Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering

Fo
rP

The impact of the application of value engineering in

reducing the costs of engineering projects
ee

Journal: Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering

rR

Manuscript ID JAABE2204152CM

Manuscript Type: Construction Management

ev

Keywords (up to 5): value, costs, quality, time, reduction

CM: Building Economy and Construction Management < Construction

Categories: Management, BS: Building Materials and Constructions < Building
iew

Structures and Materials

Page 1 of 26 Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering

The impact of the application of value engineering in reducing the costs of engineering
projects

Abstract

This paper aims to reduce the costs of engineering projects by applying the value engineering methodology to a
case study represented in private building project. The paper focuses on studying and analysing the items of the
final finishing works for the training building, and not making any fundamental changes such as re-designing the
architectural and constructional designs. The cost of these items was studied, the main and secondary jobs
were analyzed, the use of alternative materials according to the steps of the value engineering methodology,
and the preparation of the required model report. The results of the study showed that the percentage of
savings using this methodology reached 34% of the items that were replaced, and 9% of the value of the
building. To find out the effect that occurred after replacing some activities and using new alternatives and
proposals on the project implementation time, Primavera P6 program was used to calculate the project
implementation period before and after value engineering was applied to it. The results showed that there was
no significant change in the time, as the project implementation period decreased by 3 days after using this
Fo

methodology, due to the abolition of some unnecessary items and the use of faster and better alternatives. The
study concluded that the value engineering methodology should be conducted in the early stages of project
implementation and urges decision makers to emphasize the use of this methodology in public sector projects
rP

that cost the state budget large sums that can be saved.

Key words: value, costs, quality, time, reduction.

ee

1. Introduction

Institutions and organizations seek to implement their projects according to the allocated budgets and available
rR

allocations, which requires accurate distribution of these allocations so that they play their role in implementing
the projects according to the planned value, the required quality and on time. This requires continuous study and
good and detailed planning for all items and specifications. Value engineering (VE) is one of the methods used to
ev

reduce the cost of implementing engineering projects while maintaining the required quality, which is used before
the contract is concluded so that each clause of the contract is benefited from according to the job assigned to it
and without any increase or waste in the allocated financial value. Also, this methodology (value engineering) has
iew

been used in many countries of the world, at the forefront of which is America, followed by Japan and the
countries of Europe and the Arabian Gulf, and according to the latest statistics, the Arab Gulf countries are in the
third place in terms of the application of value engineering after the United States and Japan. The study of value
engineering has become applied to engineering projects, and to operating and maintenance programs, and to
administrative processes at a rate of 50 to 70 studies annually since its first application in the Gulf region in 1978
AD. More than 700 value engineering studies were conducted, which resulted in an improvement in the quality of
engineering projects simultaneously saving more than 2 billion US dollars [ 1 ] .

We can summarize the definitions of the pioneers of value engineering and its application to the field of building
and construction, as an organized collective effort carried out by a group consisting of various disciplines according
to the type of the project (architectural, construction, electrical, sanitary, etc.) creating alternatives that perform
these jobs and achieve the objectives at the lowest possible costs without violating the quality and the basic
function of the project [ 2 ] . This paper deals with a detailed study of the impact of application of value
engineering in reducing the costs of engineering projects to reduce unnecessary expenses, which we desperately
need in these critical economic conditions that the country is going through.

2. Literature review

Many previous research and studies dealt with value engineering, and the following are the most important ones:

The study of Zainab Youssef (2009 AD) aimed at managing, directing, and analyzing costs in public companies in
Iraq that are concerned with construction industries using value engineering through the analysis and study of the
 Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering Page 2 of 26

main and subsidiary activities of the company, with the aim of reducing costs. The researcher used the historical
method to present previous studies and the inductive method to formulate hypotheses. One of the most
important findings of the study is that there are several activities that affect the value of their direct relationship to
production, and a number of other activities that are not influential, because they are specific to other jobs or
departments [3]. Ibrahim Muhammad Qurabi (2012 AD) applied the value engineering methodology to the motor
oil industry as an applied study inside the Zawia refinery. The aim of the study was to find out the reasons why the
company did not reach the target annual production, which is about 100 thousand metric tons. The study relied
on analyzing the data obtained through a questionnaire and using value engineering to reach the target
production and reduce costs. The study concluded that the introduction of computer software in mixing ratios and
quantities of mixed materials contributes to reducing waste and reducing labor [4].

Sharma and others. (2012) dealt with a case study of cost reduction on one of the products of Adarsh Medical
Equipment Company in India. The two researchers applied the value engineering methodology to reach the
required reduction, by putting forward alternatives and suggestions for a type of microscope produced by the
company, where alternative materials were presented to manufacture the microscope handle in order to perform
the required function and at the lowest cost. The study concluded that the use of plastic in the manufacture of the
microscope handle is the most appropriate option, as the cost savings amounted to 18.4%. After the company
used this alternative, it noticed the emergence of several advantages represented in increasing the volume of
production, reducing waste, reducing manpower and reducing the total cost of the product [5].
Fo

The researcher Ahmed Othman (2013 AD) dealt with an analytical study of one of the architectural buildings
patterns for five-star hotels in Egypt with the aim of choosing the best materials through the use of the value
engineering methodology in order to reduce the total cost while maintaining quality, and this collects information,
rP

analyzes the jobs and determines which is most appropriate for the study. The researcher suggested alternatives
and ideas using the brainstorming method, which was evaluated and presented its advantages and disadvantages
in the light of the study of total cost and quality control. The study found that 38% of the total covered area of the
ee

hotel is concerned with the guests and it is worth paying attention to its study and analysis, where several
alternatives were used, specifically in the guest rooms (floors, walls, ceilings, skirts) that led to saving up to 37% of
the total cost of the project While maintaining the required quality [ 6 ] .
rR

The study of Magdy Wael (2014) aimed to identify the effect of using the value engineering approach in reducing
the cost of products for Palestinian public companies. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher
designed a questionnaire, which was distributed to the financial managers and heads of accounts in the (11)
ev

companies, and the sample of the study that responded to the researcher was (9) public shareholding industrial
companies. The results showed that the industrial companies have the elements of applying the target cost
approach, which indicates that the Palestinian industrial companies have the appropriate environment to
iew

implement the target cost approach, and it was also found that the companies are aware of the concepts,
principles and importance of using the target cost approach in managing their costs and improving profitability,
and that companies use the target cost approach Value engineering to achieve cost reduction in order to reach
the target cost. As the results showed that there are some difficulties that companies may face when adopting the
approach, the most important of which is the high financial cost that exceeds the return of applying the target cost
approach and value engineering [7].

The study of researchers Nayana and Gowrisankar (2015) dealt with the use of value engineering methodology on
residential facilities in India. A questionnaire was distributed to the users of these housing units to find out all the
requirements that can be provided and that fulfill the purpose and purpose of them. After collecting the data, the
researchers conducted a job analysis of all stages and subjects of the study case, where the basic jobs were
referred to as “B” and the secondary jobs were referred to as “S", the ideas were developed and arranged
according to the practical implementation of each stage. After the VE team prepared alternative designs with cost-
of-capital-life-cycle comparisons of the original designs and the proposed alternatives, all recommendations were
listed with a written description illustrated by drawings, including the basic concepts on which they were built,
technical information and a summary of the resulting estimated cost [8].

