WWT - Thai Anh

30-Aug-22
COURSE
WASTEWATER TREATMENT ENGINEERING
Lecturer : Dr. Thai-Anh Nguyen (1/2017)
OUTLINE
CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW OF WASTEWATER

CHAPTER 2. UNIT PROCESSES AND OPERATIONS
CHAPTER 3. PRELIMINARY TREATMENT
CHAPTER 4. PRIMARY TREATMENT
CHAPTER 5. SECONDARY TREATMENT
CHAPTER 6. ADVANCED TREATMENT
CHAPTER 7. SLUDGE TREATMENT
CHAPTER 8. LABSCALE AND REGRESSION ANALYSIS
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CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER 3
ROUTES OF WATER USE AND DISPOSAL
Source: Marcos von Sperling, Wastewater Characteristics, Treatment and Disposal, 2007 IWA Publishing
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NUTRIENT POLLUTION
Methemoglobinemia
Eutrophication in Hawkes Bay region
(similar to “Blue Baby)”
Surface Waters
Groundwater
• toxic to fish NH3
• Blue Baby Syndrome NO3-
• algal blooms N and P
• carcinogen production NO3-
• eutrophication N and P
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NUTRIENT POLLUTION
ALGAL GROWTH (Stumm & Morgan, 1981) :
 2
106 CO2  122 H 2O  16 NO3  HPO4  18 H 
 ENERGY  C106 H 263O110 N16 P  138 O2
Ideal N : P ratio  16 N : 1 P
or 7 mg N : 1 mg P
1 mg P leads to 100 mg al gae biomass
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MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS (MWC)

Physical-chemical characteristics of raw domestic sewage
in developing countries in Vietnam

Parameter Unit Value Parameter Unit Value
pH - 6.7 – 8.0 pH - 6.5 - 7.5
BOD5 mg/L 250 – 400 BOD5 mg/L 200 - 300
COD mg/L 450 – 800 COD mg/L 250 - 400
Total N mg/L 35 – 60 Total N mg/L 50 - 100
Total P mg/L 4 – 15 Total P mg/L 10 - 20
TSS mg/L 200 - 450 TSS mg/L 150 - 350
Total MPN/ 107 - 109 Total MPN/ 107 - 109
Coliform 100mL Coliform 100mL
Source: Arceivala (1981), Jordao & Pessoa (1995), Qasim (1985), Metcalf & Eddy (1991)
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NATIONAL TECHNICAL REGULATION ON MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER

QCVN 14 : 2008 / BTNMT
Cmax = C . K
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NATIONAL TECHNICAL REGULATION ON MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER

QCVN 14 : 2008 / BTNMT
Cmax = C . K
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WATER CONSUMPTION
The average domestic sewage flow calculation is given by:
Pop.L pcd .R
Qd , av 
1000
m 3
/ day 
Typical water consumption in some institutional establishments:
Establishment Unit Flow range
(L/unit.day)
Rest home Resident 200 – 450
Employee 20 – 60
School
-with cafeteria, gymnasium, showers Student 50 – 100
-with cafeteria only Student 40 – 80
-without cafeteria and gymnasium Student 20 – 60
Hospital Bed 300 – 1000
Employee 20 – 60
Source: EPA (1977), Hosang and Bischof (1984), Tchobanoglous and Schroeder
Thai Anh 2017 (1985), Qasim (1985), Metcalf & Eddy (1991)
WATER CONSUMPTION
TCXDVN 33 : 2006
WATER SUPPLY – DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM AND FACILITIES DESIGN STANDARD
Subjects Water Cons. Subjects Water

L/resi.day Cons.
Big cities, tourist cities, 300 - 400 L/resi.day
resorts, big industrial 2010 2020
parks. Grade-I urban areas:
Small and medium cities, 200 - 270 Inner city 165 200
towns, small industrial Peripheral of city 120 150
zones Grade-II, III urban areas:
80 - 150 Inner city 120 150
Towns, centers of industry
Peripheral of city 80 100
- agriculture, industry -
fishery, rural residential Grade-IV, V, and countryside : 60 100
areas (The average consumption of water required in
domestic water supply without other utilities)
Countryside 40 - 60
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INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS (IWC)

Typical ranges of mean concentrations of pollutants in industrial wastewaters
Source: Innovative Technologies for the treatment of industrial wastewater, 2018 by Apple
Academic Press, Inc
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Source: Innovative Technologies for the treatment of industrial wastewater, 2018 by Apple
Thai Anh 2017 Academic Press, Inc
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Source: Constructed Wetlands for industrial wastewater treatment, 2018 JohnWiley & Sons Ltd
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THE ESTIMATION OF MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM WATER FLOWS
Diurnal variations in wastewater flow

Kh,max : Peak coefficients for the hour with
the highest water consumption
Kh,min : Reduction coefficients for the hour
with the lowest water consumption
h
Qmax  K max
h
 Qaver
h
h
Qmin  K min
h
 Qaver
h
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TCXD 51-2008, hệ số không điều hòa
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EQUALIZATION TANK CALCULATION
Flowrate Pattern A Flowrate Pattern B

Cumulative inflow volume, ft3
Inflow mass Inflow mass

diagram diagram
Average daily
flowrate Average daily
flowrate
Required
equalization Required
volume equalization
volume
M N M N M
Time of day
Design volume = [1.1~1.2]  Theoretical volume
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EQUALIZATION TANK CALCULATION
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CHAPTER 2: UNIT PROCESSES AND OPERATION S USED IN DWWT 18
MECHANISMS FOR THE REMOVAL OF POLLUTANTS (1)
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Source: Marcos von Sperling, Wastewater Characteristics, Treatment and Disposal, 2007 IWA Publishing
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CHAPTER 2: UNIT PROCESSES AND OPERATIONS USED IN MWWT 21
POSSIBLE STEPS IN THE

TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER
Source: The wastewater treatment lectures

(textbook), Delft University of Technology
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GENERALIZED FLOW DIAGRAM FOR DWWT
Thai Anh 2017 Source: Asano et al. 1985
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GENERALIZED FLOW DIAGRAM FOR DWWT
Source: Asano et al. 1985
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Average effluent concentrations and typical removal efficiencies of the main pollutants of
interest in domestic sewage
Thai Anh 2017 Source: Marcos von Sperling, Wastewater Characteristics Treatment and Disposal, IWA Publishing. 2007
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Average effluent concentrations and typical removal efficiencies of the main pollutants of
interest in domestic sewage
Thai Anh 2017 Source: Marcos von Sperling, Wastewater Characteristics Treatment and Disposal, IWA Publishing. 2007
CHAPTER 3: PRELIMINARY TREATMENT 26
SCREENING
Objective
• To remove large objects such as rags,
paper, plastics, metals, and the like.
These objects, if not removed, may
damage the pumping and sludge
removal equipment, hang-over weirs,
and block valves, nozzles, channels,
pipelines, and appurtenances
• First unit operation used at wastewater
treatment plants.
Type of screens
• Coarse screens: used primarily as
Fine screen protective devices, e.g., bar racks (or
screens), coarse woven-wire screens,
and comminutors
• Fine screens: openings of < 2.3~6
mm (< 0.1~0.25 inch); used to
provide pretreatment or primary
treatment
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TYPICAL SCREENING DEVICES
Inclined fixed screen Rotary drum

screen
Rotary disk screen
Centrifugal
screen
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TYPICAL SCREENING DEVICES

Through dual flow
flow
Bar screen
- Width:
2 to 14 ft
- Channel depths:
>100 ft
Step screen
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SCREENING DESIGN GUIDELINES
Design factor Manually Mechanicall

cleaned y cleaned
Velocity through screen/rack (m/sec) 0.3-0.6 0.6-1
Bar size (mm)
Width 4-8 8-10
Depth 25-50 50-75
Clear spacing between bars (mm) 25-75 10-50
Slope from horizontal (°) 45-60 75-85
Allowable headloss, clogged (mm) 150 150
Max. headloss, clogged (mm) 800 800
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screens
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Example
Two identical bar racks; mechanically cleaned,  = 75°; bar spacing (clear) = 2.5
cm; Qpeak = 1.321 m3/sec; Qmax = 0.916 m3/sec; Qave = 0.441 m3/sec
Velocity through rack at vpeak = 0.9 m/sec
Velocity through rack at vmax = 0.6 m/sec
Velocity through rack at vave = 0.4 m/sec
Diameter of the conduit = 1.53 m; slope of the conduit = 0.00047 m/m; velocity at
Qpeak = 0.88 m/sec; depth of flow in the conduit at Qpeak : H = 1.18 m
A. Design bar racks

