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R
T EE PR ESE R V ATION B ULLETI N N O
'
. 7 R E V IS ED 1 95 5
U N ITED STATE S DE P A RTM EN T O F THE I N TE R IO R
NATIO N A L P A K SE V ICE R R
CO N AD LR . WIRTH Di , r ect or
Fo r sl
a e by t h e S u pe ri n t e n den t of Do c u me n t s
U 8 G
. . o ve rn me n t Pi
r nt in g Offi ce
Was hi g o
n t n 25 , D . C
. Pi
r ce 15 ce n t s
FOR E W ORD
O ver 20 yea s ago the National Park S ervice was confronted with the p rob
r
In order to guide those w h were responsible for this w ork in p ark areas a o ,
most comp lete and useful series f nine Tree Preservation B ulletins w o as
prepared between 19 3 5 and 1940 by the late A Robe t Thomp son forester . r ,
A lthough the bulletins w ere ori ginally intended for park emp loyees they
‘
received wide by arborists and this demand has continued They are
u se .
The revised series will total seven in number The original B ulletins 1 and '
2 P p
,
ur d P l i y w hich referred to National P ark S ervice p ractices
o se an o c ,
p l ti g T
an n d O th W dy P l t and bulletin No 8
re e s a n er w No 2 oo a n s, .
,
no .
,
S f ty f T
a e W rk
o r B ulletin No 6 G
re e o l S p yi g
e rs . d O th P .
,
e n e ra ra n an er ra e
ti
c e s,w revised and reissued in 1 95 3 and the w bulletin No 1 i 1954
as ne . n .
T his b l l i R op
u K o s
e t n, d C l im b i ge, m i s No 7 i
n h s i s
t , E p an n , re a n . n t e er e . xc e t
f
o r ve ry mi o isio s i is ss i ll
n r rev h
n
g d f om h
,
o igi l s i g
t e ent a y u nc an e r t e r na ,
a t te t n to
B b T h om p so s o m p l p k owl d g f h s b j
’
o dn c e te a n ex ert n e e o t e u ect .
CO N A
R D L . W I RT H ,
D i r e c to r .
CO N T EN T S
Introd uction
Rope M anufacture
WorkingL oads for M anila Ro p e
Im p ortant K nots and H itches
Im p ortant S plices
Throw ing a Rop e
S purs or C limbing Irons
Rope C limbing
S afety S ling
U se o f S afety Ro p e in a Tree
Insp ction of Ro p e
e
rope knots and methods of rigging few have more daily need f r such
, , ,
o
skills than the tree worker H uses r pe to get into a tree ; as an aid in
. e o
t i l
e r a s, and lowering tree limbs ;and most imp ortant f all as a safety ,
o ,
but they are awkward to transp ort and use and so usually are not available
when needed A nd even when ladders are used the intelligent worker
.
, ,
alway s will avail himself of a rope safety sling to p revent p ossible accidents .
It may be truthfully said that the ability to perform effi cient work in a
tree is based fi rmly upon a thorough working knowledge of rope knots , ,
skilled unless he possesses such basic knowledge and knows how to ap ply
it p roperly .
Real skill with rope comes only with proper instruction and constant prae
tice and cannot be obtai ed merely through reading It is hoped however
n .
, ,
that this bulletin will serve a useful purp ose in exp laining some of the funda
m t l
en a s o f rope knots and climbing and that it may b eh el p ful u p to a
, , ,
ROP E M A N U FA CT U R E
Rope is made from several materials among which are manila hemp
coir fl cotton and nylon E ach of these typ es of rope has its p rop er
, , ,
,
ax, ,
.
since this has been found t be the most effi cient type and prob ably the o
M anila rop e usually is made from the fi ber f the stalk f the wild banana o o
the raw material into rope the fibers are twisted into yarns which in turn
, , ,
are twisted into strands Three or four strands are laid u p into a ro p e
.
,
opp osite direction Y arns usually are made right handed strands left
.