The researcher Abdullah Mustafa (2016 AD) dealt with value engineering and its role in achieving competitive
advantage in the Giad Industrial Group of Companies in the State of Sudan. The problem of the study was the
neglect of companies and institutions to apply the value engineering method and its role in achieving competitive
advantage. The study used a questionnaire method to identify and investigate the role of value engineering in
reducing costs and achieving competitive advantage in industrial companies. The study concluded that the value
Page 3 of 26 Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering

engineering was not sufficiently applied by the Giad group of companies and that the customers who use the
company's products prefer products with low costs and high quality [9].

Maysoon Tawfiq Moussa (2016 AD) dealt with value engineering and its applications in the construction sector in
Sudan through a practical example in the National Petroleum Company. The study focused on the definition of
value engineering, its concepts and its relationship to quality and cost. The researcher touched on the application
of the value engineering approach to the construction works to design a gas depot in the city of Damer for the
National Petroleum Company as a model. The paper concluded with results and recommendations urging in the
first place to adopt the value engineering approach and add it as a clause in the terms of the Sudanese contracting
contract [10].

Renata Heralova (2016 AD) addressed the possibility of using value engineering in highway projects in the Czech
Republic and the reasons for criticism and challenge in this type of projects. The researcher attributed this to
three reasons, first: that it does not achieve the project's expected objectives, second: the implementation of the
project does not take place on time, and finally, the costs are not in line with the limits of its budget. The
researcher addressed the possibility of using the value engineering methodology in finding ways to improve
solutions to these problems by balancing the cost, schedule and scope by generating innovative alternatives. The
study concluded by recommending that the quality and cost of highways and other projects in the public works
sector can be significantly improved when the value engineering methodology is applied [11].
Fo

Researcher Ehsan and others (2017 AD) published in the Journal of Design and Technology Engineering, a study
aimed at applying the value engineering approach to a major road project in Hamdan Governorate, which connects
the central provinces of Iran with the capital. The researchers put forward new alternatives and paths for the
rP

road, in which these alternatives and ideas were analyzed in terms of cost, quality and fulfillment of the jobs
required of them. The researchers came to the use of the appropriate route after presenting three alternatives.
The most valuable alternative was identified, which reduces the time traveled for the traveler and saves the total
ee

cost of the road, including future maintenance work. The size of the savings using this methodology reached
approximately 40% [12]. It is noted on the previous studies that they focused on reducing the total cost in projects
without looking at monitoring and following up the project implementation time after the application of value
engineering, which is of great importance in projects of a service and investment nature, and most of the previous
rR

studies relied on the questionnaire method without applying the steps of the value engineering methodology.
What distinguishes this study from previous studies is its interest in the time specified for the implementation of
the project through the use of the Primavera program in calculating the time period before and after the
ev

application of value engineering to know the impact of the changes that occurred to activities as a result of
(replacement) on the time period for the implementation of the project.
iew

3. Value engineering

It is often called value engineering (breaking the rhythm), and it is a study that aims to improve quality while
reducing costs. In construction projects, it is applied during the presentation of the project idea or after the
completion of the general perception of it. The importance of value engineering was evident because it links
between the main elements of performance efficiency, which is linked to the production process, the time it takes,
quality and cost. In other words, value engineering aims to save a lot of effort, money and time while taking into
account quality. Value engineering is also an analytical study applied to new projects that are intended to choose
the most appropriate alternatives, as well as to projects or products that are implemented, completed and
currently used, and it is intended to look at the possibility of improving them to raise performance rates and
reduce their costs.

Value engineering is defined briefly in the field of building and construction as an organized collective effort
carried out by a group consisting of various disciplines according to the type of project (architectural, construction,
electrical, sanitary, etc.) At the lowest possible costs without compromising the quality and basic jobs of the
project. Value engineering is not required to have one goal, which is to reduce the cost only or work within a
specific budget, as many may think, but the goal in a simplified way is to cancel or modify the works and activities
that can be dispensed with in the project to reduce waste and extravagance in the budget Assigned, while
maintaining the required quality, and monitoring the time specified for completing the project. [ 13 ]

The main purpose of value studies is to improve the value, which means obtaining higher quality at the lowest
possible costs. We find that each person has a special interpretation of the meaning of value and this is affected
by several factors such as place, time, resources, supply and demand, and other factors. Therefore, some confuse
 Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering Page 4 of 26

the meaning of value with the meaning of price or cost, and value is often measured on the basis of price only,
although the high price does not necessarily mean an increase in value. The value can be classified into four main
types, which are as follows [1]:

Cost value: It is the total monetary cost of producing something (direct and indirect costs, maintenance, operation
... etc.).

Aesthetic value: It is the aesthetic qualities and features that the beneficiary desires.

Use value means the total benefit of the good.

Exchange value: expresses the purchasing power of the commodity.

Measuring the value: To improve the value of anything, a way and a mechanism must first be found to measure
this value. From the above, we find that the value is based on three main elements: cost, quality, and Job
performance. All these elements must be taken into account when measuring, as shown in equation (1).

Value measure or (performance indicator) = price (cost) / price payable (1)

The result of this equation is an indicator of the level of the value, the closer the result is to the number one in the
Fo

previous equation, the better and indicates a high value, and the higher the result is from one, this indicates a
weak value and a low level. This is what this study focuses on, as it addresses the weakness of the value and works
to raise it through reducing the cost while monitoring (performance and quality) and raising the price due by
rP

increasing the functions performed by the element or activity, taking into account this in preparing the designs.
The value of the element or activity lies in its performance of its function efficiently and according to what is
intended. Therefore, the increase in the functions or elements that are not needed and have no role in performing
ee

the task increases the cost, which means a decrease in the value because the amount paid is higher than the
return and this is what is reflected in the equation (2) In calculating the value index [ 1 ] .

Value Index = (Functional Performance + Quality) / Total Cost (2)

rR

Value has a great relationship and relationship with each of the function, quality and total cost as shown in Figure
(1).
ev
iew

Figure (1): Correlation between function, quality and total cost [1]

Function: It is defined in the conventional sense as what makes the product work or sold, and in other words
makes the product desirable to the buyer at an appropriate cost or price. If the product cannot fulfill this function,
the buyer will not want it even if it is of low cost. On the other hand, spending a lot of money to increase the
functionality of the product does not increase its value for the target buyer, even if the resulting function is more
than what is required. Hence, the insufficient function is unacceptable, as well as the exaggerated multiplicity of
the functions of the product represents a waste, and therefore it must be determined Accurate product function
and this is the only way to determine the costs associated with the function of the product [14].
Page 5 of 26 Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering

Cost: The cost is defined as spending on the resources necessary to produce the product, service or process, which
is the sum of works and activities, raw materials, periodic and emergency maintenance, and indirect costs required
to produce and maintain the product over its life cycle, in other words over the life cycle. The life of the total cost
of a product or service that you know as life cycle costing (LCC) . [ 15 ]

Quality: Quality is defined as the product's suitability for use, that is, that the commodity or service meets the
needs of the owner or user as defined by Juran (1980 AD), while Jablonsky (1991 AD) defined it as those distinctive
qualities of the product or service.

