CAT DI

made easy

CONCEPTS

PRACTICE QUESTIONS

EXPLANATIONS
 Table of Contents

Sr. Topic Page No.

1. Calculations & Approximations 1

2. Percentage Change - I 5
3. Percentage Change - II 8
4. Tables 11
5. Pie Charts 18
6. Line Graphs 27
7. Bar Graphs 35
8. Miscellaneous Data Components 42
9. Answer Key & Explanations 50
Calculations & Approximations

An important part of mastering calculations &

approximations is to read the options along with the
question. The extent to which the calculation needs to be
done largely depends on the fact that how close the
options are. If options are far, approximations serve the
purpose. However, if the options are pretty close to each
other, the calculations need to be more precise. Hence, it
is vital to read the options just after reading the question
& then start solving the question. This judgment requires
a lot of practice & conscious effort to decide whether the
options are close or far.
Method
Step 1: Calculate the change (subtract smaller value
from the larger value)
Step 2: Divide that change by the old value (you will get a
decimal number) & multiply by 100 to convert it into
percentage
Question1: Find the 89% percent change if value changes
from 289 to 512.
1. 27% 2. 113% 3. 77% 4. 96%

1
Step 1:
Now we need to subtract 289 from 512 to see the
absolute change in the values. Using traditional method,
it will take lot of time by borrowing one from the ten’s
digit because unit’s digit of the number to be subtracted
is larger than the unit’s digit of the number from it is to
be subtracted. However, using VEDIC MATHS, we can
solve it in much lesser time.
512-289
Rather than trying to subtract using the method of
borrowing, subtract 12 from 89 which gives us the
answer as 77. Now find the 100’s compliment of 77,
which comes out to be 23. So the last two digits of the
difference would be 23. To calculate the first digit we
need to subtract 1 from the difference of the hundred’s
digit of both the numbers. Here 5- 2=3, but we need to
subtract 1 from the difference which comes out to be 2
and makes the hundreds digit of the number as 2. So the
difference is 223.
Note : you need to memorise the compliments of 100 i.e
two numbers which together add Step to hundred. 2:
Divide Example the change: complement by old value of
46: will be 54, complement of 83 will be 17 etc.)

2
223 / 289
Now we see that options are not very close to each other,
so approximation will serve the purpose.
223/289 can be written as 22/29. Seeing this we can
clearly see that this would result in more than .5 & very
much less than 1. So we can eliminate 27%, 96% & 113%.
Out of the remaining options of 77% and 89% , we need to
calculate using approximation. When calculated this
comes roughly around 76%. So we can clearly see that
77% is the correct answer.
Question 2: Find the percent change when number
changes from 587 to 832.
1. 42%
2. 11%
3. 63%
4. 112%
Step 1:
832 Subtraction-587 Using the method explained 87- 32
is 55. Compliment of 55 is 45. Now 45 are the last two
digits. Coming to the hundred’s digit. 8-5 = 3 but we need
to subtract 1 from it. So hundred’s digit is 2 & the number
is 245.

3
245/ Step 2587: Divide can be the written change as by
25/59.
Old value:
We see that options are very far from each other, so we
can further suppose it to be 25/60 which means that
answer is less than 50%. So we are left with only two
options 42% & 11%. Now the answer clearly is slightly
above 40 % giving 42% as the correct answer.

4
Percentage Change - I

DIRECTIONS for questions 1-45: Calculate Percentage

Change if Data X becomes Data Y
Q. Data Data
A B C D E
No. X Y
221.9
1. 232 647 135.78 200.43 64.14 178.88
8
2. 195 193 -52.31 24.62 -1.04 -1.03 50.26
3. 433 337 -45.27 -10.62 -28.49 -22.17 0 .92
4. 533 591 9.81 20.26 10.88 -7.88 29.64
5. 833 115 -74.19 -80.84 -624.35 -98.20 -86.19
6. 623 653 20.87 12.03 4.59 11.24 4.82
7. 487 755 65.30 55.03 35.50 34.50 75.56
8. 399 301 -49.62 -12.84 -32.56 -24.56 0.50
9. 805 514 -36.15 -29.94 -56.61 -48.57 -23.73
10. 905 280 -69.06 -63.54 -223.21 -80.11 -58.01
11. 465 814 42.87 85.81 75.05 53.55 96.56
1072.0 1005.3 938.6
12. 75 779 90.37 805.33
0 3 7
816.0
13. 81 642 569.14 754.32 87.38 692.59
5
14. 816 121 -97.43 -79.04 -574.38 -85.17 -72.92
15. 673 466 -15.90 -23.33 -44.42 -45.62 -30.76
16. 429 248 - 72.98 -30.54 -42.19 -65.50 -18.88
17. 523 914 55.64 84.32 42.78 74.76 93.88

5
18. 948 720 - 34.60 -18.78 -31.67 -24.05 -13.50
19. 721 936 15.95 36.75 22.97 29.82 43.69
20. 911 718 - 15.70 -21.19 -26.88 -32.16 -10.21
21. 769 476 -38.10 -31.60 -61.55 -51.11 -25.10
22. 271 352 -23.01 48.34 29.89 -7.01 66.79
232.4
23. 185 615 286.49 259.46 69.92 178.38
3
24. 918 239 -63.07 -68.52 -284.10 -84.86 -73.97
25. 636 611 -3.93 3.93 -4.09 -19.65 11.79
26. 369 175 -52.57 -39.02 -110.86 -79.67 -25.47
27. 752 879 3059 23.54 14.45 16.89 30.19
5300.0 7522.
28. 9 586 6966.67 98.46 6411.11
0 22
740.0
29. 157 795 342.68 438.22 80.25 406.37
6
30. 523 590 22.37 12.81 11.36 -6.31 31.93
326.9
31. 197 841 377.66 352.28 76.58 276.14
0
176.9
32. 273 756 213.55 195.24 63.89 140.29
2
-
33. 219 5 4280.0 -74.89 -97.72 -143.38 -52.05
0
622.7
34. 66 377 82.49 546.97 471.21 319.70
3
-
35. 814 255 -62.53 -68.67 -80.96 -56.39
219.22