1. Compute bar spacings and dimensions of the bar rack chamber
Use peak wet weather flow for the rack chamber design.
a. Clear area through rack openings = Qpeak/vmax = 1.321 m3/sec  0.9 m/sec = 1.47 m2
b.Clear width of the rack opening = A/d = 1.47 m2/1.18 m = 1.25 m
c. Provide 50 clear spacings at 25 mm
d. Total width of the rack chamber = 50  25 mm  10-3 m/mm = 1.25 m
e.Total number of bars = 49
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A. Design bar racks (cont.)

f. Provide bars with 10 mm width
g. Width of the chamber = 1.25 m + 49  10 mm  10-3 m/mm = 1.74 m
2. Calculate the efficiency coefficient :
clear opening 50  25 mm
Efficiency coeff .    0.72
Width of the chamber 1740 mm
3. Compute the actual depth of flow and velocity in the rack chamber at Qpeak
a. Energy equation
v12 v2  v2 v2 
Z1  d1   Z2  d 2  2  h L h L  K e  1  2 
2g 2g  2g 2g 
b. The chamber floor is horizontal; Z2 = 0; the invert of the incoming conduit = 8 cm

above the reference datum; Ke = 0.3
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CHAPTER 3: PRELIMINARY TREATMENT
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CHAPTER 4: PRIMARY TREATMENT 34
Septic tank, a form of primary treatment (basically sedimentation tank), used to

SLUDGE DIGESTION hold domestic wastes when a sewer line is not available to carry them to a
SEPTIC TANK treatment plant. The wastes are piped to underground tanks directly from a
home or homes. Bacteria in the wastes decompose some of the organic matter,
the sludge settles on the bottom of the tank, and the effluent flows out of the
tank into the ground through drains.
a. Liquid level, b. minimal 7.5 cm,

c. minimal 30 cm, d. 40% of the liquid level,
e. 2/3 L, f. 1/3 L
Source: The wastewater treatment lectures (textbook), Delft

University of Technology
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CHAPTER 4: PRIMARY TREATMENT
SEPTIC TANK Septic tank (2.88 m3 capacity) designed for a typical household
(04 people, 02 bathroom)
 1st chamber : [1.2m x 1.0m x 1.6m(depth)] = 1.92 m3
 2nd chamber : [0.6m x 1.0m x 1.6m (depth)] = 0.96 m3
 Thickness of wall and floor is 10 cm
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Source: Phil Wilson 2011
SEPTIC TANK
Source: Phil Wilson 2011
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COAGULATION - FLOCCULATION
Coagulation is the destabilization of colloids by addition of
chemicals that neutralize the negative charge.
Source: SNF FLOERGER (n.y.)

https://sswm.info/sswm-university-course/module-6-disaster-situations-planning-and-
preparedness/further-resources-0/coagulation-flocculation
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 The coagulation–flocculation
process does not only separate
suspended solids from water,
but also reduce color and
certain organic compounds
from different sources of
wastewater such as dyes
wastewater, municipal sewage,
micro-polluted water, oily
wastewater, paper industry
wastewater.
 In the coagulation–flocculation
process, the adsorption-
bridging and charge
neutralization mechanisms
played an important role in
colloidal destabilization and
aggregation.
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ZETA POTENTIAL
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ZETA POTENTIAL
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ALKALINITY CALCULATION FOR COAGULATION
Al2 SO4 3 .14 H 2O  6 HCO3  2 Al OH 3   6CO2


2
 14 H 2O  3SO4
FeCl3  3HCO3  FeOH 3   3CO2  3Cl 


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POWER MIXING FOR COAGULATION
P • G : average velocity gradient , s-1=

G (Ref in Table 5-9 of Metcalf Eddy)
.V • P : Power requirement, W
• µ : dynamic viscosity, N.s/m2
V P
G  • V : volume of the basin, m3
Q .V
• τ = V/Q : detention time , s
1 PV • Q : flowrate, m3/s

Q  •  : specific weight of fluid , kN/m3
 = 9.81 kN/m3 for water at 50C
 QH • H : total dynamic head, m
P
 • Ƞ : efficiency
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POWER MIXING FOR COAGULATION
P  N P n3 D 5 
• P : Power requirement, W
• NP : impeller constant (power
number)
• n : rational speed, revolutions / s
• D : impeller diameter, m
•  : density of liquid, kg/m3
Impeller type Impeller diameters (m) Power number (NP)
Radial 0.3 0.4 0.6 5.7
Axial 0.8 1.4 2.0 0.31
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DISSOLVED AIR FLOTATION (DAF)

COLLISION – ATTACHMENT - DETACHMENT
Hydrophilic
particle
Hydrophobic
particle
BUBBLE
BUBBLE
BUBBLE
DETACHMENT
ATTACHMENT
COLLISION
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STEADY STATE SIZE OF BUBBLE AND SATURATOR PRESSURE
Critical diameter of bubble nucleus for homogeneous nucleation

of air in water at 200C as a function of the pressure change
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BUBBLE DIAMETER AND BUBBLE RISE VELOCITIES
Source: Edzwald 2007

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BUBBLE DIAMETER AND BUBBLE RISE VELOCITIES
Thai Anh 2017 Source: Edzwald 2007

HYDRAULIC LOADING AND FLOCCULATION TIME

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PROCESS SCHEMATIC OF DAF (1)

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• Rr : the recycle ratio
Rr  Qr / Q • Qr : the recycle flow (from saturator)
• Q : the influent flow
• Ʋfb : rise velocity
Q  Qr • Ʋsz-hl : separation zone hydraulic loading
 fb   sz  hl  • Asz : the separation zone footprint area
Asz
• mA : mass of air added
mA • mS : mass of solids treated
A / S ratio  • Csat : saturated mass concentration of
mS air in saturator recycle water
• f : the saturator efficiency
C sat  f . Pt / H air • Pt : the total air pressure of the
saturator
• Hair : Henry’s Law constant (4.18
kPa/mg/L at 200C)
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DESIGN AND OPERATING PARAMETERS FOR CONVENTIONAL
RATE DAF PLANTS
• Size of bubbles in the contact zone : 40 – 80 µm
• Size of bubbles in the separation zone : 50 – 150 µm
• Mean detention time : 10 – 20 min
• Nominal hydraulic loading rate : 5 – 15 m/hr
• Separation zone loading rate : 6 – 18 m/hr
• Contact zone detention time : 1 – 2.5 min
• Basin depth : 2 – 3.5 m
• Air mass : 6 – 10 g/m3
• Recycle rate : 6 – 12%
• Saturator pressure : 400 – 600 kPa
• Saturator efficiency : 80 – 95%
• Floated sludge :
 hydraulic solids removal : 0.5 – 1 %
 Solids removal by skimmer : 2 – 3 %
 Solids removal by Sludge roller drum : 1 – 3%
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SETTLING THEORY
Particle density Settling velocity, VS

(kg/m3) (m/hr)
0.1 mm 0.2 mm
Sand 2650 25 74
Organic matter 1200 3.0 12
Thai Anh 2017 Organic matter 1020 0.3 1.2
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GRIT CHAMBER - SETTLING THEORY
g  S   L d 2 • S : density of particles (kg/m3)

vS  • L : density of liquid (kg/m3)
18 • d : diameter of particle (m)
• µ : Dynamic viscosity (N.s/m2)
8  S   L gd • g : acceleration of gravity (m/s2)
vh  • β : Friction factor of particles (0.04-0.06)
1000 f • f : Darcy-weisbach friction factor (0.02-0.03)
• vS : settling velocity or particles (m/s)
t h  L / vh • vh : scour velocity of particles (m/s)
• th : hydraulic retention time (s)
t S  H / vS • tS : settling time by gravity
Horizontal velocities should be kept low so that settling particles are not
scoured from the bottom of the basin. t  t
h S or H  L v / v S h 
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GRIT CHAMBER DESIGN
Design a rectangular primary settling

tank (PST) for the following conditions :
• Average flowrate, Qavg = 30000 m3/day
• Peaking factor = kmax = 1.75
• Minimum number of tanks, n = 2
• Overflow rate, OR = 40 m3/(m2.day) • Hydraulic Retention time at Qpeak
• Water depth, H = 4 m HRT = V / [(Qavg /n) * k] = 0.057 day
• Width of tank, W = 6.1 m • Cross-sectional area
ACS = W.H = 6.1 x 4 = 24.4 m2
Solve : • (Flow –through) scour velocity
• Surface area for average flow Vh = [Qpeak / n] / ACS = 0.012 m/s
conditions: AS = [Qavg /n]/OR = 375 m2 • Peak flow vertical velocity
• Length of tank: L = A / W = 61.5 m VS = [Qpeak / n] / AS = 0.00081 m/s
• Volume of PST: V = L x W x H = 1500 m3
• Hydraulic Retention time at Qavg
HRT = V / (Qavg /n) = 0.1 day
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SEDIMENTATION TANK
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SEDIMENTATION TANK
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SEDIMENTATION TANK
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CHAPTER 5: SECONDARY TREATMENT
MICROBIAL KINETICS
Classification
of microbes
according to
their oxygen
responses.
a. Aerobic
b. Anaerobic
c. Facultative
d. Microaerobic
e. aerotolerant
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CHAPTER 5: SECONDARY TREATMENT 61
MICROBIAL KINETICS
Microbial Growth
• Region 1
Lag phase
– microbes are adjusting to the
new substrate (food source)
• Region 2
Exponential growth phase
– microbes have acclimated to
the conditions log [X]
1 2 3 4
• Region 3
Stationary phase
– limiting substrate or electron
acceptor limits the growth rate
• Region 4
Decay phase
– substrate supply has been 61
exhausted Time
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MICROBIAL KINETICS
Exponential Phase Growth
 Log phase growth is first order, ie
dX
 Growth rate  to population size  X
 So lnX vs. t is linear, slope =  dt
  units are 1/t (i.e. hr-1)
Monod Growth Kinetics