3.1 Application time of value engineering

Through previous applications and experiences, it was noted that the value engineering methodology can be
applied at any stage of the project if a saving in the total cost of the project is obtained, compared to the cost of
the required study. As for the biggest savings that can be achieved, it is when using the value engineering
methodology after the completion of the preliminary studies and designs phase, where the cost of the study drops
significantly as shown in Figure (2).
Fo
rP
ee
rR
ev
iew

Figure (2): The effect of cost versus study time [6]

The use of the value engineering methodology in the initial stages of the project is not only beneficial to the size of
the savings, but it also increases the ease of making any changes and increases the chance of the owner’s approval
of the use of the recommendations of the final report of the value engineering team.

3.2 Stages of applying value engineering

The stages of applying value engineering in engineering projects are divided into three main stages, as follows:

The first stage: preparation and investigation

This stage is considered to be the preparation, processing and development of the practical plan and the main
lines in the light of which the value engineering methodology will be applied, and it is divided into the following:

A- Choosing the target work for the study: In this step, the study’s target work scope is selected and
determined, whether the project is the whole or a stage of its stage, or one of the activities or materials
used, in order to limit the work involved in the study to a specific scope after the emergence of motives
and reasons that require the use of the value engineering methodology as there is a rise in estimates
Finance for the implementation of the project.
 Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering Page 6 of 26

B- Selection of the study team: The selection of the work team to conduct the value engineering study
begins with the selection of the study team leader, who is required to be a specialist in value engineering,
hold a certified value engineering specialist certificate (Certified Value Specialist (CVS), be scientifically
qualified, have experience, and have the capabilities to manage the work team efficiently. As for the rest
of the team members, scientific competence and practical experience are required, both in their field of
specialization. The number of people in the work team depends on the size and nature of the project and
its quality, time and information available for the study, and the type of specialization is determined by
the type of project and what the subject of the study needs [1].

C- Laying out the basics of the study: In this step, a documented and important meeting is held between
the team leader with the owner and the office concerned with preparing the drawings and designs and his
team members to clarify the study’s methodology and its importance in reducing the cost while
maintaining the job role and the quality required of the project. We list for you the most important points
that are listed in this meeting:

1. Presenting and naming the elements of the value engineering team assigned to prepare the study,
mentioning their specializations, experiences, and a brief summary of the work they are entrusted with.

2. Explanation and analysis of the study work program and presenting it as a work plan for the owner and
the party concerned with preparing the drawings and designs for the project.
Fo

3. Setting a timetable for the study plan and setting a date for submitting the final report of the study.
rP

4. Inventory and specify the documents, documents and laws required in the study, with clarification of their
sources and their spatial and temporal limits.
ee

The second stage: value studies

This stage is considered the most important stage, as the study is divided into six steps, as shown in the following
[2]:
rR

A- Data collection and information inventory: In this step, all efforts are directed towards collecting and
collecting all the data related to the project (the subject of the study) from all different and possible
ev

sources, which are represented in the following:

 Contractual and design documents: (contractual regulations, maps and drawings, specifications, design
iew

standards, software used in design, bills of quantities, estimated cost...).

 Public documents: (administrative regulations, general regulations, standard references (used code),
public services, approved schemes, and others).

 Field visits: (visiting the site, meeting the owner and designer, meeting the project manager and
technicians, visiting similar projects, visiting factories, workshops and laboratories concerned with the
project).

B- Job analysis: After the process of collecting inputs, the desired jobs are analyzed and sorted at the lowest
possible cost and classified in the form of a specific map, and they are arranged according to their
importance and implementation cost. This map is called the "functional map". This map determines the
specific functions that each activity performs and determines the benefit and importance of each function
for the project. The collection of functional characteristics requires the need to carry out a set of sub-
analyses as follows:

 Job characteristics cost analysis.

 Technical component cost analysis.

 Operations cost analysis.

Page 7 of 26 Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering

The job analysis stage is the basis upon which the initial studies of value engineering depend, which
distinguishes them from the methods of solving other problems in the project, which requires the work
of this stage according to hierarchical steps as shown in Figure (3).

Figure (3): The stages of selecting suitable jobs for the study [6]

C- Brainstorming and alternatives: This step is the core of the study, in which all creative ideas are
unleashed and possible alternatives are proposed to perform the primary and secondary
functions and to eliminate or reduce redundant functions in a more effective way in
performance and less in the total cost, through the use of the storm method Brainstorming or
other similar methods, such as using the Pareto rule (20-80), which states that 80% of the
results are caused by 20% of the causes, and this compels us to observe the following controls
Fo

[1]:

 Not to neglect or underestimate any idea or alternative whatsoever.

rP

 Avoid discussing the ideas presented and proposed in this step.


ee

Stay away from difficult and impossible thoughts and opinions.

 Focusing on high-value jobs in the project.

rR

D- Evaluation and scrutiny of ideas: At this stage, evaluation, criticism and arbitration are allowed
after they were prohibited in the previous step, where unnecessary details and illogical ideas
ev

that are not based on scientific foundations are deleted, by evaluating the ideas and giving them
points. For example, it gives 10 points as a maximum and one point as a minimum, and the level
of ideas that move to the next step and ideas that are excluded are determined, and the
iew

remaining ideas are categorized and arranged according to their field and activities. Redesign at
this point is usually not economical unless the savings in the project life cycle are large enough
to justify the expense. This stage is called the "constructive thinking stage" where the thinking is
focused to reach a decision to delete unwanted jobs, simplify or reduce them, which leads to a
total reduction in the cost of the project as a result of getting rid of some defects that represent
an additional cost to it [2].

E- Developing alternatives and suggested ideas: It is a step to transform the ideas that were
passed and approved in the previous step into a specific action plan, in which the idea is
developed into an integrated work with clear details after conducting the necessary research
and studies by the study team, each according to his specialization, which contains a
comprehensive practical application. On estimating the final total financial cost and the value of
the savings resulting from the application of this study. The steps for developing alternatives
and ideas can be summarized as follows [2]:

 Emphasis on obtaining the information used in these ideas from reliable sources.

 Presenting obstacles and difficulties to specialists to find solutions to some ideas that can be used and
benefited from.

 Use simulation, experiment and test to confirm the possibility of using these ideas.
 Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering Page 8 of 26

 Calculate the cost of new ideas and compare them with the previous situation.

 Calculate the cost of operation and maintenance after sales services for the proposed ideas and
alternatives.

F- Presentation of the final report of the study: This report is the final result and summary of the effort
made by the value engineering team during its various stages, which is presented to the decision-maker
for implementation and review of the contents of the study and its results, and briefing him on the efforts
made and the approach that was followed to reach those results. The study report and its solutions,
proposals, ideas and recommendations about design work are reviewed for decision and inclusion in the
next stage of the design stages. The components of the report can be summarized as follows [ 2 ] :

 Data on the value engineering study team for the project.

 A brief overview of value engineering and its applications.

 Main data about the project and a general description of its components.

 The objectives of the study and the work methodology that was followed.
Fo

 Presenting the functional analysis of the project and the activities involved in it.

 Review the initial designs and show their weaknesses.

rP

 Review the proposed designs and ideas and highlight their strengths.
ee

 Clarify the financial savings through the cost schedule for all proposals and alternatives.

 Develop a program for implementing the alternatives and proposals contained in the study
rR

 List the reasons and rationale for accepting the study by the owner.

The third stage: investigation and follow-up

ev

It is the stage in which the feasibility of using value engineering on the project schedule is investigated and verified
by monitoring the implementation period of each activity and the effect it had after making changes and using
iew

alternatives and proposals, such as calculating the critical path, and using modern methods and programs in
project management such as Primavera or MS Project And the overall evaluation of the experience from all
aspects (total cost, required quality, time schedule) [2].

