CHAPTER 1

RATIONALE

Electoral Reforms helps to develop the electoral system itself. It addresses to the

public’s desires and expectation. It involves through the amendment of the constitution and

regulations, it introduces new policies, procedures and technical innovations to be able to

enforce its legal responsibilities and be able to deliver their services more effectively to the

public and lastly, it may involve to a change of environment, on how it operates or any other

possible changes that would be able to show the public transparency and accountability. As

reform would define itself, it generally means change. Electoral reforms have major impacts

not just in the electoral system, but also to the society as a whole. With these reforms, it

changes the way the people in the environment see and react to election controversies.

Looking through the past of the Philippines, specifically in the election period. This is the

time where public officers, political parties and representatives give their utmost effort to the

public to be able to garner votes in order to be proclaimed winners. This is also the time for

the qualified voters to register themselves to exercise their right to vote, not only this is the

most crucial time for voters to choose and elect their desired candidate for a certain position,

it is also because of the thought that the people shall choose these representatives to manage

the future of the country. This is one of the important essences of a fair and honest election.

Considering the current situation of the Philippines, there are a lot of issues that needs to be

addressed especially during the election period. Since then, most of the problems and issues

that are rampant in the Philippines are election controversies. It always starts with the

political candidates and so with the citizens themselves. Situations like conflict of interests,

unequal opportunities, and with the relationship of the representatives and the electorates led

to various proposals of electoral reforms by many institutions. To mention a few, there are

cases which involves election contests, vote-buying, pre-proclamation cases, election

1
propagandas and political parties. In ensuring a peaceful and successful election, the behavior

of the candidates and other political representatives is crucial. As discussed above, election

reform involves change in the process or the system itself and the technicalities from within.

With these reforms, it will help improve the electoral system in executing a free, fair, and

peaceful elections. It will also open great opportunities for the citizens to participate and

broaden their knowledge about the electoral process and how it should be done. Transparency

and accountability within the electoral system and between the administration and

representatives will be greatly observed and developed. The importance of this study is to

recover root causes of why such laws were created or in what triggering context has led to an

amendment of enforced laws and more. It is a valuable knowledge to know the roots of such

cases, such as it may also contribute to create a more refined law that would not prohibit to

create more problems and to know in what aspect may the government and agencies ought to

improve and envision.

In the Philippines, there are governing laws that mandates the conduct of election,

how it is executed, what are the limitations, stating its purpose and where are powers vested.

One of which is Batas Pambansa Blg. 881 known as Omnibus Election Code of the

Philippines which was approved during November 26, 1991. Despite having this law that

address to the limitations and grounds within the election, there still many issues that needs to

be addressed. As aforementioned, one is the political parties. There shall be the possibility of

monopolization of powers of the parties within the government because of their vast

influence over the country and the importance of money. Despite being enshrined in the

Article II Section 26 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution that: “The state shall guarantee equal

access to opportunities for public service and prohibit political dynasties as may be defined

by law.” (Article II, Section 26 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution), there are still concurring

problems like political turncoatism, as described by Aceron the party system has become

2
“multi-party, fluid, non-ideological, non-participatory and not offering programmatic

choices” (Aceron, 2009). In relation to the provision cited above, another challenge within

the electoral system would be the political dynasties. There are prominent representatives

who are positioned at the government through their famous family members or reputation

therefore, they easily managed to position themselves at their respective seats today. If this

practice will not be eradicated, it shall result to the unequal access of other representatives in

the office. It is essential to prohibit these malpractices so that there shall be equal access and

opportunity for other representatives to contribute to the betterment of the country. There also

cases that are files in relation to vote-buying. Vote-buying shall involve candidates offering

money to the voters to acquire their votes. This is one of the violations in the election because

it changes the views and sanctity of votes of the citizens. It is a malpractice that is widely

done within the society. There are already existing regulations that prevent this malpractice

from happening but it is still prevalent in the society which is why it is essential to educate

voters and spread awareness against this malpractice.

In the Philippine setting, political parties are usually associated with rampant issues

and seemingly endless complications with the electoral system. Issues relating to conflict of

interests, party financing, and how it must operate within the system. There is a need to

establish a support system for political parties especially the government has to provide

mechanisms that would ensure the parties’ independence and autonomy which has led to

another gap: “lack of a system of financing party” (Aceron, 2009). In 1984, as stated by

Rubert Huckshorn, “a political party is an autonomous group of citizens having the purpose

of making nominations and contesting elections in hope of gaining control over governmental

power through the capture of public offices and the organization of the government.” For

Huckshorn, the reason behind having political parties was simple; they were means necessary

to win elections and provide direction to government. As stated by Teehankee: “Party

3
institutionalization in the country remains weak and underdeveloped.” (Teehankee, 2009).

Political parties in the Philippines become voting-seeking parties because they only secure

more votes to win, political parties tend to forget their goals and missions for the country's

success and development, as they are bound by the need to secure a majority of the votes

from the people. One of the political party’s problem is the Political Turncoatism. Political

turncoatism refers to a person committed to a political party that changes its affiliation with

the political party. This type of practice has been performed regularly by officials. It is done,

but it is not yet limited, as the bill is still pending and has not yet been approved. It is not a

good practice to be a 'political butterfly' if the candidate or representative's intentions are to

his own advantage. Some political parties are considered to be a strong or well-known

political party, including powerful officials who can support and funding to help candidates

gain the fame, power and attention they need to win the election. That’s why, some

candidates tend to go to another party because of the advantages that he or she will get. Some

candidates do everything, including ending his or her commitment with the current party in

order to win the elections.

Philippines is a progressing country. There are a lot of developments in the recent

years. Despite its fast growing improvements in the aspect of economy, development and

education. The government still needs to improve the political system. Through this study,

the researchers shall be able to convey the importance of the electoral laws and electoral

reforms for the electoral system itself. In this study, it is essential to start from the roots or

origin of the creation of electoral reforms in order to know how to provide a more refined law

and shall make no room for mistakes. It shall also monitor the progress and improvement of

the electoral reforms. The people’s perspective and choices always changes. It is never

consistent. The laws ought to adapt to the never-ending cycle of change.

4
 Therefore, the researchers would like to carry out a 30-year historical analysis of the

electoral reforms introduced by different stakeholders. It shall not limited to the stated, as

shall be discussed sooner. The study shall determine the root causes of such creation and shall

broaden the possibility to make more opportunities for the electoral system to progress and to

be stable.

5
 THE PROBLEM

Statement of the Problem

This study seeks to conduct a historical analysis on the electoral reforms introduced

by specific institutions for the last 30 years.

