MASINDE MULIRO UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY: SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT: BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

COURSE UNIT: SBL 322

COURSE: BSC. BIOCHEMISTRY

REG. NO.: SCB/B/01-00140/2017

NAME: EVANS OMONDI ODERA

TASK: INDUSTRIAL ATTACHMENT REPORT

SIGN:
 Centre for Global Health Research, P.O. Box 1578 – 40100, KISUMU Kenya
Tel: (254) (057) 22923/24, Email: cvbcr@kisian Website: www.kemri.org

EVANS OMONDI ODERA

SCB/B/01-00140/2017

DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

INDUSTRIAL/FIELD ATTACHMENT

DATE STARTED: 05/05/2021

DATE OF COMPLETION: 09/11/2021

CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that the industrial attachment report has been fully submitted to the
department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural and Applied Sciences (SONAS),
Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology (MMUST) in partial fulfillment for
the award of the degree of Bachelor of Science in Biochemistry. This is a record of bonafide
work carried out by Evans Omondi Odera of registration Number SCB/B/01-00140/2017

No part of this report has been submitted elsewhere for award of any other bachelor’s degree.

i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my university supervisor
Dr. Agevi for hind continuous support of my degree study, for his patience, motivation and
immense support in my industrial attachment, the guidance has helped aspect of the field
attachment. I would also want show my sincere me in all gratitude to the university board as a
whole for their continued support in the whole process. my sincere thanks to Dr. Mario
Kollenburg and Mr Zedekiah Odisa, for their advice and encouragement, insightful
comments, important questions and that assessment. It is my sincere thanks to. Mr. Richard
Odipo, Mr. Walter Oloo, Mrs Benta Akoth, Mrr. Erica Mimba, Dr. Boaz Mr James Opollo
and Mr. Laban Odera for the immense support in teaching, guiding and working with me on
diverse exciting studies and projects at the Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)

I also grab this opportunity to thank all my lab master at the Kenya Medical Research
Institute Isabella Ombati, Kenneth Obura, Celestine and Veronica Achieng; they have played
a vital role in achieving the Bachelor’s degree, and to also grateful for then stimulating
discussions, working together as a team and support each other throughout the three-mouth
long spell:

Last but not least I would like to thank my family that is my loving parents, and my brothers
and sisters -for their total support and for being an important inspiration for me.

ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS

CERTIFICATION.......................................................................................................................................i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..........................................................................................................................ii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS........................................................................................................................v
BACKGROUND INFORMATION OF THE INSTITUTION.............................................................................1
Name, Location and History..............................................................................................................1
Vision.................................................................................................................................................1
Mission..............................................................................................................................................1
Objectives..........................................................................................................................................1
ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE..............................................................................................................3
MAIN ACTIVITIES DURING THE ATTACHMENT.......................................................................................4
1. Insectary Lab 11.............................................................................................................................4
2 Sample Reception...........................................................................................................................4
3. Haematology Section.....................................................................................................................4
4. HIV-R laboratory clinical Chemistry Section...................................................................................4
5. Cell Separation Laboratory............................................................................................................5
DISCUSSION OF THE MAIN TECHNIQUES/SKILLS...................................................................................6
1. Insectary Lab II...............................................................................................................................6
2. Sample Reception.........................................................................................................................6
Handling of DBS at the complete reception.......................................................................................7
Reasons for sample rejection............................................................................................................8
Line Immuno Assay............................................................................................................................8
Test Principle.....................................................................................................................................8
3.Haemotology Section.....................................................................................................................9
Power Uping....................................................................................................................................10
Interpretation..................................................................................................................................10
4. HIV-R laboratory clinical chemistry section.....................................................................................12
COBAS Integra 400 plus...................................................................................................................12
ii). Serum Separation.......................................................................................................................12
iii) First Response HIV-1/2 card test ................................................................................................13
Assay Principle.................................................................................................................................13
IV) Pregnancy Test...........................................................................................................................14
v) Urinalysis.....................................................................................................................................15
Urinary cells.....................................................................................................................................15
Urinary casts....................................................................................................................................15

iii
 Urinary crystals................................................................................................................................15
5. Cell Separation section....................................................................................................................17
Plasma separation...........................................................................................................................17
Preparation of Dried Blood spot......................................................................................................18
CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................................................19
REFERENCES........................................................................................................................................19

iv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.

KEMRI- Kenya Medical Research Institute.