4. Research methodology (Case study)

The study case is represented in a private building with a covered area of 6000 square meters, implemented on a
land area of not less than hectares, consisting of 24 classrooms, 6 laboratories, a theatre and toilets in each floor ,
a cafeteria and a special wing for the administration and faculty members, surrounded by some sports fields and
green areas.

4.1 Steps to apply the value engineering

The focus in this paper is to apply the value engineering methodology to the items of the final finishing
works of the private building project, and not to make any fundamental changes to it, which is to re-
design the building architecturally and structurally, which takes a long time to do soil tests and prepare
new engineering designs. Since the nature of the value engineering work is collective, and in order for
Page 9 of 26 Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering

the project to be studied in all the different disciplines of the project, a value engineering team has been
formed from several disciplines with experience and competence to provide advice and give the
appropriate opinion when replacing the items concerned with the study.

The first step: data collection and analysis

This step is divided into two main parts as follows:

A- Information and data collection

The process of collecting information consists of providing the following documents and papers:

 Contractual and design documents: (project contract, maps and drawings, specifications, design
standards, bills of quantities, estimated cost).

 Public documents: Administrative Contract Regulations, and approved indicative price list
 Field visits: visit the site, take photographs of the existing situation, interview the owner and
designer, meet the project manager and the supervising engineers. During this step, a large and
Fo

necessary amount of data and information related to the project was collected

B- data analysis
rP

Before starting to offer alternatives, the data available on the project is analyzed according to the
following:
ee

 Building space analysis

The parts that occupy the largest area of the building spaces, whether they are (classrooms, toilets,
theatre, ..) are determined in relation to the covered area of the building, so that the impact of the cost
rR

on each space becomes clear during any change in the work items to be implemented. Table (1) shows
the distribution of spaces in the building.
ev

Table (1): Percentage of space distribution in the building

blanks details number Area in meters Total area Percentage of
in meters the total area
iew

Classrooms and Classroom 24 60 1440

corridors Interior Corridors 8 different 9842
library 1 171 171
Total 2595 43.25%
Leisure Spaces The stage 1 300 300
studio 1 45 45
gym 1 152 152
Teachers' break 1 45 45
Total 542 9%
service spaces Bathrooms 9 different 308
Restaurant 2 45 90
serve 4 15 60
Total 458 7.6%
Study Specialized laboratories 6 30 180
laboratories Preparation rooms 8 15 120
Total 300 5%
Administrative Administrative offices 8 23 184
blanks service offices 8 15.5 124
Exam offices 2 28 56
service rooms 8 7 56
 Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering Page 10 of 26

Total 420 7%
public spaces Roofed corridors 1 different 328
stairs 4 30 120
entrances 26 130
Total 578 9.63%
buildings buildings and columns 1107 18.52%
Total Covered Area 6000 100%

Through Table (1), it is clear that the spaces and spaces allocated for classrooms and their corridors have
the largest share of the total covered area of the building, which represents more than 43%, which
makes it more worthy of study and attention, by research and investigation to obtain the most
appropriate alternatives to materials used in the final finishes, which achieve the same function and
required efficiency, but at the lowest cost, and thus the impact of this change is of high value on the
project in general.

• Analysis of the cost of building implementation items.

After knowing the spaces that represent a large percentage of the building area, and that will have the greatest
Fo

impact when making any change, the turn came to know the most valuable and most expensive items in the
project by analyzing these items to find out the highest value, which will have a significant impact when reducing
and reducing In cost, table (2) shows the cost analysis of contract work items.
rP

Table (2): Cost analysis of building implementation items

N item Item detail Detailed value in Total item Item

ee

riyal value in riyal Ratio of

1 earthworks
settlement work 58,450.00
rR

digging works 64,350.00

backfilling work 146,082.56
Total earthworks 268,882.56 6.13%
ev

2 concrete works
Ordinary concrete 134,775.14
Reinforced concrete 1,068,022.93
iew

expansion spacer 17,325.00

Total concrete works 1,220,123.07 27.80%
3 Building and plumbing
works
Buildings of all sizes 123,870.34
Interior and exterior 206,994.15
politeness
Total building and plumbing works 330,864.49 7.54%
4 Floor, wall and ceiling
cladding works
floor covering 617,069.03
wall cladding 151,195.00
roof cladding 13,698.60
Total floor, wall and ceiling cladding works 781,962.63 17.82%
5 Paints, insulation, wood
and metal works
Interior and exterior 250,932.00
paints
Heat and moisture 374,798.76
insulation
Wood work 83,434.67
metal work 345,105.90
Page 11 of 26 Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering

Total paint, insulation, wood and metal works 1,054,271.33 24.02%

6 Electrical and air-

conditioning works
conditioning work 54,401.71
Electrical Works 549,139.48
Total electrical and air-conditioning works 603,541.19 13.75%
7 Health works
Health works 128,736.27
Total health works 128,736.27 2.93%
Total building implementation work 4,388,381.54 100.00%

From Table (2), it is clear that concrete works, paint works, metal works and wood works represent the largest cost
of the total building implementation items by 27.80%, which makes these works and items take precedence and
priority for study and reduction, and their impact will be clear and evident in reducing the cost. It is worth
mentioning that the prices and specifications contained in this analysis were taken from the project assay of the
contract.

The second step: job analysis

Fo

In this step, all jobs of the project phases will be analyzed, starting with the project jobs and ending with the
materials used, passing through the method and mechanism of implementation. For example, the aesthetic view
is a major function of the type of ground coverings used at the entrance to the building, while it is secondary in the
rest of the places. Thus, we can determine the importance of the stage to be implemented and the importance of
rP

the materials used by determining the function entrusted to it. These functions were divided into a main function
and a set of secondary jobs , features and tasks, which can be dispensed with, which we summarize in Table (3).
Step three: brainstorm ideas and alternatives
ee

This stage aims to put forward and develop all the ideas and proposals that would reduce the total cost of the
project, without excluding any of the items, listing them and writing them down in a clear and organized manner,
through which the advantages and disadvantages can be identified, a comparison and selection of the most
rR

appropriate and best for these alternatives and ideas, and the table (4) explains with a brief explanation Some
alternatives and ideas.
Table (3): Analysis and identification of the main and secondary functions of the items
ev

N item Main function secondary function

1 earthworks Implementation of all -Raise the level of the building
excavation and backfilling - Use the drilling product
iew

works to reach the appropriate

ground and the required
heights
2 concrete works Implementation of a facility -Protecting the building from
that carries all live and non- external factors
living loads -aesthetic view
3 Building works and politeness Make divisions according to the -aesthetic view
needs of the building -Protecting the building from
external factors
-Thermal insulation and moisture
insulation
-Preparing the required coatings
and paints

4 Floor and wall cladding
Protect floors and walls in wet
areas
-Providing a healthy, easy-to-clean
environment that is not suitable for
bacteria coexistence
-for acoustic insulation
-for aesthetic view
-Thermal insulation and moisture
insulation
 Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering Page 12 of 26

5 Paints, woodwork, metal works -The aesthetic view of paints
and insulation -Jackets and protection for
wooden and metal works
6 Electrical and air conditioning -Lighting the building from the
works inside
-building ventilation
7 Health works Connecting the water and
sewage network to the building
-Providing a healthy, easy-to-clean
environment that is not suitable for
bacteria coexistence
-Insulate and protect the origin
from moisture
-maintain temperature
-Surveillance and security cameras
-Distributing all the necessary
systems and networks.
-Using advanced methods of
education
-Air conditioning and heating in all
spaces
-Connecting the hot water network
to the building

