UNIT 1

At the end of this chapter, the student will be able to:

1. Define nursing and other related terms
2. Identify significant events and personages in the evolution of nursing
3. Describe nursing as a profession, occupation and as discipline on of Nursing
Content:

I. Introduction to Nursing
II. Nursing as a Profession
“To understand where nursing is today, and where will it be tomorrow, it is necessary to look at the past.
We cannot see ahead without looking back. Knowledge of the past experience can create a better
understanding of the present and can cast some light on the pathway to planning the future”-Unknown

How did nursing get

started?

1. PERIOD OF
I’m a Nomad. When someone got sick in our
INTUITIVE NURSING
tribe the women were in-charged in nursing
• The Prehistoric Man the sick. I believed that illness was caused
by the invasion of the victim’s body by evil
spirit through the use of Black magic or
Voodoo.

I’m the shaman. I used hypnosis, 1

charms, dances, incantations,
purgatives, massage, fire, water,
herbs and trephining to the sick.
Evil spirit might be kept away through:
• Wearing of hideous mask

• Making terrifying noises

• Dancing

• Amulet

• Making offering/ sacrifices

Primitive people looked upon natural phenomena

as the work of gods:
 The sun – was the breath of god
 Storms and earthquake- were the works of
angry gods and demons
 Sickness with intense suffering – were taught
to be caused by some evil spirit in possession of
the sufferer

2
 CONTRIBUTIONS TO MEDICINE AND NURSING

Egypt Introduced the art of embalming which enhanced their knowledge of human anatomy
and patient
They developed the ability to make keen observation and record of 250 recognized
diseases
There was no mention of nurses, hospital or personnel slaves patient’s families
nursed the sick.

Israel Moses is recognized as the “Father of Sanitation”

He wrote the books of the Old Testament which:
-Emphasized the practice of hospitality (Book of Genesis)
• Promulgated the rules of control on the spread of
communicable disease and the ritual of circumcision of the male child (book of
Leviticus)
• Referred to nurses as midwives, wet nurses or child nurses
whose acts were compassionate and tender (outpouring of maternal instincts).

China -The people strongly believed in spirits and demons as seen in the practices such as
using girl’s clothes for male babies keep evil away from them.
- They practiced ancestor worship which prohibited the dissection of dead human
body.
-There was no mention of nursing in their records. It is assumed that the care of the
sick was done by female members of the household.
India - Men of medicine built hospitals, practiced an intuitive form of asepsis and were
proficient in the practice of medicine and surgery.

- Sushurutu made a list of function and qualifications of nurses. For the first time in
the recorded history, there was a reference to the nurse’s taking care of patients.
These nurses were described as combination of physical therapist and cook.

Greece Untrained slave.

-Hippocrates, born in Greece, was given the title “Father of Scientific Medicine”
-He made a major advance in medicine by rejecting the belief that diseases had
supernatural causes.
-Emphasized the rational treatment of sickness as natural rather than god-inflicted
phenomenon.
-Recognized the need for nurses
Rome Fabiola was a worldly, beautiful Roman matron who was converted to Christianity
by her friends Marcella and Paula. With their help she made her home the first
hospital in the Christian world.

3
B. PERIOD OF APPRENTICE NURSING

This period extends from the founding of religious nursing orders in the crusades, which began in 11 th
century and ended in 1836

• It is the period of “on the job” training. Nursing was performed without any formal education
and by people who were directed and by people who were directed by more experienced nurses.

I’m a Crusader. I participated in any of the military

expeditions undertaken by Christian powers in the
11th, 12th, and 13th centuries to win the Holy Land
from the Muslims. I provided nursing care and
defended the hospitals during battle.

Military Religious Orders

-Knights of Saint John of Jerusalem (Italian)

-Teutonic Knights (German)

-Knights of St. Lazarus

Secular Orders Founded During the Period of the Crusaders

- Order of St. Francis of Assisi

-The Beguines

-Augustinians

-Benedictines

-The Oblates

4
IMPORTANT NURSING PERSONAGES DURING PERIOD OF APPRENTICE

• founder of the second Order of St. Francis of Assisi

St. Clare • took vows of poverty, obedience service and chastity

• gave nursing care to the sick and the afflicted

sunsigns.com •

• known as “Patroness of Nurses” and the daughter of Hungarian king

• used all of her wealth to make the lives of the poor happy and useful.

