Chapter 3 Summary

Movement in and out of cells, there are 3 types of it which is diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.
We need to move substances in and out and keep moving it in order for us to live, for example we need
to get rid of our waste products, or plants need carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, or for us to be able
to respirate, or to absorb nutrients, etc.

Diffusion

Diffusion is when molecules and ions go from an area with higher concentration down to an area with
lower concentration.

Osmosis

Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules going from an area with higher water potential to an area
with lower water potential through a partially permeable membrane.

Active Transport

Active transport is the movement of molecules and ions in or out of a cell through the cell membrane
against a concentration gradient, using energy from respiration.
 Chapter 4 Summary

Chemicals of life, there are chemicals that are vital for our body that we need them in order to live.
These chemicals are water, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and DNA.

Water

We need water to live since there are a lot of metabolic reactions happening in our body, and that can
only take place if the chemicals reacting to it are dissolved in water. Not only that but water is also
needed for other reasons such as our blood plasma, to dissolve enzymes and nutrients in the alimentary
canal to help with digestion, to help remove our waste products, etc.

Carbohydrates

We need carbohydrates to live since we use it as our source of energy, and usually the form we use is
glucose. For plants, they need it to aid them with respiration.

Fats

We need fats to live since we also use it as our source of energy like carbohydrates, but they have
another purpose too which is to help us keep our body warm, and for plants its to help them germinate.

Proteins

We need proteins to live since it is used to make new cells, antibodies, etc.

DNA

We need DNA to live since it is the chemical that makes up our genes and chromosomes and gives us
our characteristics and how we develop.