-
,
handed and ro p es right handed This twisting weakens the rope mate
,
-
.
i lly at least
r a , third f the original strength of the fibers being lost
o ne- o .
P S VA I N T IN
’
2 TR E E RE ER T O B U LLE NO . 7
The twisting adds considerably to the elasticity of the rope however and , ,
it is necessary f or usability .
rope gradually loses its cohesion under the rep etition f even moderate
'
W O RK I N G L O A D S FO R M A N I LA ROP E
nder average conditions the working load p laced on a rop e should not
U .
exceed sixth of the breaking stress but under the best conditions if the
o ne- , ,
rope is new th w orking load may be one fourth of the bre aking stress
, e -
.
v
o
inde fi nite period as in the case of a climbing rop e the working load shoul d
.
, ,
diameters which has been treated to m k i t resist rot and wear longer a e .
Federal specifi cations for new manila ro p e ( Ii strand ) include the follow -
ing standards This table should be used in esti mati ng safe loads for
.
gh
m a te
gh f
r le n g
b re ak i n g ( V8 m a x i
le n t
o f c il o
we i
oi l
c
t o
pop e r
un d
s tr e n gh t m um )
P o unds
RO P E, K N OTS ,
AN D C LI M I B NG 3
IM PORTA NT K NO TS A N D H I T C H E S
A ltho gh there are many knots and hitches w hich are useful in conn ection
u
usual knots for w hich a tree worker will have constant need If careful .
tie the knots shown without p ersonal instruction The assistance of another .
B efore learning to tie knots the novice should clearly understand th e names ,
R i g b wli
unn n ( g )
fi o3 is a convenient
ne f orm of runnin g .loo p It is .
useful for attaching rop e to a high p oint in a tree after rop e has been slung
over a limb when w orking on the grou d n .
S f ty li g ( fi g 5 ) is a bowline
a e s n bight tied into a safety line or a
.
-
o n -a-
'
standard tree worker s safety belt or saddle in combination with a taut line
’ -
hitch A suitable safety sling should always be used while w orking in a tree
. .
B wli
o ( fig 6 ) is one of the most useful knots It forms a loo p which
ne . .
cannot slip the harder the p ull the tighter the knot and it does not jam
— —
,
easily .
Fi g f g ( g )
i h
u re - ot fi -
9
e is used as a safety sto p in the end
. of a safety rope .
two ropes of the same size together It will not sli p if ro p e is dry . .
T w h lf h i t ho a
( g
fi-
1 2 ) arec used to
es tie the end Of a rope. around its
standing p art after passing around a limb or spar .
loosened easily .
spar or to raise tools into a tree It may be tied on the end f a rope or a
,
. O
bight .
T RE E P S VATI
RE ER ON B U LLE TI N NO .
PLAT E 1
FI G I FIG 3
LI I HT I LI
. .
FIG 5
SA T I
.
FE Y S L NG
S T ANDIN G P AT
R
m m
FI G 7 FI G 9
I I I HT
.
.
B L A CKWALI . H T CH F G URE - OF - E G
FI G
PA T S P
.
R O F A RO E
FI G IO FI G II
SQ A T SH T
. .
U R E KNO EE B E ND
FI G I2 FI G IS FI G I4
HA H IT H TI M H IT H L H IT H
. . .
T WO LF C ES B ER C C OVE C
RO P E, KNO TS ,
AN D C LI M I B NG
PLAT E E
C OMMON R O P E S P L ICE S
FIG (5 FI G I6 F IG I7
SPL I I SPLI SPL I
. . .
EYE CE ( ) E YE CE (2 ) E YE CE (3 )
FI G 2 3 FI G 24
ST L MA LI SPI HI
. .
6
'G '9
EE R N KE
SH T SPL I
OR CE ( I)
C KORY FI D
FI G IS FI G 20
SH T SPL I SH T PL I
. .
OR CE (2 ) OR S CE ( 3 )
FI G 2I
L SPL I
.
ON G CE
FI G 22
L SPLI
.