Specific Objectives

1. Determine the electoral reforms enforced for the last 30 years.

2. Determine the various and specific aspects being targeted.

Statement of Assumptions

The researchers assumed that there are different institutions that enforced electoral

reforms for the last 30 years. These electoral reforms being introduced in the Philippines

focuses on different aspects of electoral system.

Statement of Hypothesis

1. Election controversies are mainly caused by candidates themselves and the

electorates.

2. Issues such as vote buying and problems on electoral campaign led to various

proposals of electoral reforms by specific institutions.

3. The introduced electoral reforms in the Philippines are mainly concerned with the

aspects of electoral system.

6
Significance of the Study

This study, “A Historical Analysis on the Electoral Reforms Introduced for the Last

30 Years”, will benefit the following:

Department of Political Science, University of San Carlos. This study will contribute to the

academe by filling the gaps in specific literatures the relate to electoral reforms.

Filipino Citizens. This study can help broaden the citizens’ expertise regarding the

promulgated laws.

Future Researchers. That the acquired information and other data researched from this study

will help them in their future researches.

Agency or Institutions involved in the Electoral System/Reform. That they may be able to

address the different challenges and issues or problems in the electoral system and they can

offer or propose new ideas that would be convenient for both the citizens and the state.

Political Candidates/Actors. This study shall aid the political candidates or actors to set new

ideas for a better electoral system and to create more opportunities to make more rooms for

improvement of other electoral reform laws.

7
Scope and Limitation of the Study

This research shall determine various electoral reform approved and promulgated by

different political actors which involves both the state and society. The researchers shall trace

back the context on how the representatives managed to create these laws. Through his, the

researcher shall take into consideration the recommendation and proposals of accredited non-

government agencies who address issues and focus in the electoral system. Its scope shall be

the approved electoral reforms done by the aforementioned political actors and such. It shall

limit to thirty years starting from the year 1987 to 2016.

8
 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Aspect. It refers to the broad coverage of the electoral reform itself (i.e. registration of voters,

election contest and counting of votes)

Civil Society. It refers to the citizens themselves, living within the community

Electoral Reforms. Is change in the electoral systems to improve public desires that are

expressed in election results.

Enforced. It is the law which has already been approved by the President and has been

published and promulgated.

Historical Analysis. A method of the examination of evidence in coming to an understanding

of the past and it is particularly applied to evidence contained in documents, although it can

be applied to all artefacts.

Political Actors. Refers to the representatives and political officials who are involved in the

introduction and enforcement of the electoral reforms.

9
 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

The first chapter expounds the broad coverage of the electoral reform itself. It shall

delve in further about the current issues within the electoral system of the Philippines. It shall

provide the reasons and importance of the conduct of this research. The objectives provided

shall be in lined for what the research ought to convey and further study. The assumption and

hypothesis shall also be stated in the current chapter. The significance of the study shall

provide the different sectors who will benefit in this research. Such as, this chapter shall

furnish the scope and limitation of this study. Lastly, it shall provide the various definition of

the technical terms that shall be referred or used in this research.

The second chapter shall provide the related literature that closely contribute to

expound the content of the study. The different literature is from various authors who has

broad expertise about the current study. It shall also contain the theoretical framework and

conceptual framework of this research. The former shall elaborate on the chosen theory that

will correlate with this study and the latter shall expound the chosen concept that will support

this research.

The third chapter shall provide the research environment where the study is

conducted. The research respondents which is self-explanatory. The research instruments

which shall be utilized during the conduct of the study. The research procedures which shall

contain the gathering and treatment of the data. Lastly, the research design which shall

illustrate the flow the study.

The fourth chapter which shall contain the study’s data analysis and interpretation. In

this chapter, it shall simply address to each of the specified objectives provided in the first

10
chapter and shall analyze and interpret the following data in relation of the chosen theoretical

framework and conceptual framework.

Finally, the fifth chapter shall provide the summary of findings, conclusion and

recommendation. This chapter shall summarize the challenges or issues found in the previous

chapter. It shall therefore conclude the overall research and provide the suitable

recommendations for the provided data.

11
 CHAPTER 2

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

Review of Related Literature

Electoral System

As defined by Nohlen, electoral system is the mode according to which voters express

their preference for a party and/or candidate by way of votes and according to which votes

are translated into parliamentary seats (Nohlen, 1995). Generally, it involves the counting of

votes that shall determine the winners through a plurality, a majority and unanimity decision

by the citizens of the country. Through this, representatives shall fill in the position where

they intended to run. It is an essential component of any legal framework because this system

defines the relations of the different political parties of a country, it refers to the regulation of

the conduct of the elections of public offices. Thus, votes may be translated into seats in the

office. It defines the mechanisms of the accountability and representation of the

representatives and the system itself.

Electoral System are generally categorized in relation to how votes are casted for the

results of the election of the public officials, as distinguished by the IDEA Handbook:

1. Plurality-Majority Systems

One of which is the First Past the Post system where the proclaimed winner has the absolute

majority of votes. Second is the Block Vote, it is simply each elector is given votes as there

are seats to be filled and may vote an individual candidate despite belonging to other party

affiliation. Third, the Party Block Vote wherein it enable for the parties to represent ethnic

and diverse list of candidates for election. Lastly, is the Two-Round Systems. The election is

conducted of two rounds, the first is the normal First Past the Post election. As discussed

above, it is where the proclaimed winner received the highest number of votes. The second

round of election varies from state to state, but the most commonly used is the run-off contest

12
which is practiced in Ukraine. It is where the both candidates that received the highest

number of votes in the first round shall contest to achieve an absolute majority of votes and

naturally, be declared the winner.

2. Semi-Proportional Systems

There are two commonly used semi-proportional electoral system. First is the Single Non-

Transferable Vote wherein ‘each elector has one vote but there are multiple seats in each

district to be filled and those highest vote totals shall fill these positions’ (IDEA 2nd Edition,

2017). On the other hand, is the Parallel Systems it ‘uses both PR lists and “winner-take-all”

districts and does not compensate for any disproportionality within the majoritarian districts’

(IDEA 2nd Edition, 2017).

3. Proportional Representation

This kind of electoral system translates a party’s share of the national votes shall equate to the

proportional number of seats they will acquire. It is a broad, as they are variations in each of

the two-tier which are the One Tier Allocation and Two-Tier Allocation.

Electoral Reform

Electoral reforms in early literature are often referred to as changes to the electoral

system from one system to another, but since then various literatures have emerged to further

explain the electoral reform phenomenon, the study of electoral systems has expanded

beyond the conventional components, the electoral formula, the magnitude of the district and

the voting structure, the format of the ballot, and the number and type of office to be elected

(Rae, 1967), which now includes the effects of the electoral system.