St. Elizabeth
sunsigns.com

• the first “Lady with a Lamp”

• She pledged her life to service at the age of seven and was referred to as a
little saint.
• She was a hospital nurse, prophetess, researcher and a reformer of society
and the church.

sunsigns.com

St. Catherine

In the 16th century, hospitals were established for the area of the sick. The
hospitals were gloomy, cheerless, and airless. They were unsanitary. People
entered hospitals only under the compulsion or at last resort. There was little
employment and education was only for the rich and the titled

PASTOR FLIEDNER

- Established the Kaisersworth Institute for the Training of Deaconess

Theodore Fliedner en.wikipedia.org

C. THE DARK PERIOD OF NURSING (17th – 19th Century)

-Nursing became the work of a least desirable of women

The wrath of Protestantism swept away everything connected with Roman Catholicism in schools, orphanages
and hospitals. Properties of hospitals and schools were confiscated. Nurses fled for their lives. In England, hundreds of
hospitals were closed. There were no provisions for the sick, no one to care for the sick.

Dorothea Clara Barton is

Linde Dix the founder of
established American Red
Cross. Site:
the Nursing womenhistory.org
Corps of the
United
States Army.

D. PERIOD OF EDUCATED NURSING/NIGHTINGALE ERA 19TH-20TH CENTURY

The development of nursing during this period was strongly influenced by:

1. trends resulting from wars – Crimean, civil war

2. arousal of social consciousness

3. increased educational opportunities offered to women.

Hello I’m Florence Nightingale the Mother of modern

nursing.
I was born on May 12, 1820 in Florence, Italy. I was
raised in England in an atmosphere of culture and
affluence. I worked as a superintendent for
Gentlewomen Hospital, a charity hospital for ill
governesses.
Sir Sidney Herbert of the British War Department asked
me to recruit female nurses to provide care for the sick
Florence Nightingale. natgeokids.com
and injured in the Crimean War.
In 1860, I opened The Nightingale Training School of
Nurses at St. Thomas Hospital in London

During my time, nursing evolved as an art and science.

Popularly known as “Tandang Sora,” Melchora Aquino

was just a regular woman who tended a store in
Balintawak. But when the Philippine revolution started,
she housed sick and wounded Katipuneros in her
home and tended to them. She was later given the
name “Mother of Katipunan.” site: preen.ph
activityvillage.co.uk

NURSING DURING THE

PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION
The Prominent persons involved in the
nursing works
• Josephine Bracken
• Rosa Sevilla De Alvero
E. Period
• of
DonaContemporary Nursing/20th
Hilaria de Aguinaldo
Hospitals and Nursing Schools
Century• Dona Maria de Aguinaldo • Iloilo Mission Hospital School of
• Melchora
- Scientific Aquino (Tandang
and technological development Nursing (Iloilo City, 1906)
Sora)
as well as social changes mark this period. • St. Paul’s Hospital School of
• Captain Salome Nursing (Manila, 1907)
- Health is perceived
• Agueda as a fundamental
Kahabagan
human right Tecson
• Trinidad • . Philippine General Hospital
School of Nursing (1907)
- Nursing involvement in community health
• Philippine General Hospital School
- Technological advances – disposable of Nursing (1907)
supplies and equipment.
• . Mary Johnston Hospital and
- Expanded roles of nurses was developed School of Nursing (Manila, 1907)

- WHO was established by the United • Philippine Christian Mission

Institute School of Nursing.
Nations
• San Juan de Dios Hospital School
- Aerospace Nursing was developed of Nursing (Manila, 1913)
- Use of atomic energies for medical • Emmanuel Hospital School of
diagnosis, treatment Nursing (Capiz,1913)
- Computers were utilized-data collection, • Southern Island Hospital School of
teaching, diagnosis, inventory, payrolls, Nursing (Cebu,1918)
record keeping, billing.
- Use of sophisticated equipment for
diagnosis and therapy
 CEH: FCU BASE HOSPITAL
In 1913, the American Baptist Foreign Mission
Society sent Dr. P.H.J. Lerrigo to Capiz for the
purpose of opening a hospital, Miss Nicolet
assisted him. The school offered a 3-year
training course for annual fee of P100.00. Miss
Ciara Pedrosa was the first Filipino Principal.

Nursing Leaders in the Philippines

• Anastacia Giron Tupas- first Filipino Nurse to hold the position of Chief Nurse
Superintendent; founder of the Philippine Nurses association.
• Cesaria Tan- first Filipino nurse to receive a master degree in Nursing
• Socorro Sirilan- Pioneered in Hospital Social Service in San Lazaro Hospital where she
was the Chief Nurse
• Rosa Militar- A pioneer in school health education
• Sor Ricarda Mendoza- a pioneer in nursing education
• Socorro Diaz – first editor of the PNA magazine called “The Message”
• Conchita Ruiz- First full time editor of the newly named PNA magazine “The Filipino
Nurse”
In essence, the nursing profession has very much been around since the beginning of time, though has drastically
evolved over the course“Dean
of history.
• Loreto Tupaz- of theToday, nursesNursing”;
Philippine are one of the most important
Florence professions
Nightingale within the health care industry
of Iloilo.
and are learned in a wide range of occupational duties that are utilized within a variety of settings throughout the world.

