is

14.9 - Parametrized Surfaces

Thistopic KNOW THESE

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To parametrize a surface, we need two parameters: u and v.

Possible Surfaces & General Forms:

• z=f(x,y) → r(x,y)=(x,y,f(x,y))

• Sphere → Use spherical

• Cylinder → Use cylindrical

• Surfaces of revolution → r(x,θ)=(x,f(x)cos(θ),f(x)sin(θ))

Example) Parametrize each surface:

a) The surface given by z=x²+2xy above the square in the xy plane with vertices (0,0), (0,1), (1,0),
and (1,1).

Z X22xye toohardtographmanually

FCxy R
x y x2 2xy 05 41 05941

b) Surface given by z=2xy above the disk x²+y²≤1 in the xy plane

z zxye nottoohardtograph butnotnecessary

F no reosorsinQZrcoso.rsint
X

Flay x y2xyF I Exel Fx eyeFx

c) The sphere centered at the origin with radius, a.

Z spheregivenby

pea when parametrizingsuna

withone ofthepossible

OEOET 0 0 Eat parameters

remaining constant

x parametrizewith respectto

theother parameters
d) The cylinder x²+y²=a² where a>0 is a constant

use cylindricalcoordinates r a

FLOR LacosQasinoZ

y y

e) Part of the cone z=√(x²+y²) below the plane z=2

I
I usecylindrical
projection

xayz r

FcrO roostrsino t O Erez 0 0 21T

x
Example) Parametrize the surface obtained by revolving the curve y=x² in the xy-plane about the x-axis

Z InOAPQAPAQcosox'cosa Formula x fixcosofixsing

QPAQsingysino

y FIX.O x xcostx'sing surfaceofrevolution createssolid

1 f a

Surface of revolution parametrization formula: r(x,θ)=(x, f(x)cos(θ), f(x)sin(θ))

15.1 - Tangent Planes to Surfaces

The normal vector to a surface that is given by r(u,v) is:

to
Fux a crossproductof partials

FM u isfixed getsomecurve

of takepartial givestangentvector

Example) Find an equation of the plane tangent to the surface of revolution in the previous
parametrization of a surface of revolution problem at (1,1/2,√3/2).

FIX0 XXcost xsing 9in Pointtoparty

Vx lizxcost
2xsinQ
SY t rx di.rs

8 10 x'singzoos c

Xsino E PECO52,2

Easierto

THEN
pluginPoint
takecrossproduct 2 CrossProduct

This
allowsus tocross
numbersinsteadoffunctions
at xf 4,11537

KO I E

FEZ120 2207 5 42 1 Ez

Equationofplane 21 1 EGE Elz

Ez O

15.1 - Vector Fields

Vector eld - a function F(x,y) or F(x,y,z) that assigns a vector to points on the plane or 3D space.

Electric Fields Fluid Flow Any Force

fora Force

charge
Ivelocity

Example) Find a formula for the gravitational force for an object of mass m on Earth.

M
xy z
Force MIG t magnitude Flay z Milly'Ez

no direction EX y ZT
pointstowardscenterofEarth origin

unitlength xz yz zzt

Example: ∇F=(∂F/∂x, ∂F/∂y, ∂F/∂z) is a vector eld

Divergence:

The divergence of a vector eld F(x,y,z)=(P)i+(Q)j+(R)k is de ned by the dot product of the gradient and
the Force: divF = ∂P/∂x + ∂Q/∂y + ∂R/∂z

dive PxtQytRz

If we write ∇ = (∂/∂x, ∂/∂y, ∂/∂z), then divF=∇•F

ExEy Ez PQR Ex y AsThinkofdotproduct butinstead

useit as an operatorratherthanmultiplying
divF is a scalar function!

When divF > 0, the point is a source (vector pointing away from point)

When divF < 0, the point is a sink (vector pointing towards point)

Curl:

Curl of a vector eld is the rotation of a particle at a speci c point.

The curl is de ned by the cross product of the gradient and the Force.

CURIE PXE
T J E
curlF is a vectorfield

E Ez
Ey 375 124

2275 139 Ey E

If F is a uid ow, then divF measures the rate of mass ow per unit volume at any given point.

If F is uid ow, then particles in the uid rotate about curlF. The rate of rotation is ||curlF||.

Example) Find divF and curlF where F=(x²+y)i-(yz)j+(z²)k

EY

dive Zxx2ty Zyfyz 12 22 COME PXF ExEyEz

2 2 22 2 2 Kay yzz2

0 9,00,017 yi K

yo 17
Two Important Identities:

• curl(∇F)=0 (zero vector); thus, ∇×(∇F)=0 (zero vector)

• div(curlF)=0; thus, ∇•(∇×F)=0

A vector eld F is conservative if F=∇f

F is conservative if:

1. curlF=0 (zero vector)

2. F is de ned over the entire 3D space or plane

Example) Determine if F(x,y,z)= yexyttlxexytcoslyDj.tk is conservative. If it is, nd a potential function.

f Ye fexytgly.es

III Ey

Xe tcosly xexytg.ly xexytcosly

Ey

gly sincy the

f exytsinly th z

Eth z I

hz z

Steps for nding potential function:

1. Take partials and set equal to existing complimentary components of F.

2. Choose one to integrate (pick the easiest one).

3. When integrating this, you will add a “constant” which is some function of the remaining variables

4. Derive in terms of one of the remaining variables. Set equal to the de ned partial that we set equal
to complimentary component. Simplify.

5. Integrate remaining and repeat the steps for the nal variable.

6. The potential function (which is a function that f could be that satis es the conditions for F) is the
nal function after all integration is complete.