Construction and Building Materials 23 (2009) 3233–3239

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Construction and Building Materials

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Properties of fly ash concrete modified with hydrated lime and silica fume
S.A. Barbhuiya, J.K. Gbagbo, M.I. Russell, P.A.M. Basheer *
Centre for Built Environment Research, School of Planning, Architecture and Civil Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, Northern Ireland BT7 1NN, United Kingdom

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation on the properties of fly ash concrete
Received 28 January 2009 incorporating either hydrated lime or silica fume to improve the early strength of concrete. Test results
Received in revised form 1 June 2009 indicated that the addition of lime and silica fume improved the early age compressive strength of fly ash
Accepted 3 June 2009
concrete. The inclusion of silica fume was also found to increase the 28 days strength significantly. The air
Available online 15 July 2009
permeability of concrete containing lime and silica fume either decreased or remained almost the same
when compared to the concrete without these. The addition of lime and silica fume also improved the
Keywords:
sorptivity of concrete.
Air permeability
Compressive strength
Through the use of differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis (DSC/TG), it was
Fly ash concrete demonstrated that the addition of hydrated lime increased the Ca(OH)2 content; whereas the addition of
Hydrated lime silica fume decreased the Ca(OH)2 content in the cement paste. The mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP)
Silica fume data confirmed the beneficial action of hydrated lime and silica fume, towards decreasing the total pore
Sorptivity volume of fly ash cement paste.
Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction (grinding), accelerated curing and autoclaving and chemical activa-

Fly ash, a by-product from thermal power stations, has been
used successfully to replace Portland cement up to 30% by mass,
without adversely affecting the strength and durability of concrete
[1–5]. In some cases, large volume of fly ash (>40%) is used to
achieve the desired concrete properties and lower the cost of con-
crete production [6,7]. The fly ash concrete system offers a holistic
approach that can help us to achieve the goals of meeting the rising
demands for concrete, enhancement of concrete durability with lit-
tle or no increase in cost (in some instances reduced cost), and eco-
logical disposal of large quantities of the solid waste products from
coal-fired power plants [8]. Several laboratory and field investiga-
tions involving concrete containing fly ash had reported to exhibit
excellent mechanical and durability properties [9–12].
However, the pozzolanic reaction of fly ash being a slow process,
its contribution towards the strength development occurs only at la-
ter ages and, hence, the early strength of fly ash concrete is signifi-
cantly reduced [13,14]. This is a barrier for the application of fly
ash concretes in precast industries, where formwork turnover time
is significantly reduced with slow strength development. Therefore,
it is of prime importance to improve the early strength of fly ash con-
cretes for realisation of full benefits of fly ash to precast industries.
Different approaches have been used to accelerate the pozzola-
nic reaction of fly ash and, thereby, to increase the early strength of
concrete containing fly ash. These include: mechanical treatment
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +44 28 9097 4026; fax: +44 28 9097 4278.
E-mail address: m.basheer@qub.ac.uk (P.A.M. Basheer).
tion (alkali and sulphate activation) [15–20]. However, alkali acti-
vation used in concrete may lead to alkali–silica reaction [21],
while the sulphate activation may impair the durability of concrete
due to the formation of large quantities of ettringite.
The main reason for the low early strength development of fly
ash concrete is the unavailability of sufficient quantities of Ca(OH)2
to react with the fly ash particles [22]. Hence, there is a possibility
of improving the pozzolanic reaction of fly ash by adding hydrated
lime. Another reason for the poor early strength development of fly
ash concrete is that the reactive silica in fly ash accumulates in the
interior part of its particles, which is very slowly corroded in the
hydrated cement paste environment [23]. Silica fume, having a
greater surface area and higher SiO2 content, has been found to
be more reactive than the fly ash [24] and, hence, it has been used
in combination with fly ash in low levels of replacement of Port-
land cement with fly ash [25–28]. However, the benefit of this
combination for fly ash is not well understood. Therefore, an inves-
tigation was carried out where the effects of hydrated lime and sil-
ica fume on fly ash concrete in improving its early age strength and
other properties were studied. These results are presented and dis-
cussed in this paper.
2. Experimental programme
2.1. Materials
The cement used was Class 42.5N Portland cement supplied by Blue Circle,
complying with BS EN 197-1:2000 [29]. The coarse aggregate used was crushed ba-
salt with 20 mm and 10 mm size fractions mixed in the ratio 2:1 by mass and the
fine aggregate used was medium graded natural sand complying with BS EN