 Relates specific growth rate, ,
to substrate concentration
 Empirical---no theoretical
basis—it just “fits”!
 Have to determine max and Ks
in the lab
 Each  is determined for a
different starting S
S
  m
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MICROBIAL KINETICS in Conventional Activated sludge (CAS)

Aerotank Sec. Clari.
(Q-QW), S, Xe
Q, SS0, S0
X0
S = BOD
RAS (QR , S , XR)

WAS (QW ,S , XR)
1 X . K 1 1 (1) x = 1 / S
1   S.  y = X. / (S0 – S)
U S0  S k S k a = KS / K
y = ax + b b=1/k
1 r
2  Y SU  k d  YU  k d (2) x = U
C X y = 1 / C
VX a=Y
 C  SRT  b = - kd
(Q  Qw ) X e  QW X R
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MICROBIAL KINETICS in Conventional Activated sludge (CAS)
1 X . K 1 1
1   S. 
U S0  S k S k
1 rSU
2  Y  k d  YU  k d
C X
 = HRT : Thời gian lưu nước, ngày
X0: hàm lượng VSV trong bể aerotank (MLVSS) ,mg/l
S0: hàm lượng cơ chất (BOD) hòa tan đầu vào, mg/l
S: hàm lượng cơ chất (BOD) hòa tan đầu ra,mg/l
k: tốc độ sử dụng cơ chất riêng tối đa, mg/mg/ngày,
hay mgBOD/(mgMLVSS.ngày)
KS: hằng số bán vận tốc, hay hàm lượng cơ chất ở
tốc độ bằng ½ tốc độ sử dụng cơ chất lớn nhất, mg/l
U: tốc độ sử dụng cơ chất (BOD),1/ngay
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AEROBIC PROCESS
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AEROBIC PROCESS
Organic
O2 PO43- CO2 H2O
material NH3
 Microorganisms are used to oxidize the dissolved and particulate

carbonaceous organic matter into simple end products and
additional biomass (new cells).
 Oxygen (O2), ammonia (NH3), and phosphate (PO43-) are used to
represent oxygen and the nutrients needed for the conversion of
the organic matter to simple end products.
 The aerobic conditions encourage the aerobic bacteria to grow.
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AEROBIC PROCESS
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SUSPENDED GROWTH PROCESS
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AEROBIC PROCESS
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AEROBIC PROCESS
INFORMATION CHECKLIST
1. Conduct a material mass balance and determine expected range of flows
(minimum, average, and peak) and loadings (COD, TSS, nutrients, etc.).
2. Select the type of biological treatment process for the determination of biological
kinetic coefficients (lab studies).
3. Develop a preliminary site plan, piping layout, and location of collection boxes,
return sludge pumps, etc.
4. Obtain design criteria.
5. Obtain effluent quality criteria (BOD5, TSS, TN and TP).
6. Develop data on settling characteristics of the biological solids.
7. Obtain list of equipment manufacturers and provide equipment selection guide.
8. Provide equipment for measuring raw wastewater flow, return activated sludge,
waste sludge, and air supply.
9. Blowers shall be capable of delivering max. air requirements considering the largest
single unit out of service.
10. Aeration equipment shall provide complete mixing of MLSS and shall be capable of
maintaining a min. of 2.0 mg/L DO.
11. Diffusers and piping shall be capable of delivering 150% of the average air
requirements.
12. The sludge pump and piping for RAS shall be designed to provide capacity up to
150% of average design flow.
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AEROBIC PROCESS
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AEROBIC PROCESS
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AEROTANK DESIGN
DESIGN CALCULATIONS OF AEROTANK
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AEROTANK
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AEROBIC PROCESS
Aerobic-Sequencing Batch Reactor
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AEROBIC PROCESS
Aerobic-SBR (Lab scale)
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AEROBIC PROCESS
DESIGN CALCULATIONS OF Aerobic-SBR
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81
SEQUENCING BATCH
BIOREACTOR (SBR)
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ANAEROBIC PROCESS
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ANAEROBIC PROCESS
 The anaerobic conditions encourage the anaerobic bacteria to

grow.
(C , H , O, N , S )  xH 2O  yCH 4  zCO2  tNH 3  nH 2 S

 Step One: Anaerobic bacteria break down organic material into
fatty acids, CO2 and H2O. These bacteria are called acidogens.
 Step Two: Anaerobic bacteria break down fatty acids into Methane
(CH4) and CO2. These bacteria are called methanogens.
 
NH 3  H 2O  CO2  NH 4  HCO3
• The gaseous ammonia (NH3) that is formed will react with the
carbon dioxide to form the ammonium ion and bicarbonate
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ANAEROBIC PROCESS
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ANAEROBIC PROCESS
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ANAEROBIC PROCESS
Schematic Diagram of an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket

Reactors (UASB)
Source: van Haandel and Lettinga (1994), in Domestic Wastewater Treatment in Developing Countries,
2004 Earthscan Publishing
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UASB DESIGN
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88
SECONDARY CLARIFIER
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89
316 SS 90° V-notchs
around the weir
plate @ 39.5 cm c/c
40.7 m diam.
Scum baffle
Walkway.
Outer sewer
Scum trough Effluent box
2m×2m
Scum line.
Rake arm
Effluent launder
Influent pipe
Sludge pipe Influent pipe
Scum trough
Scum line Drive
Skimmer assembly Water level

Center
Scraper arm shaft Influent baffle
Effluent
Sludge pipe
line Concrete tank
Center scraper
90
SECONDARY CLARIFIER
Two Major Functions of Secondary Clarifiers
• Provide clarification to produce high quality effluent
• Provide thickening of settled solids in the underflow
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91
SECONDARY CLARIFIER
Flow scheme for clarifiers and Settling regimes depend upon closeness of particles to
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92
SECONDARY CLARIFIER
Mixing AS Cyclinder Settling curve yields unhindered settling velocity
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93
SECONDARY CLARIFIER
x1v1
x1
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94
SECONDARY CLARIFIER
• q _ Inlet flowrate
• qf _ RAS flowrate
• x0 _ concentration of
slurry in the oxidation
basin
• xf _ concentration of
slurry after settling
SF = SF1 + SF2 kgSS/(m2.hr)

SF1 = xi . Vi
SF2 = xi . (qf / A) = xi . u (u = const)
A = [(q + qf) . x0] / SFL

• A _ surface area of clarifier
• x0 _ Initial concentration of slurry (MLSS)
• SF1 _ solid flux due to gravity
• SF2 _ solid flux due to the extraction of the
sludge from the bottom of the tank
• SFL _ Limiting solid flux
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95
SECONDARY CLARIFIER
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SECONDARY CLARIFIER
Determination of initial
settling velocity
The design of the
clarifer shall be based
on the solids settling
rate obtained from
laboratory results
X, g/m3 1000 1500 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000
Vi, m/hr 4.4 4.2 2.8 1.3 0.67 0.34 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.03
X·Vi, kg/m2·hr 4.4 6.3 5.6 3.9 2.7 1.7 1.2 0.7 0.4 0.3
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SECONDARY CLARIFIER DESIGN
Determination of flow to the Aerotank Sec. Clari.

secondary clarifier (Q) Q , S0 , X0 (Q-QW) , S ,Xe
= Average design flow + RAS - MLSS wasted