ON G CE (2)
3 3 1 161 0 55 z
6 T RE E P S VAT N
RE ER IO B U LLE TIN NO . 7
I M PORTA NT S PLI CE S
The ability to splice two rop es together is a useful one to the tree worker .
f l fi ll
u a .
O
n o consequence the simplest union i the short splice but when the diameter
,
s ,
O f the fi nished union cannot be greater than that Of the ro p e itself the long ,
splice must be used The latter is necessary when the splice must pass
.
through a tackle block The eye sp lice i useful when a permanent loop
. s
Th e e y p l i e s( see
ce fi g 1 5 1 6 and 1 7 ) is used
s for
. forming a p e manent
, ,
r
loop in the end of a rope The rope strands are unwound and separated .
( unlaid ) f a length
or f about 1 foot from the
o end The end is then brou g ht .
back against the body of the rope to form an eye of the size desired The .
loop must be formed entirely of tight rope and the sep arated ( splicing )
’
strands should extend beyond the point f juncture The s p lice is then o .
formed by placing each splicing strand alternately over and under succes
sive tight strands along the body f the rope away from the point of juncture o
and the eye itself The splicing strands should be worked int the ro p e as
. o
Th eh t p li
s or s( S fi g 1
ce 8 1 9 and 20
ee ) i d t join t w rosp es
.
, ,
s
'
u se o o
rope is unlaid f a short distance and the ends are brought together with
or
splicing strand is worked back through the body of the adjoining rop e end .
adjacent to it in the adjoinin g end When the s p licing strands have been .
w orked back past tw tight strands they are trimmed t tw thirds their
o o o -
original diameter The p rocess is repeated and the strands are trimmed to
.
o ne- third their original diameter The tucking p rocess i repeated f the . s or
The spike fid ( see fig 23 and 24 ) are used t open tight strands thus
or s . o
In making a long sp lice the ropes are unlaid for a longer distance than ,
or , l ,
Then starting w ith b and sep arate each strand i tw parts and taking
2 az n o , ,
one half of each strand overhand knot these together as in Figure 22k and
-
,
tuck them in a short splice as shown in Figure 22m The other pairs f . o
Then the spare half of each strand is trimmed ff smooth after halves f o o
each pair of strands have been tucked thus com p letingthe splice , .
such a floor or sidewalk and roll it back and forth under the foot This
as ,
.
tends to make the splice smaller in diameter and also tends to equalize the
tension on the various strands thus making a stronger and firmer splice ,
.
A ny loose yarns should be trimmed ff so that they will not bind while the O
T HR O W I N G A ROP E
A fter the vari o s knots shown in Plate I are mastered the next imp ortant
u ,
safety rope First the tree worker must know how it should be used to get
.
,
effi cient and safe all the time he is IT the ground A safety rope should be C .
The f ollowing descri p tions app ly to right handed pe sons Those who -
r .
are left handed sh uld reverse the directions as they read and follow them
-
o .
When the rop e is uncoiled checked and laid out on the ground a throw , , ,
ing knot is formed as shown in Figures 26 and 27 This knot is for the .
purpose of forming a weight on the end of the rope so that the rope can be
sl ng through a crotch and the end returned to the ground The knot i
u . s
wrapping the loo p s with about 8 turns and pulling the bight f the rope ,
O
through the upp er portion of the l ps The knot should be kept tight and oo .
In throwing the rop e the bight held in the left hand is adjusted so that
,
it just reaches the ground when the arm is straight ( see fig Then 5 or .
6 loops are made the same len gth The knot and 1 or 2 loops f held in . a e
the right hand and the balance f the loop s are held in the left hand
, O as
shown in Figure 28 .
selected If possible the crotch should be near the trunk and one branch
.
,
‘
above the one where the climber desires to stop S afety ro p es should never .
When throwing the rope the climber should stand faci ng the tree at a ,
point which will allow a free throw Of the rop e through the crotch With .
8 TR E E P RE S E R VA I NT O BU LL T I
E N NO . 7
Fi g u r e 2 5 —I n sp e ct in g
. r op e. i
F gure 26 —T b r o w i n g
. kn o t, fir s p osi io
t t n.
i
F gure 2 7 .
