Name: Celemen, Lea Loraine M.

Course/year/section: BSITTM 3-C

PART I

A. The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence in Pathology and Laboratory Medicine: Principles and Practice
PDF FILE LINK: https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S2374289521000518?
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ABSTRACT:
Growing numbers of artificial intelligence applications are being developed and applied to
pathology and laboratory medicine. These technologies introduce risks and benefits that must
be assessed and managed through the lens of ethics. This article describes how long-standing
principles of medical and scientific ethics can be applied to artificial intelligence using examples
from pathology and laboratory medicine.

JOURNAL ARTICLE LINK:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2374289521000518

Ethics Concepts:

1. Accountability - being able to provide a good reason (or justification) for one’s conduct;
taking personal responsibility for one's conduct.
2. Autonomy - A philosophic term meaning self-governance, whereby one has the right,
power, or condition of self-governance. The individual has self-determinism and freedom
from external control or coercion.
3. Biotechnology - an applied science that uses living organisms like plants and bacteria to
produce products for healthcare, energy, and environmental safety.
4. Clinical utility - the clinical usefulness of information, e.g. for making decisions concerning
diagnosis, prevention, or treatment.
5. Commercialization- the process of developing and marketing commercial products (e.g.
drugs, medical devices, or other technologies) from research.
6. Honesty - the ethical obligation to tell the truth and avoid deceiving others. In science, some
types of dishonesty include data fabrication or falsification, and plagiarism.
7. Intellectual property - legally recognized property pertaining to the products of intellectual
activity, such as creative works or inventions. Forms of intellectual property include
copyrights on creative works and patents on inventions.
8. Law - a rule enforced by the coercive power of the government. Laws may include statutes
drafted by legislative bodies (such as Congress), regulations developed and implemented by
government agencies, and legal precedents established by courts, i.e. common law.
9. Respect - The moral value in which one holds someone or something in high regard.
10. Right - a legal or moral entitlement. Rights generally imply duties or obligations. For
example, if A has a right not be killed then B has a duty not to kill A.

PART II
B. Normative Ethics after Pragmatic Naturalism
PDF FILE LINK: https://deliverypdf.ssrn.com/delivery.php?
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ABSTRACT:
Philip Kitcher presents an ambitious account of pragmatic naturalism that incorporates an
explanatory story of the emergence and development of ethics, a metaethical perspective on
progress, and a normative stance for moral theorizing. I contend that Kitcher’s normative stance
is incompatible with the explanatory and meta-ethical components of his project. Instead,
pragmatic naturalists should endorse a normative ethics that is experimental, grounded in
actual practice, and acutely aware of cognitive and informational limitations. In particular, the
ethical project would benefit from endorsing empirical work on participatory democracy for the
identification of mechanisms to guide us when confronted with deep moral conflicts.

JOURNAL ARTICLE LINK:

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2777199

Ethics Concepts:

1. Altruism - acting in the best interest of others rather than in one’s own self-interest. Some
people believe altruism constitutes the essence of morality.
2. Free Choice - The philosophic position that individuals have the freedom to choose their
moral actions without intimidation, coercion, or manipulation being a factor. Free choice in
contrast to determinism supports the concept of autonomy. Choices one can make based on
values, outside determinism.
3. Justice - Treating people fairly. An ethical principle that obligates one to treat people fairly.
Distributive justice refers to allocating benefits and harms fairly; procedural justice refers to
using fair processes to make decisions that affect people; formal justice refers to treating
similar cases in the same way. In human subject’s research, the principle of justice implies
that subjects should be selected equitably.
4. Metaethics - The specific philosophic study of ethics in which the formal academic inquiry is
toward the analytical. The philosophic branch of philosophy in which study is directed
toward questioning the nature of reality.
5. Moral Emotions - Emotions that is to say feelings and intuitions – play a major role in most
of the ethical decisions people make. Most people do not realize how much their emotions
direct their moral choices. But experts think it is impossible to make any important moral
judgments without emotions.
6. Moral Reasoning - applies critical analysis to specific events to determine what is right or
wrong, and what people ought to do in a particular situation. Both philosophers and
psychologists study moral reasoning.
7. Normative Ethics - The theoretical study or position of morality in which a rightness and
wrongness is analyzed and reviewed with a decision specifically stated. For example, that's
the wrong thing to do.
8. Philosophy - The deliberate and rational attempt to understand the whole and the sum of
one's objective and subjective experiences with a view for effective living.
 9. Values - Individual beliefs that motivate people to act one way or another. They serve as a
guide for human behavior.