Table (4): Suggested ideas and alternatives

item Current Item Components N idea or alternative

Fo

-Preparatory first layer of bitumen
-A layer of polystyrene for thermal
insulation
-A layer of geotextile fiber for
roof insulation
1 Replacing polystyrene and geotextile layers with
rock wool panels
2 Cancellation of the layer of concrete tendencies and
only an increase in the layer of roof tiles

rP

filtration 3 Make a layer of cooked tar after cleaning the surface

-A layer of polyethylene for
waterproofing A layer of concrete with a thickness of at least 5 cm
ee

-Three layers of bitumen coils for 4 Cancellation of the polystyrene and geotextile layer
insulation and the use of polystyrene horde in the ceiling slab
-Concrete layer for water tendencies for thermal insulation with the use of the slopes
rR

concrete layer

-Granite flooring for stairs and 1 Replacing the granite entrances with Karara
ev

entrances white marble

-Carrara white marble for 2 Replacing the industrial floor of laboratories
Floor covering works

windows and doors with porcelain

iew

-Industrial flooring for 3 Replacing the artificial floor for the

classrooms and corridors
-Industrial load-resistant
flooring for laboratories
-Porcelain flooring for
bathrooms and kitchens
-Wooden floors (parquet) for
the gymnasium
-Manufacture of bathroom
doors from plywood
Wood and
carpentry
classroom with mosaic
4 Replacing the industrial floor in each of the
classrooms, corridors, and theater floors
with 1 cm thick porcelain
5 Replacing the gym floor (wooden) with a
rubber floor
1 Replacing all wooden doors to PVC or
aluminum doors

-Manufacture of classroom 2 Manufacture of aluminum bathroom doors

works

and laboratory doors Swedish instead of plywood

Wood first grade 3 Manufacture of all doors in the building
from MDF industrial wood
-Painting walls and ceilings 1 Coating of interior walls and ceilings with
and paint
Painting

from the inside with 3 layers of two layers of plastic

work

washable plastic 2 Locally manufactured graphite exterior wall

-Acid-resistant double-sided paint
Page 13 of 26 Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering

epoxy coating for laboratory
walls
-Exterior wall paint with
moisture-resistant paints
Casting reinforced concrete
with a stress of 30 Newtons /
mm 2 and reinforcing steel at a 2
rate of 100 kg / m 3 of the
regular type or the high-
strength tape, according to the
concrete works
3 Making the walls of the lab with local
ceramics, the thickness of which is not less
than 2.5 cm
4 Moisture-resistant TOPCOAT exterior paint
on three sides
1 Replacing the concrete structural system
with the metal structural system
Pouring reinforced concrete with a stress of
25 Newtons / mm 2 and reinforcing steel at
a rate of 115 kg / m 3 Hordy of polystyrene,
with a thickness of 25 cm, according to the

approved local or international approved local or international

specifications, as necessary for specifications and for the necessity of the
the ceiling slab ceiling slab
3 Pouring reinforced concrete with a stress of
25 Newtons / mm 2 and reinforcing steel at
Fo

a rate of 115 kg / m 3 hordi of wages with a

thickness of 25 cm according to the
approved local or international
rP

specifications, for the necessity of the

ceiling slab
ee

Step Four: Evaluate ideas and alternatives

rR

In this step, we study and analyze all the proposed alternatives and ideas, which were mentioned in the previous
step, so that we determine the advantages and disadvantages of each idea, and determine the value index for it
whether it increases or decreases quality and cost, after taking into account its application for the required job
ev

role. During the presentation of these solutions and proposals to a committee of experts and specialists (the value
engineering team) for careful analysis and evaluation, which concluded in Table (5).
iew

Table (5): Suggested ideas and alternatives

N idea or alternative Features Defects value index Item

quality cost evaluation
A Roof insulation and roof cladding works
1 Replacing polystyrene and lower cost cancel the filter
geotextile layers with rock execution speed function
wool panels Not available in
↓ ↓ not agree
the market
2 Cancel the layer of concrete lower cost Not conforming
tendencies and only make execution speed to approved
an increase in the layer of technical
↓ ↓ not agree
roof tiles specifications
3 Make a layer of cooked tar lower cost Lack of item in
after cleaning the surface. execution speed approved price
A layer of concrete with a list ↓ ↓ not agree
thickness of at least 5 cm There is no
specification
4 Cancellation of the lower cost Requires
polystyrene layer and the execution speed modification in ↑ ↓ agree
use of polystyrene horde in structural design
 Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering Page 14 of 26

the roof tile for thermal work for the

insulation ceiling
B Floor covering works
1 Replacing granite entrances lower cost Does not give an
with white marble Carrara More availability in aesthetic view
the market Less friction
resistance
↓ ↓ not agree
color changing
speed
2 Replacing the industrial lower cost Adjustment of
floor of laboratories with Friction resistance floor levels
porcelain is easy to slower in
↓ ↓ not agree
implement execution
3 Replacing the artificial floor lower cost Adjustment of
for the classroom with Speed and ease of floor levels
mosaic implementation Absorbable
↓ ↓ not agree
less rigid

Available in
Fo

local market
4 Replacing the industrial lower cost Adjustment of
floor in each of the Scratch- floor levels
rP

classrooms, corridors, resistant less hardness - ↓ agree

and theater floors with available in the
1 cm thick porcelain local market
ee

5 Replacing the gym floor lower cost Not available

(wooden) with a rubber collision absorbs in the local not
↑ ↑
rR

floor Easier and faster market agree

to implement
C Woodwork and carpentry
ev

1 Replacing all wooden lower cost Not

doors with PVC or Available in soundproof
aluminum doors local market It does not
iew

give an
not
aesthetic ↓ ↓
agree
appearance
Not
recommended
for
2 Manufacture of lower cost It does not
aluminum bathroom Available in give an
doors instead of local market aesthetic view
↑ ↓ agree
plywood Moisture Editing of
tolerant detailed
graphics

Continued Table (5): Indicators of quality and cost

N idea or alternative Features Defects value index Item

quality cost evaluation
3 Manufacture of all lower in cost No protection
↓ ↑ not agree
doors in the building
Page 15 of 26 Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering

from MDF industrial Available in the Suitable for

wood local market wet places
Environmentally Editing of
friendly detailed
graphics

4 Manufacture of doors for lower in cost Editing of detailed

classrooms and laboratories Available in the local graphis
from industrial wood MDF market ↑ ↓ agree
with a thickness of not less Environmentally
than 44 mm friendly
d Painting and paint work
1 Coating of interior walls and lower in cost Not suitable for the
ceilings with two layers of Available in the local specifications
↓ ↓ not agree
plastic market approved by the
project
2 Locally manufactured lower in cost Less in external
graphite exterior wall paint Available in the local aesthetics ↓ ↓ not agree
market
3 Making the walls of the lab Available in the local highest cost
Fo

with local ceramics, the market It takes longer to

- ↑ not agree
thickness of which is not less implement
than 2.5 cm
rP

4 Moisture-resistant TOPCOAT lower in cost It needs to be

exterior paint on three sides Available in the local imported from
↑ ↓ agree
market specialized factories
Moisture resistant
ee

e concrete works
1 Replacing the concrete Availability of iron in highest cost
structural system with the the area It takes time to
metal structural system execution speed adjust graphics and
rR