—Th r o w i g k o s o d p osi io
n n t, ec n t n . Fi g ur e .
— d
2 8 4 R e a y t o th r w o .
RO P E, K NO TS ,
AN D C L MB
I IN G 9
the right knee bent and the weight carried the right leg the arms should on ,
swing fo ward and back together to get momentum O the last swing
r . n ,
the right hand should release the throwing knot and the rop e in the left ,
hand should be released loop by loop If the rop e a imed p ro p erly it w ill . Is ,
go through the crotch and the throwing knot will fall the other side on .
The knot should then releas itself and the rope end fall toward the ground e .
S ometimes the end will reach the ground If not it w ill be necessary to .
,
throw running coils up the rop e to whip it over the bra ch or a pole p runer n ,
used to hook down the short end f the rop e C are must be exercis d to
. O . e
rope a smaller rope may b thrown with a weight on the end When the
,
e .
small rop e is in position the inch rop e may then be tied on and pulled
,
-
SP U R S O R CLI M B I N G I R ON S
years ago .
minor importance com p ared with what may be termed the seconda y eff ct r e .
The holes left by the sharp p oint d s purs are ideal op en doors for fungus
-
e
' '
C limbing irons are doubtless a necessity to the utility linemen who climb
bare p oles but they are defi nitely hazardous w hen used on trees since the
, ,
spurs are diffi cult to imbed in certain typ es o f bark and may slip thus ,
causing a fall .
R O P E C LI M B I N G
Us e o f Le g s Ar o u n d Tr u n k
After the rop e is p rop erly crotched there are several ways f using it in ,
O
climbing the tree The simplest i to use the hands and arms hand over
. s ,
hand and wrap the legs around the trunk as a f l m d sup p ort
, u c ru
'
an .
To use this method of climbing the double rop is brought t gether and , e o
Figure 29 Then with the w eight supported by the hands the legs are
.
, ,
lifted as high as p ossible and wrapped around the trunk as shown in Figure
3 0 The rope is then climbed hand over hand still keeping the legs wrapped
.
tightly around the trunk When the position shown in Figure 3 1 is reached
.
,
10 T REE P S VA I N
RE ER T O B U LLE TIN NO . 7
Fi g ure 2 9 —R
. ea dy t l im b
o c . Fi g ure 30 —L e g s u p
. .
Fi g u r e 3 1 —H. an do ver b an d .
Fi g ure 32 —U p
. o n to i
l mb .
RO P E, TSK NO LI M ,
AN D C BIN G 11
. s .
climb directly onto the limb where the ro p e is crotched the limb my be ,
a
up and hooked over the limb which is gras p ed by both hands and the left ,
leg is used as a brace against the trunk The body is then swung up and
,
into a throwing knot and again thrown through a favorable Crotch nd the a
climbing p rocess repeated . U sually however there will b suffi cient limb s , ,
e
to serve as foot and handhold so that the tree can be climbed as a ladder .
The rope end should be knotted over the shoulder through the belt and or -
U se o f Fo o t l o c k
o n
preferred form of footlock but for others the following footlock is s ggested
,
u
With th double rope hanging free the climber should grasp the tw
e ,
o
ropes as high as possible d raise the body with the m Th en the right
an ar ' .
knee should be raised with the rop es p assing outside the right thigh back ,
of the right leg over the right instep and over the left instep S hown
, ,
as In
Fig re 3 3 Then the left foot i raised and placed on the right instep lock
u . s ,
this p osition the entire weight f the climber should be borne by the feet O .
Then the arms are raised as shown in Figure 3 5 to a new grasp Of the ropes ,
the footlock released and the legs raised and locked as before This
,
.
one leg is thrown over it and th e body swung over and onto the limb .
The rope is then carried higher in the tree s described previously until a
crotch should be selected thro gh which to sling the safety rope A crotch u .
suffi cient to hold the heaviest climber if the limbs are alive and undecayed .
