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tw˜ qyv~wpŠy”‰qy”‘t“pŠ"Nq‹Hm4Šym+žpHpHm"o4m"ŠcŠ~wvF|.qvy~wpHŠy”•q”‰t“pHŠn”‘pHo4vym"~wŠym+¦[tŒsum4v­o4t“pHŠyž^¦qy”‘t“pP‡¨Ÿ‹m"Šym
qvy~wpHŠc”‰q”‰t“pHŠ­~wvym+o"~w‘‰m"›.Áw†ˆ¸Àƒ>¹ N‚Ž½t“v … Œ…wÂyÃY½„‡ ‰”‰qoŽ‹m"ŠC~wvcm/¦Hvct—›žHo"m4›U”‰p-~(o"”‰vyo4žH”‰q­›HžHm
 

qt&q‹mj›H”•ÔPm4vym4pHo"m©”‘p_Šy”‰’“pN~wL~wvcvy”•«w~Pq”‰^m4Š~Yqqy‹Hm©”‘pH¦Hž—qŠtw˜8~&’r~qymw‡ \tŒsum4v­o"twpHŠyžH$m"›
zr|’w‘”‰qyoŽ‹Hm"Š©”‘Š©o2~‘‘m4›
Áw†ˆ¸Àƒ¾¹ ª·N» u‚„Â~wpH›
”•qjq¾|°¦H”‰o2~w‰‰|~^t“žp}qyŠjqyt.~wz[t“žq+¢ r¤ tw˜;qy‹Hm
 

tŒ«“m4v~w‰P¦[t€sRm"vuo"t“pHŠcžH$¦q”‰t“p(tw˜Lq‹moŽ‹H”‘¦(~wpH›²m4«wm"pœ  r¤Ë”‘p¶Šyt“$mq¾|°¦H”‰o2~wµo2~wŠcm"Šn~wŠuqy‹Hm


o"tw+zH”‘pH~q”‰t“pN~w\~w›H›m"v  }  Շ³¾p.q‹H”‰Š­Šcm"o4qy”‘t“p.sRm+˜º~w$”‘‰”¯~wvc” "mq‹Hmdvcm2~w›Hm4v­sn”‰qy‹Ðq‹m+qm"v>–




$”‘pHt“‰t“’w|/tw˜§‹N~ 2~wvc›HŠ;~wp›²~w‘Šct©qy‹Hm­”‰ŠyŠcžHm"ŠR”‘pr«“t“•«“m4›(zµm„˜št“vymnsRm­›H”‰Šyo"žŠyŠuqy‹Hmqym"oŽ‹Hp”‘®}žHm"Š
˜št“vŸ’“‰”‰qyoŽ‹²ŠyžH¦H¦vym"ŠcŠy”‰t“pД‰pªqy‹HmpHm„Ñ°qŠym4o4qy”‘t“p§‡
 

Delay = 1
1

*”‰’“žHvcm¢—‡  Æ p_m„Ñ~w$¦H‘mCt˜*ŠFqŽ~qy”‘oC‹N~ "~wvy›P‡


 

Delay = 2
Delay = 1
1

 *”‰’“žHvymC¢—‡ ¢  Æ p_m„Ñ~w$¦H‘mCtw˜*~&1 ›|°pN~w$”‘o‹N~ 2~wvc›§‡


Èut“pHŠc”‘›Hm4vq‹Hm/m„Ñ~w$¦H‘m+t˜ *”‘’“žvymd¢°‡ +sn”•q‹-m2~oŽ‹U’“~qm+‹H~Œ«°”‰pH’²t“pHm+žpH”‰qCt˜6›Hm"‘~Œ|w‡