AIDS - Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus

ASB - Attractive Sugar Beit

ATSB - Attractive Toxic Sugar Bait

CBC Complete Blood Count.

CD4 - Cluster of Differentiation 4

CT - Chlamydia trachomatis

BIL Bilirubin

CFAS Calibrates for automated systems

DBS Dried Blood Spot

DMS- Dimethyl Sulfoxide

EDTA- Ethyl diamine Tetra Acetic Acid

FRS- Fetal Bovine Serum

FP Plus- Family Planning Plus

GLU- Glucose

ISE Ion Selective electrode

KET Ketone

LDMJ Laboratory Data Management System.

LEU- Leukocyte

LIA Line Immuno Assay

NG Nisseran Gonorrhoea

NIT - Nitrite

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PBMCs - Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells.

PCCC1 Preci Control clin chem Multi-l

PCCC2 Preci Control clin chem Multi-2

PRO - Protein

QC- Quality Control

QMS - Quality Management System

RBCs Red Blood Cells

RTE Renal Tubular Epithelial

SG Specific Gravity

SOPs - Standard Operation Procedure.

UBG Urobilinogens

WHO World Health Organization.

vi
BACKGROUND INFORMATION OF THE INSTITUTION

Name, Location and History.

The Centre for Global Health Research (CGHR) is located in Kisumu, Westrern Kenya. The
facility was originally inherited from the former East Africa Medical Research Council.

In 1984, the station was named Malaria and other Protozoa Diseases Center (MOPDC) later
changing to vector Biology and Control Research Centre (VBCRC), then Centre for Vector
Biology and Control Research (CVB CR) and finally Centre for Global Health Research
(CGHR). The Centre is today one of the 15 Research Centers of the Kenya Medical Research
Institute (KEMRI). The Centre is strategically located in Kisumu. city, Western Kenya
region, in an area that is endemic for major infectious diseases. Since its establishment in
1984, CGHR has been on the world map as the site of ground breaking research focusing
infectious discover of medical importance. Specifically, on the Centre has carried out cutting-
edge research focusing on the efficiency efficacy of drugs, emergence of drug and vector
resistance, epidemiology, immunology, molecular biology, vector biology, climate and
human health, characterization of malaria vaccine candidate antigens, malaria vaccine trials,
malaria in of malaria and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), schistosomiasis, intestinal
pregnancy and interaction helminthes, HIV/AIDS and its import on the community, HIV
interaction with other infectious diseases, tuberculosis and reproductive health.

Vision

Our vision is to be a leading Centre of excellence in research for human health.

Mission

To improve human health, and quality of life through research, capacity. building, innovation
and service delivery.

Objectives

1. To conduct evidence-based research aimed at providing solutions for the reduction of

infectious, parasitic, non- infectious diseases and other causes of ill-health in Kenya. This
includes, but not limited to:

 Epidemiology and control of infectious, non-communicable and lifestyle diseases

1
  Molecular Biology, Immunology, pathophysiology and Genetics of diseases of public
health importance
 Vectors of diseases; their biology and ecology, development and evaluation of control
tools and IR
 Clinical trials and monitoring drug resistance.
 Climate change and human health.
 Behavioural/Social Science Research in Public Health
 Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases.

2. Provide training and capacity building in Public Health

3. Provide leadership public health human health research.

4. Promote and sustain excellence in research.

5. Strengthen principles of good corporate governance

6. Disseminate and translate research findings for evidence based policy formulation and
implementation

7. Strengthen research partnerships and relationships with stakeholders.

2
 ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE

BOARD

DIRECTOR GENERAL, CEO

DIRECTORATE
DIRECTOR OF DIRECTORATE DIRECTORATE OF
OF
RESEARCH OF STRATEGY CORPORATE
PARTNERSHIPS
CAPACITY AND COPLIENCE SERVICES
AND GRANT
BUILDING
MANAGEMENT

SCIENTIFIC HR DEPARTMENT
TRAINING PROGRAMMES PLANNING AND
PROGRAMMES AND STRATEGY
DEPARTMENT PARTNERSHIPS DEPARTMENT
DEPARTMENT ICT DEPARTMENT

TRAINING GRANT QUALITY

WELFARE MANAGEMENT ASSURANCE ADMINISTRATIVE
DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT

FINANCE
DEPARTMENT

ENGINEERING AND
MAINTANANCE
DEPARTMENT

3
MAIN ACTIVITIES DURING THE ATTACHMENT.

1. Insectary Lab 11.

 Rearing of mosquitoes.
 Identification of different types of mosquitoes
 Entomology bioassays, i.e. CDC bottle. assays, Cone assays WHO tube assay bait
 Feeding of mosquitoes is ATSB (Attractive toxic Sugar bait) and ASB (Attractive
Sugar bait.)