↑ ↑ not agree
designs
It needs specialized
companies
ev

2 Pouring reinforced concrete lower in cost Modification of

with a stress of 25 Newtons / heat insulating some detailed
mm 2 and reinforcing steel at Available in the local construction
a rate of 115 kg / m 3 hordi of market drawings
iew

polystyrene with a thickness abbreviation of stages

↑ ↓ agree
of 25 cm according to the
approved local or
international specifications
for the necessity of the
ceiling slab
3 Pouring reinforced concrete Relatively heat higher in cost
with a stress of 25 Newtons / insulating Too much damaged
mm 2 and reinforcing steel at Available in the local The thermal
a rate of 115 kg / m 3 Hordy market insulation layer is
from wages with a thickness not dispensed with
↓ ↑ not agree
of 25 cm according to the
approved local or
international specifications
for the necessity of the
ceiling slab

↑ This symbol means an increase in quality or cost when implementing this idea

- This symbol means the stability of the quality level when implementing this idea

↓ This symbol means a decrease in quality or cost when implementing this idea

Step Five: Develop alternatives and suggested ideas

 Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering Page 16 of 26

This step requires obtaining accurate and correct data, as the contractual estimation of the project and the
indicative price list approved by the state were relied on in Resolution No. (216) for the year 2014. From Table (6)
and Figures (4), (5) it is clear the cost difference when using the proposals and alternatives that were approved in
the previous step and the resulting savings.

Table (6): The cost difference when using alternatives and proposals in the value of the contract clauses

Item Item The saving

Item No

Item No
Formula of the clause in Format of the item in
value value percentage of the
the contract the list
d.l d.l item

By flat meter, supply and - - % 100

installation of a heat-

126,225
insulating layer of
9.01

-
extruded polystyrene
sheets, thickness of 5 cm,
without installation.
By flat meter Supply and Per square meter, % 51
Fo

execution of industrial supply and

floors in accordance with installation of
the approved international porcelain floor tiles
185,400
rP

91,196
specifications for floors of for the corridors of
5.09

theaters, classrooms and an excellent sample

corridors of classes, and
the price includes
ee

installation with adhesive

materials
rR

Supply and installation per square meter Supply % 42

of bathroom doors and installation of doors
ev

from wood lamination and windows of milky

on both sides, white aluminum from one
supported by wood or two sashes, empty glass
iew

edges, including steel for the necessity of the

strip (44 x 120 mm), doors and included
42,300

24,552

fixed with glue and insulated panels of the

10.0

21

nails, including throat, same material and

paints, locks, keys, hardware of good quality
outer frame Italian or Turkish-made
(chambrelli) and approved according to
protection in a U-shape technical specifications,
(overall) and all that is principles of workmanship
necessary to finish the and instructions of the
work supervising engineer
By flat meter, supply square meter / supply and %9
and installation of installation of interior
doors for classrooms, doors complete with ring
laboratories and and frame from one or
offices of Swedish two sashes
41,133

37,510
2.10

wood, sector frame

15

(120 x 55 mm) and

internal fixings, sector
(100 x 55 mm) and
plates thickness of 25
mm
Page 17 of 26 Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering

By flat meter Supply per square meter / Supply % 43

and work of protective and work of moisture-
coating for exterior resistant granular plastic

94,512

53,785
7.02
walls of moisture- and exterior paint (Topcoat)

5
weather-resistant
paints on plastered
surfaces
In cubic meter / Supply per cubic meter Supply % 15
and pour reinforced and pour reinforced

713,961

603,995
2.09

concrete with a concrete with stress

28
breaking stress of 30 N
/ mm 2 and rebar
Total value of previous 34 %
1,203,531 Total new business value 811,038
business
Fo
rP
ee
rR
ev
iew

Figure (5): The cost difference in the study items

 Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering Page 18 of 26

From the above we conclude that the value of the works that were canceled from the contract is 1,203,531 Saudi
riyal , while the value of the works that will be implemented using alternative ideas will be 811,038 Saudi riyal ,
and thus the achieved savings will be 1,203,531 - 811,038 = 392,493 Saudi riyal , which represents 34% of the
items that have been replaced At 9% of the value of the building. This saving was obtained from only 6 clauses of
the contract, which confirms that studying all clauses of the contract in a broader and more accurate way will be
much greater in cost savings.

Sixth step: Submit the final report of the study

This step depends on the results and savings we reached in the previous step, which leads us to prepare a final
report and a summary of the study, and how to present it in an organized manner to the party that has the
decision to modify the value of the project and change its terms. This step goes through three stages: the
presentation and development stage, the initial report preparation stage, and the final report preparation stage.

a) Presentation and development stage

This stage consists in presenting the alternatives and ideas that have been approved, by setting up a mechanism
for their implementation, development and inclusion in the project timetable, in coordination with all the
competent authorities according to the plan, where the work of the value engineering team is presented to the
project decision-makers from a project manager to a supervisor to its owner or entity. that you will use, in order
Fo

to get a preliminary look at the alternatives that will be used and to offer advice and opinion to all stockholders, in
order to avoid any obstacles, difficulties or desires of the beneficiary that were unseen when collecting project
data. Figure (6) shows the concerned parties and the role of each of them.
rP

team leader Presenting ideas and approved alternatives

Project manager Inclusion of ideas and alternatives in the project schedule
ee

Architectural designer Preparing architectural modifications and specifications required to

implement the idea
Structural designer Preparing the structural modifications for the implementation of the idea
rR

health designer Preparing the health modifications resulting from the implementation of
the idea
electrical designer Preparing the electrical modifications resulting from the implementation
of the idea
ev

insulation designer Preparing drawings and modifications for insulation works

Cost Accountant Estimate the total costs and the percentage of savings when
implementing these proposals
iew

The owner
Project Manager
maintenance manager
Adoption of new proposed ideas that are ready for implementation
Expressing an opinion on the practical side when implementing these
alternatives
Determine the maintenance plan that aligns with the proposed
alternatives

Figure (6): The parties involved in discussing the alternatives presented in the project

Summarize and collect all the notes and ideas that have been agreed upon and that achieve the greatest savings,
while maintaining the quality of the service provided, which will be included in the initial report.

b) The preliminary report preparation stage

The preliminary report of the study is prepared so that it is detailed and comprehensive of all project data,
including the ideas presented and the resulting savings, which we summarize in the papers shown in tables (7) to
(14).