= 0.486 m3/sec + 0.292 m3/sec - 752 m3/day
× day/86,400 sec = 0.769 m3/sec
Design flow to each secondary clarifier =
0.769/4 = 0.192 m3/sec = 691 m3/hr RAS (QR , S , XR) WAS (QW ,S , XR)
Determination of
limiting solids loading
rate (SFL)
Sludge flux (SFL) = 2 kg/m2·hr
Calculation of area
and diameter of SC
A = (Q+Qf).X/SFL = Q.X/SFL
= 691 m3/hr × 3.75 kg/m3
 2 kg/m2·day = 1296 m2
D = SQRT(1296 x 4 : 3.14)
= 40.7 m
Thai Anh 2017
SECONDARY CLARIFIER
Check the overflow rate at average design flow :
Overflow rate = Q/A = 0.193 m3/sec × 86,400 sec/day1,301 m2 =
12.8 m3/m2·day < 15 m3/m2·day
Check the clarifier area for clarification requirement:
Calculated overflow rate = 12.8 m3/m2·day = 0.533 m/hr
MLSS conc. at 0.533 m/hr settling rate = 4,400 mg/L > 3,750 mg/L;
thus, the area for clarification will be sufficient.
Check the overflow rate at peak design flow:
At peak design flow plus recirculation, the flow to each clarifier
= (1.321 + 0.292) m3/sec  4 = 0.403 m3/sec
Overflow rate = 0.403 m3/sec × 86,400 sec/day 1,301 m2
= 26.8 m3/m2·day (satisfactory) < 35 m3/m2·day
Typical Design Values
• The overflow rates at average and peak flow conditions shall not
exceed 15 and 35 m3/m2·day, respectively
• The solids-loading rates at average and peak design flows shall not
exceed 50 and 150 kg/m2·day, respectively
• Tank shape: circular, rectangular, or square Circular tanks: 10-60 m in
diameter, 4-6 m in Depth for circular and rectangular tanks
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TRICKLING FILTER
Biofilm on the packing material

in a trickling filer
Source: The wastewater treatment lectures (textbook), Delft University of Technology

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TRICKLING FILTER EXAMPLE
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103
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TRICKLING FILTER
The relationship between BOD removal (E) and volume of trickling filter (V) suggested
by the NRC is as follows:
E1 
100
E2 
100
1 R
W 0.0085 W2 F
1  0.085
V .F
1
1  E1 V2 .F 1  0.1R 2
Where:
 E1 , E2 : BOD removal through the single and second stage of
trickling filter (%)
 V1 , V2 : Volume of the single and second stage of trickling filter
(m3)
 W1 , W2 : BOD load applied for the single and second stage of
trickling filter (kg/day)
 R: Recirculation ratio = Recirulation flow / Plant influent flow
 F: Recirculation factor for a particular stage
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CHAPTER 6: ADVANCED TREATMENT 105
BIOLOGICAL NUTRIENTS REMOVAL
Organics / Nutrients
in the liquid phase
Aerobic Heterotrophs
CO2 + H2O
High DO level
High loading food (COD/BOD) NH3 + O2  NO2- + E
Nitrification
Aerobic Autotrophs NO2- + O2  NO3- + E

NO3-
High DO level
Denitrification
Low loading food (COD/BOD)
Anaerobic Very low + Organic Carbon
DO level (Methanol)
Heterotrophs
and NO3-
Autotrophs : organisms that

N2 + CO2 + H2O
derive cell carbon from carbon
dioxide
Thai Anh 2017
BIOLOGICAL NUTRIENTS REMOVAL :

Growth kinetics of AOB in NITRIFICATION
  N    N  DO 
1  n   nm   k dn 1’  n   nm    k dn
 Kn  N   K n  N  K 0  DO 
 µn:Tốc độ sinh trưởng riêng của vk nitrat hoá, (g tế bào mới/g tế
bào.ngày)
 µnm: Tốc độ sinh trưởng riêng tối đa của vk nitrat hoá, (g tế bào mới/g tế
bào.ngày) , µnm : 0.25 - 0.77 gVSS/gVSS ở nhiệt độ 20oC
 N: Nồng độ nitơ, g/m3
 Kn:Hằng số bán vận tốc, g/m3
 Kdn :Hằng số phân huỷ nội bào cho vi khuẩn nitrat hoá, gVSS/gVSS.
 DO = nồng độ oxi hoà tan, g/m3
 Ko = Hệ số bán bão hoà đối với DO, mg/L
1
2 SRT   SRT : 7 – 20 days
n
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NITRIFICATION with ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB)
Q.YAOB .N OX .SRT
3 V
X AOB 1  bAOB .SRT 
 XAOB _ AOB concentration, g/m3
 Q _ average daily influent flowrate, m3/d
 bAOB _ specific endogenous decay rate of AOB, g VSS lost/(g VSS.d)
 NOX _ NH4-N oxidized by AOB from influent, g/m3
 NOX _ concentration of Nitrogen Oxides (NO2-N, NO3-N), g/m3
PX ,VSS . SRT
3’ V
X VSS
 V _ volume of reactor containing AOB, m3
 bn _ endogenous decay coefficient for
nitrifying organism, g VSS/g VSS.day
Q YH S 0  S  f d bH Q YH S 0  S  SRT Q Yn NOX
PX ,VSS   
1  bH . SRT 1  bH . SRT 1  bn . SRT
Thai Anh 2017

NITRIFICATION with ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB)
4 R0  Q S0  S   1.42 PX ,VSS  4.33 Q . NOX 4.33 or 4.57
 R0 _ CMAS oxygen required

 NOX _ amount of NO3-N produced from NH4-N nitrification, g/m3
5 NOX  TKN 0  N e  0.12 PX ,bio / Q
 For biomass synthesis: N/M = 0.12 , g N / g biomass

 PX,bio, g biomass / day
 NOX _ amount of TKN oxidized to nitrate, g/m3
 TKN0 _ influent TKN concentration, g/m3
 Ne _ effluent NH4-N concentration, g/m3
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Notes for NITRIFICATION
 pHopt = 7.5 – 8.0

 Alkalinity
NH 4  2 HCO3  2O2  NO3  2CO2  3H 2O

7.14 g alkalinity (CaCO3) was consumed per g of NH4+ oxidized
Or 7.14 g CaCO3 / g NH4+
 Compounds that are toxic to nitrification are volatile organic compounds

(solvents), amines, proteins, tannins, phenolic, alcohols, cyanides,
ethers, carbamates and benzene.
 Ammonia oxidation is inhibited at 0.25 mg Nickel / L, 0.25 mg Chrom / L
and 0.1 mg lead / L
 DOopt = 4 - 7 mg/L
Thai Anh 2017

DENITRIFICATION _ Key design parameters
 Anoxic zone detention time
 Mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) concentration
 Internal recycle rate and return sludge flow
 Influent BOD or biodegradable COD (bCOD) concentration
 The readily biodegradable COD (rbCOD) fraction
 Temperature
The nitrate reduction steps
NO3  NO2  NO  N 2 O  N 2
The bsCOD sources
Wastewater : C10 H 19O3 N  10 NO3  5 N 2  10CO2  3H 2O  NH 3  10OH 
Methanol : 5CH 3OH  6 NO3  3 N 2  5CO2  7 H 2O  6OH 
Acetate : 5CH 3COOH  8 NO3  4 N 2  10CO2  6 H 2O  8OH 
3.57 g alkalinity CaCO 3  production per g of NO3 reduced
 3.57 g CaCO 3 / gNO3
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DENITRIFICATION
QR X
R   R _ Tỉ lệ dòng tuần hoàn từ bể lắng về bể Anoxic
Q XR  X  IR _ Tỉ lệ dòng tuần hoàn từ Aerotank về Anoxic
(IR = 2 - 4)
NOr  Ne _ nồng độ NO3--N trong dòng tuần hoàn
IR  1 R
Ne
NOr  Vnox SDNRMLVSS

 NOr _ nitrate removed, g/d
 Vnox _ anoxic tank volume, m3
 MLVSS = mixed liquor volatile suspended solids concentration, mg/L
 SDNR = specific denitrification rate, g NO3-N / g MLVSS.d
Thai Anh 2017

DENITRIFICATION
SDNR  0.03 F / M b   0.029

Q.S 0
F / Mb 
SDNRT  SDNR 20 .  T  20
Vnox X b
 SDNR = specific denitrification rate, g NO3-N / g MLVSS.d

 Pre-anoxic tanks in full scale installations, SDNR = 0.04 – 0.42
 Post-anoxic denitrification without an exogenous carbon source,
SDNR = 0.01 – 0.04
 F/M _ g BOD applied / g MLVSS.d in the anoxic tank
 Ɵ _ temperature coefficient = 1.026
 T _ temperature 0C
 Xb _ anoxic zone biomass concentration, mg/L
 Vnox _ anoxic volume, m3
 S0 _ influent BOD concentration, mg/L
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NUTRIENTS REMOVAL: ANOXIC – AEROBIC PROCESS
Thai Anh 2017
PRE-ANOXIC
Nitrate feed
Influent Effluent
Anoxic Aerobic Clarifier II
Return activated sludge
Waste sludge
POST-ANOXIC
Influent Effluent
Aerobic Anoxic Clarifier II
Return activated sludge
Waste sludge
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TWO SLUDGE SYSTEM
Air Methanol
Air
Influent
Aerobic Effluent
Clarifier Anoxic Clarifier II
Return activated sludge Return activated sludge
sludge sludge
Thai Anh 2017
BIOLOGICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL (BPR):

