Applied Thermal Engineering 180 (2020) 115836

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Applied Thermal Engineering

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apthermeng

Experimental research on vibration-enhanced heat transfer of fin-tube T

vehicle radiator
⁎
Dan Li, Xuefeng Yang , Shouren Wang, Derong Duan, Zhuang Wan, Guofeng Xia, Wenbo Liu
School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China

H I GH L IG H T S

• Application of vibration-enhanced heat transfer technology to fin-tube radiators.

• Setting up of a wind tunnel test platform under vibration conditions.
• Simulation and analysis of convective heat transfer process of radiator fins.

A R T I C LE I N FO A B S T R A C T

Keywords: This paper proposes an application of a vibration-enhanced heat transfer technology to a fin-tube radiator to
Fin-tube radiator improve its heat dissipation efficiency. A wind tunnel test platform was set up under vibration conditions, and
Vibration wind tunnel tests were performed under different parameter settings. Within the scope of the experiment, the
Heat transfer total heat transfer coefficient and gas-side heat transfer coefficient increased by 1.89–11.71% and 2.98–16.82%,
Wind tunnel test
respectively. In addition to increasing the heat transfer coefficient of the radiator, the vibration increased the
pressure loss. The pressure drop increased by 2.59–40.48%. A parameter B was defined to describe the effec-
tiveness of the vibration-enhanced heat transfer. The results showed that B > 1, indicating that the benefits of
enhanced heat transfer outweigh the cost of pressure loss. The convective heat transfer process of the radiator
fins was simulated and analysed. The vibration increased the average heat flux density on the fin surface.
Increasing the amplitude increased the average heat flux density by 22.92%. Increasing the frequency increased
the average heat flux density by 51.50%. The vibration disturbance enhanced the heat transfer owing to the
increase in the field synergy of heat exchange.

1. Introduction
Heat transfer is a common phenomenon observed in industrial fields
such as metallurgy, petroleum, chemicals, and automobiles. To enhance
the heat transfer efficiency, the enhanced heat transfer technology has
received widespread attention. Based on the heat transfer process, this
technology [1] can be divided into three categories: conduction-en-
hanced heat transfer, convection-enhanced heat transfer, and radiation-
enhanced heat transfer. The convection-enhanced heat transfer tech-
nology is the most widely studied and has the most industrial appli-
cations. Convection-enhanced heat transfer can be further divided into
active enhancement and passive enhancement based on whether addi-
tional power is required. Active enhancement methods are based on
mechanical stirring [2], electromagnetic field application [3], heat
transfer surface vibration [4], fluid pulsation [5], and spray or suction
[6]. Passive enhancement methods are based on surface treatment [7],
use of a rough surface, use of an extended surface [8], use of a spoiler,
and jet impact [9]. Another method is the composite-enhanced heat
transfer [10] technology, which, as the name suggests, is a combination
of multiple methods.
The fin-tube radiator [11] is an important device in a vehicle
cooling system. It dissipates excess heat from the engine through con-
vection heat transfer, thereby ensuring the normal and reliable opera-
tion of the engine and vehicle. With the development of automotive
technologies, the structure and functions of automobiles have become
increasingly complex and diverse, placing higher requirements on the
size and performance of radiators. To meet the requirements of auto-
motive applications, the working efficiency of radiators must be con-
tinuously improved [12]. A fin-tube radiator has advantages such as
compact structure, high heat dissipation efficiency, and low production
cost. Enhanced heat transfer from a structural perspective has been
fully realised, and it is difficult to make further breakthroughs. Based on

⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: me_yangxf@ujn.edu.cn (X. Yang).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115836
Received 19 February 2020; Received in revised form 24 July 2020; Accepted 30 July 2020
Available online 06 August 2020
1359-4311/ © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
D. Li, et al. Applied Thermal Engineering 180 (2020) 115836