0950-0618/$ - see front matter Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.06.001
3234 S.A. Barbhuiya et al. / Construction and Building Materials 23 (2009) 3233–3239

12620:2002 [30]. Both materials were obtained from local sources in Northern Ire-
land. The fly ash used was obtained from Kilroot Power Station in Northern Ireland,
UK. The hydrated lime and silica fume were supplied by Omya UK Ltd. and LARSEN
in Northern Ireland, respectively. The superplasticiser used was a ‘Naphthalene
Formaldehyde’ type from LARSEN Manufacturing Limited, Belfast, Northern Ireland.
The physical and chemical properties of OPC, fly ash, hydrated lime and silica fume
used in this study, are reported in Tables 1 and 2, respectively.
2.2. Mix proportions
The investigation was carried out in two Series (Series A and B). In Series A, 30%
of the Portland cement content was replaced with fly ash at a fixed water–binder
ratio (W/B) of 0.35, whilst the replacement level was 50% in series B at a fixed
W/B of 0.30. For both the series, hydrated lime was added at 5% by mass of the total
cementitious materials content; whereas silica fume was added at 5% by mass of
the Portland cement content. Details of the mix proportions for the two test series
are summarised in Tables 3 and 4, respectively. The workability, compressive
strength and permeation properties were measured for these mixes. In addition
to the concrete mixes in Tables 3 and 4, cement pastes were made with the same
proportions of Portland cement, fly ash, hydrated lime and silica fume, for obtaining
the pore structure characteristics using mercury intrusion porosimeter and deter-
mining the hydrated phases using thermogravimetric methods.
2.3. Test specimens
Altogether nine 150 mm cubes were cast for each mix to determine the com-
pressive strength at three test ages, viz. 3, 7 and 28 days. Concrete was manufac-
tured in accordance with BS EN 12390-2:2000 [31] using a 160 kg capacity pan
mixer. All specimens were cast in two layers and compacted on a vibrating table
until air bubbles appearing on the surface stopped. The specimens in their moulds
were covered with a plastic sheet and kept in the casting room at 20(±1) °C for 24 h.
These were then demoulded and transferred to the moist curing room at 23(±1) °C
and 95(±1)% RH and cured in water where they remained until required for testing.
In order to measure the air permeability and sorptivity of concrete, three blocks
of size 250  250  120 mm were cast for each mix. Prior to the tests, the blocks
were dried for 2 weeks in a fan-assisted cabinet at a constant temperature of
40(±1) °C and a relative humidity of 20(±1)%. This was done to remove moisture
from the surface of the concrete in order to eliminate its effect on the permeation
results. The blocks were then cooled at a constant temperature of 20(±1) °C and a
relative humidity of 40(±1)% for one day. The sorptivity test was carried out at loca-
tions where air permeability test were carried out after one hour of the completion
of the test in order to allow the air pressure in pores to dissipate.
For each of the cement paste mix, nine 100 mm cubes were cast and cured in
the same way as that of the concrete specimens. The cubes were sawn into two
halves at the age of 3, 7 and 28 days and the very fine dust samples were collected
by drilling their inner faces to carry out the thermogravimetric analysis. Lumps of
about 5 mm thickness and between 10 and 15 mm size were also collected from
the sawn faces of cubes to study the mercury intrusion porosimetry.
2.4. Test procedure
The workability of fresh concrete was measured by slump test and flow table
test, in accordance with BS EN 12350-2:2000 and BS EN 12350-5:2000, respectively
[32,33]. The compressive strength of hardened concrete was determined in accor-
dance with BS EN 12390-3:2002 [34] and three cubes were tested at each of the test