ANOXIC – AEROBIC PROCESS
Anaerobic Aerobic Clarifier II
Recycled biomass , RAS

Waste biomass , WAS
PO43-
Glycogen
(BOD)
CO2  GAO _ Glycogen Accumulating Organism
VFAeof GAO PAO
H2O  PAO _ Polyphosphate Accumulating
Poly P Organism
 VFAeof _ Volatile Fatty Acid is the end
new PHA new product of fermentation
cells cells  PHA _ polyhydroxyalkanoate
Raymond J Zeng (2003), Metabolic Model for Glycogen-Accumulating Organisms in Anaerobic/Aerobic

Activated Sludge Systems (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/12432585/)
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BIOLOGICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL (BPR): ANOXIC – AEROBIC PROCESS

THE CHANGE OF Ortho-P, Poly-P, VFAs, PHA, Glycogen IN BPR
Thai Anh 2017

THE CHANGE OF Ortho-P, Poly-P, VFAs, PHA, Glycogen IN BPR
Bacterial Metabolism
Catabolism (Energy production)

Electron Acceptor (ex. O2) + Substrate (ex. Glucose)
Energy + ADP + P  ATP
Anabolism (Biosynthesis) New cell

Substrate + Energy + ADP (ATP  ADP)
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COMMON ENHANCED BIOLOGICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL PROCESSES
Phostrip Process (Levin et al., 1965)
A2O
The phosphorus-rich supernatant was treated with lime and the precipitate
was removed
Thai Anh 2017
Four-stage pilot plant (Barnard 1973)
A2O
(pilot plant _ 100m3/day, 8 to 0.2 mgP/L in six weeks)

Barnard 1974 noted that:
 a zone free of oxygen and nitrates, followed by an aerated zone, was necessary
to obtain excess biological phosphorus removal (EBPR).
 A release of phosphorus to about 30 mg/L occurred in the second anoxic zone
and good phosphorus removal was achieved only when this release was taking
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Mixed Liquor Fermenter _ MLF (Barnard 1973)
Bardenpho
(SND _ Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification)

Thai Anh 2017
Phoredox (A/O)
A2O
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UCT
JHB
Thai Anh 2017

DETERMINATION OF BIOMASS IN AEROBIC UNIT
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DETERMINATION OF OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS AND NOX IN AEROBIC UNIT
Thai Anh 2017

THE CALCULATION OF PHOSPHORUS IN BPR
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THE MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY IN WWT

Membrane separation processes overview
Sidestream MBR Immersed MBR
Thai Anh 2017
An improvement of the CASP
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Configurations of a membrane bioreactor
Sidestream MBR Immersed MBR
Thai Anh 2017

Dead-end (a) and crossflow filtration (b)
(a) (b)
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An improvement of the AO
Thai Anh 2017
Design Example
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Design Example (cont.)
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ELECTROCHEMICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESS
Wastewater
Sewage water
Thai Anh 2017
ELECTROCHEMICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESS
The general current efficiency (GCE):

GCE = (COD0 – CODt).FV.(8It)-1
The combustion efficiency
ƞC = (32/12)(n/4x)(TOC/COD)
 E : Cell potential (volt)

 q : Specific electrical charge
 I : current intensity
 t : reaction time
 Q : flowrate of wastewater
 W : specific power consumption
 Vr : Volume of electrolyte
 COD (g . L-1)
 F: Faraday constant = 96485 C.mol-1
 n = 86 : the number of electron transferred to
the electrode during organics combustion
 x = 14 : the number of carbon atoms of the
oganics compound
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CHAPTER 7: SLUDGE TREATMENT 137
SLUDGE DEWATERING
BELT PRESS
1. Flocculator
2. Picket fence
3. Arrival of the top belt
4. Progressive compression zone
5. Tracking roller
6. Cleaning ramp
Thai Anh 2017 Source: SNF FLOERGER
SLUDGE DEWATERING
BELT PRESS
hourly rate dry solids (kg/hr)

Belt width (m) 
nominal belt capacity (kgTS/hour .m)
Solids in the sludge (kg/d)  Solids in the cake  Solids in filtrate

Solids in the cake  cake flow (L/d)  cake specfic gravity  solids content in the cake
Solids in filtrate  filtrate flow (L/d)  filtrate specific gravity  filtrate TS concentrat ion
Sludge flow  Washing flow  Filtrate flow  Cake flow
(TSsludge )  (TSfiltrate )
Solids capture   100
TS sludge
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SLUDGE DEWATERING
FILTER PRESS
1. Vertical hollow plates

2. Filter cloth
3. Jack
4. Filtration chamber
5. Sludge pressure injection
6. Filtrate evacuation
7. Compressed air
8. Opening phase and cake
Thai Anh 2017 Source: SNF FLOERGER falling
SLUDGE DEWATERING
FILTER PRESS
Dry solid ( kg/d )  Sludge flow rate (m 3 /d)  Solid content (% or kg/kg)
Dry solid (kg/d)
Cake weight ( kg/d ) 
Cake dryness (% or kg/kg)
Cake weight (kg/d)
Total cake volume (m 3 /d) 
Cake density (kg/m 3 )
Operation time (hr/d)
Number of cycle time (cycle/d) 
Filter Press cycle time (hr)
Total cake volume (m 3 /d)

Filter cake volume ( m 3 /cycle/set) 
Nu. cycle time (cycle/d)  Nu. Filter press (set)
Vol. slurry per cham. (m 3 /chamber )  filter area (m 2 /chamber)  cake thickness (m)
filter cake volume (m3 /cycle)

Number of chamber (chamber / cycle) 
Vol. slurry per cham. (m 3 /chamber)
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SLUDGE DEWATERING
CENTRIFUGE MACHINE
1. Filtrate 2. Sludge cake 3. Bowl 4. Screw
Thai Anh 2017 Source: SNF FLOERGER
SLUDGE DEWATERING
CENTRIFUGE MACHINE
SL  HL  SC  SD
SL = Solid loading , kg sludge / hr
HL = Hydraulic loading , m3 sludge / hr
SD = Sludge density, kg / m3
 C C  C S  
Percent capture  1  r C   100
 C S CC  Cr  
Cr = concentration of solids in rejected wastewater, mg/L
CC = concentration of solids in sludge cake, mg/L
CS = concentration of solids in sludge feed, mg/L
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SLUDGE DIGESTER
Egg shape Cyclinder shape
Thai Anh 2017
DESIGN PARAMETERS
Calculation of sludge production
System kgSS/kgCOD Dry solids Mass of sludge Volume of sludge

(%) (gSS/inhabitant.d) (L/inhabitant.d)
Septic tank 0.2-0.3 3-6 20-30 0.3-1.0

UASB 0.12-0.18 3-6 12-18 0.2-0.6
CAS
- Primary sludge 0.35-0.45 2-6 35-45 0.6-2.2
- Secondary 0.25-0.35 0.6-1 25-35 2.5-6.0
sludge
Facultative pond 0.06-0.1 7-12 6-10 0.05-0.15
Source: Sludge treatment and disposal (Marcos von Sperling 2006)
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DESIGN PARAMETERS
Dry solids, Sludge flow, Sludge density

SS load ( kgSS / d )
Sludge flow ( m 3 / d ) 
Dry solids (%)
 Sludge density ( kg / m 3 )
100
The required volume for the sludge digesters
Influent VS load ( kgVS / d )
V (m3 ) 
Volumetric organic loading (kgVS / m 3 .d )
Energy demand for mesophilic digestion (350C)

Q  M f  C p  T1  H  Q : daily energy demand (kJ/d)
 Mf : raw sludge mass fed to digester (kg/d)
 Cp : specific heat of water (kJ/kg.0C)
H  U  A  T2  86.4
 T1 : difference between the raw sludge temp and the
digester temp (0C)
 H : heat loss through the digester walls (kJ/d)
 U : heat transfer coefficient (J/s.m2.0C)
 T2 : difference between the digester inner temp and the
outer temp (0C)
 A : digester outer surface area (m2)
Thai Anh 2017
AEROBIC DIGESTER DESIGN
A typical mass and heat balance
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ANAEROBIC DIGESTER DESIGN
Typical design parameters for anaerobic sludge digesters
Thai Anh 2017
AEROBIC DIGESTER DESIGN
Design parameters for conventional aerobic sludge digesters
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Information Checklists for Design of Sludge Stabilization Facility
1. Select the ultimate sludge disposal method as the degree of sludge stabilization
will depend on the requirements of the disposal practice.
2. Develop the characteristics of thickened sludge that will reach the sludge
stabilization facility.
3. Select the sludge stabilization method that is compatible with the influent
sludge characteristics, dewatering, and ultimate disposal method.
4. Develop design parameters (organic loading, hydraulic loading, chemical
dosage, reaction period, etc.) for the selected sludge stabilization facility.
5. Obtain the design criteria from the concerned regulatory agency.
6. Obtain necessary manufacturers’ catalogs and equipment selection guides.
Thai Anh 2017
Design Criteria for Anaerobic Digester Design
1. Select anaerobic sludge digestion for stabilization of organic solids.

