
you'll need to inspect may differ
significantly from one field to the
next. This pre-production inspection
should cover not just equipment at
the wellhead, but also all
downstream lines and facilities such
as separators, metre runs, collecting
lines, drips, water treatment
facilities, and compressors,
regardless of the kind of equipment
utilised. Check the following criteria
before bringing wells online:
 Ensure that all relevant federal,
state, and municipal safety and
environmental laws have been
followed. You may also be needed
to inform local regulatory authorities
of your intention to start producing
from the field.
 Notify the gas buyer when you plan
to start delivering gas so they may
make any required preparations or
changes. You should also double-
check that the gas composition
meets the contract requirements with
the gas buyer.
 Ensure that all flow lines and pipes
are complete and correctly
connected to the relevant equipment.
 If you're using separation vessels,
ensure sure the drain valve is shut
and the liquid dump valve is fitted
and functioning correctly.
 Depending on where you're
working, the kind of gas venting
equipment you'll require may vary.
You may be required to exhaust gas
via a flare stack by certain state oil
and gas regulatory bodies. Find out
about equipment regulations such as
height and minimum distance from
the wellhead by contacting your
local regulatory authorities.
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 All flow valves between the
wellhead and the separation
equipment should be opened.
 Make that all gas metering
equipment is operational and ready
to measure gas flow. Despite the fact
that gas flow will likely be minimal
at first, you should pressure test the
metre run or metering assembly to
ensure that no connections are
leaking.
 Check orifice metres to ensure sure
they have the right size orifice plate
for the amount of gas being
measured.
 Check to see whether chart recorders
or turbine flow metres are correctly
calibrated.
 Check the gas compressor before
allowing substantial gas flow to
commence to verify that it has
adequate capacity for the gas.
Because of increased gas production from
other wells or changes in suction and
discharge pressures, loading circumstances
may have altered since the compressor was
originally built.
4.3 Unloading the Well
After verifying that the surface facilities are
prepared for production, you are ready to
unload the well fluid to a pit or holding tank
and initiate gas production. Operators in
generally use one of two methods to unload
coal bed methane wells:
• Injecting Compressed Air or Nitrogen
• Pumping the Well Down
Injecting Compressed Air or Nitrogen
To unload wells and place them on
production as quickly as possible after
flowing back the fracture treatment, some
coalbed methane operators inject
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compressed air or nitrogen into the wellbore.
By injecting air or nitrogen for a day or
more, operators can lift all the water out of a
well, clean out any solid debris, and initiate
gas flow rapidly.
Though this method is quicker than pumping
a well down, it could possibly damage the
coal formation. To prevent damage, you
should unload the well slowly. Lifting the
fluids with air or nitrogen can subject the
formation to a large pressure drawdown.
This drawdown could cause migration of
coal fines into the created fractures and
significantly reduce the permeability of the
fractures.
Pumping the Well Down
After flowing the well back following a
fracture treatment and cleaning out the well
to bottom, you can install the production
tubing and down hole pump and begin
pumping the well down. As you pump water
out of the well, the reservoir pressure drops
and methane starts to desorb, or detach itself,
from the surfaces of the coal and flow into
the wellbore.
Unlike most conventional gas wells, when
you shut in coal bed methane well, you may
lose significant gas producing potential.
When the well is shut in, water could
encroach into the reservoir and raise the
reservoir pressure. Before gas production
will resume, this pressure must be reduced
by once again pumping the well down.
4.4 Bringing the Well On Line
After you begin pumping the well
and fluids reach the surface, you are ready to
flow the well into the production facilities.
The procedures below will help bring the
well on line:
1. Adjust the rod linkage between the
separator’s float arm and float valve to
ensure the outlet valve closes at the bottom
of float travel.
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2. Open the valve on the dump line.
3. Flow the produced water and gas into the
separator.
4. Monitor the liquid level in the separator to
ensure that the size of the dump valve is
sufficient to discharge flow at maximum
expected water flow rate.
5. Continue to monitor the separator and
well frequently during the early production
time.
4.5 Troubleshooting Well and Equipment
Problems
Because of the tight economic
constraints of coal bed methane production,
your ability to quickly diagnose and correct
operational problems is essential to success.
Though some of the problems may
troubleshoot and Equipment Problems be
unique to coal bed methane, others are
common to most oilfield operations.
5. TREATING AND DISPOSING
PRODUCED WATER
5.1 Introduction
The effective development of a coal bed
methane plant hinges on the management of
generated water. Some companies have
started projects and spent a lot of time and
money digging and finishing wells, but they
haven't been able to sell any gas because of
issues with producing water disposal.
Because water treatment and disposal may
account for a significant part of daily
operating expenses, poor planning of this
operation might result in unanticipated
expenditures, reducing the profitability of a
project that would otherwise be lucrative.
The nature of the generated water, the
treatment and disposal choices available, the
price of the different options, and the
regulatory requirements that control those
options are all factors that contribute to
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water disposal issues. Many water-related spacing. Characteristics of Methane-