Tight crotches shou ld be avoided as they may bind the rope and ca se u
s fety ling
a s .
12 T REE P S VAT
RE ER IO N B LL T
U E IN NO . 7
i
F g ur e 3 3 — Fo o tl o c k fir
, s p osi io
t t n . Fi g u r e 3 4 —F oo tl o c k
.
, s o d p osi io
ec n t n.
Fi g u r e 3 5 — F oo t l o c k
.
.
, th i d p osi io
r t n . Fi gur e 36 .
—S a fe ty s l in g .
RO P E, TS K NO L MB ,
AN D C I 13
IN G
C ramps and strains sho ld be avoided when sing the footlock well
u u as
as in other types Of climbing The climber should sto p and rest if he feels .
bight in end f the rope and raise himself b y ha ling the othe r end
o ne o u on .
cases This procedure may sound cumbe some t the trained tree worker
. r o ,
SA FE T Y S LI N G
There are several safety belts and specially made safety slings available
for use by tree workers A bowline bight tied into a safety line
.
-
o n -a- , ,
or
a s
.
p i l made safety belt saddle in combi ation with a taut line hitch
ec a -
,
or n -
S ince this bulletin i concerned primarily with the s Of rope only the u se ,
In forming this sling end Of the rope i do bled back about 8 feet
,
o ne s u
free about 2 feet Of the S ho t end The exact size Of the bowline i deter r . s
36 .
.
,
which protrudes from the taut line hitch for holding a can f w ound dress -
O
ing In this case the rope should be doubled back for bout 15 feet before
.
, a
tying the bowlin e bight This will allow 4 t 6 feet f the rope t hang
'
-
o n -a- . o o o
If the climber exp ects t sp end a long time in p osition in the tree o o ne ,
place by a single bowline st ung through the holes at the ends Of the board r
and the bowline knot S hould be as close to the body as practical The .
bowline and swing b ard are f course supported by the ta t line hitch o ,
o ,
u -
U S E O F SA FE TY ROP E I N A T R EE
A safety rope h three major uses t the climber It i the most
as o . s co n
ground end f the rope may be used t haul up light tools and equip ment
o o .
In getting around in the tree an effi cient climber will allow h i weight ,
s
to be supported by the rope most Of the time and the limbs Of the u se
lateral b anches since his weight is carried by h i rope and the stress
r ,
s ,
on
the tau t line hitch in order t reach the desired points T lower the body
-
o . o ,
the knot should be jerked downward and released when y want t stop ou o .
When it i desired t shorten the safety rope to take u p slack the taut
s o or ,
from the hitch t a point above it B y holding the weight by a hand above
o .
the hitch and by the feet below the hitch using a footlock the hitch can , ,
be slipp ed p ward U .
The safety rop e i the climber s guarantee against falling from the tree
’
s .
The safety sling must be kept tied and in until the climber i again u se s on
the ground T release the taut line hitch before coming t f a tree i
. O -
ou o s
e x re e
be used with sharp edged tools that they will not cut the rope injure
-
so o r
the climber The best knot with which t attach a pole pruner pole w
. o ,
sa ,
o r other handled tool i the clove hitch This knot is easily tied is safe s .
, ,
handle Often catches a limb thus closing the cutter the rope with on ,
on
RO P E, TS K NO LI M B ,
AN D C 15IN G
standing under the tree when tools are being raised or lowered .
'
I N S P E CT I ON O F ROP E
Rop e S hould be kep t coiled when not in use and should be thoroughly
insp ected f wear cuts and abrasions befo re being used again If one
or , ,
.
condition it is well to open the strands of the rope at inte vals t Observe
, r o
be discarded .
CO I LI N G T H E ROP E
A rope must always be kep t coiled whe t in use It i a S ign Of n no . s
ou co n
it properly .
The rope may be lo ped over the left arm shown in Figure 3 8 until about
o ,
as ,
straightened Then starting ab out a foot from the t p f the coil the end
.