2. Provide two completely-mixed, high-rate anaerobic heated digesters with
digestion temperature of 35°C.
3. The design flow to the sludge digester shall be equal to thickened sludge
under the daily design flow condition.
4. Total volatile solids loading to the digester shall not exceed 3.6 kg/m3·day
under extreme high loading condition.
5. The solids retention time at extreme high-flow condition shall not be less than
10 days.
6. The digester mixing shall be achieved by internal gas mixing.
7. The solids content in digested sludge is 5% and S.P. is 1.03.
8. The TSS content in the supernatant is 4,000 mg/L.
9. The ratio TVS/TS = 0.71, Y = 0.05 g VSS produced/g BOD5 utilized, E = 0.8, and
kd = 0.03 1/day.
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Design Criteria for Anaerobic Digester Design (cont.)
10. The digester heating shall be achieved by recirculation of sludge through

external heat exchanger. The sludge recirculation system shall also be
designed to provide digester mixing.
11. Provide floating digester cover for gas collection.
12. The heat loss from the digester cover, side walls, and floor shall be calculated
using the standard heat transfer coefficients for the digester construction
material.
13. Provide gas-fired hot water boiler for external heat exchanger.
14. Explosion prevention devices shall be provided to minimize the possibility of
an explosive mixture being developed inside the floating covers. Proper flame
traps shall be provided to assure protection against the passage of flame into
the digester, gas storage sphere, and supply lines.
15. The digester design shall include supernatant withdrawal system, sight glass,
sampler, manhole, etc.
16. Arrangement shall be provided to break the scum that may form on the sludge
surface.
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Characteristics of Sludge Reaching Anaerobic Digester
Factors Average Extreme Extreme

flow low flow high flow
Sludge production, kg/day 8,180 6,952a 8,681b
Solids concentration, % dry wt 6 8 4
Specific gravity 1.03 1.04 1.02
Average daily flow rate, m3/day 132 84 213c
Pumping rate into each digester 0.85d 0.85 0.85
during the pumping cycle
Influent temperature, °C 21 30 12
Volatile solids fraction before digestion 0.71 0.71 0.71
aExtreme low solids to the digester = 85% of the average solids loading
bExtreme high solids to the digester = quantity of thickened sludge withdrawn
under sustained loading = 10,213 kg/day (p. 664 Step A.3) × 0.85 (solids
capture) = 8,681 kg/day
c8,681 kg/day×103 g/kg(0.04 g/g×1.02×1 g/cm3×103 L/m3) = 213 m3/day
dThe pumping rate of 0.85 m3/min gives a velocity of 0.8 m/sec in the 15-cm
diameter pipe.
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Design Example
A. Digester Capacity and Dimensions

1. Compute digester capacity at average flow condition using 15 days digestion
period
Assume average flow to the digester = 132 m3/day
Digester volume = 132 m3/day × 15 days = 1,980 m3
2. Compute digester capacity using volatile solids-loading factor
Assume VS loading at ave. flow condition = 2.5 kg/m3·day
Total VS reaching the digester = 8,180 × 0.71 = 5,808 kg/day
Digester volume = 5,808 kg/day × kg/ m3·days = 2,323 m3
3. Compute digester capacity using volume per capita allowance
Assume 0.03 m3 digester capacity per capita
Population served = 80,000
Digester capacity = 80,000 × 0.03 m3 = 2,400 m3
4. Compute digester capacity using volume reduction method
Volume of the digested sludge = 97 m3/day (Table 13.13)
Volume of raw sludge to the digester = 132 m3/day
Digester capacity = [132 - 2/3 (132 – 97)] × 15 = 1,630 m3
5. Select digester capacity
Select active digester capacity of 2,500 m3.
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B. Digester Dimensions and Geometry

1. Correct for volume displaced by grit and scum accumulations, and floating
cover level
Provide 1-m depth for grit accumulation
Provide 0.6-m depth for scum blanket
Provide 0.6-m min. space between floating cover and max. digester level
Total displaced height = 1 + 0.6 + 0.6 = 2.2 m
Assume that the active side water depth is 8 m (26.3 ft). additional volume
will be available in the cone.
Volume of each digester = 1,250 m3
Area of each digester = 1,250 m3  8 m = 156.3 m2
Diameter of each digester = (4/ × 156.3 m2)0.5 = 14.1 m
Because floating covers come in 1.5-m (5-ft) diameter increments, provide
digesters with 13.7-m (45-ft) diameter.
Revised side water depth = 1,250 m3  [4/ × (13.7 m)2]
= 8.5 m (27.9 ft)
Provide two digesters each 13.7 m (45 ft) diameter and 8.5 m (28 ft) side
water depth.
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2. Check the active vol. of the digesters, including vol. of cone

The floor of the digester is sloped at 1 vertical to 3 horizontal.
The bottom cone depth of 2.3 m adds additional volume.
Active digester volume = (Vol. of active cylindrical portion)
+ (Total vol. of the cone) - (Allowance for grit
accumulation) = /4 (13.7 m)2 × 7.3 m† + 1/3 × /4 ×
(13.7 m)2 × 2.3 m - 1/3 × /4 × (6 m)2 × 1 m
= 1076.1 m3 + 113 m3 - 9.4 m3 = 1,179.7 m3
Active vol. of two digesters = 2 × 1,179.7 m3 = 2,359.4 m3
Total vol. of two digesters = 2 × (/4 × 13.7 m2 × 8.5 m +
113 m3) = 2,732 m3
Active vol. ratio including cone = 2,359.4 m3  2,732 m3
= 0.86
C. Actual Solids Retention Time and Solids Loading
1. Compute actual digestion period at average, extremely low, and extremely
high flows
Digestion period at average flow = 2,359.4 m3  132 m3/day = 17.9 day
Digestion period at extreme high flow = 2,359.4 m3  213 (#4) m3/day = 11.1
day
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156
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157

Digestion period at extreme low flow = 2,359.4 m3  84 (#4) m3/day = 28.1 day
2. Compute actual solids loading at average, extreme low, and extreme high
conditions
Solids loading at ave. loading condition = 8,180 kg/day × 0.71
VS  2,359.4 m3 = 2.5 kg VS/m3·day
VS  2,359.4 m3 = 2.1 kg VS/m3·day
VS  2,359.4 m3 = 2.6 kg VS/m3·day
D. Gas Production
1. Calculate gas production
BOD5 in the thickened sludge (Stream 10) = 4,253 kg/d
BODL in sludge = 4,253 kg/d × BOD5/0.68 BODL = 6,254 kg/d
Assume 65% solids are biodegradable and 1 g of biodegradable solids = 1.42 g
BODL, Y = 0.05, kd = 0.03 1/day, and E = 0.8.
YQ 0 ES 0 (10 3 kg/g)
Px 
1  k dθ c
0.05  112 m 3 /day  0.8  6, 254 g/m 3  (10  3 kg/g)
  163 kg/day
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V = 0.35 m3/kg × (EQ0S0 × 10-3 kg/g - 1.42 Px)