issues may be avoided by conducting a Produced Water from Coal Beds.
geological and engineering assessment at the
start of the project. This chapter gives you an The pace at which water is removed from a
overview of the key topics to think about coal bed methane well is generally
when creating a strategy to manage determined by geologic characteristics,
generated water. formation permeability, completion
techniques, and pump size. Water output
• Coal Bed Methane Produced Water from a typical degasification well is
Characteristics typically higher at first and progressively
declines as the seam is dewatered. This
• Water Disposal Regulations and situation seems to apply to wells that
Permitting produce both large and low quantities of
• Designing a Water Disposal System water at first.

• Methods for Treating and Disposing
Produced Water
5.2 Characteristics of Coal bed Methane
Produced Water
Dewatering a well typically takes 1-
30 days before gas starts to flow. However,
some wells may need to be pumped for
many weeks or months before methane
begins to flow. Within the first month of a
well's existence, water output typically drops
by 70% to 90% of its original rate before
settling to a steady fall. This decrease
usually hits a plateau at some time and stays
there for the remainder of the well's life. The
time it takes to achieve a constant water flow
is determined by the reservoir's size and well
spacing. The longer the dewatering time, the
bigger the reservoir and the greater the well
Discharge Limitations
Water of various quality and amounts is
generated in tandem with methane gas. The
kind and depth of coal seams, however, have
the largest effect on the quality of generated
waters. Deeper coal-produced waters seem
to be more mineralized than shallow coal-
produced waters, which are more likely to
have hydraulic linkages.
The water quality generated by coal bed
reservoirs varies greatly from one area to the
next. The quality of the generated water is
similar to that of drinking water in certain
places. The quantity of total dissolved solids
(TDS), which includes the concentration of
chlorides, is the most important factor
affecting the quality of coal bed methane
fluids. In the waters produced at the project
site, total dissolved solids concentrations
vary from 500 to 27,000 mg/l.

Water Characteristics

Water Characteristics Daily minimum Daily maximum Monthly average

Flow N/A monitor N/A
PH 6.0 9.0 N/A
Iron N/A 6.0mg/l 3.0mg/l
Manganese N/A 4.0mg/l 2.0mg/l
Chlorides(effluent) N/A monitor monitor
Dissolved oxygen 5.0mg/l N/A N/A

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JOURNAL OF RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY
BOD-5 N/A
Effluent toxicity testing
Conductivity N/A
Chlorides(in stream) N/A
Table 5.1
5.4 Considerations for Designing a Water
Disposal System
To design an effective and
economical water disposal system, you first
must consider the environmental regulations
and permitting requirements for water
disposal in your area. Once you understand
these restrictions, you can begin evaluating
the field criteria that will influence your
selection of a treatment and disposal system.
To design the system, you will need to know
or estimate these five parameters:
• Production start-up schedule
• Water flow rates from each well
• Variations in flow rates over the life of the
project
• Water quality
• Assimilative capacity of the discharge
stream or river
Production Start-Up Schedule
The first step in determining field
disposal requirements is to prepare a
schedule of estimated production start-up
dates for each of the planned wells. This
schedule, which is based on drilling and
completion schedules, will help you in
estimating the total water rate over the life of
the field. The timing of initial well
production can significantly influence the
amount of water that must be treated and
disposed at any given time.
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ISSN NO: 0745-6999
45mg/l 30mg/l
quarterly
Continuous Continuous
monitoring monitoring
230mg/l N/A
6. CBM PRODUCTION IN INDIA AND
CONSUMING PLANT
6.1 Introduction
Essar's Raniganj (East) Block in
West Bengal has achieved the 1 million
standard cubic metres per day production
milestone, making it India's first coal bed
methane asset. On Tuesday, it made the
announcement in a statement. Essar is now
the country's biggest unconventional gas
company.
The block is expected to produce 3
million standard cubic metres per day. The
known, probable, and potential gross coal
bed methane reserves in the Raniganj (East)
Block are estimated to be 1.09 trillion cubic
feet, according to a 2016 study by
Netherland Sewell & Associates Inc. The
Block is estimated to contain 270 billion
cubic feet of additional resources in the
'contingent' category. Manish Maheshwari,
Essar's CEO of exploration and production,
said: "To turn reserves into production, we
combined expertise with technology. The
average well productivity has more than
doubled in the past year, the gas break-out
time in new wells has been lowered to days
rather than months, and the work-over cycle
has been cut in half. Win-win solutions have
emerged from our working partnership with
foreign service suppliers."
Essar began supplying Matix
Fertilisers with 150,000 standard cubic
metres per day for pre-commissioning
operations. In addition to Matix, coal bed
methane is delivered to industrial customers
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in Durgapur's catchment region. Gas prices

