Form of state

1 Unitary
2 Federation
3 Confederation

Unitary state
Supreme government
Powers are concentrated in hands of central government
Units are agents of center for purpose of local and autonomy

Federation and its Features

Supreme authority of the state is distributed by the constitution b/w the central govt and the
govts of federating units
A federal state is a
Features
1. Division of power
-Federal list
-Provincial/ state list
-Concurrent list
-Residuary powers
2. Written constitution- supreme law of the state
3. Supremacy of constitution
4. Special judiciary
5. Rigidity of the constitution
6. Dual polity
7. Dual citizenship

1973 constitution contained 2 lists

Fed 67 subjects
Concurrent 47 subjects
Remaining subjects were given to province
2010 18th amendment
Concurrent were dissolved and were given to provinces
Federal list contained two parts
1. Federal legislative part one (59 subjects)
2. Federal legislative part two (18 subjects)
All remaining subject lied with provinces

Q. What are the issues of Federation of Pakistan? How it can be strengthen?

A. Economy
Education
Delayed justice
Polarized politics
Secterianism
Inequality in education system
Poverty
Unemployment
Social issues
Non traditional threats (population, food security, climate change)
Extremism
Suggestions

Question. Which form is suitable for stability in Pakistan? suggest