ages, viz. 3, 7 and 28 days, using a universal testing machine. The rate of loading
was maintained constant at 100 kN/min during the test.
The air permeability and sorptivity of the near surface concrete were measured
using the Autoclam permeability system developed at Queen’s University Belfast,
UK [35] on three concrete blocks for each mix. In this test, a 50 mm diameter circu-
lar area of concrete surface was isolated by means of a bonded or clamped ring. The
measurement head of the apparatus was fixed onto this ring and the pressure inside
the ring was recorded and displayed on a controller unit. For the air permeability
test, an air pressure of 500 mBar (50.66 kPa) was applied to the test area inside
the base ring. As the air passes through the cover concrete under test, the pressure
inside the test area decreases, which is monitored at every minutes using the con-
troller for a test duration of 15 min. By plotting the natural logarithm of the pres-
sure against the corresponding elapsed time, an air permeability index was
calculated. The test was conducted on three different concrete blocks for each
mix and an average value was obtained. For the sorptivity test, the Autoclam instru-
ment was set up in a similar manner to that used for the air permeability test, ex-
cept that the test area was filled with water and pressurised to a nominal pressure
of 20 mBar (2.03 kPa). This nominal pressure was maintained during the test by
means of the controller as water was absorbed by the concrete. The quantity of
water entering the concrete was recorded at every minute during the test for a per-
iod of 15 min, which was plotted against square root of time. The slope of this graph
p
is reported as a sorptivity index in units of m3/ min.
Thermal analysis was carried out for the cement paste mixes using ‘Netzsch STA
449C’ on approximately 20 mg powdered sample. The sample was heated in an in-
ert nitrogen environment at 10 °C/min up to 1000 °C and the differential scanning
calorimetry and thermogravimetry (DSC/TG) spectra were obtained. From these
spectra, the necessary results were extracted, as detailed in the results section.
Two important quantities can be obtained from TG curves (Fig. 1 shows a typical
curve). First, the water bound to the calcium silicate hydrate (C–S–H) gel, defined
as the mass loss from 100 to 150 °C, which can also be understood as the amount
of C–S–H produced. The second one is the mass loss corresponding to the decompo-
sition of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), which occurs between 400 and 520 °C. This
mass loss is very close to the amount of water in Ca(OH)2 and therefore, is propor-
tional to the amount of Ca(OH)2 [36].
The pore structure characteristics were obtained using mercury intrusion
porosimetry (MIP) measurements. MIP is a method which consists in injecting mer-
cury under very high pressure (several hundreds of megapascals) into a desaturated
porous material. By tracking pressures and intrusion volume during the experi-
ment, it is possible to get a measure of the pore structure. The in-pore invasion pro-
cess is supposed to be governed by the Washburn–Laplace equation in which the
size of intruded pore accesses, assimilated to cylindrical capillaries, are inversely
proportional to the applied pressure:
2c cos h
P¼
r
where P is the mercury injection pressure (Pa), c is the surface tension of mercury
(N/m), h is the contact angle between solid and mercury, and r is the pore radius (mi-
cron). In this study, the MIP measurements were carried out using a ‘Porosimeter
2000’ (Fisons Instruments), which is capable of applying a maximum intruding pres-
sure of 200 MPa. The contact angle h of 117° and the surface tension of mercury c of
0.480 N/m were used in the computations of pore volumes.
3. Results and discussion

Table 1 3.1. Fresh concrete properties

Physical properties of materials used.