are set in accordance with a methodology
announced by the government in October
2014.

6.1 Raniganj CBM Field Development Project

6.2PROJECT DESCRIPTION compressor which shall be gas turbine

Essar Oil Limited (EOL) is engaged
in Coal bed Methane (CBM) exploration
work in Raniganj East CBM block awarded
under the first round of CBM policy in
Burdhwan District of West Bengal, covering
an area of about 500 Sq. km.
EOL has carried out exploration
operations and CBM gas is currently being
produced from the test wells drilled. Gas
production from about 50 wells shall be
gathered at one Gas Gathering Station
(GGS) where the gas shall be metered and
compressed for further transmission to
desired destination. Exploration operations is
continuing and it is expected that several
further wells will be added to the system in
fewyears.
A 16” CBM trunkline laid from
GGS1 to Durgapur. From this line one tap-
off is taken for Central compressor station.
In Central compression station, the 3
MMSCMD of CBM Gas is compressed from
10bar g to 60 bar g using a centrifugal
driven. The compressed CBM Gas shall then
be distributed to Matix Fertilizer plant /
Kolkata – Haldiatrunkline.
DESIGN DATA
The CBM gas data considered for this pipe
line project is furnished below:
CBM Gas flow : 3 MMSCMD.
CBM Gas Temperature (Compressor Outlet)
: 60 Deg C
CBM Gas Max Operating Pressure
(Compressor Outlet) : 60 bar g
CBM Gas Design Pressure : 75 bar g
Desired destination (Matix Fertilizer Plant)
pressure : 55 bar g
Approximate pipe length between
Main Compression station to Matix
Fertilizer Plant : 25 km (approx)
CBM Gas Composition:

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Comp Min Max Normal

Methane 85 98 94.5
Ethane 2 0 1
Propane 1 0 0.5
Butane 0 0 0
Nitrogen 7 0 2
CO2 5 2 2
Total 100 100 100
Molwt 18.84 16.6 17.12
Table 6.2

The following facilities shall be provided on existing PLC/DCS system for Matix
the pipe line network: Fertilizer Plant.

• The fire detection &fire fighting system of PIPE LINE SIZING

Central compressor station will be extended
to pig launching station.
• The fire detection &fire fighting system of
Matix Fertilizer Plant will be extended to pig
receiving station.
Pipeline sizing will be done
considering Central gas compressor station
discharge at 60 bar g pressure. The desired
destination pressure in the battery limit of
Matix fertilizer plant is 55 bar g.

• All instrument signals related to pig
launcher shall connect to existing PLC/DCS
system for central
Compressor station & instrument signals
related to pig receiver shall connect to
The line sizes have been selected
such that the pressure in the battery limit of
Matix fertilizer plant should not be below
desired pressure i.e. 55 bar g and the
maximum velocity of gas in the pipeline
should be below 20 m/sec.

6.3 Gas liquid separation process in CBM field.

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6.4 Waste water treatment process in CBM field

6.5Gas Gathering Station in CBM field.

6.3 Matix Fertilizers and Chemicals Ltd.
6.3.1 Ammonia plant
This Process Description covers an
ammonia plant being built for Matix
Fertilizers and Chemicals Ltd, West Bengal,
India. The feedstock is coal bed methane
(CBM). The plant is designed with a name
plate capacity of 2,200 MTPD of warm
ammonia. The ammonia plant design and
performance estimates are based on the
design Coal Bed Methane composition
shown in the Process Design Basis which
provides other pertinent details. The plant
will be able to achieve the design capacity in
the whole range of CBM between the lean
and rich compositions.
In normal operation, 2,200 MTPD of
warm ammonia and 2,870 MTPD of CO2
products are exported to the urea plant. In
case of urea plant stoppage, ammonia
product is exported as cold ammonia liquid
at -33°C to offsite storage at atmospheric
pressure.