II. NURSING AS A PROFESSION AND OCCUPATION

 In the past, there has been considerable discussion about whether nursing is a profession or an occupation. This is
important for nurses to consider for several reasons.

An occupation is a job or a career, occupations require widely varying levels of training or education, varying levels of
skill, and widely variable defined knowledge bases, whereas a profession is a learned vocation or occupation that has a
status of superiority and precedence within a division of work.

In short, all professions are occupations, but not all occupations are professions pinterest.com.
(Finkelman & Kenner, 2013).

Near The End of The 20th Century:

 Nursing was viewed as an occupation rather than a profession.

 Nursing has had difficulty being deemed a profession because many of the services provided by nurses have been
perceived as an extension of those offered by wives and mothers.
 Historically, nursing has been seen as subservient to medicine, and nurses have delayed in identifying and
organizing professional knowledge.
 Education for nurses is not yet standardized, and the three-tier entry-level system (diploma, associate degree, and
bachelor’s degree) into practice that persists has hindered professionalization because a college education is not
yet a requirement.
 Finally, autonomy in practice is incomplete because nursing is still dependent on medicine to direct much of its
practice.

Why Nursing is called a profession?

- To be considered a profession there needs to be specialized knowledge and
training. Nursing requires both. The nursing profession is both an art and a science.
Nurses are frequently called on to be activists in order to affect health care for
the larger good.
What defines nursing as a profession?
- Nursing is a profession within the health care sector focused on the care of individuals, families,
and communities so they may attain, maintain, or recover optimal health and quality of
life. Nurses provide care both interdependently, for example, with physicians, and
independently as nursing professionals.
B. Nursing as an Academic Discipline clipart.com
A discipline is “a branch of knowledge ordered through the theories and methods evolving from more than one
worldview of the phenomenon of concern” (Parse, 1997, p. 74). It has also been termed a field of inquiry characterized by
a unique perspective and a distinct way of viewing phenomena (Butts, Rich, & Fawcett, 2012; Parse, 1999).
Nursing’s knowledge base draws from many disciplines. In the past, nursing depended heavily on physiology,
sociology, psychology, and medicine to provide academic standing and to inform practice. In recent decades, however,
nursing has been seeking what is unique to nursing and developing those aspects into an academic discipline.

Nursing encompasses autonomous and

collaborative care of individuals of all ages,
families, groups and communities, sick or well
and in all settings. Nursing includes the
What is nursing?
promotion of health, prevention of illness, and
the care of ill, disabled and dying people.
(International Council of Nurses- ICN)

My roles: I’m a Care Provider,

communicator, teacher, counselor,
client advocate, change agent, leader,
manager and researcher.
Expanded Roles of Nurses
• Nurse Generalist- Nurse generalists have mastery in certain practice of nursing. The
following are examples of special areas: general nursing practice, medical-surgical nursing,
pediatric and geriatric nursing, college health nursing, psychiatric nursing and mental
Nursehealth
Generalist
nursing.
• Nurse Clinician- perform direct nursing actions in specialty areas. A nurse clinician
provides direct patient care in a hospital, clinic, or another healthcare setting. Job duties
include preparing charts and communicating with other medical staff, sometimes before a
patient arrives. They often have the most direct contact during a patient’s time at the
facility. A clinician may help decide on a course of treatment with the doctor, and make
sure that the staff performs the treatment correctly. In smaller facilities, a nurse clinician
may also provide administrative support.
• Nurse Practitioner- requires advanced educational or nursing practice and must be
certified by a government body that they may practice so. Nurse practitioners are advanced
practice registered nurses who provide care to patients throughout the lifespan, from
premature newborns to the elderly. Two out of three nurse practitioners provide primary
care. Those primary care providers often specialize in family care, women’s health,
pediatrics or adult/geriatric care. Nurse practitioners can prescribe medications, including
controlled substances
• Nurse Specialist- Clinical nurse specialists are a type of advanced practice registered
nurse (APRN), who provide direct patient care by working with other nurses and staff to
improve the quality of care a patient receives. They often serve in leadership roles and may
educate and advise other nursing staff. Requires one to have master’s degree in nursing and
must have specialization in a particular field of nursing
.