6
 169.8
36. 404 990 59.19 157.43 145.05 120.30
0
390.3
37. 52 155 198.08 294.23 66.45 5.77
8
38. 685 383 -36.79 -44.09 -78.85 -58.69 -29.49
39. 143 64 14.69 -20.28 -123.44 -125.17 -55.24
40. 265 205 -29.27 -3.77 -22.64 -60.38 15.09
1602.1 1708.
41. 47 750 93.73 1495.74 1282.98
3 51
42. 577 810 40.38 49.05 28.77 23.05 57.71
250.0
43. 120 320 208.33 166.67 62.50 83.33
0
3300.0 4200.0 1700.0
44. 2 36 94.44 67.00
0 0 0
45. 633 138 -94.00 -70.30 -358.70 -78.20 - 62.40

7
Percentage Change – II

DIRECTIONS for questions 1-45: Calculate Percentage

Change if Data X becomes Data Y
Q. Data Data
A (%) B (%) C (%) D (%) E (%)
No X Y
1. 451 538 -2.88 30.38 16.17 19.29 41.46
2. 319 261 -22.22 -2.51 -18.18 - 49.53 13.17
3. 439 639 68.34 56.95 31.30 22.78 45.56
-
-
4. 709 43 1548.8 -86.88 -93.94 -79.83
108.04
4
5. 410 604 47.32 59.51 32.12 22.93 71.71
6. 653 936 30.24 51.00 43.34 28.02 58.65
7. 906 950 -6.18 10.38 4.63 4.86 15.89
8. 740 810 22.97 16.22 8.63 -4.05 9.46
9. 572 789 37.93 48.25 28.32 22.03 56.99
-
10. 894 106 -88.14 -82.55 -99.33 -76.96
743.40
11. 296 914 208.78 225.68 67.61 175.00 242.57
12. 898 638 -40.09 -23.39 -40.75 -28.95 -17.82
13. 577 547 -22.53 3.47 -5.48 -5.20 12.13
-
14. 741 130 -95.95 -75.71 -82.46 -68.96
470.00
15. 123 913 86.53 682.93 642.28 560.98 723.58
16. 367 854 105.45 146.32 57.03 132.70 159.95

8
17. 129 427 153.49 231.00 69.79 321.01 308.53
-
18. 962 268 -82.54 -66.94 -72.14 -61.75
258.96
-
-
19. 864 2 -99.77 -93.98 43100. -88.19
111.34
00
20. 116 221 4.31 133.62 47.51 90.52 176.72
21. 873 252 -46.43 -65.41 -71.13 -82.59 -59.68
1155.3 1001.5 1309.2
22. 65 816 155.38 92.03
8 4 3
- -
23. 548 91 -74.27 -83.39 -65.15
502.20 101.64
24. 421 309 -11.40 -26.6 -30.34 -47.03 0.48
-
25. 906 323 -60.38 -64.35 -76.93 -54.86
193.20
26. 296 260 -13.85 4.73 -12.16 55.72 21.62
27. 437 987 102.97 137.30 125.86 111.30 148.74
28. 114 937 87.83 765.79 721.93 634.21 809.65
29. 624 522 -16.35 -8.33 -19.54 -32.37 -0.32
30. 918 965 5.12 23.93 15.13 17.83 30.04
-
31. 656 235 -72.92 -46.37 -55.22 -64.17
123.32
2092.3 1900.0 1515.3 2284.6
32. 26 520 95.00
1 0 8 2
33. 788 599 -36.68 -17.64 -31.55 -23.98 -11.29
-
34. 178 99 -79.80 -16.29 -44.38 11.80
100.56

9
 - -
35. 204 35 -58.33 - 82.84 -33.82
482.86 131.86
36. 380 140 -50.00 -63.16 171.43 -89.47 -36.84
1872.2 2705.5 2427.7 2983.3
37. 18 455 96.43
2 6 8 3
38. 420 804 47.76 103.33 91.43 67.62 115.24
39. 538 280 -29.37 -38.66 -92.14 -66.54 -47.96
40. 102 496 484.31 435.29 79.44 288.24 386.27
41. 109 465 418.35 372.48 76.56 234.86 326.61
42. 463 826 43.95 89.20 78.40 56.80 100.00
- -
43. 110 30 -27.27 -72.73 18.18
266.67 163.64
44. 282 856 239.01 221.28 67.06 168.09 203.55
-
45. 860 334 49.53 -55.35 -72.79 -61.16
157.49

10
Tables

Data Tables: Data tables are the simplest & most

convenient tool for presenting data. They define data in
non- graphical manner using systematic rows & columns.
Data tables often require close scanning and are time
consuming to interpret.
DIRECTIONS for questions 1-5: Study the above data
carefully and answer the following questions:
The following data gives year – wise outlay in lakhs of
rupees in a certain 5 year plan (1980 - 85) of a state.
Transport & Social
Years Education Housing Health
Communication Welfare
1980-
56219 75493 13537 9596 1985
81
1981-
71416 80691 15902 10135 2073
82
1982-
73520 61218 16736 11000 3918
83
1983-
75104 73117 17523 12038 4102
84
1984-
80216 90376 19420 15946 10523
85

11
1. In which years the maximum amount has been
spent on Education, so far, out of the years given?
A. 1984-85 B. 1980-81 C.1981-82 D. 1982-83
2. How many times, the outlay on Education was
increased over preceding year?
A. 3 times B. 4 times C. 5 times D. 2 times
3. What is the percentage increase during 1983-84
over 1982-83 in health outlay?
A. 8.43 B. 9.43 C. 10.43 D. 9.00
4. What is the total outlay on social welfare during the
plan period?
A. Rs. 22601 lakhs B. Rs. 22601
C. Rs. 22.601 lakhs D. None of these
5. What is the ratio between outlays on Transport &
Communication and housing during 1984-85?
A. 413:100 B. 213:100 C. 431:100 D. 513:100

12
DIRECTIONS for questions 6-10: Study the following
graph carefully and answer the questions given below:
Number of Employees Working in Various Departments
of Factory
Year Production Sales Purchase Accounts Research
1993 150 25 50 45 75
1994 225 40 45 62 70
1995 450 65 30 90 73
1996 470 73 32 105 70
1997 500 80 35 132 74
1998 505 75 36 130 75

6. In which year, the total number of employees

reached approximately twice the total number of
employees the factory had in the year 1993?
A. 1998 B. 1997 C. 1996 D. 1995
7. In which department the number of employees
approximately remained the same during the years
1993 to 1998?
A. Production B. Sales
C. Research D. Accounts

13
8. In which year the number of employees working in
production department was less than 50 of the
total employees?
A. 1993 B. 1995 C. 1996 D. 1997
9. In which of the following years each department
had more number of employees than it had in the
preceding year?
A. 1997 B. 1996 C. 1995 D. 1994
10. Which department had less than 10 of the total
employees all through the years 1993 to 1998?
A. Prion B. Sales
C. Purchase D. Accounts
DIRECTIONS for questions 11-15: Study the following
table candidates are fully and answer the questions
given Number below.
Year Arts Commerce Science Engg. Agriculture
Qual

Qual

Qual

Qual

Qual
App.