2 Sample Reception.

 received blood, saliva, urine, DBS (Dried Blood spot) samples.

 Handling of DBS specimens.
 Dispatching of the samples to their respective laboratories after careful evaluation and
investigations.

3. Haematology Section.

 Introduced to the counting machines such as the Beckman Coulter Counter

 Power up procedures of the ACT Diff analyser CP.
 Carried out tests of CBC blood samples
 Tested different parameters of platelets, red blood cells, white blood cells
 Basophils, leukocytes, neutrophils,
 Interpreted the various parameters
 Quality control procedures.

4. HIV-R laboratory clinical Chemistry Section.

 Reviewed the basic standard operating procedures of the laboratory.

 Introduced to the COBAS Integra 400 plus biochemistry procedures.
 Working principle of the COBAS Integra 400 plus
 Serum separation
 Urinalysis
 Wet mount
 Pregnancy test.
 HIV test first response
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  Microscopy
 Running of controls; PCCC1 & PCCC2

5. Cell Separation Laboratory.

 Plasma separation
 Preparation of DBS (Dried Blood Spot).
 Operation of the Biosafety Cabinet: Class II Biological Safety Cabinet.
 Centrifugation for plasma separation from the whole blood. Centrifuged at 2200 rpm
for 10 minutes (Eppendorf centrifuge 5810R and Jouan CR4i centrifuge).
 Received whole blood samples in EDTA tubes of room temperature and then placed
them in the biosafety cabinet.
 PBMCs separation and handling
 Counted the cell viables (cell viability) using V₁ - Cell XR all viability analyser
 DBS package and storage

5
DISCUSSION OF THE MAIN TECHNIQUES/SKILLS

1. Insectary Lab II

This is the laboratory that taught me on the rearing of mosquitoes and majorly, the
identification of the different types of mosquitoes. At the insectary lab we studied the life
cycle of different types of mosquitoes. The types of mosquitoes that we were rearing at the
insectary lab II include the

i. Anopheles gambiae

ii. Anopheles funestes

iii. Anopheles arabiansis

iv. Culex spp

Rearing of mosquitoes occur at 4 stages of life, i.e. from the egg, larvae, pupae and to the
adult life.

Feeding of mosquitoes were carried out using two different techniques, i.e. attractive toxic
sugar bait and attractive sugar bait. The Attractive toxic sugar bait is different from the
attractive sugar bait in that it contains toxins that when the mosquitoes ingest them, they die
and are collected for further observations and studies.

Experiments set with Attractive Toxic Sugar Bait were expected that mosquitoes to die at a
higher percentage. After 24 hours, dead mosquitoes are picked from the cage at using
forceps. This tests for the mortality rate, feeding rate and the effectiveness of the membrane.

In Entomology sorting laboratory, we barcoded the mosquitoes i.e. the male from the female
and the fed from the unfed. To distinguish between a male mosquito and a female mosquito,
the male mosquitoes have hairy mouth ports and antennae.

2. Sample Reception.

At the sample reception, samples received such as blood, saliva, urine stool and DBS (Dried
Blood Spots). This is a laboratory where specimens are received, handled and rejected /
accepted The HIV-R laboratory.

Specimens: Serum, plasma, whole blood, Dated Blood spots, urine, stool, breast milk, blood
slide, swabs.

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Material: Roller mixer, specimen rack, sample reception log sheet, Kim wipes, gloves, 10%
sodium hypochlorite 70% sodium hypochlorite, Desiccant, zip lock bugs.

A Specimen log sheet to be filled whenever a sample is received in the laboratory. Cross
check information in the request form and that on the sample container of tube should be
done.

Whole blood with anticoagulant should be placed on the roller mix.

Serum should be left standing the specimen rack before dispatching.

Dried Blood Spots (DBC) should be carried inside a zip lock bag accompanied with
desiccant. All urine and stool sample should be brought to the lab for analysis within 30 min
of collection.

Samples were analysed within 3 days and stored at +4°C or when the sampled stored for
more than 3 days, it was stored at -70% (-60°C to - 86°C). At this point, samples were
analysed, and some accepted and others were be rejected.