= 0.35 m3/kg × (0.8 × 132 m3/day × 6,254 g/m3 × 10-3 kg/g – 1.42 × 163kg/day
= 1,670 m3/day
If methane is 66% in the digester gas,
Digester gas production = 1,840 m3/day  0.66 = 2,531 m3/day
2. Estimate gas production from other rules of thumb
a. Based on VS loading using VS = 0.75 of TS and gas production rate of 0.5 m3/kg
VS
Gas produced = 8,180 kg/day × 0.71 × 0.5 m3/kg
= 2,904 m3/day
b. Based on VS reduction
Assume average VS reduction of 52% and gas production of 0.9 m3/kg VS
reduced
Total VS reduced = 8,180 × 0.71 × 0.52 = 3,020 kg/day
Gas produced = 3,020 kg/day × 0.94 m3/kg = 2,839 m3/day
c. Based on per capita
Total population served = 80,000
Used gas production rate of 0.032 m3/capita
Gas produced = 80,000 persons × 0.032 m3/person·day = 2,560 m3/day
Based on the above analysis, assume a conservative gas production rate of
2,550 m3/day at standard conditions (0°C and 1 atm).
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E. Digested Sludge Production
1. Compute the quantity of solids in digested sludge
TVS = 8,180 kg/day × 0.71 = 5,807 kg/day
TVS destroyed = 5,807 kg/day × 0.52 = 3,020 kg/day
TS remaining after digestion = Nonvolatile solids + VS
remaining = (8,180 - 5,807) kg/day + 0.48 × 5,807 kg/day
= 5,159 kg/day
2. Compute total mass reaching the digester
Total solids reaching the digester = 8,180 kg/day
Total solids in thickened sludge = 6% by wt
Total mass reaching digester = 8,180 kg/day  0.06 kg/kg
= 136,317 kg/day
3. Compute volume and TSS in digested sludge and the digester supernatant
Assume that no liquid volume change occurs in the digester
Vol. of influent thickened sludge (Vinf) = Vol. of digested
sludge removed from digester (Vsludge) + Vol. of digester
supernatant (Vsupernatant)
Vsludge = 132 m3/d; Wremaining = 5,139 kg/d
Vsludge = Wsludge/(0.05 g/L × 10-6 kg/mg × 10-3 L/m3
Vsupernatant = Wsupernatant/(4,000 mg/L × 10-6 kg/mg × 10-3 L/m3)
132 m3/d = Wsludge/(0.05 × 1,030) + Wsupernatant/(0.004 × 1,000)
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Wsupernatant = Total solids remaining after digestion in digested sludge – Wsludge

Wsludge = 5,021 kg/d; Wsupernatant = 138 kg/d; Vsludge = 98 m3/d;
Vsupernatant = 35 m3/d (similar to mass balance)
4. Determine the mass and concentration of the components in digested sludge
and supernatant
Supernatant (Stream 13)
Parameter Digested sludge, kg/d (Stream 12)
kg/d mg/L
Flow, m3/d 97 (98a) a 35 (35a)a -
TSS 5,008 (5,021 ) 140 (138 ) 4,000 (3,942)
BOD5 1,596 105 3,000
Org.-N 320 19 533
NH4+—-N 44 16 453
NO3 N 0 9 0
TN 364 35 986
NPP 67 7.4 211
PP 126 - -
TP 193 7.4 211
TVSS/TSS ratio 0.54
Biodeg. solids/TSS 0.33
Org.-N/TVSS 0.12
NPP/TVSS 0.025
a computed
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5. Select a supernatant selector system

To withdraw liquid from the top.
a. Allow direct visual inspection of sludge
b. Allow removal of clear liquid from the top
c. Permit operation by one person
d. Be extremely reliable
e. Minimize the danger of allowing air
to enter the digester
f. Be easy to serve in
case of blockage
grease, scum or
by sludge
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F. Influent Sludge Line to the Digester
Intermittent pump operation at 0.85 m3/min for each thickener controlled by
a timer.
15-cm (6-in) diameter
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G. Digester Heating Requirements

1. Compute heating required for raw sludge
HR = Q0 × Cp (T2 – T1)
where HR = heat required, J/day; Cp = specific heat of sludge (same as for water
= 4,200 J/kg·°C or 1 BTU/lb·°C); T2 = digestion temperature, °C; and T1 =
temperature of the thickened sludge, °C.
The critical heat requirement for raw sludge is reached when sludge flow is
maximum and influent temperature is lowest:
Heat req. = 8,681 kg/day × 4,200 J/kg ·°C × (35 – 12)°C 
0.035 kg/kg = 2.39 × 1010 J/day
2. Compute heat loss from the digester
HL = UA × (T2 – T1)
where HL = heat loss, J/hr; U = overall coefficient of heat transfer, J/sec·m2 ·°C
(BTU/hr·ft2·°F); A = area through which heat loss occurs, m2 (ft2); T2 = digester
operating temperature, °C (°F); and T1 = outside air temperature, °C (°F)†.
Heat losses from the digester occur from the roof, bottom, and side walls
a. Compute area of roof
Roof slope = 15:1 = (13.7/2) m:0.46 m
Roof area = D(slant length/2)
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2
 D
Slant height     (Vertical rise of cover) 2
2
2
 13.7 m 
    (0.46 m)  6.87 m
2
 2 
Roof area = ( × 13.7 m × 6.87 m)2 = 147.9 m2
b. Compute area of side walls
Area of side wall above ground level = D × Exposed height
Assume 50% side wall is exposed
Side wall area above ground = ×13.7 m×8.5 m/2=182.9 m2
Area of side wall below ground = 182.9 m2
c. Computed bottom area
Digester bottom is sloped at 1 vertical to 3 horizontal.
Total drop of the bottom slope at the center = D  (2 × 3)
= 13.7 m  (2 × 3) = 2.3 m
Bottom area =  × 13.7 m × ½ × (13.7 m/2)2 + (2.3 m)2
= 155.5 m2
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d. Select overall coefficients of heat transfer for different areas

Digester floating covers and roofing consist of 6.5-mm (1/4-in.) plate steel, 76-
mm (3-in.) rigid foam insulation*, inside air space, and buildup roofing - 1,236
kg/m2 (70 lb/ft2) – U† = 0.9 J/sec·m2 ·°C (BTU/hr·ft2·°F)
* Common insulating materials are glass wool, insulation board, urethane foam,
lightweight insulating concrete, dead air space, etc.
† J/sec·m2 ·°C × 0.1763 = BTU/hr·ft2·°F
Exposed digester side 300-mm (12-in.) concrete, 76-mm (3-in.) urethane foam
insulation, 100-mm (4-in.) brick siding – U = 0.68 J/sec·m2 ·°C
Buried digester side 300-mm (12-in.) concrete surrounded by moist soil – U = 0.8
J/sec·m2 ·°C
Digester bottom surrounded by moist soil – U = 0.62 J/sec·m2 ·°C
e. Computed heat loss from the digester
Heat loss from the cover and roofing
= 147.9 m2 × 0.9 J/sec·m2 ·°C × (35 – 0)°C × 86,400 sec/day = 4.03 × 108 J/day
Heat loss from exposed wall
= 182.9 m2 × 0.68 J/sec·m2 ·°C × (35 – 0)°C × 86,400 sec/day = 3.76 × 108 J/day
Heat loss from buried wall
= 182.9 m2 × 0. 8 J/sec·m2 ·°C × (35 – 0)°C × 86,400 sec/day = 4.43 × 108 J/day
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Heat loss from bottom = 155.5 m2 × 0.62 J/sec·m2 ·°C
× (35 – 5)°C × 86,400 sec/day
= 2.50 × 108 J/day
Total heat loss from each digester = 14.72 × 108 J/day
Total heat loss from both digesters, including 20% minor
losses, and 25% emergency condition = 14.72× 108 J/day
× 2 × 1.45 = 5.09 × 109 J/day
f. Compute the heating requirements for the digester
Heat requirements for raw sludge
under critical condition = 2.39 × 1010 J/day
Heat loss from the digester = 42.69 × 108 J/day
Total heating requirement = 2.82 × 1010 J/day
= 1.175 × 109 J/hr
= 1.175 × 106 kJ/hr
H. Selection of Heating Units and Energy Balance
1. Select external heat exchanger
Provide two heating units each rated as 1.25 × 106 kJ/hr (1.19 × 106 BTU/hr)
with natural gas. The digester gas has approx. 65% of the heating value of the
natural gas (37,300 kJ/m3). Therefore, each unit will be derated at 0.813 × 106
kJ/hr (0.77 × 106 BTU/hr). Total heat provided by two units = 2 × 0.813 × 106 =
1.626 × 106 kJ/hr.
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% extra capacity (1.626  10 6  1.175  10 6 )  100
  38%
available 1.175  10 6
The actual average heat requirements are substantially less.
2. Compute digester gas requirements
At 75% efficiency of heating units
Digester gas 1.626 106 kJ/hr
  89.22 m3 /hr  2,141m3 /day
needed 0.75 0.65  37,300 kJ/m3
Total quantity of digester gas produced = 2,550 m3/day
This gives approx. 20% excess gas under the most critical condition when the
digester heating demand is greatest. Excess gas will be used to produce
heated water for other plant uses.
3. Design makeup heat exchangers for external sludge heating
a. Compute average temperature rise of the sludge through the external
exchangers
Provide 23-cm (9-in) diameter sludge recirculation pipe, and a constant flow
recirculation pump for each digester. A common external jacketed type heat
exchanger will be used to heat the recirculated sludge. If velocity of 1 m/sec is
maintained in the pipe.
Sludge pumping rate π
  (0.23 m) 2  1 m/sec  86,400 sec/day  3,590 m 3 /day
from each digester 4
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 3,590 m 3 /day  1.02  1,000 kg/m 3  3.662  106 kg/day
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Average sludge temperature entering the external heat exchanger = 35°C