What's voting reform? An ordinary person could define it as a change in the electoral

system, it could be plausible but it is no longer practical to use it as a definition in the

contemporary context, because it only refers to a change in the electoral system (electoral

13
formula, district magnitude and electoral threshold) and not to the' changes ' in the electoral

system. Prepositions always matter to the definition of electoral reform, but ordinary

spectators can not see the difference when presented in plain language. It needs the expertise

of academics to define what electoral reform really is.

Leyenaar and Hazan (2011) question the biased scope of scholarly literature on

national reforms, such as the definition of electoral reform in the above paragraph, a ' change

in the electoral system. ' Scientists such as Arend Lijpart (1994) define electoral reform on

the basis of proportionality and define major reforms as changes affecting the electoral

formula and at least 20 percent in the magnitude, legal threshold and size of the district.

Contemporary scholars have taken note of the prevalent gap in literature, which

defines the scope of electoral reform up to the technical level of the system. Celis et al,

respectively. 2011) The broad definition of reform is a change in the electoral rules leading to

a change in the way the electoral system operates. It covers all aspects of the electoral system,

however broad it may sound, but what is more refreshing is the fact that scholars now

recognize that there is more to the definition of electoral reform than to define it as a change

in the electoral system.

Philippine Electoral System

The laws governing the Philippine elections, its rules and regulations are the 1987

Philippine Constitution, Local Government Code and the Batas Pambansa Blg. 881 known as

the Omnibus Election Code.

The Philippines is a democratic country. Its is a republic and has a presidential form

of government. First, garnering the highest position of the government is the President. As

stated in Article VII, Section 1 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution, the executive power is

vested in the President. The President shall only be honored with the position if he/she is

14
qualified for the position as provided in the following section. Second is the Legislative

Department wherein the powers are vested to the Congress, the Philippines has a bicameral

system which is consisted of two houses, the Senate known as Upper House and the House of

Representatives known as the Lower House. The Senate is consisted of 24 senators with a

term of office for two consecutive terms which is equivalent for 6 years. Half of the Senate

are elected every three years to be able to ensure itself as a continuing body. On the other

hand, the House of Representatives is consisted of not more than 250 members. Their term of

office is three-year term which is equivalent to three years. The votes are being translated as

seats within the government as stated in Article VII, Section 5 Paragraph 2: “The party-list

representatives shall constitute twenty per centum of the total number of representatives

including those under the party list...”. The governor, vice-governor, city mayor, city vice-

mayor, municipal mayor, municipal vice-mayor and punong barangay which refers to the

Local Government are also elected every 3 years in their respected areas.

Commission on Election (COMELEC)

The Commission on Election is one of the independent constitutional commissions. It

was created during 1940 and amended during 1935 Constitution. The vested powers within

this commission was expanded during 1973 and 1987 Constitutions. Thus, this constitutional

commission exercises administrative, judicial and quasi-judicial powers. This commission

was created due to the general dissatisfaction over the way was conducted. There was a

suspicion that the elections were not held honestly and freely but due to the serving the

growing political interest of the representatives. Thus, there was a distrust within the system.

Later on, it became a statutory commission and was constitutionally amended during

December 2, 1940.

15
As enshrined in the Article IX-C Section 2, The Commission on elections shall exercise the

following powers and functions:

1. Enforce and administer all laws and regulations relative to the conduct of and elections,

plebiscite, initiative, referendum, and recall.

2. Exercise exclusive original jurisdiction over all contests relating to the elections,

returns, and qualifications of all elective regional, provincial, and city officials, and appellate

jurisdiction over all contests involving elective municipal officials decided by trial courts of

general jurisdiction, or involving elective barangay official decided by trial courts of limited

jurisdiction.

3. Decide, except those involving the right to vote, all questions affecting elections,

including determination of the number and location of polling places, appointment of election

officials and inspectors, and registration of voters.

4. Deputize, with the concurrence of the President, law enforcement agencies and

instrumentalities of the Government, including the Armed Forces of the Philippines, for the

exclusive purposes of ensuring free, orderly, honest, peaceful credible elections.

5. Register, after sufficient publication, political parties, organizations, of coalitions

which, in addition to other requirements, must present their platform or program of

government; and accredit citizens arms of the Commission on Elections.

6. File, upon a verified complaint, or on its own initiative, petitions in court for inclusion

or exclusion of voters; investigate and, where appropriate, prosecute cases of violations of

elections laws, including acts or omissions constituting election frauds, offenses, and

malpractices.

16
7. Recommend to the Congress effective measures to minimize election spending,

including limitation of places where propaganda materials shall be posted, and to prevent and

penalize all forms of election frauds, offenses, malpractices, and nuisance candidates.

8. Recommend to the President the removal of any officer of employee it has deputized,

or the imposition of any other disciplinary action, for violation or disregard of, or

disobedience to its directive, order, or decision.

9. Submit to the President and the Congress a comprehensive report on the conduct of

each election, plebiscite, initiative, referendum, or recall. (Article IX-C, Section 2 of the 1987

Philippine Constitution)

Stakeholders of Electoral Reform

The change in the electoral system may be seen as a result of state actors ' affairs, but

the change in the electoral system is not limited to one channel (Renwick 2010 - 2011).

Different actors outside the political arena participated in the electoral reform agenda with

different agenda in mind.

Voting

It is an inherent right of the person to vote. As defined, suffrage is the right to vote in

election of officers chosen by people and in the determination of questions submitted to

people (Quilala, 2013). In order to vote, one must register. Registration is not a qualification

but a condition in order to exercise the right to vote. An individual must be qualified to be

able to register. As stated in Republic Act No. 8189 (The Voter’s Registration Act of 1996)

Section 9, a citizen may register when he or she is a Filipino citizen, at least 18 years of age

on the day of election, resident of the Philippines for at least one year immediately before the

17
election, resident of the city or municipality where he proposed to vote for at least six months

immediately before the election and lastly, not otherwise disqualified by law.

Political Parties

Section 60 of the Omnibus Election Code defines Political Party as “an organized

group of persons pursuing the same ideology, political ideas or platforms of government and

includes its branches and divisions.” A political party must be registered with the COMELEC

in order to acquire legal personality, qualify for accreditation and have the rights of political

parties. A party that receives not less than 10 percent of the votes cast in the electoral district

in which the nominees were nominated fails to register.