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JOURNAL OF RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY
7. CONCLUSION
India’s energy scenario
1. India's economy is one of the
world's fastest expanding.
2. GDP growth is now at over 8%
and is expected to reach over 10% in the
near future.
3. In order to eliminate poverty and
achieve the country's human development
objective, this GDP growth is needed.
4. A 34-fold increase in primary
energy demand is expected to maintain such
development.
5. According to the Integrated
Energy Policy Document, the country's
overall energy needs will rise from 500
MTOe to 2000 MTOe by 2031–32.
6. Efforts are being made to use all
available energy resources—renewable,
non-renewable, coal-based extra, and so
on—in order to satisfy this massive Tara's.
M/s Matix Fertilizers and Chemical
Limited is a successful complete CBM-
based urea factory in India.
CBM technology is making
excellent progress in proving itself as a
greener energy security for India and the
rest of the world. The production method
for methane from CBM, on the other hand,
is significantly different from that of a
typical gas reservoir. The research
discovered that coal type, rank, volatile
matter, and fixed carbon all had a
significant impact on methane adsorption
capability in the coal bed. The maturity of
coal and the production of methane gas both
rise when the depth of the mine is increased.
The Gondwana basin is now being
developed as the most promising CBM
field. According to research, the Singareni
coal deposit in the Gandowana basin has a
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ISSN NO: 0745-6999
low gas content. As a result, it is currently
not being considered for CBM extraction.
This area, however, may be considered in
the future for methane extraction utilising
sophisticated technology and in an
emergency situation.
CO2 sequestration aids in the
prevention of global warming while also
assisting in the recovery of methane gas
from coal beds that would otherwise be
uncovered. For efficient and cost-effective
coal bed methane generation, however,
extensive and rigorous research are needed.
India, which has 4.6 TCM of coal-bed
methane reserves, may increase its per
capita energy demand by successfully using
CBM.
REFERENCES
 Various of sources from internet viz.
Wikipedia and scholarly articles and
Google.
 A journal of coal primer on the
developments of CBM new source of
natural gas environmental implications.
 A journal on the development of the
Indian coal bed methane resources.
 Essar oil limited exploration &
production division in Raniganj CBM
Field Development Project.
 Matix Fertilizers and Chemicals Ltd. In
panagarh.
 Coalbed Methane: Principles and
Practices - Halliburton
 Brown, K.E., "The Technology of
Artificial Lift Methods, Volume 2a,”
Pen well Publishing Company, Tulsa
(1977).
 American Petroleum Institute,
“Recommended Practice for Care and
Use of Subsurface Pumps,” API RP
11AR, Third Edition, Washington, DC
(June 1989).
 American Petroleum Institute, “API
Specification for Subsurface Pumps and
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JOURNAL OF RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY
Fittings, ” API Spec 11AX, Seventh
Edition, Dallas (June 1979).
 Klein, S.T., Robbins & Myers, Inc. “The
Progressing Cavity Pump in Coal bed
Methane Extraction,” SPE Paper 23454,
presented at the 1991 SPE Eastern
Regional Meeting, Lexington, Kentucky
(October 22-25).
 Kuuskraa, V.A. and C.F. Brandenburg,
“Coal bed Methane Sparks a New
Energy Industry,” Oil & Gas Journal,
October 9, 1989.
 Burkett, W.C., R. McDaniel, and W.L.
Hall, “The Evaluation and
Implementation of a Comprehensive
Production Water Management Plan,”
Proceedings of the 1991 Coalbed
Methane Symposium, Tuscaloosa,
Alabama (May 13-17).
 Symposium, Tuscaloosa, Alabama (May 13-17).
Vol 12, Issue4, 2021 www.jrmat.com
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 Drottar, K.R., D.R. Mount, and S.J.
Patti, 1989, “Biomonitoring of Coalbed
Methane Produced Water from the
Cedar Cove, Alabama Degasification
Field,” Proceedings of the 1989
Coalbed Methane Symposium, The
University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa,
Alabama (April17-20).
 Kuuskraa, V.A. and C.F. Brandenburg,
“Coalbed Methane Sparks a New
Energy Industry,” Oil& Gas Journal,
October 9, 1989.
 Lee-Ryan, P.B., J.P. Fillo, J.T.Tallon,
and J.M. Evans, “Evaluation of
Management Options for Coalbed
Methane Produced Water,” Proceedings
of the 1991 Coalbed Methane
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