Nomenclature Tw1 Inlet water temperature

ja Heat transfer factor
Tw2 Outlet water temperature ε Heat transfer efficiency
Ua Total heat transfer coefficient NTU Heat transfer unit
M Platform quality (kg) Cp,a Specific heat of air at constant pressure
Me Eccentric mass (kg) Cp,w Specific heat of water at constant pressure
c Viscous damping coefficient (N·s/m) ηa Surface efficiency
k System stiffness (N/m) hw Water-side heat transfer coefficient
ω Angular frequency of excitation force (Hz) ha Gas-side heat transfer coefficient
r Frequency ratio kt Thermal conductivity [W/(m·K)]
ζ System damping ratio δt Wall thickness
e Eccentricity of eccentric block (m) δf Fin thickness
l Length of tube section ηf Fin efficiency
w Width of tube section Prw Water-side Prandtl number
W Length of tube Pra Air-side Prandtl number
LL Core thickness λw Thermal conductivity of water
H Wave height ρa Air density
n Peak number Δpa Air inlet and outlet pressure drop (Pa)
N1 Number of tubes Nuw Nusselt number on water side
N2 Number of heat sinks Rew Reynolds number
ν Kinematic viscosity of air Kc Shrinkage coefficient
Lp Blind spacing Ke Expansion coefficient
Qa Air-side heat absorption (W) uc Wind speed
Qw Water-side heat dissipation (W) Afr Frontal area
Qmax Maximum heat dissipation (W) Ac Flow area
ma Air mass flow (kg/s) V Speed of vibration (m/s)
mw Water mass flow A Amplitude (mm)
Ta1 Inlet air temperature f Frequency (Hz)
Ta2 Outlet air temperature fa Resistance factor

the existing enhanced heat transfer technology and the characteristics
of the radiator, a vibration-enhanced heat transfer [13] seems to be
quite feasible. The principle of this method is to achieve the effect of
disturbance through the vibration of the wall to enhance the heat ex-
change. The application of this method to automotive radiators has not
received much attention. In addition, the evaluation of the heat transfer
performance of radiators is typically based on wind tunnel experiments
under static conditions [14,15], inconsistent with the vibration en-
vironment in which radiators operate. Consequently, the experimental
results deviate from the actual situation.
Li and Wang [16] studied fins with seven different shutter groups
and layouts, and used the parameter j/f1/3 to comprehensively reflect
the heat dissipation performance of each group of fins. Fins with six
groups of shutters exhibited the best heat transfer performance. Based
on the fitted correlation, the values of j and f increased with an increase
in the number of shutters. Joen [17] et al. proposed a slanted fin with
shutters and showed that the heat transfer performance is optimum
when the flow is along the shutter direction. The visualization results
showed that, at low Reynolds numbers (200–300), the flow is more
unstable because of the backflow phenomenon in the inclined area.
Vaisi [18] et al. studied the heat transfer and resistance performances of
shutters with two different forms: a symmetric structure and an asym-
metric structure. The heat transfer performance of the symmetric
structure was increased by 9.3%, and the pressure drop was reduced by
18.2% compared to the asymmetric structure. The heat transfer–-
pressure drop characteristics of the radiator can be effectively improved
by changing the configuration of the shutter.
Khaled et al. [19] studied the effects of upstream velocity dis-
tribution characteristics and arrangement of gas-side units on the heat
transfer performance during the convection heat transfer of the ra-
diator. An uneven thermal velocity distribution led to a poor heat
transfer performance. Only the diagonal arrangement affected the heat
transfer performance. Lu [20] proposed a thin-film air heat exchanger,
where the film was made of polyethylene plastic with a thickness in the
range of 0.06–0.25 mm. As the wind flew in from two vertically stag-
gered channels, the film induced a vibration, thereby realising an en-
hanced heat transfer. When the fresh air heat transfer efficiency was
between 0.65 and 0.85, the air-induced film vibration could effectively
improve the heat transfer. The degree of enhanced heat transfer is di-
rectly proportional to the air volume and inversely proportional to the
film thickness.
Biswas [21] et al. comprehensively reviewed current studies on the
use of longitudinal vortex generators to enhance the heat transfer. The
mechanism involved in enhancing the heat transfer is mainly the de-
struction of the thermal boundary layer. An enhanced heat transfer is
always associated with a pressure drop loss, and it is necessary to obtain
a good trade-off. Bhattacharyya [22] et al. studied the enhanced con-
vective heat transfer of inclined ribs installed on the inner walls of a
light pipe. Although a larger rib angle of attack resulted in a high
Nusselt number, it had little effect on the thermal performance coeffi-
cient except when Re was in the range of 2000–4000.
Mahdisoozani [23] et al. reviewed the application of vibration
theory to the fault detection of internal combustion engines. Various
mechanisms and engine improvements were outlined to reduce and
isolate engine vibration. Sarafraz [24] et al. studied the application of
an iron oxide (III)–Therminol 66 nanofluid in a convection heating
system. The heat transfer increased by 46.3%, and the pressure drop
increased by 37.5%. This nanofluid exhibited a good thermal perfor-
mance and high heat transfer coefficient. Goodarzi [25] et al. studied
the heat transfer performance of countercurrent corrugated plate heat
exchangers. They found that increasing the Reynolds number of nano-
materials can improve the heat transfer characteristics of the nano-
fluids. Adding nanoparticles to water can increase the heat transfer
coefficient of the fluid. Li [26] et al. studied the heat transfer perfor-
mance of a spherical carbon–acetone nanofluid in radiators. The car-
bon–acetone nanofluid increased the heat transfer coefficient by 73%.
The enhanced heat transfer is could be attributed to phenomena at the
microscopic scale, such as Brownian motion and thermophoresis.