Any organized group of persons seeking registration as a national or regional political

party may file with the Commission a verified petition attaching thereto its constitution and

by-laws, platform or program of government and such other relevant information as may be

required by the Commission. There shall be no religious sect registered as a political party

and no political party which seeks to achieve its goal through violence shall be entitled to

accreditation. (Section 61 of OEC). The political parties such as religious sects, those parties

who seek to achieve their goals through unlawful means, those parties which refuse to adhere

to the Constitution, and those parties who are supported by any foreign government (Section

2(5), Article IX-C of 1987 Constitution), are political parties that cannot be registered.

It is stated under the Constitution that, no law shall be made respecting an

establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof (Section 5 of Article III).

Governmental reliance on religious justification is inconsistent with this policy of neutrality.

(Ang Ladlad Party-list v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 190582, 08 April 2010).

18
Campaign and Election Propaganda

The term “Election Campaign” or “Partisan Political Activity” refers to an act

designed to promote the election or defeat of a particular candidate or candidates to a public

office. (OEC) Under Section 79(b), the following are acts designed to promote the election or

defeat of a specific candidate or public office candidates.

1. Forming organizations, associations, clubs, committees or other groups of persons for the

purpose of soliciting votes and/or undertaking any campaign for or against a candidate;

2. Holding political caucuses, conferences, meetings, rallies, parades, or other similar

assemblies, for the purpose of soliciting votes and/or undertaking any campaign or

propaganda for or against a candidate;

3. Making speeches, announcements or commentaries, or holding interviews for or against

the election of any candidate for public office;

4. Publishing or distributing campaign literature or materials designed to support or oppose

the election of any candidate; or

5. Directly or indirectly soliciting votes, pledges or support for or against a candidate.

BEI and Official Ballots

There shall be at least one member of Board of Election Inspectors (BEI) who must

be an information technology-capable person. (Quilala, 2013) As stated under Section 3 of

R.A. 9369 amended Section 3 of R.A. 8436, where AES shall be adopted, at least one

member of the BEI shall be an information technology-capable person, who is trained or

19
certified by the DOST to use the AES. Such certification shall be issued by the DOST, free of

charge.

Theoretical Framework

To look into the targeted aspects of the different institutions who conducted electoral

reforms in the past; to look for reforms that have been implemented in the present setting; to

analyze if the government worked upon on the introduced electoral reforms from the past up

to the present.

The Historical Analysis explains the stakeholders' past efforts to bring about a

change in the electoral system that is present today. Our research is based on observational

data, by profiling electoral reforms between 1986 and 1987, researchers can trace which

reforms have emerged during this year and by observing these reforms, researchers can trace

the historical roots of current electoral laws.

The Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Analysis is an institutional

framework that should identify the main types Structural variables which are present in all

institutional arrangements to some extent, but whose values differ from one type of

institutional arrangement to another. The IAD framework is a conceptual multi - level map.

Part of the framework is the identification and evaluation of the action arena and the resulting

patterns of interactions and results.

20
Conceptual Framework

BIO-
PHYSICAL
CHARACTE
RISTICS ACTION
SITUATION
S PATTERNS
OF
INTERACTI
ATTRIBUTE ON
S OF THE
COMMUNIT
Y
ACTORS EVALUATI
VE
CRITERIA

RULE-IN-
USE
OUTCOME
S

Figure 1: Conceptual Framework

The researchers will first identify the main types of the structural variable which are

present in all institutional arrangement to another. The researchers will use this framework in

identification and evaluation of the action arena and to analyze the resulting patterns of

interactions and so as the results as a whole.

The framework links the variables in our study. The researchers first look at the two

main groups, civil society and the government, and they can identify the problems and

problems that need to change the electoral system in order to propose or recommend electoral

reforms. After determining the electoral reform that has been introduced, its stakeholders and

21
the aspect of the electoral system it aims to trace electoral reforms in the past with the

concept of historical analysis.

22
 CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Environment

The study is only limited to web search and key-informant interview. The research

shall be conducted in Cebu, Philippines.

Research Respondents

The respondents for the research are the political actors who are involved of the

proposals, recommendations, introduction of bills and approval of the law of the electoral

reforms. These political actors are from the accredited non-government agencies and

government offices. The qualification of the following political actors is an individual or an

agency who are responsible or the think-tanks of the various proposed, recommended,

introduced and approved electoral reforms.

Research Instruments

The research is qualitative, and the research shall utilize the following method:

Document Review. The researchers will use documents that focus on electoral

reforms. The researchers shall highlight on the important details that shall be presented on the

research data.

Research Procedures

The researchers will choose both document review and key-informational interview to

explain thoroughly the electoral reforms itself, as to consider that it is a broad topic. Through

the following methods, the researchers will be able to provide the data as provided on the

general objective and specific objectives on the first chapter of the study.

Gathering of Data

The researchers shall use methods aforementioned above. First, the

researchers will gather recommendations, proposed bills and approved laws that focus

23
 on various electoral reforms. The documents that shall be gathered will start from the

year 1987 and end on year 2016. The researchers shall gather documents from web

search and through the specific website of the said accredited non-government

organizations and legislative commissions to be able to prove the credibility of the

gathered data.

Treatment of the Data

Through the data gathered, it shall be correlated with the specified theoretical

framework and conceptual framework from the previous chapter.

Research Design

Historical
Analysis

Electoral Reforms
(1987-2016)

Political
Institutions

Aspe
cts
Interacti Outco
ons mes

Figure 2. Research Design

24
 CHAPTER 4

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

The political actors have proposed and introduced countless of electoral reforms.

Through these electoral reforms introduced, it shall benefit the whole country to exercise a

“free, orderly, honest, peaceful, credible and informed elections” (Section 1, Republic Act

No. 8436). These electoral reforms are introduced from the different observations, surveys

etc. In this chapter the researchers shall address the following specific objectives: determine

the electoral reforms enforced for the last 30 years and determine the various and specific

aspects being targeted. The researchers used qualitative methods to acquire data to address

the provided specific objectives of this research.