žHm&qt_q‹Hm^›H”‰Ôµm"vcm"pHo4m¶”‘p~wvyvc”‰«~w*qy”‘$m"Š©tw˜ŸŠc”‘’“pN~‘Š©~q©q‹Hm^”‘pH¦Hž—qŠ©tw˜;q‹m Æ  ’r~Yqm


q‹m­‘tw’“”‘o;«~w‰žHm’w‘”‰qyoŽ‹Hm"Š0t“v0m"$”‰qyŠR~©¦HžH‰Šym­t˜ ­žHp”‰q6sn”‘›qy‹§}sn‹H”‘oŽ‹(m4®}žN~w‘Š0q‹Hm”‘pr«wm"vcqym"v
›Hm4¯~2|“‡$¨Ÿ‹H”‘Š”‰Š©x}pHtŒsnp~wŠ©~-½„ƒ™…wƒÕ¸™¹ … Œ…wÂcÃw‡&³¾p ¬”‘’“žHvcm$¢—‡ ¢(qy‹Hm Ì l ’“~qmd¦Hvct—›žHo"m4Š+~
 

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¨Ÿ‹Hm.p}žH/zµm4v(tw˜m"›’“m"Š²”‰paqvy~wpHŠc”‘m"prqyŠ²~q¶qy‹Hm.t“ž—q¦Hžq¶tw˜©~’r~Yqm.^~2|am4®}žN~wqy‹Hm
p}žH+z[m"vt˜u~vyvy”•«°”‘pH’^Šy”‘’wpN~w‘Š­~qqy‹Hm+’r~qymw‡¨Ÿ‹Hm+^~Yї”‘/žH ›H”‰Ôµm"vcm"pHo4md”‘p-~wvcvy”•«w~\qy”‘$m
tw˜RŠy”‰’“pN~w‰Š~qCqy‹Hm&”‘pH¦Hž—qŠCtw˜R~²’r~qymd”‘ŠCo2~‘‘m4›ÍÃw¸ ‚„‚„¼NƒÕ¸º…w†?·…wƒ Uð‚„†•… d~wpH›”‘Š~‘Šyt(qy‹Hm


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t°o"o"žvyvym4›/~Yq q‹Hm6”‘p¦Hžq  ™‡\³¾pHm4vcq”‘~wr›Hm4¯~2|¦H‘~2|—Š\~Ÿ^~€ct“v vytw‘m ”‰p©›”‘Šcqyt“vcqy”‘pH’;qy‹Hm6’“‘”•qoŽ‹Hm4Š
¦Hvct—›Hžo"m"›~q&q‹Hmœ’r~qm4Š¶~pH› ”‰p{qy‹Hmœpm„Ñ°q(Šcm"o4qy”‘t“p{sumœ¦Hvym4Šym4p}q^s;~2|°Š(tw˜­m"‰”‘$”‘pN~qy”‘pH’
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! $ ! $

i(t) i(t)

 

Large Capacitive Load Small Capacitive Load

 ¬”‘’“žHvcm¢—‡   ÔPm4o4qtw˜¬‘tr~w›²o"~w¦N~wo4”‰q~wpHo"mt“pªŠc‹Ht“vcqo4”‘vyo4žH”‰qn¦[tŒsum4vn›H”‘ŠcŠy”‘¦H~q”‰t“p§‡
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q‹m"vym©”‘Š~&Šy‹Htwvcqq”‘$m­sn‹Hm4p.z[twq‹ªq‹Hm$¼  
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 Ho4‘t°oŽx(¦[m"vy”‰t—›P‡
Short circuit energy dissipation curve
10
Short circuit dissipation/ Total power dissipation (x100)

0
0 1 2 3 4 5

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Ratio of input rise/fall time to propagation delay


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Vdd

Sub−threshold Current

Diode Leakage
Current

*”‰’“žHvymd¢—‡ ¡  m2~wxY~w’wmdo"žHvcvym"prqyŠ©”‰p~wp-”‘pr«wm"vcqym"vz[m4˜št“vcm+q‹Hmdt°o"o4žHv~wpo"mdtw˜u~¶qvy~wpHŠy”•q”‰t“p