Table (7): The first paper of the report

The first paper of the report
1 project name Implementation of a private building project with a
capacity of 24 classrooms
2 Total Covered Area 6000 square meters
Page 19 of 26 Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering

3 Building components 24 classrooms, 6 laboratories, a theater, a cafeteria, 42

bathrooms, 8 administrative offices, 8 classrooms for
teachers.
4 Contractual value of the project 5,073,264.736 Saudi riyal
5 Estimated cost saving 300,000 Saudi riyal
6 Project problem The high cost of the contractual value of the project
7 Purpose of the study Reducing the contractual value as much as the cost
estimate for savings and within the required quality
8 field of study Items of work of the roofed building
9 Study items (construction works, insulation works, paint works, metal
works, cladding works for floors and walls)
10 project plans External binoculars, horizontal projections, detailed maps
under study
Table (8): The second paper of the report

The second paper of the report

project name Implementation of private building project with a capacity of 24 classrooms
Study place / item Building Roof / Heat and Moisture Insulation Layers Item
the problem The high cost of heat and moisture insulation works in the building
Fo

The current design A layer of polystyrene for thermal insulation

before the study
Suggested alternatives Cancellation of the polystyrene layer and the use of polystyrene horde in the ceiling
rP

slab for insulation

Advantages of using this Less total cost, quick implementation, available in the local market
alternative
The value of providing 126,225 SR The percentage of savings from 2.9 %
ee

an alternative the value of

Responsibility for The engineer Modification of ceiling slab design using polystyrene
implementing the hordi
rR

alternative insulation engineer Choosing the finest types of polystyrene that suit the
design
Executive Director Develop a mechanism to implement the alternative
ev

during the work of the roof slab and calculate

Table (9): The third paper of the report
The third paper of the report
iew

project name Implementation of private building project with a capacity of 24 classrooms

Study place / item Classroom, driveway and theater flooring / floor cladding item
the problem High cost of industrial flooring
The current design Industrial flooring for theater, classrooms and corridors
before the study
Suggested alternatives Cancellation of the industrial floor and the use of porcelain floor tiles in size
Advantages of using this Lower in total cost, available in local market, easy maintenance
alternative
The value of providing 94.204 SR The percentage of savings from % 2.2
an alternative the value of the building

Responsibility for Architect Edit detailed graphics

implementing the Choosing the finest types of porcelain
alternative Executive Director Establishing a mechanism to implement the alternative
during the flooring work and calculating the duration
Table (10): Fourth paper of the report
Fourth paper of the report
project name Implementation of private building project with a capacity of 24 classrooms
Study place / item Doors inside the building / supply and installation of toilet doors
the problem The high cost of supplying and installing interior doors
The current design Supply and installation of plywood doors on both sides, including gratings and paints
before the study
Suggested alternatives The use of white aluminum doors
 Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering Page 20 of 26

Advantages of using this
alternative
The value of providing
an alternative
Responsibility for
implementing the
alternative
Table (11): Fifth paper of the report
Fifth paper of the report
project name
Study place / item
the problem
The current design
before the study
Suggested alternatives
Advantages of using this Lowest in total cost, quick in execution, available in the local market, moisture
alternative
The value of providing
Fo
Lowest in total cost, quick in execution, available in the local market, moisture
resistant, abrasion and scratch resistant, longest life
17,748 The percentage of savings from the % 0.4
value of the building
Architect Edit detailed graphics
Director Establishing a mechanism to implement the alternative
while the doors are working, and calculating the
duration
Implementation of private building project with a capacity of 24 classrooms
Building interior doors / supply and installation of classroom and laboratory doors
The high cost of supplying and installing interior doors
Supply and installation of Swedish wood doors on both sides, including gratings and
paints
Use of MDF industrial wood doors
resistant, abrasion and scratch resistant, longest life
3,626 SR The percentage of savings from the % 0.1

an alternative value of the building

Responsibility for The engineer Edit detailed graphics
implementing the Executive Director Establishing a mechanism to implement the alternative
rP

alternative while the doors are working, and calculating the

duration
Table (12): Sixth paper of the report
Sixth paper of the report
ee

project name Implementation of private building project with a capacity of 24 classrooms

Study place / item External walls of the building / item of supply and work of external paint for the
building
rR

the problem High cost of exterior paint

The current design Supplying and making external coatings of paints resistant to moisture and weather
before the study factors
ev

Suggested alternatives Use topcoat granular plastic paint

Advantages of using this Lowest in total cost, quick in execution, available in the local market, moisture
alternative resistant, abrasion and scratch resistant, longest life
iew

The value of providing 727,40 SR The percentage of savings from the % 0.9
an alternative value of the building

Responsibility for The engineer Edit detailed graphics

implementing the Executive Director Establishing a mechanism for implementing the
alternative alternative when starting to implement paints and
calculating
Table (13): The seventh paper of the report
The second paper of the report
project name Implementation of private building project with a capacity of 24 classrooms
Study place / item Roof slab for building/item for supplying and pouring reinforced concrete for slab
requirements
the problem The high cost of the item and the user and the lack of heat insulation as required
The current design Supplying and pouring reinforced concrete for the roof slab in accordance with the
before the study approved international specifications
Suggested alternatives supply and pour reinforced concrete using polystyrene horde, thickness of 25 cm
Advantages of using this Less in total cost, speed of implementation, available in the local market, insulator
alternative
The value of providing 966,109 SR The percentage of savings from 2.5 %
an alternative the value of
Responsibility for The engineer Modification of ceiling slab design using polystyrene
implementing the hordi
alternative The engineer Modify the detailed drawings of the insulation layers
Page 21 of 26 Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering

insulation engineer Choosing the finest types of polystyrene that suit the
design
Executive Director Develop a mechanism to implement the alternative
during the work of the roof slab and calculate

Table (14): The eighth paper of the report (study summary)

The eighth paper - a summary of the study
project name Implementation of private building project with a Total area 6000 square
Fo

capacity of 24 classrooms meters

Building 24 classrooms, 6 laboratories, a theater, a Contractual 264.736,073,5
components cafeteria, 42 bathrooms, 8 administrative offices, value of the Saudi riyal
8 classrooms for teachers project
rP

Total savings in thermal insulation 126,225 SR % 2.9

Total savings in theater floors and classrooms 94,204 SR % 2.2
Total savings in the section of toilet doors 17,748 SR % 0.4
ee

Total savings for classroom and office doors 3,623 SR % 0.1

Total savings on exterior paints 40,727 SR % 0.9
Total savings in roof tile item 109,966 SR % 2.5
rR

The total value of savings in the implementation of the building 392,493 SR %9

c) Preparing the final report
ev

After conducting the necessary review of the data of the initial report and its approval by the concerned engineers
and the head of the value engineering team, some general theoretical data about value engineering are added,
which we summarize in the following:
 Data on the value engineering study team for the project.
iew

 A brief introduction to value engineering and its applications

 The objectives of the study and the work methodology that was followed.
 Presenting the functional analysis of the project and the activities involved in it.
 Review the initial designs and show their weaknesses.
 Review the proposed designs and ideas and highlight their strengths.
 Develop a program for implementing the alternatives and proposals contained in the study.
 List the reasons and rationale for accepting the study by the owner.

4.3 Calculation of project duration

In view of the changes that occurred to the activities in the project in terms of replacing some materials with other
materials, adding and canceling activities and other modifications in the scope of work in the Scope Of Work
project, we had to ascertain the impact of these changes on the project schedule and the total duration of its
implementation (increased or decreased), as The delay due to the use of these alternatives and proposals may
cause an increase in the total cost, by increasing fixed expenses such as rent, salaries, etc., and this delay also
postpones the investment role of the project and the extent of benefiting from the services it provides as soon as
possible. Accordingly, the Primavera P6 program was used to determine the critical path to calculate the time
taken to implement the project before and after the value engineering methodology.

4.3.1 Preparing the schedule before using value engineering

First: the administrative input

 data at the level of the institution to which the project belongs

 Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering Page 22 of 26

Administrative Centers Development Authority, Supervision and Technical Affairs Department, Valleys
Projects Office, Misurata City Projects.

 Enterprise Project Division Structure

The structure of dividing the projects of the institution is the hierarchical organization of all the projects in the
institution, as the Primavera program is designed to deal with the comprehensive vision of the institution, and
we limited in this project the introduction of some projects in the city of Misurata only.