Electoral reforms enforced for the last 30 years

Table 1. Electoral Reforms of 1987

Republic Act No. Title Date

R.A No. 6636 AN ACT RESETTING THE November 6, 1987

LOCAL ELECTIONS FROM
NOVEMBER 9, 1987 TO
JANUARY 18, 1988,
AMENDING FOR THIS
PURPOSE EXECUTIVE
ORDER NUMBERED TWO
HUNDRED AND SEVENTY

R.A No. 6637 AN ACT AMENDING November 21, 1987

SECTIONS ONE AND
FOUR OF REPUBLIC ACT
NUMBERED SIXTY-SIX
HUNDRED AND THIRTY-
SIX

25
R.A No. 6644 AN ACT REDUCING THE December 28, 1987
MINIMUM AGE OF THE
DIFFERENT ELECTIVE
LOCAL OFFICIALS BY
AMENDING SECTION
FORTY-TWO OF BATAS
PAMBANSA BLG.
TATLONG DAAN
TATLUMPU'T PITO,
OTHERWISE KNOWN AS
THE LOCAL
GOVERNMENT CODE

Table 2. Electoral Reforms of 1988

Republic Act No. Title Date

R.A. No. 6646 AN ACT INTRODUCING January 5, 1988

ADDITIONAL REFORMS
IN THE ELECTORAL
SYSTEM AND FOR
OTHER PURPOSES

R.A. No. 6653 AN ACT TO POSTPONE May 6, 1988

THE MAY 9, 1988
BARANGAY ELECTIONS
TO THE SECOND
MONDAY OF
NOVEMBER THIS YEAR
AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES

R.A. No. 6679 AN ACT TO AMEND November 4, 1988

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6653
TO POSTPONE THE
BARANGAY ELECTIONS
TO MARCH 28, 1989,
PRESCRIBING
ADDITIONAL RULES
GOVERNING THE
CONDUCT OF
BARANGAY ELECTIONS
AND FOR OTHER

26
 PURPOSES

Table 3. Electoral Reforms of 1991

Republic Act No. Title Date

R.A. No. 7056 AN ACT PROVIDING FOR June 20, 1991

THE NATIONAL AND
LOCAL ELECTIONS IN
1992, PAVING THE WAY
FOR SYNCHRONIZED
AND SIMULTANEOUS
ELECTIONS BEGINNING
1995, AND AUTHORIZING
APPROPRIATIONS
THEREFOR

R.A. No. 7166 AN ACT PROVIDING FOR November 26, 1991

SYNCHRONIZED
NATIONAL AND LOCAL
ELECTIONS AND FOR
ELECTORAL REFORMS,
AUTHORIZING
APPROPRIATIONS
THEREFOR, AND FOR
OTHER PURPOSES

Table 4. Electoral Reforms of 1995

Republic Act No. Title Date

27
R.A. No. 7941 AN ACT PROVIDING FOR March 3, 1995
THE ELECTION OF
PARTY-LIST
REPRESENTATIVES
THROUGH THE PARTY-
LIST SYSTEM, AND
APPROPRIATING FUNDS
THEREFOR

Table 5. Electoral Reforms of 1999

Republic Act No. Title Date

R.A. No. 8746 AN ACT PROVIDING FOR March 4, 1999

THE DATE OF THE
REGULAR ELECTIONS
OF REGIONAL
GOVERNOR, VICE-
GOVERNOR AND
MEMBERS OF THE
REGIONAL
LEGISLATIVE
ASSEMBLY OF THE
AUTONOMOUS REGION
IN MUSLIM MINDANAO
(ARMM) FURTHER
AMENDING FOR THE
PURPOSE REPUBLIC
ACT NO. 7647 ENTITLED
"AN ACT PROVIDING
FOR THE DATE OF
REGULAR ELECTIONS
FOR REGIONAL
GOVERNOR, REGIONAL
VICE-GOVERNOR AND
MEMBERS OF THE
REGIONAL
LEGISLATIVE
ASSEMBLY OF THE
AUTONOMOUS REGION
IN MUSLIM MINDANAO
AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES", AS

28
 AMENDED, AND FOR
OTHER PURPOSES

R.A. No. 8753 AN ACT RESETTING THE September 8, 1999

REGULAR ELECTIONS
FOR THE ELECTIVE
OFFICIALS OF THE
AUTONOMOUS REGION
IN MUSLIM MINDANAO
PROVIDED FOR UNDER
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8746
AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES

Table 6. Electoral Reforms of 2000

Republic Act No. Title Date

29
R.A. No. 8953 AN ACT RESETTING THE September 1, 2000
REGULAR ELECTIONS
FOR ELECTIVE
OFFICIALS OF THE
AUTONOMOUS REGION
IN MUSLIM MINDANAO
TO COINCIDE WITH THE
GENERAL ELECTIONS
TO BE HELD ON THE
SECOND MONDAY OF
MAY 2001

Table 7. Electoral Reforms of 2001

Republic Act No. Title Date

R.A. No. 9012 AN ACT RESETTING THE February 28, 2001

REGULAR ELECTIONS
FOR ELECTIVE
OFFICIALS OF THE
AUTONOMOUS REGION
IN MUSLIM MINDANAO
TO THE SECOND
MONDAY OF
SEPTEMBER 2001,
AMENDING FOR THE
PURPOSE REPUBLIC
ACT NO. 8953

Table 8. Electoral Reforms of 2002

Republic Act No. Title Date

30
R.A. No. 9164 AN ACT RESETTING THE March 19, 2002
REGULAR ELECTIONS
FOR ELECTIVE
OFFICIALS OF THE
AUTONOMOUS REGION
IN MUSLIM MINDANAO
TO THE SECOND
MONDAY OF
SEPTEMBER 2001,
AMENDING FOR THE
PURPOSE REPUBLIC ACT
NO. 8953

Table 9. Electoral Reforms of 2004

Republic Act No. Title Date

R.A. No. 9333 AN ACT AMENDING September 21, 2004

FIXING THE DATE OR
REGULAR ELECTIONS
FOR ELECTIVE
OFFICIALS OF THE
AUTONOMOUS REGION
IN MUSLIM MINDANAO
PURSUANT TO
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9054,
ENTITLED "AN ACT TO
STRENGTHEN AND
EXPAND THE ORGANIC
ACT FOR THE
AUTONOMOUS REGION
IN MUSLIM MINDANAO,
AMENDING FOR THE
PURPOSE REPUBLIC
ACT NO. 6734, ENTITLED
‘AN ACT PROVIDING
FOR AN ORGANIC ACT
FOR THE AUTONOMOUS
REGION IN MUSLIM
MINDANAO’, AS
AMENDED"

31
Table 10. Electoral Reforms of 2007
Republic Act No. Title Date

R.A. No. 9369 AN ACT AMENDING January 23, 2007

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8436,
ENTITLED "AN ACT
AUTHORIZING THE
COMMISSION ON
ELECTIONS TO USE AN
AUTOMATED ELECTION
SYSTEM IN THE MAY 11,
1998 NATIONAL OR
LOCAL ELECTIONS AND
IN SUBSEQUENT
NATIONAL AND LOCAL
ELECTORAL EXERCISES,
TO ENCOURAGE
TRANSPARENCY,
CREDIBILITY, FAIRNESS
AND ACCURACY OF
ELECTIONS, AMENDING
FOR THE PURPOSE
BATAS PAMBANSA BLG.
881, AS AMENDED,
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7166
AND OTHER RELATED
ELECTIONS LAWS,
PROVIDING FUNDS
THEREFOR AND FOR
OTHER PURPOSES"

