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Natural Gas Industry B 5 (2018) 54e59
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Research Article

Bonding-strengthening technology in coalbed cementing through wettability

improvement
Wang Chengwen a,*, Zheng Fei a, Sun Hansen b, Wang Degui b, Wang Ruihe a & Ma Hongtao b
a
College of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum-East China, Qingdao, Shandong, 266580, China
b
Research Center of China United Coalbed Methane Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100011, China
Received 9 May 2017; accepted 25 July 2017
Available online 7 February 2018

Abstract

Coalbeds are characterized by high organic matter content, presence of joints and smooth joint surface, which lead to weak bonding between
coal and set cement and poor cementing quality of coalbeds, and consequently the economic and effective development of coalbed methane
(CBM) is restricted seriously. In this paper, components, compositions and wetting characteristics of coal were analyzed in order to improve the
water wettability of coal, the effects of different surfactants and their concentration and soaking time on the surface wetting angle of coal and
interfacial bonding strength were tested and measured. The high-efficiency hydrophilic wettability modifier was optimized. The strengthened
coalbed bonding prepad fluid system was developed and applied practically in the Qinshui Basin, Shanxi province. The results of laboratory tests
and field applications show that the compact adsorption of surfactant containing ether and sulfate radical on the surface of coal can convert the
surface wettability into strong hydrophilicity at the concentration of 0.3% within 30 s, thus improving significantly the interface bonding strength
(up to 65.5%) between coal and set cement. The field application in CBM well cementing shows that the strengthened coalbed bonding prepad
fluid can improve the cementing quality from unqualified level to high level, and play a significant role in improving CBM hole interval
cementing quality. It is concluded that this technology provides an effective guarantee for coalbed cementing quality improvement and smooth
implementation of stimulation measures like fracturing.
© 2018 Sichuan Petroleum Administration. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND
license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Keywords: Coalbed methane (CBM); Coal; Well cementing; Wettability; Interfacial bonding strength; Cementing quality; Surfactant; Prepad fluid

Coalbed methane (CBM) is an associated mineral resource
of coal. It belongs to unconventional natural gas and is a clean
and high-quality energy source [1e3]. In China, CBM is rich,
with recoverable reserves of about 470
1012 m3, suggesting
a huge potential. It is an important supplement to China's
energy resources. As a clean, efficient and safe new energy
resource, CBM exploitation and utilization are economically
meaningful, and also helpful in assuring the safety of coal
mining [4e10]. The Qinshui Basin in Shanxi province is
China's first mono-block CBM field with reserves up to a
hundred billion cubic meters. Coal resources in this area are
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: wangupc@126.com (Wang CW.).
Peer review under responsibility of Sichuan Petroleum Administration.
mainly anthracite formed by magmatic thermal meta-
morphism, and main coal seams are No.3 and No.15, which
are characterized by low reservoir pressure, good preservation
of the primary structural fracture of coal body, and the pres-
ence of cleat and fissure. In view of the problem of low-
pressure leakage and the presence of cracks and cleats in
CBM wells, the “low-pressure cementing” technology with
low/ultra-low density cement slurry, foam cement slurry
cementing technology, and two-stage cementing technology
are mainly used in the cementing of CBM wells [11,12].
However, these technologies are based on the engineering
conditions of CBM wells, but don't consider the effects of coal
features on cementing operations. The main component of
coal is organic matter, and the basic unit is an organic polymer
with the dominance of condensed aromatic rings. It consists of