Some of the reasons why the sample may be rejected include:

 For EDTA sample wrong tube of anticoagulant was used

 Volume was short drawn
 the sample, may be haemolyzed
 clotted specimen
 delayed from the time of collection.

Handling of DBS at the complete reception

 Collected sufficient quantity of quantity of bland using pipette

 Carefully applied two drops of blood to the centre of pre-painted circler on the
specimen collection filter paper.
 Allowed the blood to soak through to completely fill the circle
 Allowed collected blood to dry overnight at room temperature in a well
ventilated com.
 Once dried completely, inserts each filter paper into appropriately labelled Glycine
storage bags and seal
 Inserted the glycerine bag into a zip-lock bag

7
  Introduced a packet of minipax Desiccant and humidity indicator card stored at room
temperature in a dust free area for a period not exceeding 30 days .Maintained
humidity levels below 30% during this period .

Reasons for sample rejection

Swab Urine
 Contaminated sample -Inadequate sample
 Mislabelled sample -Soiled Urine
 Wrong packaging -Overstayed Urine
 Overstayed

Semen Stool

 Contaminated sample -poorly collected

 Mislabelled -overstayed
 Overstayed (more than 4hrs after collection)

Serum DBS
 Short drawn -Blood spots scratched or abraded
 Wrong tube -Wet blood spots
 Haemolyzed sample -Supersaturated
 Wrong labelling -Blood spots appear
diluted ,discoloured
-exhibit ‘serum rings’
-clotted

Line Immuno Assay

Th INNO-LIA HIV-1/11 score is a line Immuno Assay (LIA) to confirm the presence of
antibodies against the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1),including group 0 and
type 2 (HIV-2) in human serum or plasma .The score also differentiates between HIV -1 and
HIV -2 .The assay was performed on the essence that the specimens were found to be
reactive using an anti-HIV screening procedure .

8
Test Principle

Recombinant proteins and synthetic peptides from HIV-1 and HIV-2 and a synthetic peptide
from HIV-1 group O are coated as discrete lines on a nylon strip with plastic backing .Five
HIV-1 antigens are applied : sgp 120 and gp41 ,which detect specific Ab to HIV -1 and
p31 ,p24 and p17 ,which may also cross react with Ab to HIV-2 .

The antigens gp36 and sgp 105 are applied to detect antibodies specific to Hiv-2 .

Background Control
B+
1+ INNO -LIA HIV-1/11
+/-
Score test strip.
Sgp 120
Gp 41
P31
P24
P17
Sgp 105
Gp 36

3.Haemotology Section

Complete Blood Count Using Cowter Counter Act 5 diff

Principle : The cowter Act 5 diff analyzer uses AcV (Absorbance cytochemistry and volume )
technology which is used to analyze the final RBC /Plt dilution and the WBC /BASO
dilution. This electronic method of counting and sizing particles is based on the fact that cells
,Which are poor conductors of electricity,will interrupt a current flow .The impedance
variation generated by the passage of non-conductive cells through a small ,calibrated
9
aperture is used to determine the count (no of particles and size) of the particles passing
through the aperture within a given time period .

Complete blood count (CBC) is performed on patients to identify normal and abnormal bloos
parameter results ,which guide the physician/clinician on the appropriate course of
therapeutic management to patients and also to identify patient results that require additional
studies .For effective use of the ACT 5 diff the following consists of the reagents used :

i. Act 5 diff Diluent solution

ii. Act 5 diff Fix
iii. Act 5 diff WBC lyse
iv. Act 5 diff Hgb lyse rinse

Power Uping

Switch on the CPU

Switch on the monitor .Wait as Booting sequence follows

Press CTRL +ALT +DE;ETE to log on

Log on with the user name as BCI and password as 123

Switch on the analyzer and let the analyzer to power on

Press Enter or Ok and waitas the computer compacts database

Log in as operator with the operator’s initials .

Allow sufficient time for the computer to complete internal checks

After log in ensure the analyzer connection status icon is green.

Interpretation

WBC 5.4 Range 3.3/11.0

RBC 4.9 Range 4.10/6.10

HGB 13.2 Range 12.0/16.0

HCT 40.7 Range 37.0/48.0

10
MCV 83L Range 86/98

MCH 27.0 L Range 27.0 /32.0

MCHC 32.5 Range 31.0/35.0

RDW 14.4 Range 11.0/16.0

PLT 228 Range 130/550

MCV and MCH are abbreviated are abbreviated as L because they are Low from the range
of 86/98 and 27.0 /32.0 respectively . Initialization of the Beckman Cowlter counter takes
roughly 15 minutes.