As seen from the data above, there are only limited electoral reforms implemented in

the Philippines. Within 30 years, they only attempted to enforce 15 electoral reform laws

during the following years as shown above. As enshrined in the Section 1 of the Republic Act

No. 9369:

“Section 1. Declaration of Policy. – It is the policy of the State to ensure, free,

orderly, honest, peaceful, credible and informed elections, plebiscites, referenda,

32
 recall and other similar electoral exercises by improving on the election process and

adopting systems, which shall involve the use of an automated election system that

will ensure the secrecy and sanctity of the ballot and all election, consolidation

and transmission documents, in order that the process shall be transparent and

credible and that the results shall be fast, accurate and reflective of the genuine

will of the people.” (Section 1, Republic Act No. 9369). It is the top priority of the

State to ensure to reflect the general will of the people. Not only through the

automated system itself, but also through how the practices and convenience for the

citizens are laid out. There are instances when an election can be considered to

transfer dates with the compliance of the proper procedure and valid notice. It shall be

executed by the assigned body in order to be disseminated to the citizens and be push

through onto the assigned dates.

The purpose of the implementation of Republic Act No. 6636 was to amend the

Executive Order No. 270 promulgated by President Corazon Aquino. The purpose of the

aforementioned Order was because “after conducting a public hearing and consultations on

the matter, and considering up to the present, the Commission on Elections is still occupied

with the national canvass of the result of the May 11, 1987 elections for Senators and

representatives, leaving less than one (1) month for the extensive preparation required for

said local elections, involving more than 16,000 officials, the Commission on elections has

recommended that said date of the local elections be reset to November, 1987.” (E.O No.

270, July 25, 1987). The main subject of this Act was to reset the promulgate November 9,

21987 elections to January 18, 1988, amending Section 1 which limited the filing of the

certificates of candidacy from 30 days to 60 days prior to the said elections, Section 2 thus

commencing the assigned dates for the election and campaign period, Section 4 who shall

hold a special registration for voters and lastly, Section 6 which shall limit the budget for the

33
preceding elections of the said Order. On the other hand, Republic Act No. 6637 amended

Section 4 of the Republic Act No. 6636 which provides the limit of elective members of the

Sangguniang Panlalawigan. Republic Act No. 6644 amends the Local Government Code

pertaining the qualified minimum age of an elective official.

In the year 1988, Republic Act No. 6646 known as “The Electoral Reforms Law of

1987”, these laws provide the limits and provisions regarding the voters in different areas

from barangay to cities, regarding the Certificate of Candidacy and Candidates, nuisance

candidates, election offenses and more. The Republic Act No. 6653 was implemented for the

purpose to postpone the elections from May 9, 1988 to the second Monday of November. The

national Elections and Local Elections are conducted at different dates. Thus, the Republic

Act No. 6679 has amended the Republic Act No. 6653 which refers to the barangay elections

to March 1989 and mandating additional rules and regulation of the conduct of the said

elections. In the year 1991, the Congress has implemented two laws. First is the Republic Act

No. 7056, 7056 and Republic Act No.7166, which paves the way for the synchronized and

simultaneous elections. For the year 1995, the Congress made way for the Republic Act No.

7941 known as the “Party-List System Act”. In this law, it provides the different types of

party that shall be recognized by law, it regulates the qualifications and the translation of

votes for the parties.

In the year 1999, Republic Act No. 8746 which provides the date for regular elections

for the regional sector of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao to amend Republic

Act No. 7647. Thus, Republic Act No. 8753 provides to reset the regular elections for the

elective officials in ARMM. During the year 2000, Republic Act No. 8953 is implemented to

reset the regular elections for elective officials of the ARMM to be able to concur with the

general elections. Once again, during the year 2001, the Congress has promulgated republic

Act No. 9012 to rest the regular elections for elective officials of the ARMM to the second

34
Monday of September 2001 to amend Republic Act No. 8953. During 2002, Republic Act

No. 9164, provided to amend Republic Act No. 7160 for the synchronized barangay and

Sangguniang Kabataan elections. During the year 2004, Republic Act No. 9333 provides that

pursuant to Republic Act No. 9054, to amend the regular election for elective officials for

ARMM. Lastly, in the year 2007, Republic Act No. 9369 for the purpose to amend Republic

Act No. 8436 for the automated elections.

Electoral reforms and the various and specific aspects being targeted

Table 11. Electoral reforms and its specific targeted aspects

Republic Act Specific Aspect

R.A No. 6636

AN ACT RESETTING THE LOCAL
ELECTIONS FROM NOVEMBER 9, SEC. 29 ART. IV: OMNIBUS
1987 TO JANUARY 18, 1988,
ELECTION CODE
AMENDING FOR THIS PURPOSE
EXECUTIVE ORDER NUMBERED
TWO HUNDRED AND SEVENTY

R.A No. 6637

AN ACT AMENDING SECTIONS ONE SEC. 29 ART. IV: OMNIBUS
AND FOUR OF REPUBLIC ACT ELECTION CODE
NUMBERED SIXTY-SIX HUNDRED
AND THIRTY-SIX

R.A No. 6644

AN ACT REDUCING THE MINIMUM
AGE OF THE DIFFERENT ELECTIVE
LOCAL OFFICIALS BY AMENDING
SECTION FORTY-TWO OF BATAS LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE
PAMBANSA BLG. TATLONG DAAN
TATLUMPU'T PITO, OTHERWISE
KNOWN AS THE LOCAL
GOVERNMENT CODE

35
R.A. No. 6646
AN ACT INTRODUCING ADDITIONAL
REFORMS IN THE ELECTORAL OMNIBUS ELECTION CODE
SYSTEM AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES

R.A. No. 6653

AN ACT TO POSTPONE THE MAY 9,
1988 BARANGAY ELECTIONS TO THE SEC. 37 ART. VI: OMNIBUS
SECOND MONDAY OF NOVEMBER ELECTION CODE
THIS YEAR AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES

R.A. No. 6679

AN ACT TO AMEND REPUBLIC ACT
NO. 6653 TO POSTPONE THE
BARANGAY ELECTIONS TO MARCH SEC. 37 ART. VI: OMNIBUS
28, 1989, PRESCRIBING ADDITIONAL ELECTION CODE
RULES GOVERNING THE CONDUCT
OF BARANGAY ELECTIONS AND FOR
OTHER PURPOSES