2
D. Li, et al.
Sheikh [27] et al. studied the effects of nine different heat exchanger
models on the efficiency of thermoelectric generators. They showed
that reducing the baffle height to 2.30 mm in the middle of the heat
exchanger can reduce the output power by 10.88%.
Tian [28] et al. studied the fluid flow and heat transfer through a
spiral double-tube heat exchanger. In this heat exchanger, the heat
transfer coefficient was increased by converting the fluid motion into
secondary motion, thus increasing the heat transfer between the fluids.
Hosseini [29] et al. studied the thermal performance of low-con-
centration carbon nanotube water-based nanofluids in a tube heat ex-
changer. A carbon nanotube concentration of 0.055% gave the best heat
transfer performance. All nanofluids exhibit a better thermal perfor-
mance than cooling water. Bahiraei [30] et al. studied the thermal
properties of graphene nanofluids in heat exchangers. The performance
index increased with increasing Reynolds number or concentration.
Increasing the Reynolds number from 1000 to 3000 increased the
performance index of the nanofluid by 142%. Sarafraz [31] et al. stu-
died the convective heat transfer properties of graphene nanosheets
dispersed in water–ethylene glycol. The use of graphene nanosheets
helped increase the thermal conductivity of the fluid by 32.1%. The
high-temperature superconductivity of the system was improved by
increasing the heat flux density and Reynolds number. Sarafraz [32]
et al. studied the heat transfer performance of Ga–In–Sn-containing li-
quid metal mixtures in heat exchangers and showed that as the inlet
temperature of Ga–In–Sn increases, the heat transfer coefficient in-
creases, whereas the pressure drop decreases. Bahmani [33] et al. stu-
died the forced convection of nanofluids with constant and variable
thermophysical properties in a double-tube heat exchanger. The heat
transfer rate could be improved by increasing the volume fraction and
Reynolds number of the nanoparticles.
In this study, the objective was to apply a vibration-enhanced heat
transfer technology to a fin-tube radiator, and analyse the effect of vi-
bration-enhanced heat transfer through simulation analysis and wind
tunnel tests conducted on the radiator under vibration conditions. On
the one hand, this study provides a theoretical support for the appli-
cation of vibration-enhanced heat transfer technology to automotive
radiators; on the other hand, it sheds new light on the actual heat
transfer state of radiators. The study has important reference value in
exploring the accuracy and reliability of wind tunnel experimental data
pertaining to conventional radiators.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Design of a vibration-enhanced heat transfer wind tunnel test bench
2.1.1. Construction of a wind tunnel test bench under vibration conditions
Fig. 1 shows the schematic of a vibration-enhanced heat transfer
wind tunnel test bench. It is mainly composed of a vibration platform,
radiator, flexible connecting section, wooden wind tunnel, support
shelf, and wind tunnel test bench. The flexible connecting section
Radiator
Direction Flexible
of air flow connection
Vibration
platform
Excitation motor
Fig. 1. Schematic of a vibration-enhanced heat transfer wind tunnel test bench.
Applied Thermal Engineering 180 (2020) 115836
ensures the free vibration of the radiator in all spatial directions. A
simple vibration equipment was obtained from Xinxiang Hongda Vi-
bration Equipment Co., Ltd. The amplitude of the platform was in the
range of 0–6 mm, and the spindle speed was 1500 r/min. The radiator
was fixed onto the vibration platform, and the vertical vibration was
induced via the vibration platform driven by the excitation motor.
According to the QC/T468-2010 standard, the frequency used for the
vibration resistance test on radiators is 20 Hz (passenger vehicle) or
23 Hz (commercial vehicle). Vehicles typically generate low-frequency
forced vibration, so the frequency of the vibration equipment was set to
25 Hz. With the radiator maintained in a vibrating state, the air and
water circulation systems of the wind tunnel platform were turned for
convective heat exchange. The temperature, flow, pressure, and other
information were collected using a parameter acquisition system. Fig. 2
shows the vibration state of the radiator and the wind tunnel test
platform under vibration conditions. Table 1 lists the geometric speci-
fications of the radiator used in the research.
2.1.2. Parameter settings for wind tunnel experiment on vibration-enhanced
heat transfer
The relevant flow parameters and physical quantities for the wind
tunnel test were as follows:
Water flow. The thermal resistance on the water side is low; there-
fore, measuring this parameter was out of scope of this paper. To
ensure the reliability of the experiment, two water flow values were
set: 40 and 60 L/min.
Inlet wind speed. The wind speed selection was mainly based on the
factory (Shandong Tongchuang) parameter setting. The upper limit
of the wind speed depends on the tightness of the test platform. The
selected inlet wind speed (u0) values were 2, 4, 6, and 8 m/s.
Temperature, speed, and pressure sensors were installed in the wind
tunnel platform to obtain the parameter values. Two Omega pres-
sure transducers were installed before and after the radiator.
Resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) were installed at the inlet
and outlet sides of the duct to read the inlet and outlet temperatures
of the air. A Flownetix ultrasonic flow meter was used to record the
flow rate fluctuations in the loop. The collected parameters mainly
include the inlet water temperature, outlet water temperature,
water flow, inlet air temperature, outlet air temperature, water re-
sistance, and wind resistance. The radiator was fixed on the vi-
brating table. It was made to vibrate for 3 h under each working
condition, with the vibration direction being vertical. Under each
working condition, the temperature, speed, and pressure values
were collected every five minutes, 12 times per hour, and a set of
average values were obtained. Under each working condition, three
groups of averages were obtained.
The temperature difference between the water-side and gas-side
inlets was 60 °C.
Wooden wind tunnel
Suction motor
Entrance
Support
shelf
3
D. Li, et al. Applied Thermal Engineering 180 (2020) 115836

