ANOVA

Analysis of Variance

ANOVA consist of estimating the amount of

variation due to each of the independent
causes (factors) separately and then comparing
these estimates due to assignable causes
(treatment) with the estimate due to
error/chance causes
• Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used as a test of
means for two or more populations. The null
hypothesis, typically, is that all means are equal.

• Analysis of variance must have a dependent

variable that is metric (measured using an
interval or ratio scale).

• There must also be one or more independent

variables that are all categorical (non metric).
Categorical independent variables are also called
factors.
 Assumption
• The Dependent Variable should be
independently and identically distributed
– i.e. The observations are independent of each
other
• The population from which the sample taken
is normally distributed.
• The various treatment effects should be
additive in nature
Example
To test whether there is any significant
difference between the HB of the unstable
cardiac, stable cardiac, control and cardiac
patients
The null hypothesis is that the category means
are equal:
H0: µ1 = µ2 = µ3 = µ4
µunstable cardiac =µstable cardiac = µcontrol
=µcardiac
The marks of three section are given below on the basis of the
marks, can you check weather the performance of all the
sections are similar or different

Section A Section B Section C

25 20 30
22 24 35
26 30 19
20 22 18
18 20 21
ANOVA Table
Find grand total = T= 𝑥𝑖𝑗
Correction Factor (CF)= T2/N
Ti= sum of Ith treatment
Total Sum of square= 𝑥𝑖𝑗 2 − 𝐶𝐹
Sum of square due to treatment
𝑇𝑖 2
= − CF
𝑛𝑖
 Solution
Hypothesis:
There is no significance difference between the
marks of the the three sections
Ho: MuA=MuB=MuC
H1: atleast one is different
Decision of accepting or rejecting Null hypothesis
Two Way ANOVA

The marks of 15 students of three section are given along with the courses they had
opted

On the basis of the marks, can you check weather the performance of all the sections are
similar or different and also
check weather the performance of the students are similar with respect to the courses
they had selected
• Hypothesis
There is no significance difference between the marks of the
three sections
Ho: MuA=MuB=MuC
H1: atleast one is different

There is no significance difference between the marks of the five

courses
Ho: MuC1=MuC2=MuC3=MuC4=MuC5
H1: atleast one is different
 Standard values

F(4,8)=3.3879
F(2,8)=4.4590

if
F calculated is less then F standard Accept the Null
Hypothesis

Section F calculated- 0.279308

Courses F calculated-1.255605