R.A. No. 7056

AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE
NATIONAL AND LOCAL ELECTIONS
IN 1992, PAVING THE WAY FOR
SYNCHRONIZED AND ART. IV: OMNIBUS CODE OF
SIMULTANEOUS ELECTIONS ELECTION
BEGINNING 1995, AND
AUTHORIZING APPROPRIATIONS
THEREFOR

R.A. No. 7166

AN ACT PROVIDING FOR
SYNCHRONIZED NATIONAL AND
LOCAL ELECTIONS AND FOR ART. IV: OMNIBUS CODE OF
ELECTORAL REFORMS, ELECTION
AUTHORIZING APPROPRIATIONS
THEREFOR, AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES

36
R.A. No. 7941
AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE
ELECTION OF PARTY-LIST ART. VIII: OMNIBUS ELECTION
REPRESENTATIVES THROUGH THE CODE
PARTY-LIST SYSTEM, AND
APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR

R.A. No. 8746

AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE DATE
OF THE REGULAR ELECTIONS OF
REGIONAL GOVERNOR, VICE-
GOVERNOR AND MEMBERS OF THE
REGIONAL LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY
OF THE AUTONOMOUS REGION IN
MUSLIM MINDANAO (ARMM)
FURTHER AMENDING FOR THE
PURPOSE REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7647 ART. V: OMNIBUS ELECTION CODE
ENTITLED "AN ACT PROVIDING FOR
THE DATE OF REGULAR ELECTIONS
FOR REGIONAL GOVERNOR,
REGIONAL VICE-GOVERNOR AND
MEMBERS OF THE REGIONAL
LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF THE
AUTONOMOUS REGION IN MUSLIM
MINDANAO AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES", AS AMENDED, AND FOR
OTHER PURPOSES

R.A. No. 8753

AN ACT RESETTING THE REGULAR
ELECTIONS FOR THE ELECTIVE
OFFICIALS OF THE AUTONOMOUS ART. V: OMNIBUS ELECTION CODE
REGION IN MUSLIM MINDANAO
PROVIDED FOR UNDER REPUBLIC
ACT NO. 8746 AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES

37
R.A. No. 8953
AN ACT RESETTING THE REGULAR
ELECTIONS FOR ELECTIVE
OFFICIALS OF THE AUTONOMOUS ART. V: OMNIBUS ELECTION CODE
REGION IN MUSLIM MINDANAO TO
COINCIDE WITH THE GENERAL
ELECTIONS TO BE HELD ON THE
SECOND MONDAY OF MAY 2001

R.A. No. 9012

AN ACT RESETTING THE REGULAR
ELECTIONS FOR ELECTIVE
OFFICIALS OF THE AUTONOMOUS
REGION IN MUSLIM MINDANAO TO ART. V: OMNIBUS ELECTION CODE
THE SECOND MONDAY OF
SEPTEMBER 2001, AMENDING FOR
THE PURPOSE REPUBLIC ACT NO.
8953

R.A. No. 9164

AN ACT PROVIDING FOR
SYNCHRONIZED BARANGAY AND
SANGGUNIANG KABATAAN
ELECTIONS, AMENDING REPUBLIC LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE
ACT NO. 7160, AS AMENDED,
OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE
"LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE OF
1991", AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES

38
R.A. No. 9333
AN ACT AMENDING FIXING THE
DATE OR REGULAR ELECTIONS FOR
ELECTIVE OFFICIALS OF THE
AUTONOMOUS REGION IN MUSLIM
MINDANAO PURSUANT TO
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9054, ENTITLED
"AN ACT TO STRENGTHEN AND
EXPAND THE ORGANIC ACT FOR ART. V: OMNIBUS ELECTION CODE
THE AUTONOMOUS REGION IN
MUSLIM MINDANAO, AMENDING
FOR THE PURPOSE REPUBLIC ACT
NO. 6734, ENTITLED ‘AN ACT
PROVIDING FOR AN ORGANIC ACT
FOR THE AUTONOMOUS REGION IN
MUSLIM MINDANAO’, AS
AMENDED"

R.A. No. 9369

AN ACT AMENDING REPUBLIC ACT
NO. 8436, ENTITLED "AN ACT
AUTHORIZING THE COMMISSION ON
ELECTIONS TO USE AN AUTOMATED
ELECTION SYSTEM IN THE MAY 11,
1998 NATIONAL OR LOCAL
ELECTIONS AND IN SUBSEQUENT
NATIONAL AND LOCAL ELECTORAL ART. V: OMNIBUS ELECTION CODE
EXERCISES, TO ENCOURAGE
TRANSPARENCY, CREDIBILITY,
FAIRNESS AND ACCURACY OF
ELECTIONS, AMENDING FOR THE
PURPOSE BATAS PAMBANSA BLG.
881, AS AMENDED, REPUBLIC ACT
NO. 7166 AND OTHER RELATED
ELECTIONS LAWS, PROVIDING
FUNDS THEREFOR AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES"

39
 CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY OF FINDING, CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS

In this research, the researchers used Documents Review to acquire the needed data.

The researchers used the web search in order to determine the various electoral reforms and

its aspects. The researchers has gathered related literatures that would correlate to the study.

In order to correlate it with the study, the researchers gathered literature that would broadly

discuss their expertise regarding electoral reforms. Various authors has discussed and

interrelated theories or approaches in order to thoroughly discuss their own argument and

perspective regarding electoral reforms. Thus, this research aims to conduct a historical

analysis about the various electoral reforms of the Philippines for the last 30 years.

The researchers has provided 2 specific objectives. First is to determine the enforced

electoral reforms of the Philippines and second is to determine the various and specific aspect

of the provided electoral reforms. As shown in the tables above, the data is limited. There are

only several electoral reforms and mostly focuses on procedural changes within the electoral

system as to regards of the election date and amendments of the provisions of other laws. On

the other hand, the following data shows the various and specific aspect being included such

reforms. As discussed above, the electoral reforms has a broad coverage. These coverage

covers the on how and what are the included matters on the conduct of elections. Through the

data analysis and interpretation, we shall understand the context of each law and why they

were created in the first place and to understand the importance to modify a certain law at

some point. Therefore, this study shall thoroughly discuss the historical roots and importance

of the provided law. At the end of this research, the researchers shall gather points and

recommendations to benefit the society and policy actors such as to focus in the betterment of

the electoral system and such.