Large Capacitive Load

~qŸqy‹Hm”‘pH¦Hž—q2‡


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 tŒsRm4«wm"v"§qy‹Hm"vcm+~wvcm/Šct“^mq‹”‘pH’“Šq‹N~Yq~¶›m"Šy”‰’“pHm4v­o2~p.›Ht^qyt($”‘pH”‰^” "m­qy‹Hm"”‰vo4t“prqvy” –


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and
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Resistive
Remove YES
Feedthrough Cell
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Insertion

NO

Placement
and
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From Linear Program

Find Resistors From

Lookup Table

Generate Feedthrough
Cells
and Modify Netlist

Place−and−Route
Trim Resistor and
Values Post Layout Simulation

NO Timing
Constraints
Satisfied?

YES

Tape Out
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*”‘’wžHvym H‡  m4¯~2|¶«wm"vyŠcžHŠ­vcm"Šc”‘Šcq~wpHo4m˜štwvŸt“pHm”‘pr«“m4vcqym"vn‘tr~›§‡


Resistance (kilo ohms)


m4pHo"m\sRm&^t°›Hm4‘m"›.qy‹Hm&Šy”‰+žH¯~Yq”‘twpЛN~q~ª~wŠ~(q‹Hvcm"m&›H”‘$m"pŠy”‘twpN~w*‰t—twx°ž¦.qŽ~wzH‰m


q‹H~qdo"twžH‘›Êz[m²žHŠym4›Êqt.±Ñq‹Hm²vcm"Šy”‰Šcq~wpHo"m(«~w‰žHm¶˜št“v©q‹Hm²’w”‰«“m4p͛Hm"‘~Œ|~wpH›Í‰tr~w›
o"~Y–
¦N~wo4”‰q~wpHo"m«w~‘žHm4Š"‡ tŒsRm4«wm"v"N”•˜\~+‘”•qyq‰m~w¦H¦HvctŒÑ—”‰¶~qy”‘t“p^”‘Šu~w‘‰t€sRm"›²twpHmo"twžH‘›²~‘Šyt/žHŠym


8®}žN~q”‰t“p ‡ +qyt_o"~w‘o4žH¯~Yqmjqy‹Hm&›Hm"‘~2|“‡ Nt“vq‹Hm&‘t°t“x}žH¦.q~wzH‘mjq‹Hmd‰tr~w›-o2~¦N~wo"”•qŽ~wpo"m




su~wŠ¶«~wvy”‰m"›a”‘pŠFqm"¦Š(tw˜‘t“~w› tw˜t“pHmœqyv~wpŠy”‘ŠFqt“v^¦N~w”‰v"‡Ó¨Ÿ‹Hm.›Hm4¯~2|{^t°›Hm"n”‰Š¶Šy‹t€snp


’“vy~w¦H‹H”‰o2~w‰‰|ª”‘p *”‘’“žvym ‡(sn”•q‹Ðqy‹Hmd‘tr~›Ðo2~¦N~wo"”•qŽ~wpo"mwµq‹Hmd‰”‘pHm©vym4Šy”‘ŠFqŽ~wpo"m&~wpH›.qy‹Hm




›Hm4¯~2|²t“p²q‹m L (~wpH› ^~Yїm4Švcm"Šc¦µm4o4q”•«“m4‰|“‡




¨Ÿ‹Hm©¦Hvytw’“v~w¥snvy”•qyqm4p²qtd±Ѳqy‹Hmvym"Šc”‘ŠFqt“vŸ«~w‘žm"Š;±NvcŠcqn±їm"Šnq‹Hm‰tr~w›²o2~¦N~wo"”•qŽ~wpo"m
zr|+‰t—t“x}”‰pH’~q*q‹Hm;q¾|°¦[mŸtw˜[’r~qm4Š q‹N~Yq6~wvymut“p+q‹HmŸ‰tr~w›§‡\³´q8q‹m"p&Šyo"~wpHŠ q‹mŸ›Hm"‘~Œ|©«~w‘žm"Š
˜št“v*qy‹N~q8¦H~wvcqy”‘o"ž¯~wv¬‘tr~w›+~wpH›&o"t“$¦N~wvcm"Š ”•q*sn”•q‹dq‹HmupHm"o4m"ŠyŠy~wvc|&›m"¯~2|w‡ ³´˜?q‹HmŸpHm4o"m4ŠyŠ~vc|
›Hm4¯~2|œ˜º~‘‘Šzµm„q¾sum4m"pq¾sutª›N~YqŽ~(¦[t“”‘prqŠq‹Hmd¦Hvct“’“vy~w ›t—m4Š‘”‰pHm2~wv”‘prqm4vy¦[t“¯~Yq”‘twpœqt(±—Ñ
q‹m©vcm"Šc”‘Šcq~wpHo4m«~w‰žHmw‡

