Theory of indices m ‘ x @ eR i ghee te i, =a" a ii, (@" =a" iv. (aby" =a" (¢)” a” 2 <\ = vi. D rca vii. a? = lla # ] ix. Ifa" =a" anda #1, thenm=n Logarithms If a" = x, then m is called the logarithm of x base a, i.e. or i. log, (nn) =log,m +log,n ii. log, (2) = log, m — log, n iii, log, (m)" =nlog,m iv. log, a = (log. a) / (log. b) v. log,a=1 vi. log, 1=0 vii. log, 0 = —0o Progressions Arithmetic progression (AP) A sequence in which the difference between any two consecutive terms is always constant is called an Arithmetic Progression (AP).Reciprocal relations 1 1. sind = 3. tané = —— a ‘cosee 6 mn cotd sin 4. tan? = —— ee cos Identities 4. sin? @ +cos?6 = I 5. 1+ tan? = sec?6 6. 1 +cot?@ = cosec”6 Trigonometric ratios of standard angles 0 O° 30° 45° 60° 90° i 1 i 3 sind 0 3 a = cosé 1 3 4 0 tand 0 a 1 3 00Compound angle formulae 1. sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B sin (A — B) = sin A cos B — cos A sin B 2. cos(A + B) =cos A cos B —sin A sin B cos (A — B) =cosAcos B +sin A sin B tan A + tan B T—tan A tan B tan A —tan B T+tanAwnB 3. tan (A+ B) = tan (A — B) = Multiple and sub multiple angle formulae 4. sin 2A = 2sin Acos A or sin A = 2 sin (A/2) cos (A/2) 5. cos 2A = cos? A = sin? A or cos A = cos” (A/2) — sin? (A/2) 1—2sir A = 2sin?(A/2) = 2c0s*A-1 cos? (A/2) — 1 6, sin3A = 3sinA —4sin3 A 7. cos3A = 4c0s' A — 3cosA 8. 1 2A 9, cos? A = ~T OSA 10. sin A = 5 [3 sin A — sin 34] a ‘Transformation formulae Conversion from product into sum or difference 12, sin A.cos B = } [sin (A +B) +sin (A —B)] 13. cos Asin B = } [sin (A + B) —sin(A —B)) 14. cos Acos B = } [cos (A + B) + cos (A — B)] 15. sin Asin B = 5 [cos (A — B) ~ cos (A + B)]Conversion from sum or difference into product C+D c- >) 2sin COS 2 2 2 sin ~ sin D = 20s (S4? . sin g=2 2 2 C+D c-D 18. cos +605 D = 2605 (EP) cos ( ) C+D c-D 9, vos ~ 0s D = -2sin ( - ) sin ( 5 ) 16. sinC +sinD Relation between the sides and angles of a triangle The sine rule 90), i Oe, sin A sin B sinc The cosine rule 2. 2 = b+e—2becos A, b? = a? +e —2accos Bande? = a?-+b?—2ab cos C Hyperbolic functions 22. sinh.x ete 23. cosh osh x - ih 24, tanh x = =" cosh x h 25. coth x = 2% sinh x 26. sechx = 27. cosechx28. cosh? x — sinh? x = 1 29. 1 —tanh? x = sech? 30. coth? x — 31. cosh? x + sinh? x = cosh2x cosech?x 32. sinh 2x = 2 sinh.x. cosh x Analytical geometry of two dimensions Let A= (41, v1) and B (22, y2) be any two points Distance formula AB = ( —x1P +(99 Section formula Co-ordinates of the point P which divides the line joining AB internally in the ratio m:nis (@ sens myz + nyt min > min Midpoint formula Straight lines Slope (i) Ifa straight ine makes an angle @ with the positive direction of the a-axis, then the slope = tan (ii) If'astraight line passing through the points (x1, y1) & (x2, y2), then slope = (iii) If y = f() be the equation of the curve, then & = /"(x) represents the slope of the tangent to the curve. (iv) If av + by +e = 0 be the equation of a straight line, then the slope = — (a/b)List of derivatives of some standard functions 1 ae 3 4. 2 doesn 5. F(a") =a" loga 6. ay its) =o 7. —(cosx) = —sinx 8 (tan) = sec? x ‘ fi 9 Goin) = cosee"x 10. 7 (sex) = sex tan.x x di. 4 1 I. aoe) = st cote 12, oy in-! x) = B. geord=— = 14. agen) # hag # (sec-! 15. (com's) 16. 5 (see!) 17. 4 feet) J 18, “Ginna coms ae xv = a 19. 7 (cosh x) = sinh.x 20. ay Klan) = sech?x ai. gy olnn) = ~cosech?x 22, —sechx tanh x 28. £ (cosechx) = —cosectx coth x 24, dx 25. aco 1 6. 7. oly) = 27. T-(coth”'x) 28. 29, & (cosech—!xRules of differentiation If'w and v are any two functions of x and a and b are constants, then # (aut b= aft toe uf + v9! (Product rule) 2. # (wv) # (2) = SESE (Quotient rae) Mlustrations (i) If y = e* +sinx — x? then (e +sinx — 2?) dx By =e Poms Be (ii) If) 2? log x thea dy dx logx) < tos x) + logx 7 £() 1 + 10g 209 =x42xlogx i ax (an x)? _ tanx (2* log 2) — 7 tan?x _ 2 log2tanx dy _ tana ge (2') ~ 2° (tans) * sec? xIntegration List of integrals of some standard functions Lo fxtdr =S AHI J tdx =logx, x £0 3. feldx =e 4. fatdx= (Sz a#l 5. sin xd = —cos x 6 feovxdy =sin x 7. f tanxdx = log (sec x) 8 f cotxdx = log (sin x) 9. fsccadx = log (sec x + tanx) 10. f cosee xdx = log (cosee x — cot x) IL, fsee?xdx = tanx 12, f cosec?xdx = —cotx 13. feosecxcotrdx = —coseex 14, see xtanxdx = seex 15, f sinhxdx = cosh x 16. f cosh xdx = sinhx 17. f tanhxdx = logcosh x 18. f coth rdx = log sinh x 19. f'secha tanh xd.x = —sechx 20. f sech?xdx = tanh x 21. f cosechxcoth xdx = —cosechx 22. f cosech*dx = —cothx 2B. 24. 25.I. f apbeggdx = sinh ° = log (EE) = cosh! (8) = log (424F=2) 29. [PoP = =x +4 sin“ (5) 30. f Va? Fads = $Ve2 Fa? + © log HEE a. fv ava? og tala? an of 3. 34, fers sin (bx +.0)dx = ai Cosine +0) — boos (bx +c) 35. fe cos (bx +e) dx = $75 (a cos (bx +0) + bsin (bx +0) ie Methods of integration Integration by substitution (i) [LAG f/addx put fix)=t => fide = dt aii ny nel i fron Sf )dx =f a at _ oor! n+l Similarly if we take the above substitution for the following integrals, we get Wf FBax = st Gii) f ae 2 dx = f Gat =2i+c=2VTate (iv) fel f@dx = feldt =e te=ef +e (vy) fsin[ FOO) f/@)dx = f sintdt = cost +c=cos[f(x)] +e (i) If f@Ode = f(x) +e then, ff" (ax +b) dx = LOD 4 6 dt = logr +c =log[fix)] +e