y Wooden wind tunnel

x
Radiator
Flexible connection

Water inlet pipe Vibration platform

Side panel fin tube

Water outlet pipe
Radiator

Fig. 2. Schematic of the vibration state of the radiator and wind tunnel test platform under vibration conditions.

Table 1 cosine relationship. To facilitate the adjustment of the angle, the θ

Geometric specifications of the radiator used in the research. values of the eccentric block were set to 0, 45, 90, and 135°; the fre-
Description Value
quency f was set to 25 Hz.
Table 2 lists the accuracy of the instruments employed in the ex-
Heat dissipation area (m2) 11.70 periments. An uncertainty analysis was carried out using the Kli-
Core width (mm) 478.5 ne–McClintock technique [35].
Core height (mm) 560
Core thickness (mm) 27
Tube type 26 × 1.5 2.2. Evaluation method for vibration-enhanced heat transfer effect
Number of tubes 63
Number of heat sinks 64
Wave length of heat sink 2.6 To describe the heat transfer and resistance performances of the
Wave height of heat sink 6 radiator, the experimental data should be processed to solve for the
physical quantities such as the heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt
number. This study used the ε − NTU method for data processing [36].
The principle of the vibration generated by the vibration platform is (1) Radiator parameters
based on the unbalanced centrifugal force generated by the eccentric Water-side area:
blocks placed at both ends of the main shaft to drive the platform and
induce forced vibration. The magnitude of the excitation force is related Aw = 2(l + w )× W × N1 (5)
to the included angle of the eccentric blocks. The vibration intensity can
Fin area:
be adjusted by adjusting this included angle. Fig. 3 shows the equiva-
lent system model. Af = 2 × (2H + 1.2) × LL × n × N2 (6)
The vertical excitation force generated by the eccentric block when
the motor rotates can be expressed as: Air-side area:

F (t ) = me eω2 cos(ωt ) (1) Aa = Af + Aw (7)

The vibration of the platform can be considered the forced vibration Flat tube characteristic length:
of a single-degree-of-freedom system under simple harmonic excitation.
4×A 4×l × w
Its differential equation of motion is as follows: DH = =
.. .
S 2×(l + w ) (8)
Mx + cx + kx = me eω2 cos(ωt ) (2)
Reynolds number of the shutter:
The complex amplitude of the steady-state response of the system
can be expressed as follows [34]:
me eω2 1
X=
k (1 − r 2) + i (2ζ r ) (3)
When the eccentric block is stationary, the two eccentric blocks can
be simplified into a region, as shown in Fig. 4. The relationship between
the eccentricity and the angle of the eccentric wheel can be obtained
using the formula of the centre of gravity coordinates:
−2 ∬ 2yd A
A2 4R
e (θ) = = cos(θ /2)
4(A1 + A2) 3π (4)
Let 4R/3π = C, then:
e (0) = C, e (π/4) = 0.924C, e (π/2) = 0.707C, and e (3π/
4) = 0.383C
The smaller the angle θ of the eccentric block, the larger the ec-
centricity and the higher the amplitude, and the change becomes a Fig. 3. Simplified model of the vibration platform.

4
D. Li, et al. Applied Thermal Engineering 180 (2020) 115836

(4) Heat transfer factor (ja) and resistance factor (fa):

ha
ja = Pra 2/3
ρa uc c p,a (22)

Ac 2Δpa
fa = ( )( − Kc − Ke)
Aa ρa uc 2 (23)

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Effect of vibration on the heat transfer of the radiator

Fig. 4. Integral area of the centre of gravity of the eccentric block. 3.1.1. Effect of vibration on the total heat transfer coefficient of the radiator
Fig. 5 shows the variation in the total heat transfer coefficient (Ua)
u0 Lp of the radiator with the inlet wind speed (u0) at different vibration
ReLp = intensities. As the water flow rate increases, the total heat transfer
ν (9)
coefficient increases. Under the two water flow rate values, the influ-
(2) Total heat transfer coefficient Ua of the radiator: ence of vibration on Ua is basically the same. Ua increases with the wind
Qa = ma cp,a (Ta2 − Ta1) (10) speed and vibration intensity. When the water flow rate is 40 L/min, Ua
is increased by 2.67–11.71%. When the water flow rate is 60 L/min, Ua
Q w = m w cp,w (Tw1 − Tw2) (11) is increased by 1.89–10.55%.
For nondimensionalization, the following transformation is applied:
Qmax = (mcp)min (Tw1 − Ta1) (12)
Ua·De
NTU 0.22 NuU =
ε = 1 − exp ⎧ [exp( −Cr NTU 0.78) − 1] ⎫ λ (24)
⎨
⎩ Cr ⎬
⎭ (13)
where Nu is the Nusselt number, λ is the thermal conductivity, Ua is the
(mcp)min total heat transfer coefficient, and De is the equivalent diameter Lp.
ε = Q w / Qmax , Cr =
(mcp)max (14)