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ngib.2017.12.003
2352-8540/© 2018 Sichuan Petroleum Administration. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
 Wang CW. et al. / Natural Gas Industry B 5 (2018) 54e59
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and a small amount of nitrogen,
sulfur and phosphorus. The surface of coal can hardly be
wetted with water, and there is usually a smooth joint surface
since the coal matrix is tight. Therefore, the poor water
wettability and smooth joint surface of coal are not conducive
to the bonding between coal and set cement, which reduces the
bonding strength of the second interface and then affects the
cementing quality of coalbeds. In this paper, a study on the
new method for the improvement of the wettability, hydro-
philicity and cementing quality was conducted based on the
analysis of the structure and surface wetting characteristics of
coal. Through R&D and field application of intensified prepad
fluid, the problem of poor cementing quality in the coalbed
was solved, which provided an effective guarantee for the
smooth implementation of stimulation measures like
fracturing.
1. Experimental materials and methods
1.1. Experimental materials
The coal from No.3 coalbed in the South Qinshui Basin
was made into a 2.5 cm
5.0 cm standard coal core.
In view of the site environment of CBM cementing (low
temperature, high alkali and high Ca2þ), two kinds of betaine-
type zwitterionic surfactants (labeled as No.1 and 2 surfac-
tants, respectively), alkanolamid-type nonionic surfactant
(labeled as No.3 surfactant), and anionic surfactant containing
ether and sulfate (labeled as No.4 surfactant) were selected
according to the characteristics, use and HLB range of sur-
factants. All these surfactants are industrial products.
1.2. Coal composition
A slice of the coal core was adhered on the copper sample
holder and subject to vacuum metallizing. Then the micro-
structure of the experimental core was observed by using a
Hitachi S4800 field emission scanning electron microscope
and an elemental analysis was carried out.
1.3. Wettability tests
Coal cores were respectively soaked in four kinds of sur-
factant solution with a certain concentration, and then titrated
with distilled water. The DSA100 instrument produced by
KRUSS was used for high-speed recording of the titration
process of each core. Compared with the contact angle of the
original coal samples, the effects of four kinds of surfactants
on the wettability of coal cores were analyzed.
1.4. Interfacial bonding strength tests
Coal core were soaked in clean water and 4 kinds of sur-
factant solution for 24 h, and slurry was prepared according to
GB/T19139-2003 Procedure for testing well cements. The
coal cores treated with different solutions were placed in the
middle of the bottom of the bonding strength mold to simulate
55
the coalbed and then cement slurry was poured into the mold.
The bonding strength mold was sealed and then put into a
75  C water bath curing box for 72 h. In the NYL-300 pressure
testing machine made by the Wuxi Building Materials In-
strument Factory, the cement ring and coal core in the mold
were respectively displaced to measure the interfacial bonding
force, which was divided by the interfacial bonding area to
obtain the interfacial bonding strength. A comparative analysis
between the obtained interfacial bonding strength and the
interfacial bonding strength of the contrast coal sample was
performed [13e15].
2. Results and discussion
2.1. Coal composition analysis and wettability test
Coal surface is heterogeneous, and characterized by a
complex combination of inorganic substances and organic
substances. Organic matter is composed of small clustered
aromatic units with different polar functional groups, and most
of them cannot be easily wetted with water. Table 1 shows the
elemental analysis of coal. Accordingly, coal is mainly
composed of carbon and oxygen elements with a concentra-
tion of more than 96%, and the content of organic matter is
high, so its surface hydrophilicity is poor.
The SEM image of the microstructure of coal is shown in
Fig. 1. The following characteristics of coal microstructure can
be found. First, the tight coal matrix causes the presence of
joints and smooth joint surface, which is not conducive to the
effective bonding between coal and set cement. Second, the
pore space is mainly composed of cavities and fractures.
Third, there is a small number of clay minerals on the surface,
with plate-like and flaky micro-morphology. An energy
spectrum analysis was performed on a small surface area of
the coal core (Point C). The results are shown in Fig. 2. Ac-
cording to energy spectrum analysis, the main elements of coal
are C and O elements, indicating that the content of organic
matter in coal is high. The surface wettability of coal was
further quantitatively analyzed, and the surface contact angle
of the original coal and the coal after soaking in water was
measured. The results are shown in Table 2.
The results show that the wetting angle of coal is 94.06 ,
and it is difficult to be wetted with water. The hydrophilicity of
coal is still poor after being soaked in water, which indicates
that the hydrophilic wettability of coal cannot be improved by
clean water drilling. The surface modification method is
needed to improve the surface hydrophilic wettability of coal.
2.2. Wettability modification of coal surface
Since surfactant molecules contain hydrophilic groups and
hydrophobic groups, the surface hydrophilic wettability of
coal can be improved by making the hydrophobic groups
adsorbed on the surface of coal and making the hydrophilic
groups exposed outside. The effect of different surfactant so-
lutions on the wettability of coal was tested. Coal cores were
respectively soaked in No.1, No.2, No.3 and No.4 surfactant
56 Wang CW. et al. / Natural Gas Industry B 5 (2018) 54e59

Table 1
Elemental analysis of coal.
Element C O Al Si Fe S Ca Na Cl P
Concentration 92.386% 3.732% 1.256% 1.034% 0.415% 0.362% 0.229% 0.211% 0.183% 0.062%

obviously and the hydrophilicity was significantly enhanced.