App.

App.

App.

App.

1986 842 29 908 21 1928 40 579 45 843 42

1987 1019 27 878 28 2028 38 608 38 719 36
1988 985 31 1156 31 2536 42 492 42 645 41
1989 1215 28 1290 32 2113 45 714 55 720 39
1990 1429 34 1075 24 1725 36 801 48 586 48
1991 1128 24 1416 35 1820 39 726 51 620 35

14
Number of candidates appeared (App.) and percentage
of candidates qualified (Qual.) under different disciplines
over the years.
11. Approximately, what was the percentage decrease
in the number of candidates appeared under Arts
discipline from 1990 to 1991?
A. 40 B. 10 C. 20 D. 25
12. Approximately, how many candidates qualified
under Science discipline in 1989?
A. 950 B. 1050 C. 650 D. 900
13. In which of the following pairs of years was
approximately the number of candidates qualified
under Agriculture discipline the same?
A. 1986 & 1989 B. 1987 & 1991
C. 1989 & 1990 D. 1986 & 1991
14. Approximately what was the percentage increase
in the number of candidates qualified under
Commerce discipline from 87 to 91?
A. 80 B. 200 C. 150 D. 101

15
15. In which of the following pairs of years, the number
of candidates appeared under arts was equal to the
total number of candidates appeared under
Science discipline in 1989?
A. 1988 & 1990 B. 1988 & 1991
C. 1989 & 1990 D. 1990 & 1991
DIRECTIONS for questions 16-20: Study the following
graph carefully and answer the questions given below:
Production (in thousands) of 5 Different Types of Toys &
Percentage defect over the years.
Year A B C D E
Defect

Defect

Defect

Defect

Defect
ProD.

ProD.

ProD.

ProD.

ProD.

1991 76 5 58 11 39 5 59 9 28 8
1992 82 6 46 9 37 9 62 8 36 4
1993 65 8 49 8 45 6 47 12 42 15
1994 70 12 52 12 42 13 54 4 31 9
1995 85 9 64 14 38 11 57 7 49 11
1996 80 11 54 10 40 8 68 5 38 7

16. The average production of given years of which of

the following types of toys is highest?
A. B B. E C. A D. C

16
17. What was the total number of defective B type toys
in 1995 and defective D type toys in 1993?
A. 13290 B. 14600 C. 11120 D. 14260
18. Among the given years, in which year, the average
percentage defect of all the five types of toys was
lowest?
A. 1992 B. 1995 C. 1993 D. 1996
19. What was the difference in the number of defect
free B type toys between 1992 and 1993?
A. 3220 B. 7700 C. 2730 D. 4860
20. What was the average number of defect free toys
of all types in 1994?
A. 55680 B. 22790 C. 38700 D. 44790

17
Pie Charts

The total quantity in question is distributed over a total

angle of 360°, which is one complete circle or pie.
The data is plotted with regard to only one parameter &
hence the usage is restricted.
It is useful in representing proportions or percentages or
shares of various elements with regard to total quantity.
As mentioned earlier, the total quantity is distributed
mostly as a total of 360°, however if it is represented as
100, it can be converted other way round. In this case
100 is equal to 360° and thus smaller portions can be
calculated by unitary method.
Example: 1 is therefore equal to 3.6°. 10 is equal to 36°
25 is equal to 90° and so on.
DIRECTIONS for questions 1-5: The circular graph given
shows the spending by a family on various items during the
year 1998. Study the graph and answer the questions that
follow.

18
 (Percent of money speny by a family during 1998)
Transport
Other 5%
20% Education
12%

Housing
Savings 15%
15%

Clothing
Food 10%
23%

1. If the total amount spent during the year 1998 was

Rs. 46000, the amount spent on food was
A. Rs. 2000 B. Rs.10580
C. Rs. 23000 D. Rs. 2300
2. If the total amount spent during the year 1998 was
Rs. 46000, the amount spent on clothing and
housing together was
A. Rs.11500 B. Rs. 1150
C. Rs. 10000 D. Rs. 15000
3. The ratio of the total amount of money spent on
housing to that spent on education was
A. 5:2 B. 2:5 C. 4:5 D. 5:4

19
4. As per the graph the maximum amount was spent
on which item, if the total expenditure was given to
be Rs. 48256?
A. Food B. Housing C. Clothing D. Others
5. If the total amount spent during the year 1998 was
Rs. 46000, the amount that family saved during the
year was
A. Rs. 1500 B. Rs. 15000
C. Rs. 6900 D. Rs. 3067

DIRECTIONS for questions 6-10: The following circle

graphs show the distribution of workers of two industries A
and B. Study the graphs carefully and answer the questions
given below it accordingly. The figures in both the pie charts
are given in degrees.

20
 A
Christian
40 Muslim
90

Sikhs 70

Hindu
160

Christian
35

Sikhs 75
Hindu
180

Muslims
70

21
6. Hindu workers in A are
A. 50 B. More than 50
C. Less than 50 D. Unknown
7. Christian workers in A are how much percent of the
Christian workers in B?
A. 114 B. 87.5
C. 12.5 D. Data inadequate
8. If there are 1500 Sikh workers in B, then the total
number of workers in B is
A. 3600 B. 7200 C. 4800 D. 8000
9. If there are 7200 workers in each one of A and B,
then how many Muslim workers are more in A, than
those in B?
A. 22.22 B. 28.57 C. 23.47 D. 33.61
10. If there are 7200 workers in each one of A and B,
then approximately what percentage of Muslim
workers in B compare to A?
A. 77 of A B. 70 of A
C. 74 of A D. 65 of A

22
DIRECTIONS for questions 11-15: The following graph
gives the marks scored by a student in different subjects-
English, Hindi, Mathematics, Science and Social Science
in an examination. The data given in the pie chart is
given in degrees.