160

140

120
Delay (× 0.05 ns)

100

80

60

40

20

0
0.8

0.6 30
25
Lo 0.4 20
ad
Ca 15
pa 0.2 10 k Ω)
cita (× 10
nc 5 nce
e(
pF 0 Re sista
0

*”‰’“žHvym H ‡ 8¨Ÿ‹Hmj›m"¯~2|¶^t°›Hm"Ptw˜*qy‹HmC˜šm"m"›—q‹Hvct“žH’“‹_o"m4‘™‡


)


X
 TI : KH<>O D6E^MÒJLKH<>kubfQ0W²GHIJ BEc<´GHO[I =NJLJ
<F=NOL`C<´G


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Šcq~wpH›N~vy›Óo"m"‰‘Šª~wo4o"t“vc›H”‘p’ÍqytÊq‹Hm¦Hvct—o4m"›HžHvcmV›m"Šyo4vy”‰zµm4›Ò”‰p Ç m"o4qy”‘t“p ‡ ¢°‡ “‡Ë¨Ÿ‹m"Šym
˜šm"m4›q‹vyt“žH’w‹Êo"m"‰‘Š/~wvym^”‘pHŠcm"vcqym"›Ê”‰p}qytÐq‹m¶t“vc”‘’“”‰pN~w8o"”‰vyo4žH”‰q/z}|V$t—›H”•˜À|°”‘pH’ªq‹Hm^«“m"vc”‘‰t“’
pHm„q‘”‰Šcqutw˜ q‹Hm­o"”‘vco"žH”•q2‡ ¨Ÿ‹mC¦H¯~wo4m„–¾~wpH›—–´vyt“žqym­‘~Œ|wt“žqŸt˜ q‹Hm$t°›H”‰±Nm4›(pHm„q‘”‰Šcquo2~wp(qy‹Hm"p
}¢

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qvc”‘$^”‰pH’;o"~wp/z[mR›t“pHmuzr|vcm"›HžHo4”‘pH’q‹Hm0Šyz‘t°oŽx©^~wŠcxtŒ«“m"v\q‹Hm0¦[t“‰|°Šy”‰‘”‰o"t“pCvcm"Šy”‰Šcqyt“vyŠ\qt
vym4›HžHo4m©qy‹Hmvym"Šc”‘ŠFqŽ~wpHo4mC«w~‘žHm‡8³´˜ ~wp_”‘po"vym"~wŠym”‰p_vcm"Šc”‘Šcq~wpHo4m©”‰ŠŸvym4®°ž”‘vym4›§Hq‹m"p§N”‰pHŠcqym2~w›
tw˜[”‘prqyvyt°›HžHo"”‰pH’~pHm„s ˜šm"m4›q‹vyt“žH’w‹^o4m"‘°q‹N~Yq6o"t“žH‰›&oŽ‹N~wpH’“m;qy‹Hmnm"prq”‰vym;¦‹}|°Šc”‘o2~N›Hm"Šc”‘’“p
tw˜\q‹Hmo4”‘vyo4žH”‰qŸsRmo2~wp_oŽ‹N~wp’“m©qy‹Hm^m„qŽ~wµ”‘prqm4vyo4t“pHpHm4o4qŠ”‘prqyt$¦[t“•|—Šc”‘‰”‘o"twp(vyt“ž—qm"Š4‡
X `   D8= :
³¾pªq‹H”‰ŠoŽ‹H~w¦qm4vsRm©‹N~2«“m©Šy‹HtŒsnpœqy‹N~qnq‹mjm Ñ”‰Šcqy”‘pH’&Šcq~wpH›N~vy›_o"m"‰ ›Hm"Šc”‘’“pNtŒso"~wpœz[m
m2~Šy”‘•|Н$t°›H”‰±Nm4›.qtª¦Hvct—›Hžo"m$~²’“‘”•qoŽ‹—–™˜švym"mj›Hm"Šc”‘’“pP‡ m&~w‰Šyt²m Ѧ¯~w”‰pHm"›-q‹m$pm4s Ht€s