11
4. HIV-R laboratory clinical chemistry section

COBAS Integra 400 plus

The COBAS integra 400 plus majorly works on these 4 principles :

i. Absorbance photometry
ii. Turbidimetry
iii. Fluorescence polarimetry
iv. Ion-Selective electrode measurements (ISE)

Absorbance photometer measures light intensity at different wavelengths .The light beam
from the absorbance halogen lamp passes through cuvette and then into a photodiode array
where the measurements are made .

Turbidimetry measures the concentration of an analyte based on the principle or turbidity

/cloudiness .

The Fluorescence photometer (FP) makes measurements based on the principle of

fluorescence polarization .

Controls used in the COBAS integra 400 plus include :

i. PCCC1-Preci Control Clin chem Multi-1

ii. PCCC2- Preci Control Clin chem Multi-2

ii). Serum Separation

Procedure: Centrifuge for 25 minutes at a speed of 1700 rpm .To calculate the number of
rpm necessary to attain 100og,used the formula:

9450
RPM= ,where r is the distance in centimeteres from the centre of rotation to the
√r
bottom of the test tube .

Principle :Blood natural clotting mechanism or silicon and clot activator allow blood to
clot and express serum.

The difference in the densities for serum ,separator gel and clot causes separation during
centrifugation.

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iii) First Response HIV-1/2 card test .

This test is intended for the use by health care professionals and is
qualitative ,screening ,in vitro diagnostic test for detection of antibodies specific to HIV1
(including groupO) and HIV-2 in human serum ,plasma or venous and capillary blood .

Assay Principle

Is a lateral flow chromatographic immune assay .The test consists of :

 A purple colored conjugate pad containing HIV-1 and HIV-2 specific recombinant
antigens (gp41 including group O and p24 ) for the detection of antibodies to HIV-1
and HIV-2 specific recombinant antigens (gp41 including group O ,gp36 and (p24)
and control protein conjugated with colloidal gold particles
 A nitro cellular membrane strip containing two test lines (1 and 2)and a control line
(c)\
Test line 1 is precoated with HIV-1 recombinant antigens (gp41 including group O
and p24) for the detection of antibodies to HIV-1 .
Test line 2 is precoated with HIV-2 recombinant antigen (gp36) for the detection of
antibodies to HIV -2.
The control line is precoated with a control line protein.

2 C

When an adequate volume of test specimen is dispensed into the sample well of test
cassette ,the specimen migrates by capillary action across the strip .HIV-1 Abs ,if present in
the specimen ,migrate through the conjugate pad where they bind to the HIV-1 conjugates .

13
The immune complex is then captured on the membrane by the precoated HIV-1 antigen
forming a purple colored line at test line I indicating a HIV-1 antibody positive or reactive
test result .

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus ) is recognized as the etiologic agent of AIDS .The
virus is transmitted by sexual contact ,exposure to infected blood ,certain bodily fluids or
tissues and from mother to foetus or child during the prenatal period .

The clinical diagnosis of HIV has been done by detection of HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies in
human plasma ,serum or venous /capillary whole blood by immunoassay .

Researchers have constructed HIV-1 and HIV-2 genes for the expression of recombinant
antigens in bacterium systems such as E.coli and focused on HIV-1 and HIV-2
proteins ,which are definitely immunogenic .The major immunoreactive antigens of these
proteins have been reported to have HIV-1 gp41 ,p24 and HIV-2 gp 36 based on Western
blot analysis .

First responsive HIV-1-2-0 Card test is a 3rd generation HIV immunoassay .The design of the
3rd generation assays allows the detection of HIV specific lg G as well a lgM ,which may
occur easily in infection.

IV) Pregnancy Test

Pregnancy test check for a hormone called chlorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Pregnancy test -HPTN 084 Samples

-Urine sample is collected from the patient

-Taken to the laboratory for testing

-Time set for 3 minutes

-Using a pipette ,draw urine from the bottle then added drops of urine on the pregnancy test
kit .

14
-Waited for another 3 minutes to observe results

C C

T T

Negative Positive

v) Urinalysis

By use of Combur 10 test

Procedure : In a sample of urine ,dip the COBAS strip into it .Then observe colour changes
on each bands on the test strip .Compare the strips with the Combur10 Test strip card

Urinary cells ,Urinary casts ,urinary Crystals .