According to the comparison, No.4 surfactant can rapidly
decrease the surface contact angle of the coal, which is the
minimum after being soaked in No.4 surfactant for 2 s (as
shown in Fig. 3), suggesting that the wettability modification
effect of No.4 surfactant is the best. Therefore, it was selected
as a surface wettability modifier for coal, and its optimum
concentration and soaking time were analyzed by experiment.

2.3. Effect of the concentration of No.4 surfactant on the

wettability of coal

The optimum concentration of surfactant is the lowest

Fig. 1. SEM image of microstructure of coal.
concentration that can efficiently improve the surface wetta-
bility of coal. Effects of No.4 surfactant with different con-
centrations on the wettability of coal are shown in Table 3.
It can be seen that the contact angle decreases with the
increase of No.4 surfactant concentration. When the concen-
tration is more than 0.3%, the change of contact angle tends to
be slight without obvious fluctuation. Accordingly, when the
concentration reaches 0.3%, the adsorption of No.4 surfactant
on the coal surface is saturated, so the wettability modification
effect is the best; when the concentration further increases, the
adsorption of No.4 surfactant on the coal surface will no
longer increase, so the wettability modification effect will be
no longer improved. Therefore, the optimum concentration of
No.4 surfactant is 0.3%.

2.4. Effect of the soaking time of No.4 surfactant on coal

Fig. 2. Energy spectrum analysis of coal.
solutions with a concentration of 1% for 24 h and then titrated
with distilled water. The DSA100 instrument produced by
KRUSS was used for high-speed recording of the titration
process of each core. The photos of each coal core at the time
of 0 s, 0.5 s, 1 s and 2 s after the water was dropped on the
surface were intercepted for comparison. The results show that
the wettability of coal treated by surfactants was improved
wettability
The contact angle of water on the surface of coal was
measured after coal was soaked in No.4 surfactant with a
concentration of 0.3% for different time. The results are shown
in Table 4.
It can be seen from Table 4 that the wettability of coal
surface soaked for 30 s has been improved remarkably, but
when the soaking time further increases, the change of the
contact angle tends to be gentle and the wettability modifi-
cation effect is not obvious. Accordingly, the adsorption of

Table 2
Determination results of surface wetting angles of coal core.
 Wang CW. et al. / Natural Gas Industry B 5 (2018) 54e59 57

Fig. 3. Dynamic variation law of surface contact angles of the coal core in No.4 surfactant.