Assuming that the total marks obtained for the

examination are 540, answer the following questions.

65 90

Mathematics
English
Hindi
80 Science
55
Social Science

70

11. The marks scored in English, Science and Social

Science exceed the marks scored in Hindi and
Mathematics by
A. 10 B. 20 1/3 C. 31 D. 25

23
12. The marks scored in Hindi and Mathematics
exceed the marks scored in English and Social
Science by
A. 30 B. 40 C. 60 D. 75
13. The subject in which the student scored 105 marks
is
A. English B. Hindi
C. Mathematics D. Science
14. The subject in which the marks obtained are 22.2 is
A. English B. Hindi
C. Science D. Mathematics
15. The difference of marks between English and
Science is the same as between
A. Social Science and English
B. Hindi and Social Science
C. English and Hindi
D. Mathematics and Social Science

24
DIRECTIONS for questions 16 to 20: The following pie-
diagram shows the expenditure incurred in the
preparation of a book by a publisher, under various
heads.

Expenditure in book Publishing

Paper
Printing
20%
25%

Royalty
15%

Binding Misc.
30% 10%

16. What is the angle of pie- diagram showing the

expenditure incurred on paying the royalty?
A. 24 deg B. 48 deg C. 54 deg D. 15 deg
17. The marked price of a book is 20 more than the
C.P. If the marked price of the book be Rs. 30, what
is the cost of paper used in a single copy of the
book?
A. Rs.6 B. Rs.5 C. Rs. 4.50 D. Rs. 6.50

25
18. Which two expenditures together will form an angle
of 108 degrees at the centre of the pie- diagram?
A. Paper & Royalty B. Printing & Royalty
C. Paper & Misc. D. None of these
19. If the difference between two expenditures be
represented by 18 degrees in the diagram (if the
diagram is made in terms of degrees) these
expenditures are
A. Printing & Royalty B. Paper & Binding
C. Printing & Misc D. None of these
20. Royalty is less than paper charges by
A. 25 B. 27 2/3 C. 23.5 D. 20

26
Line Graphs

As against the data being defined precisely in tables, a

line graph gives only an approximate data. The picture it
gives is more vivid in showing the trends & comparisons
than mere numbers. It indicates the variation of a
parameter with respect to another. These parameters are
calibrated on the X & Y axis.
DIRECTIONS for questions 1-5: Study the following
graph carefully and answer the questions given below:
The total expenditure of which of the following pairs of
years was equal to the income in

27
1. The total expenditure of which of the following
pairs of years was equal to the income in 1992?
A. 1987 & 1988 B. 1987 & 1989
C. 1988 & 1989 D. None of these
2. What was the percentage decrease in expenditure
from 1988 to 1989?
A. 80 B. 50
C. 40 D. None of these
3. In how many of the given years was the
expenditure more than the average expenditure of
the given years?
A. 4 B. 3 C. 1 D. 6
4. In which of the following years was the percentage
of income to the expenditure, the highest?
A. 1987 B. 1988 C. 1989 D. 1990
5. What was the approximate percentage increase in
income from 1991 to 1992?
A. 35 B. 40
C. 20 D. None of these

28
DIRECTIONS for questions 6-10: Study the following
graph carefully and answer the questions given below:
Number of candidates (Boys and Girls) Appeared and
Qualified Over the Years

25
No. of candidates in thousands

Boys Appeared
Boys Qualified
Girls Appeared
20 Girls Qualified

15

10

0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
YEAR

6. What was the approximate percentage of boys

qualified to appeared in 1992?
A. 35 B. 75 C. 80 D. 65
7. The total number of girls qualified in 1991 and
1992 together was exactly equal to the number of
girls appeared in which of the following years?
A. 1994 B. 1995 C. 1991 D. 1992

29
8. What was the percentage increase in the number
of boys qualified from 1993 to 1994?
A. 50 B. 5 C. 100 D. 150
9. What was the difference between the total number
of boys and girls appeared in 1993 and the total
number of boys and girls appeared in 1991?
A. 5000 B. 2000 C. 7500 D. 10000
10. In which of the following years was the percentage
of girls qualified to appeared the highest among
the given years?
A. 1991 B. 1993 C. 1994 D. 1992

30
DIRECTIONS for questions 11-15: Study the following
graph carefully and answer the questions given below:

Income of two plastic manufactuturing

companies A & B over the years (in lakh
rupees)
70
60
Income in lakh

50
rupees

40 A
30 B
20
10
0
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Years

11. If the percent profit earned by both the companies

A and B in 1997 is equal and the expenditure of
company B in 1997 is Rs. 50 lakhs, what
approximately is the amount of profit earned by
company A in 1997?
A. Rs. 4.5 lakhs B. Rs. 5 lakhs
C. Rs. 6.2 lakhs D. Rs. 5.5 lakhs

31
12. For which of the following combinations of
company and year is the percentage increase in
income from the previous year the maximum
among all such given combinations?
A. Company B-1994 B. Company B-1996
C. Company A-1993 D. Company A-1994
13. If company ‘A’ had a loss of 15 in the year 1992,
what approximately was its expenditure in that
year?
A. Rs. 22 lakhs B. Rs. 29 lakhs
C. Rs. 23 lakhs D. Rs. 27 lakhs
14. Average income of company ‘A’ per year is
approximately what percentage of the average
income of company ‘B’ per year?
A. 70 B. 110 C. 115 D. 90
15. Income of company ‘B’ in 1994 is what percent of
income of company ‘A’ in 1997?
A. 75 B. 133.33 C. 63.64 D. 150

32
DIRECTIONS for questions 16 to 20: Study the following
graph carefully and answer accordingly:
Following graph shows the per cent profit earned by two
companies A and B.
Note: Profit as a percentage of investment is defined as
profit in this graph.
Following graph shows the per cent profit earned by
two companies A and B.
100
90 85
90 90
85 85 80
80 80
70 78
70 75 75 77
60
60 66.5
50
40
30 Company B Company A
20
10
0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