”‘pЛHm4q~w”‘\qt²Šy‹t€s q‹H~qq‹mdm„Ñ°qvy~ª‰tŒs ¦µtŒsRm"vCŠcqym"¦U”‘ŠpHtwq«wm"vc|ÐqŽ~Yї”‘p’(t“p-q‹Hm/m"prq”‰vym


›Hm4Šy”‘’wp-o4|°o"‰m/q”‰^m‡³´˜6q‹Hmd~vym2~(t˜8q‹Hm+o4”‘vco"žH”•q”‘ŠpHtwqC/žHoŽ‹-tw˜0~(o"twpHo"m4vyp§§qy‹Hm+‘”‰pHm2~v
¦Hvct“’“v~ sRmžHŠym4›Ó”‰Š(o2~¦N~wzH‰m.tw˜©¦Hvyt°›HžHo4”‘pH’Í~
$”‘p”‘+žH qyv~wpŠy”‘m4prqªm"pHm4vy’w| ›Hm"Šc”‘’“p
sn”‰qy‹Ht“žqn”‰pHo"vcm2~wŠc”‘pH’dqy‹Hmo"vy”•q”‰o2~wµ¦N~q‹_›Hm4¯~2|(tw˜\q‹m©o4”‘vco"žH”•q2‡


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pHm їq+Šym"o„q”‰t“psRm(›Hm"Šco"vc”‘z[m¶q‹Hm^m"prq”‰vym^m„Ñ—¦µm4vy”‰^m4p}q~w0¦Hvyt°o"m4›HžHvym^q‹N~qjqŽ~wxm"Šd~Š+”‘pH¦žq
q‹m«wm"vc”‘‘tw’$pm4q‰”‘ŠFqŸtw˜*~$o4”‘vyo4žH”‰qŸ~wpH›_¦Hvyt°›HžHo4m"Šnq‹Hm¯~2|wt“žqntw˜¬q‹Hm$”‘pH”‰+žHËqvy~wpHŠy”‰m"prq
m"pm"vy’|ª›Hm"Šc”‘’“p§‡ VmCq‹Hm4pЊy‹t€sBq‹Hm¦[t€sRm"v~wpH›œ~wvcm2~do2~w‰o"žH‘~q”‰t“pHŠu˜štwv;«w~vy”‘twžHŠnzµm4pHoŽ‹—–


^~wvyx²o4”‘vyo4žH”‰qyŠ"‡Ÿ³¾pœt“vy›Hm4vqyt^Šc‹HtŒs qy‹Hmj˜šm"~wŠy”‰zH”‘‰”‰q¾|^tw˜ qy‹Hm/o4t“pHo"m4¦q­sRm/¦[m"vF˜št“vy$m"›œ¦µtwŠcq


¯~2|wt“žqŠy”‰+žH¯~Yq”‘twpHŠu˜št“vŸq‹m –´zH”‰q Æ  o4”‘vco"žH”•q2‡0¨Ÿ‹Hm/¦[tŒsum4vŠy~Œ«°”‰pH’“Švym"ŠcžH‰qn˜švct“q‹H”‰Š
Šy”‰+žH‘~q”‰t“p¶su~wŠŸ˜št“žHpH›ªqt&z[m«wm"vF|ªo"‘twŠymCqtdsn‹N~qnsu~wŠnm"ŠFq”‘^~qym"›_~qŸq‹m©‰t“’“”‰o‘m„«“m"Õ‡
;X  /.­A/JL=?< ¥J\buGHD6EªJ GH`CA