40
 CONCLUSION

The data needed by the researchers are found to be limited thus the data acquired and

presented in this study are scoped within its limits. The study focuses in the procedural aspect

of the electoral system but shall pay more attention to the other aspects of the current system,

due to the prominentspects of the current system due to the prominent issue occurring within

the electoral system of the Philippines.

As stated in the study, there is also one major electoral reform which is the automated

system. As discussed above, right before the automated elections has been executed in the

Philippines. It has been through trial and error through different provinces and showed results

like the deficiency of ballots and failure to recognize the electronic ballots by the voting

machines. When the trial and errors are done through the automated elections, it is best to be

re-structured or verified by the government first in order to be able to execute the said system

smoothly and perfectly within the whole archipelagic country.

As mentioned earlier, the electoral reform is found to have broad coverage. Looking

through the data gathered in research, it is found that numerous resets have taken place during

the election date. Also, there are multiple cases of interruptions where candidates file pre-

proclamation cases and there are deficits of the voting machines and voting ballots which can

become a tedious work during the election period to be able to verify the accuracy of the

automated system. The aforementioned situations have caused so much delay in the election

procedure and delay in the time to finalize the votes.

Considering the factors pointed out in this study: (1) repetitive reset of the elections;

(2) due to the electoral candidates or officials interruptions; and (3) machine and ballot

deficits. It is evident that the current automated system must necessarily be properly and

strictly standardized and the machines used be re-engineered to make it more effective and

efficient in a way the aforementioned factors will be eliminated.

41
RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the findings and conclusions presented, the following recommendations are

suggested:

(1) As recommended by IFES, there shall be a safe modernization of the electoral process

(2) To avoid double registration within the country, it is best to centralize a registration

system that is continuous and that is computerized in order to monitor double

registration

(3) In order to raise the awareness of the voters, there shall be in need of voter’s

education to be a continuous election-related program

(4) In order to eradicate the malpractice of political turncoatism, there shall the enactment

of the Anti-Turncoatism Law

(5) In order to correlate the law with the progress of the automation of the system, there

shall also be modernized laws and to aim for flexibility of such laws

(6) To account people for transparency and accountability, there shall be a more thorough

disclosure of sources of campaign funds and expenditures

(7) In order to avoid the malfunctioning of the voting machines right before the election,

all PCOS machines must be re-tested and check that automated ballot counts match

manual counts

42
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Aceron, J. (2009). It's the (Non-) System, Stupid!: Explaining 'Mal-development' of

Parties in the

Ballester, R. e. (2010). A Study on the Impact of Election Spending on the Philippine

Economy.

Baterina, V. (1955). A Study of Money in Elections in the Philippines. University of

the

Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City.

Landman, T. (2008). Assessing the Quality of Democracy. An Overview of the

International

https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/chapters/assessing-the-quality-of-

democracy/assessing-the-quality-of-democracy-an-overview-of-the-international-idea-

framework.pdf

Reynold, A. R. (2005). Electoral System Design: The New International IDEA

Handbook.

International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance . Retrieved March 27, 2018

from

http://www.citizensassembly.gov.on.ca/en-CA/docs/Intermediate/IDEA%20Handbook.pdf

Rocamora, J. (1998). Philippine Political Parties , Electoral System and Political

Reform.

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7914/077e4c905cb3398b6f970d0c4baff1aa4387.pdf

Teehankee, J. (2009). Citizen-Party Linkages in the Philippines: Failure to Connect.

Reforming

the Philippine Political Party System, 23-44.

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 Wolfsfeld, G. (2015) INFOCORE Definitions: “Political Actors”. Herzliya,

Interdisciplinary

Center.

Charmaz, K. 2000. Grounded theory: Objectivist and constructivist methods. In the

Handbook of Qualitative Research. Edited by N. K. Denzin and Y. Lincoln. Thousand Oaks,

CA: Sage Publications, Inc.

ACE Project.Org. (1998-2018). The Electoral Knowledge Network. Retrieved from

Chan Robles Virtual Law Library. Election Laws of the Philippines. Retrieved December 1.

2018 from http://www.chanrobles.com/electionlawsofthephilippines.htm#.XA4lh3QzbIU

http://aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/em/eml/default

Cambridge University Press. (2018). Retrieved from

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/aspect

Gilad, S. (2018). Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from Encyclopedia Britannica:

IDEA Framework, 7-31. Retrieved March 27, 2018 from

Retrieved March 27, 2018 from

Philippines. Reforming the Political Party System. 5-22.

44
APPENDICES

A. Transmittal Letter

45
B. Research Instrument

OBJECTIVES VARIABLES DATA SOURCES INSTRUMENTS

Determine the Introduced- Studies that Documents Documents review

electoral Recommended introduced
reforms or Proposed reform in the
enforced for the electoral system
last 30 years. Independent
Variable-
Electoral
Reforms

Determine the Aspects of the List of aspects Documents Documents review

various and electoral that the electoral
specific aspects reform targeted
being targeted. Electoral
Reform

46
C. Timetable of Activities

47
D. Program Budget

48
E. Curriculum Vitae

RESE MIKELA R. CAPACIO

B16L16 Deca Homes Tunghaan Minglanilla, Cebu

Cell # 09452000636

resemikela@gmail.com

PERSONAL DATA

Date of Birth : March 19, 1999

Age : 19

Place of Birth : Cebu City

Father : Kenneth R. Capacio

Mother : Paul Vaughn W. Capacio

Religion : Roman Catholic

Sex : Female

Civil Status : Single

Language / Dialect Spoken : English, Tagalog, Visayan

TERTIARY University of San Carlos

P. del Rosario St., Cebu City 6000

4th yr student at present

SECONDARY Saint Theresa’s College Cebu

General Maxilom Ave. Street, Cebu City

Batch 2014-2015

ELEMENTARY Saint Theresa’s College Cebu

General Maxilom Ave. Street, Cebu City

Batch 2010-2011

49
JEREKA MAE U. ESCALONA

Metropolis Subdivision Pit-Os, Cebu

Cell # 09173580732

jerekamae.escalona@yahoo.com

PERSONAL DATA

Date of Birth : May 28, 1998

Age : 19

Place of Birth : Cebu City

Father : Jerome R. Escalona

Mother : Merlita U. Escalona

Religion : Roman Catholic

Sex : Female

Civil Status : Single

Language / Dialect Spoken : English, Tagalog, Visayan

TERTIARY University of San Carlos

P. del Rosario St., Cebu City 6000

4th yr student at present

SECONDARY San Isidro Parish School

1256 J. Bontuyan St., Talamban, Cebu City

Batch 2011-2015

ELEMENTARY San Isidro Parish School

Talamban Cebu City

Batch 2010-2011

50