16. Income of company A in 2000 was Rs.1239 lakhs.

What was the investment in that year (in Rs lakhs)
of company A?
A. 700 B. 800 C. 650 D. 193.03

33
17. Investment of company B in 1998 was 20 more
than that in the previous year. Income in 1998 of
company B was what per cent of its income in
1997?
A. 10 B. 102 2/3
C. 106 2/3 D. None of these
18. In which of the following years the ratio of
investment and income is maximum for company
A?
A. 2001 B. 1995 C. 1998 D. 2000
19. If the income of company A in 1996 was same as
the income of company B in 1999, what would be
the ratio of investment of company B in 1999 to the
investment of company A in 1996?
A. 9 : 10 B. 10 : 9 C. 13 : 15 D. 15 : 13
20. In which of the following years was the investment
minimum for company B?
A. 1995 B. 1999
C. 2000 D. Can’t be determined

34
Bar Graphs

The data is plotted on X & Y axis as bars. The thick line

whose width is shown is for pictorial attention. Bar
graphs are much more accurate than Line graphs since
they don’t involve any interpolation or extrapolation
between two points & data measurements. The data is
represented discretely.
DIRECTIONS for questions 1-5: Study the following
graph carefully and answer the questions given below:

Percentage of villages, which are Not

Electrified
70
60
60
50
50 45

40
27.5 30
30
20 15

10
0
A B C D E F

35
1. If the Central Government desires to give aid for
speedy electrification, which state will get fourth
rank in the order of priority?
A. C B. B
C. A D. None of these
2. Which state has twice the percentage of villages
electrified in comparison to state D?
A. C B. F
C. A D. None of these
3. In case of State B, what percent of villages are
electrified?
A. 65 B. 25
C. 45 D. None of these
4. How many states have at least 60 or more
electrified villages?
A. 5 B. 3 C. 4 D. 6
5. Which state has the maximum percentage of
electrified villages?
A. A B. B C. C D. D

36
DIRECTIONS for questions 6-10: Study the following
graph carefully and answer the questions given below:

1800 1661
Exports 1658
1538 1513
1600 Imports
1400 1256 1305
1137
1200
1014
1000 824
800 638
600
400
200
0
1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95

6. The exports in 1993-94 were approximately how

many times that of the year 1990-91?
A. 0.41 B. 2.41 C. 0.55 D. 1.84
7. In which of the following years was the gap in the
imports and exports the least?
A. 1990-91 B.1992-93 C. 1993-94 D. 1994-95
8. What is the ratio of years having above average
exports to those having below average exports in
the given period?
A. 3:2 B. 4:1 C. 2:3 D. 1:4

37
9. Which of the following statements is not true about
the graph?
A. There is a continuous rise in imports.
B. From 1992-93 the exports is above average.
C. Till 1992-93 imports is below average.
D. Total imports in the given period are more than
the total exports.
10. The imports in 1994-95 are approximately how
many percent more than the imports of 1990-91?
A. 49 B. 50
C. 201 D. None of these

DIRECTIONS for questions 11 -15: Study the following

graph carefully and answer the questions that follow.
Given below is the results in a school.

38
 Result in a school

350
300
250
200 Pass
150 Fail

100
50
0
1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96

11. In which year is the ratio of number of students

passed to those failed is maximum?
A. 1991-92 B. 1992-93 C. 1993-94 D. 1994-95
12. When is the of failed students minimum?
A. 1991-92 B. 1992-93 C. 1993-94 D. 1994-95
13. What is the approximate percentage of students
passed during 5 years?
A. 65 B. 73 C. 51 D. 80

39
14. When is the growth in total number of students
maximum?
A. 1995-96 B. 1994-95 C. 1993-94 D. 1992-93
15. What is the average number of students in the
school in last 5 years?
A. 300 B. 310 C. 320 D. 330
DIRECTIONS for questions 16-20: Study the following
graph and answer the questions given below it:

EXERCISING FRANCHISE

All India average voter turnout in general elections

(Per cent)

64
Percentage

61.2 62.2 62 61 61.97

Values in

61.3 60.5
56.9 57.9
55 55.3

1952 1957 1962 1967 1971 1977 1980 1984 1989 1991 1996 1998

40
16. The difference between highest and lowest ever
voters’ turn- out is
A. 8 B. 3 C. 7 D. 9
17. In which of the following consecutive elections, the
fluctuation in voters’ turnout (in percentage) was
the highest?
A. 1957-62 B. 1984-89 C. 1996-98 D. 1971-77
18. Between 1952 to 1998, the average voter turnout
was
A. 56.8 B. 40.9 C. 62.7 D. 60.5
19. In which of the following elections, the growth in
the average voter turnout was the highest in
comparison to the previous election?
A. 1967 B. 1984 C. 1998 D. 1977
20. The lowest average voters’ turnout in comparison
to the total voters was noticed in
A. 1971 B. 1996 C. 1962 D. 1952

41
Miscellaneous Data Components

DIRECTIONS for questions 1-5: Each question is followed

by two statements 'A' and 'B'.
Mark A, if the question can be answered with the help of
statement ‘A’ alone.
Mark B, if the question can be answered with the help of
statement 'B' alone.
Mark C, if the question can be answered with the help of
both the statements together but not with the help of
either statement alone.
Mark D, if the question cannot be answered with the help
of both the statements together or separately each
1. How far is it from town A to town B? Town C is 15
km west of town of A.
A : It is 10 km from town B to town C
B : There is a canal between town A and town B.
2. How many people in a Town K read neither Times
of India nor the Indian Express?
A: Of the 2500 people in Town K, 1000 read no
newspaper.

42
 B: Of the people in Town K, 700 read the Times of
India only and 600 read the Indian Express only.
3. What is the total number of trips to a certain
construction site made by two trucks delivering
160 metric tons of gravel?
A : The smaller truck carried 5 metric tons of gravel
on each trip to the site, and the larger truck carried
8 metric tons of gravel on each trip to the site.
B: Each truck delivers the same total amount of
gravel to the site.
4. John had an average score of 85 on three tests.
What was John's lowest of the three scores?
A : John's highest score was 95
B : The average of John's two highest scores was
92.
5. What is the area of playground P ?
A: Playground P is rectangular in shape and is 120
meters wide.
B: Playground P is square in shape and has a side
with length of 120 meters.