Table 3 bonding strength between coal and set cement after being
Effect of the concentration of No.4 surfactant on the surface contact angles of soaked in water (0.98 MPa) decreased, indicating that water
the coal core.
drilling will reduce the cement bond quality. In addition, the
Concentration 0.1% 0.2% 0.3% 0.4% 0.5% bonding strength of the coal samples after being soaked in the
Contact angle/( ) 34.3 23.6 8.2 7.0 6.8
4 kinds of surfactants were 1.60 MPa, 1.46 MPa, 1.49 MPa
and 1.75 MPa respectively, which was significantly higher
Table 4 than that of the original coal sample, indicating that the sur-
Effect of the soaking time on the surface contact angles of the coal core. face wettability modification of coal via surfactant can effec-
Soaking time/min 0 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 tively improve the cementing quality. The 4 kinds of
Contact angle/( ) 91.2 8.6 8.2 8.0 7.9 surfactants increased the bonding strength by 37.93%,
18.75%, 22.60% and 39.60%, respectively, so their role in
improving the bonding performance was obvious, especially
No.4 surfactant on the coal surface is strong and can be No.4 surfactant. To sum up, surfactant can effectively improve
saturated in 30 s, so the wettability modification effect is the the bonding strength of the second interface, and No.4 sur-
best; when the soaking time further increases, the adsorption factant has the best cementing performance.
on the coal surface will no longer increase, so the wettability
modification effect will be no longer improved. Therefore, in 2.6. Mechanism of bonding strength improvement by
field application, after No.4 surfactant is added to the prepad being soaked in No.4 surfactant
fluid directly, the prepad fluid is injected into a CBM well, and
then the surfactant can effectively improve the surface Fig. 5 shows the comparison of SEM images of coal after
wettability of coal. being soaked in water and No.4 surfactant. It can be concluded
that there is no change on the surface of coal after being
2.5. Effect of soaking of No.4 surfactant on the bonding soaked in water, and there is still a large number of smooth
strength between coal and set cement joints. No.4 surfactant molecules can be densely adsorbed on
the surface of coal. The surfactant molecules and hydrophilic
The second interface bonding strength between coal and set sulfate radical groups present as regular spherical particles,
cement after different surface modifications is shown in Fig. 4. which are evenly spread on the surface of coalbed and
Coal cores 1e6 in Fig. 4 are respectively the original coal completely cover the smooth joint surface of coal. Accord-
core and the core after being soaked in water and No.1, No.2, ingly, the polar groups in No.4 surfactant and the organic
No.3 and No.4 surfactant solutions. The test results show that matter of coal can be strongly adsorbed on the surface of coal
compared with that of the original coal sample (1.16 MPa), the through the intermolecular force such as hydrogen bond to
form a dense adsorption layer, and the hydrophilic group is
exposed to the outside. The wettability of coal surface is
changed from being hydrophobic to hydrophilic, making it
easier for the coal surface to be combined with the hydrated
ions produced by the hydration of the cement slurry, and ul-
timately CSH gel is produced. The network structure of the
CSH gel makes set cement and coal combine more closely
[16,17] and improves their compatibility after curing, which
effectively improves the second interface bonding strength
between them.

2.7. Performance of a strengthened coalbed bonding

prepad fluid system

The plugging prepad fluid system developed by the

Fig. 4. Comparison of the second interface bonding strength between coal and research group to solve the leakage of CBM well cementing in
set cement.
58 Wang CW. et al. / Natural Gas Industry B 5 (2018) 54e59

Fig. 5. SEM photos of the coal core after being soaked in water (a) and the No.4 surfactant solution (b).

Table 5 alone, indicating that the surfactant CM-S could have an

Comparison of cementing performance before and after treatment with the
prepad fluid.
No. Treatment mode Second interface
bonding strength/MPa
1 Contrast sample 1.19
2 Being soaked in plugging prepad fluid 1.26
3 Being soaked in strengthened coalbed 1.97
bonding prepad fluid
the period of the 11th Five-year plan [8] was added with No.4
surfactant to improve the surface hydrophilic wettability of
coal and form a strengthened coalbed bonding prepad fluid
system, so as to improve the second interface bonding strength
of CBM wells. The specific formula of the prepad fluid system
with a density of 1.04 g/cm3 is water þ2.6% sealing agent
(DL-X) þ 0.3% surfactant (No.4) þ 5.6% auxiliary filler (TC-
S) þ 1.72% performance modifier (TJ-P) þ 1% defoaming
agent (SWX-1).
Three field coal cores were taken as No.1, No.2 and No.3
samples. No.1 sample was the contrast sample, while No.2 and
No.3 samples were respectively soaked in the plugging prepad
fluid and strengthened coalbed bonding prepad fluid for 30 s. A
cementing performance test was carried out and the second
interface bonding strength was measured, as is shown in Table 5.
It can be seen from Table 5 that the strengthened coalbed
bonding prepad fluid system increases the bonding strength of
the second interface by 65.5% and has a better effect than the
plugging prepad fluid. In addition, it brought a higher bonding
strength increase percentage than surfactant CM-S (39.6%)
synergistic effect with the polymer molecules in the prepad
fluid to better improve the bonding strength.
2.8. Field tests
During the development of No.15 coalbed in the south of
Qinshui Basin, it is inevitable to drill through the upper No.3
coalbed. However, the coalbed pressure gradient of No.3
coalbed is as low as 0.4e0.6 MPa/100 m after years of
drainage, so it is prone to low-voltage leakage and even
fractured leakage. Cementing tests were carried out in 5 CBM
vertical wells with a strengthened coalbed bonding prepad
fluid system and a high-strength ultra-low-density cement
slurry HCeULC system. CBL/VDL cementing quality log-
ging was carried out after 72 h waiting on cement. The results
show that the cement flowback meets the design requirements
and the well cementing quality of the coalbed is good, as is
shown in Table 6. While the problem of CBM well cementing
leakage is solved, the cementing quality of coalbed is further
improved.
Through an analysis of the CBL/VDL cementing quality
logging of Wells PH36-01X2, TS40-02D1 and SX188-X3, the
following conclusions can be obtained. First, the cement slurry
flowback in all of the three wells has reached the design re-
quirements and the high quality rates of cementing are more
than 95%. Strengthened coalbed bonding prepad fluid and
high-strength ultra low-density cement slurry were used to
cement No.3 coalbed (404.8e412.3 m) and No.15 coalbed
(511.9e520.3 m) of Well PH36-01X2. The logging results