Assume average sludge temperature increase after passing through the heat
exchanger = T°C
Assume specific heat of sludge is 4,200 J/kg°C (same as for water)
Total heat supplied J
 4,200  Δ T C  3.662  10 6 kg/day
to the sludge kg  C
 1.538  1010  Δ T J/day
Total heat required from each digester = 2.82 × 1010 J/d (#22)
= 1.41 × 1010 J/d.
If the efficiency of the heat exchanger is 80%.
1.538 × 1010 × T J/day × 0.8 = 1.41 × 1010 J/day
1.41 1010 J/day
ΔT   1.15C
1.538  1010 J/day  0.8
Average temp. of the sludge entering heat exchanger = 35°C
Ave. temp. of the sludge leaving heat exchanger = 36.15°C
Sludge recirculation of 3,590 m3/day (660 gpm) in each digester will also
provide digester mixing.
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b. Compute hot water recirculation rate through the external heat exchanger
Provide one jacketed pipe heat exchanger for both digesters.
Assume that the water enters the jacket pipe at 95°C and leaves at 60°C.
Drop in heating water temperature = 95 - 60 = 35°C
Total heating required for each digester = 1.41 × 1010 J/day
If 25%additional heating is provided to account for heat losses,
Total heat required per digester = 1.41 × 1010 J/day × 1.25
= 1.76 × 1010 J/day
Total heat required for both digesters = 3.52 × 1010 J/day
Total heat available in digester gas = 23,000 kJ/m3 × 1.162 kg/m3 ×
2,550 m3/d × 1,000 J/kJ = 6.82
Using specific heat of water = 4,200 J/kg·°C
Total heat supplied by water = 4,200 J/kg·°C × 35°C
= 147,000 J/kg
Hot water recirculation rate through the common heat
exchanger = 3.52 × 1010 J/day 147,000 J/kg
= 2.40 × 105 kg/day
Volume of water recirculated = 2.4 × 105 kg/day × 1,000
g/kg  (1 g/cm3 × 106 cm3/m3) = 240 m3/day
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c. Compute the length of sludge pipe in heat exchanger jacket

Average temp. of the sludge in the heat exchanger
= (35 + 36.15)°C  2 = 35.58°C
Average temp. of the heating water in the heat exchanger
= (95 + 60)°C  2 = 77.5°C
Assume heat transfer coefficient of external water jacketed
heat exchanger = 4,000 kJ/hr·m2 ·°C (196 BTU/hr·ft2·°F)
Total heat radiated from the heating water
= (77.5 - 35.58)°C × 4,000 kJ/hr·m2 ·°C × 24 hr/day
= 4.02 × 106 kJ/day·m2
Total area of the sludge pipe for each heat exchanger
= 1.76 × 1010 J/day  (4.02 × 106 kJ/day·m2 × 1,000 J/kJ)
= 4.38 m2
Length of 23-cm (9-in) diameter jacketed pipe
= 4.38 m2  ( × 0.23 m) = 6 m
Provide 6-m long, 23-cm diameter heat exchanger sludge pipe per digester into
a common hot water jacket.
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I. Gas Storage and Compressor Requirements

1. Compute the diameter of the gas storage sphere
Provide a total of 3-day gas storage to serve the digester heating requirements
and other plant uses
Total gas stored = 3 day × 2,550 m3/day
= 7,650 m3 (standard condition, 0°C and 1 atm)
Storage pressure = 5.1 atm (assume)
Storage temperature = 50°C summer
Storage volume, V2 = P1V1T2/P2T1
Subscript 1 stands for gas produced and 2 for gas stored.
V2 = 1 atm × 7,650 m3 (273 + 50)K  [5.1 atm × (273 +
0)]K = 1,774.7 m3
Provide a high volume gas storage sphere
Volume of sphere = /6 (diameter)3
Diameter of sphere = (1,774.7 m3 × 6/ )1/3 = 15 m (49 ft)
Provide 15 m (49 ft) diameter sphere for gas storage
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J. Digester Gas Mixing
1. Compute power requirements for gas mixing
Power requirements for gas mixing of the digester : P = G2µV
where G = velocity gradient, 1/sec.
The volume of each digester, V = 1179.7 m3
µ = 2 times the viscosity of water at 35°C
= 2 × 0.73 × 10-3 N·sec/m2 = 1.46 × 10-3 N·sec/m2
Velocity gradient for sludge above 5% solids is over 75 1/sec. Use G = 85 1/sec.
P = 852 × 1,46 × 10-3 N·sec/m2 × 1,179.7
= 12.444 N·m/sec (9,178 ft·lb/sec) = 12.4 kW = 16.6 hp
Total power required for two digesters = 2 × 12.4 kW
= 24.8 kW = 33.2 hp
Provide three compressors each driven by 15-kw (20-hp) motor.
Total power provided for mixing = 45 kw (60 hp)
Two compressors will deliver the required power, while the third compressor
will be a stand-by, serving both digesters.
2. Compute gas flow
The digester gas flow rate for mixing, w, can be calculated using the equation in
the previous slide.
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The volume of each digester, V = 1,179.7 m3
µ = 2 times the viscosity of water at 35°C
= 2 × 0.73 × 10-3 N·sec/m2 = 1.46 × 10-3 N·sec/m2
15 kW  8.41 kg/kmole  0.75

w  0.14 kg/sec
 2.4  0.283 
8.314 kJ/kmole  K  308 K    1
 1.03  
Gas flow per digester = 0.14 kg/s  (1.162 kg/m3 × 0.86) = 0.14 m3/s
Density of digester gas = 86% of air (1.162 kg/m3)
3. Select digester-mixing arrangement
The digester mixing will be achieved by flow recirculation, raw sludge, and
internal gas mixing.
The sludge recirculation of 3,590 m3/day in each digester was calculated in
step H3. The sludge will be withdrawn from the mid-depth and discharged
above the scum blanket level to assist in scum mixing.
A multi-port mixing system is provided for effective use of the gas. The gas is
withdrawn from the top and recirculated by means of nine ports for gas
injection.
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CHAPTER 8: LABSCALE AND REGRESSION ANALYSIS 175
LABSCALE
OPERATION CONTROL :
1. INLET ?
2. OUTLET ?
3. STEPS USED IN PROCESS ?
4. EQUIPMENTS ?
5. PARAMETERS ?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yOKh9ly2oTc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5eKdZ0dVCCo
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CHAPTER 8: LABSCALE AND REGRESSION ANALYSIS 176
REGRESSION ANALYSIS
WHAT DO YOU THINK

ABOUT THIS PLOT :
1. SHAPE ?
2. FACTORS ?
3. TREND ?
4. ESTIMATION ?
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30-Aug-22

Lecturer : Dr. Thai-Anh Nguyen (1/2017)

CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW OF WASTEWATER

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CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER 3

ROUTES OF WATER USE AND DISPOSAL

CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER 4

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CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER 5

ALGAL GROWTH (Stumm & Morgan, 1981) :

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CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER 6

MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS (MWC)

in developing countries in Vietnam

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CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER 7

NATIONAL TECHNICAL REGULATION ON MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER

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CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER 8

NATIONAL TECHNICAL REGULATION ON MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER

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CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER 9

The average domestic sewage flow calculation is given by:

CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER 10

Subjects Water Cons. Subjects Water

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CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER 11

INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS (IWC)

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CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER 12

INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS (IWC)

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CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER 13

INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS (IWC)

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CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER 14

THE ESTIMATION OF MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM WATER FLOWS

Diurnal variations in wastewater flow

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TCXD 51-2008, hệ số không điều hòa

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EQUALIZATION TANK CALCULATION

Flowrate Pattern A Flowrate Pattern B

Inflow mass Inflow mass

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EQUALIZATION TANK CALCULATION

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CHAPTER 2: UNIT PROCESSES AND OPERATION S USED IN DWWT 18

MECHANISMS FOR THE REMOVAL OF POLLUTANTS (1)

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CHAPTER 2: UNIT PROCESSES AND OPERATION S USED IN DWWT 19

MECHANISMS FOR THE REMOVAL OF POLLUTANTS (2)

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CHAPTER 2: UNIT PROCESSES AND OPERATION S USED IN DWWT 20

MECHANISMS FOR THE REMOVAL OF POLLUTANTS (3)

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