C. Business recovery from disasters: Lessons from natural hazards and the COVID-19 Pandemic
PDF FILE LINK:
https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S2212420922004101?
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ABSTRACT:
This paper compares economic recovery in the COVID-19 pandemic with other types of
disasters, at the scale of businesses. As countries around the world struggle to emerge from the
pandemic, studies of business impact and recovery have proliferated; however, pandemic
research is often undertaken without the benefit of insights from long-standing research on past
large-scale disruptive events, such as floods, storms, and earthquakes. This paper builds
synergies between established knowledge on business recovery in disasters and emerging
insights from the COVID-19 pandemic. It first proposes a disaster event taxonomy that allows
the pandemic to be compared with natural hazard events from the perspective of economic
disruption. The paper then identifies five key lessons on business recovery from disasters and
compares them to empirical findings from the COVID-19 pandemic. For synthesis, a conceptual
framework on business recovery is developed to support policy-makers to anticipate business
recovery needs in economically disruptive events, including disasters. Findings from the
pandemic largely resonate with those from disasters. Recovery tends to be more difficult for
small businesses, those vulnerable to supply chain problems, those facing disrupted markets,
and locally-oriented businesses in heavily impacted neighborhoods. Disaster assistance that is
fast and less restrictive provides more effective support for business recovery. Some differences
emerge, however: substantial business disruption in the pandemic derived from changes in
demand due to regulatory measures as well as consumer behavior; businesses in high-income
neighborhoods and central business districts were especially affected; and traditional forms of
financial assistance may need to be reconsidered.

JOURNAL ARTICLE LINK:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212420922004101

Ethics Concepts:
1. Author - a person who makes a significant contribution to a creative work. Many journal
guidelines define an author as someone who makes a significant contribution to 1) research
conception and design, 2) data acquisition, or 3) data analysis or interpretation; and who
drafts or critically reads the paper and approves the final manuscript.
2. Benefit - a desirable outcome or state of affairs, such as medical treatment, clinically useful
information, or self-esteem. In the oversight of human subject’s research, money is usually
not treated as a benefit because people are concerned that doing so could encourage the
approval of studies that expose people to high risks for financial gain.
3. Bias - the tendency for research results to reflect the scientists (or sponsor's) subjective
opinions, unproven assumptions, political views, or personal or financial interests, rather
than the truth or facts. See also Conflict of Interest.
 4. Conduct - Action or behavior. For example, conducting research involves performing actions
related to research, such as designing experiments, collecting data, analyzing data, and so
on.
5. Data - recorded information used to test scientific hypotheses or theories. Data may include
laboratory notebooks (paper or digital), field notes, transcribed interviews, spreadsheets,
digital images, x-ray photographs, audio or video recordings, and outputs from machines
(such as gas chromatographs or DNA sequencers). Original (or primary data) is drawn
directly from the data source; secondary (or derived) data is based on the primary data.
6. Fraud- knowingly misrepresenting the truth or concealing a material (or relevant) fact to
induce someone to make a decision to his or her detriment. Some forms of research
misconduct may also qualify as fraud. A person who commits fraud may face civil or criminal
legal liability.
7. Research - A systematic attempt to develop new knowledge.
8. Risk - the product of the probability and magnitude (or severity) of a potential harm.

D. Challenges of Managing Animals in Disasters in the U.S.

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ABSTRACT:
Common to many of the repeated issues surrounding animals in disasters in the U.S. is a pre-
existing weak animal health infrastructure that is under constant pressure resulting from pet
overpopulation. Unless this root cause is addressed, communities remain vulnerable to similar
issues with animals they and others have faced in past disasters. In the US the plight of animals
in disasters is frequently viewed primarily as a response issue and frequently handled by groups
that are not integrated with the affected community’s emergency management. In contrast,
animals, their owners, and communities would greatly benefit from integrating animal issues
into an overall emergency management strategy for the community. There is no other factor
contributing as much to human evacuation failure in disasters that is under the control of
emergency management when a threat is imminent as pet ownership. Emergency managers can
take advantage of the bond people have with their animals to instill appropriate behavior
amongst pet owners in disasters.

JOURNAL ARTICLE LINK:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4494405/

Ethics Concepts:
1. Animal welfare- The health and well-being of animals. The ethical obligation to protect and
promote animal welfare in research. Factors affecting animal welfare include: food, water,
housing, climate, mental stimulation, and freedom from pain, suffering, disease, and
disability.
2. Choice - One of the necessary stipulations (Value, Principle, Obligation, and Choice) to
determine whether a moral issue is being presented. A moral dilemma does not exist if one
does not have a choice. Coercion, manipulation, or other excusing conditions usually
abrogates moral responsibility.
3. Guideline - a non-binding recommendation for conduct.
4. Integrity - said by author C.S. Lewis, “is doing the right thing, even when no one is looking.”
Integrity is a foundational moral virtue, and the bedrock upon which good character is built.
5. Principle - A written affirmation on one's values. Always written in the negative, a principle
states what one will not do, based on what morally values. If one values honesty, the
principle becomes, "Do not lie, cheat, or steal". Principles do have exceptions or qualifiers.
For example if a principle violates another principle, qualifiers may exists. "Do not lie, cheat,
or steal, unless doing so places another human being in personal jeopardy."
6. Protocol - a set of steps, methods, or procedures for performing an activity, such as a
scientific experiment.
7. Regulation - A type of law developed and implemented by a government agency. The
process of regulating or controlling some activity.
8. Risk management - the process of identifying, assessing, and deciding how best to deal with
the risks of an activity, policy, or technology.