Table 6
Field test results in the southern part of Qinshui Basin.
Well No. Borehole Casing Cement slurry Cementing well Target stratum CBL/VDL test results Remarks
diameter/mm diameter/mm density/(g cm3) depth/m Interval/m Acoustic Pass rate High
amplitude quality
rate
PH36-01X2 215.9 139.7 1.35 563.00 404.8e412.3 <10% 100% 97.5% Strengthened coalbed
TS40-02D1 215.9 139.7 1.25 841.39 788.7e796.2 <10% 100% 96.9% bonding prepad fluid þ high-
strength ultra-low-density
HC-ULC system
SX188-X3 215.9 139.7 1.25 1408.14 1352.0e1359.0 >50% 100% 96.9% Plugging prepad fluid
system þ high-strength ultra
low-density HC-ULC system
 Wang CW. et al. / Natural Gas Industry B 5 (2018) 54e59
show that the acoustic amplitude is less than 10% and there are
obvious formation waves, suggesting that the cementing
quality of No.3 coalbed and No.15 coalbed is good [18].
Second, strengthened coalbed bonding prepad fluid and high-
strength ultra-low-density cement slurry were used to cement
No.3 coalbed (788.70e796.20 m) of Well TS40-02D1. The
logging results show that the acoustic amplitude is less than
10% and there are obvious formation waves, suggesting that
the cementing quality of No.3 coalbed is good. Third, plug-
ging prepad fluid and high-strength ultra-low-density cement
slurry were used to cement No.3 coalbed (1352e1359 m) of
Well SX188-X3. The logging results show that the acoustic
amplitude is not more than 50% and there are basically no
formation waves, suggesting that the cementing quality of
No.3 coalbed is poor. Cementing effect comparison shows that
the strengthened coalbed bonding prepad fluid can effectively
improve the interfacial bonding strength between coal and set
cement in the coalbed section and improve the quality of well
cementing. In this way, the traditional problem of poor
cementing quality in the coalbed section has been solved, a
smooth implementation of stimulation measures for CBM
wells like fracturing has been achieved, so this research has a
significant application value.
3. Conclusions
1) The coal samples taken from the coalbed of the Qinshui
Basin in Shanxi province have a high organic matter
content. The surface wetting angle of the coal core is
94.06 , and it can hardly be wetted with water and water
soak cannot cause any change to its wettability. The
surface hydrophilic wettability modification of coal is of
great significance to improving the cementing quality of
coalbed.
2) Rapid and efficient surface hydrophilic wettability
modification of coal can be achieved by optimizing the
molecular structure and type of surfactants. No.4 sur-
factant containing ether and sulfate radical can form a
compact adsorption layer through its strong adsorption
on the surface of coal and can convert the surface
wettability into strong hydrophilicity at a concentration
of 0.3% within 30 s, thus improving significantly the
interface bonding strength between coal and set cement.
3) The strengthened coalbed bonding prepad fluid devel-
oped based on No.4 surfactant as the surface wettability
modifier of coal can increase the interface bonding
strength between coal and set cement by 65.5%.
4) Field test shows that well the cementing quality of
coalbed has been improved and the traditional problem
of poor cementing quality in the coalbed section has
been solved through hydrophilic wettability improve-
ment of coal by using the strengthened coalbed bonding
prepad fluid.
59
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