Properties OPC Fly ash Hydrated lime Silica fume

The slump and flow of the concrete mixes for both the Series are
reported in Table 5. When hydrated lime was used to modify the
Specific gravity 3.18 2.30 1.90 2.20
Specific surface area (m2/kg) 352 340 480 20,000
mixes containing fly ash in both Series, the workability was found
to decrease, but the addition of the superplasticiser in mixes con-
taining silica fume helped to improve the workability. For all the
Table 2 mixes in both Series, the workability was reasonably close and
Chemical properties of materials used. hence the variations observed in Table 5 are not expected to affect
Oxides (%) OPC Fly ash Silica fume the hardened concrete properties.
SiO2 21.41 59.18 92.00
Al2O3 5.11 22.80 0.70 3.2. Compressive strength development
Fe2O3 2.61 8.80 1.20
CaO 61.50 2.38 0.30 The compressive strength development of concrete containing
MgO 1.78 1.39 0.20
hydrated lime and silica fume for 30% and 50% of Portland cement
SO3 3.03 0.27 0.30
Na2O 0.33 0.74 1.50
replaced with the fly ash is presented in Figs. 2 and 3, respectively.
K2O 0.61 2.81 1.80 It can be observed that for both the replacement levels, the addi-
P2O5 0.16 0.39 – tion of both hydrated lime and silica fume improved the early
LOIa 2.58 6.70 2.00 age compressive strength of concrete. The improvement in early
a
Loss of ignition. age strength due to the addition of hydrated lime can considered
 S.A. Barbhuiya et al. / Construction and Building Materials 23 (2009) 3233–3239 3235

Table 3
Mix proportions for Series A.

Mix ID W/B Cementitious materials (kg/m3) Water (kg/m3) SPc(%) Natural sand (kg/m3) Coarse aggregate (kg/m3)
a b
OPC FA Lime SF 10 mm 20 mm
CF30 0.35 404 173 – – 202 – 570 353 706
CF30L 0.35 404 147 28.9 – 202 – 570 353 706
CF30SF 0.35 404 161 – 20.0 202 1.45 570 353 706
a
FA – Fly ash.
b
SF – Silica fume.
c
SP – Superplasticiser (% by mass of cement).

Table 4
Mix proportions for Series B.

Mix ID W/B Cementitious materials (kg/m3) Water (kg/m3) SPc (%) Natural sand (kg/m3) Coarse aggregate (kg/m3)
OPC FAa Lime SFb 10 mm 20 mm
CF50 0.30 333 333 – – 200 – 545 338 676
CF50L 0.30 333 276 33.3 – 193 – 545 338 676
CF50SF 0.30 333 299 – 16.7 195 1.95 545 338 676
a
FA – Fly ash.
b
SF – Silica fume.
c
SP – Superplasticiser (% by mass of cement).

100
nificant, as in the case of low-calcium pozzolans such as the one
Mass loss for C-S-H used in this study.
Mass change (%)