¨Ÿ‹Hm«~wvy”‰t“žHŠ;ŠFqm"¦Š”‰p}«wt“‰«wm"›_o2~wp_z[m©zvy”‘m H|²t“ž—q‘”‰pHm"›ª~Šn˜štw‘‘tŒsnŠ 
 Ç qym"¦ Ÿ¨Ÿ‹Hm+”‘p”‰q”‘~w§ŠFqŽ~wpH›H~wvy›.o4m"‰\‰”‘zHvy~wvc|(zN~wŠym4›-¯~2|“twžqtw˜*q‹Hmjo"”‘vco"žH”•q­”‰ŠžŠym"›
qytam їqyv~wo„qœqy‹HmUo"m"‰C›Hm"‘~2|—Š4‡¨Ÿ‹HmVm„Ñ°qvy~wo4qym"›B‘~2|“t“žqœ”‘ŠªŠc”‘+žH‘~qm4›žHŠy”‰pH’{qy‹Hm
 
 o"”‘vco"žH”•q­Šc”‘+ž¯~qyt“v"‡Ÿ¨Ÿ‹HmjŠcqy”‘+žH‰žHŠn˜št“vqy‹H”‘ŠŠy”‰+žH‘~q”‰t“pª”‘ŠŠyžHoŽ‹.qy‹N~q
 


t“pmvy”‰Šy”‘p’+~wpH›²twpHm˜º~w‰‘”‰pH’©qyv~wpŠy”‰qy”‘t“p^”‘ŠR¦Hvyt°›HžHo4m"›²t“p²m„«“m"vF|(pHm„qŸtw˜ qy‹Hmo"”‰vyo4žH”‰q"‡
¨Ÿ‹HmŠc”‘+žH‘~qm4›ª›N~qŽ~d”‰Š;snvy”‰qcqm4p_”‰prqt$~+±N‘m©~wpH›_~&Šyo4vy”‘¦—qn”‘Š;snvy”•qyqym"pªqt&^m"~wŠyžvym
qy‹Hm­¦Hvct“¦N~w’“~q”‰t“p^›m"¯~2|&tw˜§m2~woŽ‹²’r~YqmžHŠy”‰pH’jqy‹H”‘Š0›N~q~‡ ¨Ÿ‹H”‰Šu”‘p—˜št“vy^~q”‰t“pd”‘ŠR~w‰Šyt
snvc”‰qyqym"pœ”‘prqt^~$±N‰mw‡ 6~woŽ‹.‰”‘pHm”‰pœq‹”‘Šn±N‘m‹N~wŠq‹Hm^ ėƒ ¶»"à 2»Y $…wƒR¼P‚„ƒÕ†ˆ¸‘½„ƒ Ár…wƒ>‚


¼NÄ  „‚„Â;~wp›œ”•qŠ ¶‚y…Y½„Ä°ÂŽ‚yöð‚„†•… ‡


 Ç qym"¦&¢  Æ È¦Hvytw’“v~w vcm2~w›HŠ\q‹Hm0±N‘m0o"twp}q~w”‘p”‘pH’q‹HmR’r~qm0›Hm4¯~2|°Š ~wpH›jq‹HmRo"”‘vco"žH”•q
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m4Šy”‘’wp_¨\t°t“‘Š4‡

  Ç qym"¦  Vmq‹Hm4p.m"ŠFq”‘^~qymqy‹Hm©”‘pHo4vym2~Šym©”‘pœ~wvym"~$›Hžm©qyt^q‹m©˜šm4m"›qy‹Hvyt“ž’“‹Ðo4m"‘‰Š


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