Urinary cells

Erythrocyte ,Dysmorphic ,Leukocyte ,Monocyte ,Renal tubular epithelial

cell,spermatozoa ,squamous epithelial cell and transitional epithelial cell.

Urinary casts

Fatty casts ,cellular cast ,granular cast, hyaline cast, erythrocyte, waxy cast.

Urinary crystals

A+ Acid pH

 Crystine Crystals
 Sulfonamide crystals
 Uric acid crystals
 Amorphous urate crystals

A+ neutral pH
 Bilirubin crystals
 Calcium Oxalate Crystals
15
 Cholesterol Crystals
 Lucine crystals

A+ alkaline pH
 Ammonium Biurate Crystals
 Ammonium Magnesium Phosphate Crystal s
 Amorphous Phosphate Crystals

16
5. Cell Separation section

Plasma separation

Plasma is the cloak, yellowish fluid portion of blood, lymph or intramuscular fluid in
which cells are suspended. It differs from serum in that it contains fibrin and other
soluble clotting elements. Plasma also contains proteins and electrolytes including the
liquid blood plasma and interstitial fluid.
Procedure:
 Receive whole blood sample in EDTA tubes at room temperature
 Using a sample rack, carry the samples to the centrifuge.
 Balance the sample in the centrifuge
 Centrifuged the sampler of 2200 rpm for 10 minutes
 After centrifugation, the samples separate into a layers of plasma and RBC.
 Store plasma temporarily at -15oc to -30oc overnight or until they are shipped ,store
plasma samples in the -80oc freezer for long term storage.

Whole blood
Plasma

RBCs

Peripheral Blood Mononuclear cells (PBMC) separation. Principle: Freshly collected of cruo
preserved PBMCs, are used for the evaluation vaccine of anti-retroviral therapy-induced
cellular immune responses, HIV-associated changes in immune response, and recovery of
replicated competent virus. There assays require PBMC that have been isolated and
cryopreserved under strictly defined conditions that ensure optimal recovery and
functionality.
17
One currently accepted technique for mononuclear cell separation as referred to Ficall
Hupaque Centrifugation Method, which employs a liquid density gradient medium of Ficoll
400 and sodium diatrizoate of sodium metrizoate solution (LSM).

The technique I used with anticoagulated blood collected by routine. Phlebotomy using the
advantage of the difference in density between mononuclear cells and other blood elements.

Ficoll - Hypaque density gradient facilitates the purification of PBMCs. During

centrifugation PBMC and platelets collect on top of the Ficoll Hypaque layer, while red cells
and granular lymphocytes with a higher density collect of the bottom.

Preparation of Dried Blood spot

Received whole blood sample in EDTA tubes.

Using Pasteur pipettes, measure 25 µl of whole blood

Drop the blood on Whatman card.

The card has 5 blood spots circular

Leave the card to day overnight or after 24hours

The card is reliable and used for the storage of blood for a longer period of time. This is
because it contains protein in it that preserve and retain the cell Components of the blood for
a longer period of time.

18
CONCLUSION

Throughout my stay at the Kenya Medical Research Institutes there has been ups and downs
throughout the process.. First of all I must give gratitude to all the personnel that aided my
training at the institute. The environment had been conducive and the tranquility that is
suitable for better learning and training. The institute has got also modern and advanced
equipment’s that makes it effective and efficient for carrying out experiments. The training
personnel, that is the staff has been so supportive and they have been willing at all cost to
give out a helping hand in training and instilling knowledge to our studies.

The only disadvantages has been observed during our field work when collecting mosquitoes,
they would sometimes bite us. That made me fear for possible infections such as malaria
"that be caused by the biting of mosquitoes. T

he training has been so successful since the first day and I have learnt a lot ,not only new
skills and knowledge ,has widened my understanding of some physiological functions

REFERENCES

Clinical Hematology Atlas, 3rd Edition by Jacqueline H. Carr and Bernadette F. Rodak 1999
Hematology Basic Principle and Practice by Ronald Hoffman,

Edward J. Benz, Leslie E. Silberstan, Helen Heslop, Jeffrey Wertz 6th Edition

Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry , Biochemistry, seventh edition by

David L Nelson and Michael M. Cox.

Malignant by Vinayak K Prasad MD, MAH 2020.

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