90
Mass loss for Ca(OH)2 3.3. Air permeability and sorptivity

80 Figs. 4 and 5 show the air permeability and the sorptivity indi-
ces of the different mixes. From Fig. 4, it can be seen that the air
permeability of concrete containing hydrated lime and silica fume
70 decreased at 30% fly ash content and remained the same at 50%
0 200 400 600 800 1000 fly ash content when compared to the fly ash concretes without
Temperature ( oC) the additions. The addition of hydrated lime and silica fume also
improved the sorptivity of fly ash concretes at both the replace-
Fig. 1. A typical TG curve.
ment levels (Fig. 5). As highlighted for the compressive strength,
these improvements are considered to be due to: (i) the early
hydration of fly ash particles when the hydrated lime was added
Table 5 and (ii) the high pozzolanic reactivity and pore filling effects of
Slump and flow of concrete.
the silica fume.
Series Mix ID Slump (mm) Flow (mm) For concrete containing 20% fly ash, with the addition of hy-
A CF30 75 330 drated lime a decrease in porosity was observed by Mira et al.
CF30L 50 305 [38]. The authors attributed this to the acceleration of pozzolanic
CF30SF 85 350 activity in presence of hydrated lime. An additional explanation
B CF50 70 320 for the improved transport properties in lime-activated fly ash sys-
CF50L 20 250 tems is the formation of flocs inside the matrix due to lime hydra-
CF50SF 50 315
tion. According to Pandian and Balasubramonian [39] these flocs
reduce the effective voids and, hence, the interconnectivity of the
pores, leading to a denser microstructure.
to be due to fly ash particles breaking down at the high Ca(OH)2
content and the inner silicate phase becoming available for the 3.4. Thermal analysis
reaction and the production of additional calcium silicate hydrates.
The inclusion of silica fume was found to increase both the early The amount of Ca(OH)2 in hydrating systems obtained from the
age and the 28 day strength significantly. This can be assigned to TG plot for each mix at different ages are presented in Figs. 6 and 7
the pozzolanic reaction of silica fume with the Ca(OH)2 produced for the 30% and the 50% fly ash contents, respectively. It can be
from the hydration of Portland cement. Furthermore, the extre- seen that for both the fly ash contents and at all ages, the addition
mely fine particles of silica fume might have produced the so called of hydrated lime increased the Ca(OH)2 content, whereas the addi-
‘‘micro-filler effect”, which strengthens the interfacial transition tion of silica fume decreased the Ca(OH)2 content in the cement
zone in concrete [37]. paste. This could be due the fact that the addition of hydrated lime
In a similar investigation, Mira et al. [38] reported that the addi- might have resulted in quantities of Ca(OH)2 greater than that re-
tion of hydrated lime up to 25% did not influence significantly the quired for the fly ash particles to react, whereas silica fume con-
compressive strength of concrete containing 20% fly ash. As the fly sumed the amount of Ca(OH)2 that was generated during the
ash used in their work contained relatively high amount of calcium hydration of the Portland cement due to the pozzolanic reaction
oxide, the effect of hydrated lime addition would not be very sig- of the silica fume.
3236 S.A. Barbhuiya et al. / Construction and Building Materials 23 (2009) 3233–3239

60

Compressive strength (MPa)

50
Fly ash (CF30)
40
Fly ash with hydrated lime
30 (CF30L)
Fly ash with silica fume
20 (CF30SF)

10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Age in days

Fig. 2. Compressive strength development for Series A (30% replacement).

60
Compressive strength (MPa)

50
Fly ash (CF50)
40
Fly ash with hydrated lime
(CF50L)
30
Fly ash with silica fume
(CF50SF)
20

10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Age in days

Fig. 3. Compressive strength development for Series B (50% replacement).

Fly ash Fly ash with hydrated lime Fly ash with silica fume
0.08
Air permeability index [ln(bar)/min]

0.064 0.064 0.064

0.06

0.040
0.04 0.035 0.032

0.02

0.00
30% replacement 50% replacement

Fig. 4. Air permeability of concrete.

From Figs. 6 and 7, It can also be seen that the amount of
Ca(OH)2 decreased with time for both hydrated lime and silica
fume added fly ash–cement paste. Although, fly ash clearly exhibit
pozzolanic reaction, there is considerable variation as to when
reaction starts, the rate of reaction, and degree of reaction over
time. It is generally agreed that the pozzolanic reaction becomes
apparent from 3 to 14 days after commencement of the hydration.
This delay or incubation period in the pozzolanic reaction may be
explained by the dependency of dissolution of the glassy spheres
on the pH of the aqueous phase. Therefore, the reduction of
Ca(OH)2 with time can be attributed to the pozzolanic reaction,
where Ca(OH)2 formed during cement hydration is consumed in
reaction with the dissolution products of the fly ash glassy
components.
3.5. Mercury intrusion porosimetry analysis
Results of MIP analyses are plotted in Figs. 8 and 9 for 30% and
50% replacements, respectively. These demonstrate that the per-
centage of the total pore volume decreases with the addition of
both hydrated lime and silica fume for both the replacement levels.
The reduction in the total pore volume due to the addition of hy-
drated lime is probably the outcome of the continuous generation
of pozzolanic reaction products (from the hydration of fly ash) that
fill the pores. On the other hand, the reduction in the total pore vol-
ume in silica fume concrete is caused by the high pozzolanic reac-
tivity and the pore-filling effect of the very small particles of silica
fume. The small silica fume particles might have packed efficiently
between the cement grains, and thereby subdivided the pore
 S.A. Barbhuiya et al. / Construction and Building Materials 23 (2009) 3233–3239 3237

Fly ash Fly ash with hydrated lime Fly ash with silica fume
0.40
0.357

Sorptivity index (m3/√min)

0.30

0.204 0.193 0.197

0.20 0.174
0.152

0.10

0.00
30% replacement 50% replacement

Fig. 5. Sorptivity of concrete.