43
DIRECTIONS for Questions 6-7: These questions are
based on the information given in the diagrams below.

Profit after tax (Rs million)

700 640
600
500
400 352.2

300
200 164.6
120.2
80.8
100
0
1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99

6. What is the average rate of contribution of exports

to sales during the period 1994-95 to 1998-99 as a
percentage?
A. 30.1 B. 27 C. 2.7 D. 138
7. If the sales for the year 1999-2000 exceed that of
1998-99 by 50 and the profits increase
proportionately, what would 00 the increase in
return on investment'! (Assume investment to
remain unchanged.)
A. 5 B. 25
C. 50 D. Cannot be determined

44
DIRECTIONS for questions 8-10: These are based on the
following figures and information.
C
6
9
B 3

5 4
F
5 4
5 7
A D E
H
6
4
10
7

(The numbers on the lines joining two points indicate the

distance between the two points; the arrows indicate
which way/ways movement is allowed: if the arrow
points in only one direction, movement is not allowed in
the other direction.)
8. The shortest route from A to C will be
A. A-B-C, 11 B. A-D-E-C, 15
C. A-B-D-E-C, 19 D. Not possible
9. How many routes are possible between A and H ?
A. One B. Four
C. Six D. None of these

45
10. The shortest route from A to H is
A. A-G-H B. A-D-E-F-H
C. A-D-E-G-H D. A-B-C-F-H
DIRECTIONS for Questions 11-15: Each of the questions
given below consists of two quantities, one in Column A and
one in Column B. Compare the two quantities and mark your
answer as
A. if the quantity in column I is greater.
B. if the quantity in column II is greater.
C. if the two quantities at-e equal.
D. if the relationship cannot be determined from the
information given.
Column I Column II
11. (.2)3  .64
12. (5) (144) (6) (122) (52)
13. C2D2E2 CDE
C3D3E3 3

46
14. Distance covered by a motorist 25 miles going at
50 miles per hour from 10:55 p.m. to 11:25 p.m. the
same evening.
15. Radius of a circle with Radius of circle with
area of 25 sq. units circumference 9
DIRECTIONS for questions 16 to 20: Study the following
information’s carefully to answer these questions:
Five companies A, B, C, D and E are engaged in
production of televisions (colour and B&W). The
comparative data about production of these items by the
five cos. Is given in the following graph and table.
Percentage of the total cost of production produced by
the five Companies
A, 17%
E, 26%

B, 20%

D, 12%

C, 25%

47
Cost of the total production (both type of TVs together.
by the five) cos. = Rs. 15 crores

Ratio of production between colour TVs and B&W, TVs as

well as the percentage profit earned for the two type of
TVs
Cos.  Ratio of production profit of earned
Colour TV B&W Colour B&W
A 4 1 20 30
B 2 3 25 45
C 1 2 20 20
D 3 1 50 25
E 1 4 25 20

16. Find the amount of profit earned by company B on

colour TVs.
A. Rs.30 lakhs B. Rs.32.5 lakhs
C. Rs.25 lakhs D. Rs.35 lakhs
17. The cost of production of both types of TVs
together by company E is less than the total cost
of production of both type of TVs together by
which of the companies?
A. A B. B C. C D. None of these

48
18. What is the ratio of the total profits earned by
company D on colour TVs to the total profit earned
by company E on B&W TVs?
A. 6:13 B. 225:208 C. 235:204 D. 235:208
19. What is the total production cost of B&W TVs by
company A (in Rs. lakhs.)?
A. 68 B. 340 C. 85 D. 51
20. What is the total profit earned by company C for
both types of television?
A. Rs.0.75 cr B. Rs.0.665 cr
C. Rs.0.50 cr D. Rs.1.25 cr

49
 Answer Key & Explanation

Percentage Change - I Percentage Change II

1. D 24. E 1. D 24. B
2. D 25. A 2. C 25. C
3. D 26. A 3. E 26. C
4. C 27. D 4. C 27. C
5. E 28. D 5. A 28. C
6. E 29. D 6. C 29. A
7. B 30. B 7. D 30. A
8. D 31. E 8. E 31. E
9. A 32. E 9. A 32. C
10. A 33. C 10. A 33. D
11. C 34. C 11. A 34. C
12. E 35. C 12. D 35. B
13. D 36. C 13. D 36. B
14. D 37. A 14. D 37. D
15. E 38. B 15. C 38. C
16. C 39. E 16. D 39. E
17. D 40. C 17. B 40. E
18. D 41. C 18. D 41. E
19. D 42. A 19. A 42. C
20. B 43. B 20. D 43. B
21. A 44. D 21. C 44. E
22. C 45. D 22. A 45. E
23. E 23. B

50
Tables
1. A Visual observation.
2. A It is for the years 1981-82; 1983-84 and 1984-85
3. B Health outlay for 1982-83 = 11000
Health outlay for 1983-84 = 12038
12038  11000
increase =  100  9.43%
11000
4. A Required outlay = 1985 + 2073 + 3918 + 4102 +
10523 = 22601 lakh.
5. A Required Ratio = 80216 20054
  4.13
19420 4855
6. D Total no. of employee the factory had in 1993 = 150 +
25 + 50 + 45 + 75 = 345.
In 1995 the total no. employees
= 450 + 65 + 30 + 90 + 73 = 703.
This satisfies the given condition.
7. C Visual observation reveals that it is for research.
8. A In 1993, the no. of employees in production
department = 150.
In 1993 the total no. of employees = 345.
It satisfies the given condition.
9. A Visual observation reveals, it is for the year 1997.
10. B Sales ; Year 1993, 25 is less than 10 of 345 (total no.
employees)