,
o O ,
Should be wrapped abo t 6 times around the loops by rolling them in the
u .
left hand as shown in Figu e 3 9 Then the left hand is extended through as
r .
shown in Figure 40 and the bight i pulled back through the loops T w
, s . o
half hitches are then tied around the bight l aving a short end f car ying
-
,
e or r
Of protecting tree workers from injury E ach one i im p rtant and must be . s o
length The V inch nylon rope is coming into wider use and i acceptable
.
g
-
s
T REE P S VAT N
RE
B
ER
LL T IN IO U E NO . 7
16
Fig ur e 3 8 —C oi li g o p n r e
fi
r st p osi ti o n .
Fi —Coil i op
Fi g —Coi l i op
e
41 n g r
ure 40
d p osi i o
.
n g r e gure
fo u r th p os io
it n.
th i r t n .
RO P E, TS L MB
K NO ,
AN D C 17 I IN G
avoided .
2 The safety sling should always be used while working i a tree even
. n
if a ladder is also sed M any men have b en badly inj red killed by u . e u or
5 A rop e m st
. t be climbed hand over hand witho t using a footlock
u no u
or using the legs around the tree S hinning more than 15 feet up a tree .
' '
6 A ll slack must be ke p t
. t Of the safet y rope If it becomes necessary ou .
to change the supporting crotch Of a safety Sling the climber should use ,
great care while changing crotches T be absol tely safe the climber . O u ,
overnight when there is reason t exp ect rain where it might be damaged o ,
or
or stolen .
. no ,
u r a ,
or across itself and sharp bends over unyielding surfaces should be avoided
, .
Rope should never be stored transported where sharp tools may cut it or .
. o ne o o
be avoided especially when the rope wet T avoid kinks in new rope
,
15 .
o
when uncoiling uncoil from the inside f the coil never from the outside
—
,
o .
day T leave knots tied f a p rolonged p eriod will cause kinking and
. O or
Undue wear .
hold slipp ery bark and knots are apt t slip if the rop e is wet
on ,
o .
5
m m
m m S
m m m m m
8 m e m a 3
m
5 2 3 m
N
5 5 mi
S
m m N m m . m s m m m m m m ? a n 3
5
.
. .
m m m v m h m h
J o
m w
N h
m
a
3 2 m
o
3 m m S 2
N
m m 2
0
' t 2
o
E
N ~ H fl fi ; L ' fi f ; ' fi N ' fl ;
m m m R m m m E S
8 R
R S
S m m N N m . N m m m N N . 5
h o m m a v m o O v a o m c
m w e m v . m v m m w 3 m m v m
C
o
u
p
8 m
u
9
m g
g 4 5 E
—
o
M
o ? 2 C 3 m
mw
a
'
8 m o m .
' m a
e 0 z
n b 3
—25
. a 0
o
' '
C o O
6 o c
5 d wE Q 9
0 m C C
5 m 3
a m5 z E E 2
20 T RE E P S VAT RE ER IO N BU LL T E IN NO . 7
A CK NO W LE D G M E NTS
The references listed in the bibliography have been consulted in the prepara
tion f this b lletin S ggestions and criticisms received from A W D dge
o u . u . . o ,
B I B LI O G RA P H Y
AU S IN, W T F ( C hm A P io C cc r e ve n t n o m ) M l of A id P a n ua io i cc ent r e ve n t n n
A sso i dG l Co o s f Am i 1 9 3 0 pp 1 25—26
. . . . .
C o n s tr u c t i o n . c a te e n e ra n tr a c t r o er ca, . . .
Fi ld M W shi o G
-
CO R P S OF E NG IN E E R S , U S A rm y E n g in e e r e l an ua a n gt n, o ve rn
Pi i pp
. . . .
m ent r nt ng O ffi c e , 1 9 1 7 . . 16 5 , 16 6 , an d 1 7 4 —8 5 .
A A
D N R T Han b d oo k of s
C o n tr u c t i on Pl ant M c G r a w H il l -
B ook Com p an y,
pp
. . .
,
1 9 18 . . 5 6 5—69 .
DU T CH A O A N I AT I N
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