 Organizational Structure of the Corporation

The organizational structure of the institution is the hierarchical organization that determines the
administrative structure of those responsible for the project within the scope of the institution, where the
head of the pyramid of the institution is the general manager, and the project manager is directly responsible
for it.

Second: Technical inputs

 project's data
Fo

In this step, all data and information related to the project were entered as follows: Implementation of a
private building with a capacity of 24 classrooms, project duration 18 months, project start date 01/06/2019,
rP

project end date according to contract 26/11/2020 .

 Project working hours

ee

All days of the week he worked 8 hours a day except Friday, and he also excluded holidays, which are the days
of special occasions, religious holidays and official holidays of the state.
rR

 business division structure

ev

The business division structure is a tree diagram for dividing the scope of work for the project, which in our
case is divided into ten works according to the following: earthworks, concrete works, building and plastering
works, cladding works, paint works, metal and wood works, electrical works, air-conditioning works, works
iew

Sanitary, insulation work.

 Activities

An activity is defined as the basic business component of a project and is the smallest level of the WBS. The
activities were entered into the program according to the work items of the project and according to the time
duration of each activity.

 Logical sequence of activities

The project activities are linked to relationships that determine the order and sequence of their
implementation, which are divided into four parts as follows:

Start to Start (ss) : The two activities start together, and this relationship was used in the activities of electrical
and sanitary equipment.

Finish to Start (fs) : This relationship means that the second activity does not start before the first activity
ends, and this relationship has been used in most of the project’s activities, as the blacksmithing works for the
roof will not start before the completion of the roof carpentry work and so on.

Finish to Finish (ff) : This relationship is used to connect two activities that end at the same time.
Page 23 of 26 Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering

Start to Finish (sf) : This relationship is rare, as it requires the beginning of the first activity in order to end
the second activity.

Third: Outputs and Results

The critical path was calculated by using the scheduling command in the program, in which the actual working
days were 456 days, ending on 26/11/2020 AD.

4.3.2 Prepare schedule after using value engineering

First : the administrative input

All previous inputs that will not be affected are entered using the value engineering methodology.

Second: Technical inputs

 Project Data

In this step, all data and information related to the project were entered, but the project duration and end date
were not entered as follows: Implementation of private building project with a capacity of 24 classrooms ,project
start date 01/06/2019.
Fo

 Project working hours

rP

All days of the week he worked 8 hours a day, except for Fridays, and holidays, which are religious holidays
and official holidays of the state, are also excluded.
ee
rR

272
Journal of Academic Research Vol.15(2020) 246-275 2020 ,15 ‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‬,‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻷﻛﺎﺩﻳﻤﻴﺔ‬
__________________________________________________________________________
ev

 business division structure

The structure of the division of works as in the previous case according to the following: earthworks, concrete
iew

works, building and plastering works, cladding works, painting works, metal and woodworks, electrical works,
air-conditioning works, sanitary works, and insulation works.

 Activities

The activities were entered into the program according to the work items in the project and according to the
time duration of each activity, and the activities that were modified and changed according to the value
engineering methodology were added.

 Logical sequence of activities

In addition to what was applied in the previous case relationships, some of the relationships that were (FS)
have been modified to become Start to Start (SS) to take advantage of the project’s time, such as the activities
of electrical installations, sanitary installations and external paints, which can start simultaneously.

Third: Outputs and Results

The critical path was calculated by using the scheduling command in the program, in which the actual working
days were 453 days, which ends on 23/11/2020 AD.
 Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering Page 24 of 26

5. Conclusion
Fo

The value engineering methodology was applied to the study case, which is a private building project with a
capacity of 24 classroom From the results of the study, we find that the space of the spaces allocated for the
classrooms and their corridors occupy 43% of the total covered area of the building, which makes it better to study
rP

and use alternatives. The study concluded that a value of 392,493 Saudi riyal was saved, which is equivalent to
9% of the value of the building through the alternatives used. By studying the project schedule and applying the
Primavera program, it was found that the actual number of work days was 453 days after applying the value
ee

engineering methodology, while it was 456 days before its application, meaning that the project implementation
period decreased by three days.

We recommend some future studies that the paper did not address, and they are in the field of value engineering,
rR

which are represented in the following points:

- Studying and analyzing the architectural and construction designs of the project, by developing alternatives,
ev

proposals and changes that reduce the financial budget allocated to the project.

- Expand the preparation of such studies to include all the clauses of the contract and not be limited to the building
iew

only, such as roads and external works.

- Preparing future studies on the impact of the application of value engineering in reducing the costs of local
industries
Page 25 of 26 Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering

6. References

[ 1 ] Abdulaziz Al-Yousifi, The Second Forum for Value Engineering, Saudi Arabia, 2001.
Fo

[ 2 ] The official website of the International Foundation for Value Engineering SAVE International.
rP

[3] Zainab Jabbar Bosef, Cost Reduction Using Value Engineering in Public Companies for Construction Industries,
University of Basra (Iraq / Basra), Master's Thesis, 2010.
ee

[4] Ibrahim Muhammad Ramadan Qurabi, The Application of Value Engineering to the Engine Oil Industry as an
Applied Study Inside the Zawia Refinery, Master Thesis, Saudi Academy, Libya / Zawiya, 2012.

[ 5 ] Amit Sharma , R.M. Belokar, Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science, 24-26
rR

October, 2012, San Francisco, USA.

[6] Ahmed Ibrahim Othman, Value Management Approach between Raising Quality and Reducing Costs, Master
ev

Thesis, Ain Shams University (Egypt / Cairo), 2013.

[7] Majdi Wael Al-Kabiji, Application of Value Engineering in Industrial Companies, Master Thesis, Al-Quds
iew

University, Palestine, 2014.

[8] Nayana Tom v. Gowrisankar, Value Engineering In Residential House International Journal of Civil Engineering
and Technology, Construction, 2015.

[9] Abdullah Ahmed Mustafa, Value Engineering and its Role in Achieving Competitive Advantage in Giad Group of
Companies, Master’s Thesis, University of Khartoum, Sudan, 2016.

[10] Maysoon Tawfiq Al-Sadiq, Value Engineering and its Applications in the Construction Sector in Sudan, Master’s
Thesis, Damer University, Sudan, 2016.

[ 11 ] Renata Schneiderova Heralova , Creative Construction , Czech Technical Conference 2016. University in
Prague ,

[12] Ehsan Mousakhani, Mohammadreza Yavarkhanim, and Soheyla Sohrabi, selecting an appropriate alternative
for a major infrastructure project with regard to value engineering approach, Journal of Engineering Design and
Technology, 15 (3), 2017.

[13] Mary Nabil Sobhi, Value Engineering Systems as Confirming the Effectiveness of Architectural and Urban
Preservation, Master Thesis, Cairo University, Egypt, 2007 AD.

[14] Omar Wasfi Aqili, Introduction to the Integrated Methodology for Total Quality Management, Jordan Amman,
Dar Wael for Publishing and Distribution, 2001.
 Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering Page 26 of 26

[15] Suleiman Sufian Majeed Al-Shara, Administrative Accounting in Decision-Making and Controlling, Amman,
Jordan, Dar Al-Sharq, 2002 AD.

[16] Valley Projects Office Archives, Administrative Centers Development Authority, 2019.

Fo
rP
ee
rR
ev
iew