51
 Year 1994, 40 is less than 10 of 442 ( - do - )
Year 1995, 65 is less than 10 of 708
Year 1996, 73 is less than 10 of 750 (total no. of
employees)
Year 1997, 80 is less than 10 of 821 (total no. of
employees)
Year 1998, 75 is less than 10 of 821 (total no. of
employees)
11. C No. of candidates in Arts in 1990 = 1429
No. of candidates in Arts in 1991 = 1128
1128  1428
Decrease =  100 = -21.06  20
1429
12. A The Required no. of candidates qualified under
science discipline = 45 of 2113 = 950.
13. C For 1989 i.e. (39 of 720) = 280.0
For 1990 i.e. (48 of 586) = 281.2
It is approx. equal
14. D Candidates qualified under commerce in 87
(28 of 878) = 245.84
Candidates qualified under commerce in 91
(35 of 1416) = 495.6
Reqd. increase (from 245 to 495) = 101
15. B For 1988 the no. of candidates in Arts = 985
For 1991 the no. of candidates in Arts = 1128

52
 Total = 985 + 1128 = 2113
Candidates, appeared under science in 1989 = 2113
16. C Visual observation that in case of Toy ‘A’ production
for all the years is higher from other types.
Therefore the average has to be high.
17. B Reqd. No. = (14 of 64000) + (12 of 47000) = 8960 +
5640 = 14600
18. A Going by the options, Option (1) satisfies
Average for 1992,
6% of 82  9% of 46  9% of 37  8% of 62  4% of 36
5

4.92  4.14  3.33  4.96  1.44 18.79

  3.758
5 5
19. A Required difference = (92 of 49000) – (91 of 46000) =
45080 – 41860 = 3220.
20. D Required No. = (88 of 70000) + (88 of 52000) + (87 of
42000) + (96 of 54000) + (91 of 31000)
(61.6  45.76  36.54  51.84  28.21)  1000
5
223950
  44790
5

53
Pie Chart
1. B Amount spent on Food = 23 of Rs. 46000/- = Rs.
10580/-
2. A Amount spent on Clothing and Housing together =
(10 + 15 = 25) of 46000 = Rs. 11500/-.
3. D 15 % of total amt . 15 5
Required Ratio =  
12 % of total amt . 12 4
4. A Irrespective of the total expenditure, the maximum
will correspond to the maximum percentage which
happens to be for food i.e. 23 (of 48256/-), The
amount is Rs. 110989/-
5. C Reqd. Savings = 15 of 46000/- = Rs. 6900/-
6. C Hindu workers in A are 160 i.e. less than 50.
7. D We cannot answer this question, as we are not aware
of the total workers is A and B.
8. B In B, 75 Sikh workers correspond to total 35 + 75 + 70
+ 180 = 360 total workers
If Sikh workers are 1500, the total no. of workers
360
=  1500 = 7200.
75
9. B Total workers in A = 7200
90
Muslim workers in A =  7200  1800
360
Total workers in B = 7200

54
 70
Muslim workers in B =  7200  1400
360
Now 1800 is 28.57 more than 1400
10. A 1400 is 77.7 of 1800
11. D Marks scored in English, Science and Social Science
(55  80  65)
=  540  300
360
Marks obtained in Hindi and Mathematics
70  90
=  540  240
360
300  240
Now 300 exceeds 240 by  100  25%
240
12. C Marks scored in Hindi and Mathematics
70  90
=  540  240
360
Marks scored in English and Social Science
55  65
=  540  180
360
Required difference = 240 – 180 = 60.
13. B Going by the options
70
Marks scored in Hindi =  540  105
360
14. C Now 22.2 = 2/9, 2/9 of 3600 = 800, Now 800
corresponds to science
15. D Going by the options, option 4 satisfies.

55
16. C 15  360
15 of 3600 =  54 
100
17. B The marked price = Rs.30/-
30
The cost price =  25 / 
1.2
Cost of paper = 20 of 25/- = 0.2 × 25 = Rs. 5
18. C Going by the options, paper and misc. constitute
(20+10) = 30 of 3600
19. D For printing and royalty = (25-15)=10=36
For paper and binding = (30-20)=10=360
For printing and misc = (25-10)=15=54
None of these satisfy.
20. A 15 is less the 1/4th =25 of paper charges.

Line graphs
1. D Going by options: For 1987 & 1988, the total
expenditure = 450 + 400 = 850 cr.
For 1987 & 1989 the total expenditure = 450 + 350 =
800 cr.
For 1988 & 1989 the total expenditure = 400 + 350 =
750 cr.
Income in 1992 = 380 cr. None of the options
satisfies.
2. D Expenditure in 1988 = 250 cr.

56
 Expenditure in 1989 = 200 cr.
200  250
Decrease =  100  20%
250
3. B The average comes out to be around Rs 410. There
are three years having an expenditure lesser than
that.
4. C For 1987, of income to expenditure = 450
 100
300
400
For 1988, of income to expenditure =  100
250
350
For 1989, of income to expenditure =  100
200
For 1990, of income to expenditure = 450 100
400
Obviously it is highest for 1989.
5. D Income in 1991 = 175 cr. Income in 1992 = 375 cr.
increase = 375  175 100  114.3% . None of the option
175
satisfies.
6. D Boys qualified in 1992 = 11 thousand
Boys appeared in 1992 = 16 thousand
Required age = 11  100 = 64.7
17
Nearest value = 65 satisfies
7. D Number of girls qualified in 1991 + 1992 = 4 + 5 = 9
thousand

57
 Girls appeared in 1992 = 9 thousand
8. D Number of boys qualified in 1993 = 6
Number of boys qualified in 1994 = 15
15  6
increase = 100 = 150
6
9. B Total number of boys & girls appeared in 1993 = 11 +
13 = 24 thousand.
Total number of boys & girls appeared in 1991 = 15 +
7 = 22 thousand. Required difference = 24000 = 2000
10. B Visual observation
11. D Income company B in 1997 – 55 lakh
Expenditure of company B in 1997 = 50 lakh profit =
10
60
Expenditure = = 54.5  amount of profit = 60 –
0.9
54.5 = 5.5 lakh
12. C Visual observation, slope is maximum for company A
– 1993
13. B For company ‘A’ loss = 15
Income of company A = 25 lakh in 1992
25
Required expenditure =  29 lakh
0.85
14. D Average income of company A
25  40  35  45  50  60  55
=  44.285
7

58
 Average income of company B
40  35  45  50  60  55  65
= =55
7
44.285
Required age =  100  88.57%  90%
55
15 A Income of company B in 1994 = 45 lakh
Income of company A in 1997 = 60 lakh
45 lakh is 75 of 60 lakh
16. A 100
Investment of company A in 2000 = 1239 x =
177
Rs.700 lakh
17. D Let’s assume investment of company B in 1997 =
100.
Thus, investment in year 1998 = 20 more than
previous year = 120.
Now, profit in year 1997 = 60, thus income = 100 + 60
of 100 = 160. And profit in year 1998 = 75, thus
income = 120 + 75 of 120 = 210
So, income of company B in 1998 = (210/160) x100 =
131.25 of income in 1997.
18. B Quicker Method: The ratio of investment and income
will be maximum when percentage profit is minimum.
19. A Reqd. ratio =
100 166 .5 333 37  9
     9 : 10
185 100 370 37  10

59
20. D As nothing is given for the investment and income,
the answer cannot be determined.