Fly ash Fly ash with hydrated lime Fly ash with silica fume
16
13.82 13.90
12.42 12.75
12.21
11.43 11.18 11.84
12
Ca(OH)2 (%)

10.07

0
3 7 28
Age in days

Fig. 6. Ca(OH)2 content in cement paste for Series A (30% replacement).

16

12
10.36 9.91
Ca(OH)2 (%)

9.33 9.58
8.84
7.11
8 6.87 6.46
5.18

0
3 7 28
Age in days

Fig. 7. Ca(OH)2 content in cement paste for Series B (50% replacement).

space. In Fig. 8 it can be seen that there is a continuous decrease of
total porosity; however this is not observed in Fig. 9.
According to the widespread opinion [40,41], mercury intrusion
porosimetry (MIP) plots do not represent the actual distribution of
pore sizes in hydrated cementitious systems because whilst large
internal pores are mostly open, only smaller pores communicate
with the outside, i.e. intruded by the mercury until the threshold
pressure is applied to penetrate mercury through these pores.
Therefore, almost all the volume of larger pores is mistakenly allo-
cated to the size of the smaller ones. Moreover, the measured
intrudable porosity does not coincide with the total porosity be-
cause, in addition to the pore space actually intruded by mercury,
finer pores are present in cement pastes which require a pressure
value for the entry, which is normally higher than the maximum
available pressure in commercial instruments. However, for com-
parative evaluations like those performed in this investigation,
the total volume of intruded mercury can be taken as a useful indi-
cator of the process of space filling and of pore refinement.
3238 S.A. Barbhuiya et al. / Construction and Building Materials 23 (2009) 3233–3239

Fly ash Fly ash with hydrated lime Fly ash with silica fume
200
189

Cumulative pore volume (mm3/g)

150
150 137 137 133
129 129
116 116

100

50

0
3 7 28
Age in days

Fig. 8. Pore size distribution for Series A (30% replacement).

Fly ash Fly ash with hydrated lime Fly ash with silica fume
200
Cumulative pore volume (mm3/g)

158 153
150 150
150 132
129 124 128
117

100

50

0
3 7 28
Age in days

Fig. 9. Pore size distribution for Series B (50% replacement).

4. Conclusions development and durability (measured in exposure trials) of fly

ash concretes.
On the basis of the results obtained in this study, the following
conclusions have been drawn: References

(i) The addition of hydrated lime and silica fume improved the
early age compressive strength of fly ash concrete. The inclu-
sion of silica fume was also found to increase the 28-day
compressive strength significantly.
(ii) The air permeability of fly ash concretes containing hydrated
lime and silica fume either decreased or remained almost
the same when compared to the counterparts without them.
The addition of hydrated lime and silica fume also improved
the sorptivity of the fly ash concretes.
(iii) DSC/TG analyses showed that the addition of hydrated lime
increased the Ca(OH)2 content whereas the addition of silica
fume decreased the Ca(OH)2 content in the cement pastes. It
was also found that the amount of Ca(OH)2 decreased with
time for both hydrated lime and silica fume added fly ash
cement paste.
(iv) The addition of hydrated lime and silica fume lowered the
total porosity of fly ash cement pastes.
The above conclusions suggest that both the strength and dura-
bility of fly ash concretes could be improved by the addition of
either hydrated lime or silica fume. However, it is recommended
that further investigation is carried out to quantify the effects of
adding hydrated lime and silica fume on the long-term strength
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