Bar graphs
1. D The ranking as per percentage of villages which are
not electrified is
Rank Rank Rank Rank
I II III IV
D E B F
It is obvious that to give aid for speedy electrification
state ‘F’ will get fourth rank.
2. D of villages electrified for village ‘D’ = 40.
None of the options has 80 village electrified i.e. 20
villages not electrified.
3. D In case of State B = (100 – 45) = 55 village are
electrified.
4. B For States F, A, C (i.e. 3 states) we have 40 or more
are electrified.
5. C For State ‘C’ the minimum percentage is not
electrified.
It is obvious that maximum percentage is electrified.
6. B 1538
The required ratio =  2.41
638
7. C It is for the year 1993-94. In this case we can observe

60
 visually, the year for which the two bars least
difference of heights.
8. A The average exports
638  1256  1661  1538  1305
=  1279 .6
5
The years 1990-91; and 1991-92 are below the
average exports.
The years 1992-93; 1993-94 and 1994-95 are above
the average exports.
9. D Total imports = 6146. Total exports = 6398
Thus statement (D) is not true.
10. D Imports in 1994-95 = 1658. Imports in 1990-91 = 824.
1658 is 101.2 more the 824
None of the option satisfies.
11. C Here we do not require to work out the required ratio.
The difference in the height indicates, it is maximum
for 1993-94, thus the required ratio is highest
12. C Again visual observation that height of clear bar is
minimum for 1993-94.
13. B For 1991-92 Passed = 150, Failed = 100
For 1992-93 Passed = 200, Failed = 100
For 1993-94 Passed = 300, Failed = 50
For 1994-95 Passed = 250, Failed = 100
for 1995–96 Passed = 300, Failed = 100

61
 Required =
150  200  300  250  300 1200
  72.72% 73
250  300  350  350  400 1650
14. D In the year 1992-93, the growth is from 250 to 300 i.e.
20 which is highest.
15. D Just do the total and find the average AS 1650/5 =
330.
16. D The difference between highest (64) and lowest (55)
voters turn out is = 64 - 55 = 9
17. A Option (1) The required fluctuating = 62.2 – 55 = 7.2
Option (2) The required fluctuating = 64 – 62 = 2
Option (3) The required fluctuating = 61.97 – 57.9 =
4.07
Option (4) The required fluctuating = 60.5 – 55.3 =
5.2, Obviously Option (A) satisfies
18. D The average voter turnout between 1952 to 1998
61.2  62.2  55  61.3  55.3  60.5 
56.9  64  62  61  57.9  61.97

12
 59.93%  60.5%
19. B For 1984, it is highest (56.9 to 64) = 7.1
20. C Visual observation reveals it is for year 1962

62
Miscellaneous graphs
1. D B’s exact position is not known. Both statements do
not give this information.
2. D We are not given the information of other newspapers
nor can we find out how many people read both
Indian Express and Times of India.
3. C From statement A we do not know how many trips
the smaller and bigger trucks make individually. From
statement B, we do not know the capacity of each
truck. But with both the statements together, we
know the amount of gravel delivered by each truck as
well as their individual capacities. By dividing the
amount of gravel with respective capacities, we can
find the number of trips made by the two trucks.
Hence we can get the answer from both statements
together.
4. B Total marks: 85  3 = 255. From statement B, we
know the highest marks in 2 tests. Hence the score in
the third test can be found out.
5. B Statement B gives the information from which area of
the filed can be found out.
6. A Total sales = (20+25+33+47+60) x 100 = 18500 mn.
Total exports = (40+60+95+140+225) x 10 = 5600 mn.

63
 Total exp . 5600 56 55 11
     .30 ,
Total sal. 18500 185 185 37
In - .30 x 100 = 30,
7. C Proportional increase in profit is also 50.
As the investment was same, Return on investment
will also increase by 50
8. D No arrow is incoming towards C. So not possible.
9. C Routes possible are :-
(a) A-B-D-E-F-H,
(b) A-D-E-F-H,
(c) A-D-E-G-F-H,
(d) A-D-E-G-H,
(E) A-B-D-E-G-H,
(F) A-B-D-E-G-F-H,
Option 3.
10. B A-D-E-F-H with a total distance of 21 is the shortest,
Option 2.
11. B I. (.2)3 = .008, II. .64 , II is greater. Option 2
12. A I. 144 x 30, II. 144 x 25. Option 1
13. D I. 1/CDE, II. CDE/3, We don’t know if the values of C, D,
E are –ve, +ve, fractional or integer. Hence Option 4
14. C I. 50 x ½ = 25 miles, II. 25, Option 3
15. D I. 2r = 9 r = 9 x 7/2 x 22

64
 25  7
II. r2 = 25 r2 = 25 x 7/22, r = , You might
22
mark II as greater, but here we do not know the units
are in cm, m, feet etc. in columns I & II. Hence Option
4.
16. A Profit of company B on colour TV = 15 cr x
20 2 25
   Rs 30 lakhs
100 5 100
17. D Production cost of company E is the highest.
18. B 15 
12 3 50
 
Reqd ratio = 100 4 100 = 225 : 208
26 4 20
15   
100 5 100
19. D Total production cost of B & W TVs of company A =
17 1
15    0.51 cr = Rs.51 lakhs
100 5
20. A Total profit earned by company ‘C’
25 20 3
= 15    Rs cr = 0.75 cr
100 100 4

65