Ua Aa = (mcp)min NTU 3.1.2. Effect of vibration on air-side heat transfer coefficient of radiator
(15)
Fig. 6 shows the variation in the heat transfer coefficient (ha) on the
(3) Heat transfer coefficient ha: air side of the radiator with the inlet wind speed (u0) at different vi-
1 1 1 δt bration intensities. The change law of the gas-side heat transfer coef-
= − − ficient is similar to that of the total heat transfer coefficient. ha increases
ηa ha Aa Ua Aa h w Aw k t Aw (16)
with the wind speed and vibration intensity. When the water flow rate
Af is 40 L/min, ha is increased by 4.69–16.82%. When the water flow rate
ηa = 1 − (1 − ηf )
Aa (17) is 60 L/min, ha is increased by 2.98–13.90%.
For nondimensionalization, the following transformation is applied:
tanh(m′l′)
ηf =
m′l′ (18) ha ·De
Nuh =
λ (25)
2ha
m′ = , l′ = H /2 where ha is the air-side heat transfer coefficient.
k w δf (19)
A comparison of the results of the total heat transfer coefficient and
The calculation results show that the Reynolds number for the tube the gas-side heat transfer coefficient shows that the proportions of Ua
is greater than 2300, which represents a transitional flow heat transfer. and ha are relatively close. This indicates that increasing the gas-side
The Nusselt number on the water side was obtained using the experi- heat transfer coefficient can effectively improve the overall convective
mental correlation proposed by Gnielinski [37]: heat transfer rate of the radiator. It is proven that the air-side thermal
D resistance of the radiator is a key factor hindering the convective heat
Nu w = 0. 012(Re w 0.87 − 280) Prw 0.4 ⎡1 + ( H )2/3⎤ transfer. Improving the gas-side convective heat transfer performance
⎣ W ⎦ (20)
through vibration is found to be effective, particularly in terms of the
h w = Nu w ·λ w / DH (21) heat transfer capacity at low Reynolds numbers.

Table 2
Accuracy of the sensors and measurement devices used in this research.
Parameter Instrument Uncertainty

Liquid temperature k-type thermocouple, Omega ± 0.5 K

Temperature of air Thermo-meters, Omega ± 0.5 K
Air flow rate Anemo-meter, Tucson ± 1% of max. Displayed value
Liquid flow rate Ultrasonic flowmeter, Flownetix ± 1% of max. Displayed value
Flow rate gear pump ± 0.1% of max. Displayed value
Pressure Pressure transmitter, Omega ± 1% of max. Displayed value
Nusselt number Calculated ± 3.2%
Pressure drop Calculated ± 4.2%
Heat transfer factor Calculated ± 2.6%
Resistance factor Calculated ± 2.3%

5
D. Li, et al.
(a) Water flow rate Gw = 40 (L/min)
Fig. 5. Variation in the total heat transfer coefficient (Ua) of the radiator with the inlet wind speed (u0) at different vibration intensities.
3.2. Influence of vibration on the resistance performance of the radiator
Fig. 7 shows the variation in the air-side pressure drop (Δpa ) of the
radiator with the inlet wind speed (u0) at different vibration intensities.
Δpa reflects the amount of frictional resistance against the flow of air.
Fig. 7 shows that the pressure drop increases with increasing vibration
intensity. The vibration increases the gas-side flow resistance and re-
duces the flow velocity, which adversely affects the convective heat
transfer. The vibration acts as a turbulent flow, forcing the fluid to flow
more along the shutters, increasing the distance of the z-axis (vertical
fin direction) flow, and increasing the frictional work. The resistance to
flow in the shutters is greater than that in the fin channel; this increases
the pressure drop during vibration. When the wind speed increases, the
effect of vibration disturbance weakens, so the increased pressure drop
effect of vibration also weakens. The vibration-enhanced heat transfer
at high wind speeds is more advantageous in terms of the pressure loss
than disturbance-enhanced heat transfer.
As shown in Fig. 7, when the water flow rate is 40 L/min, the
pressure drop increases by 2.82–37.50%. When the water flow rate is
60 L/min, the pressure drop increases by 2.59–40.48%. Although the
increased proportion in the pressure drop is high at low air speeds, the
value is low. When the pressure drop increases by 37.50%, the
(a) Water flow rate Gw = 40 (L/min)
Fig. 6. Variation in the air-side heat transfer coefficient (ha) of the radiator with inlet wind speed (u0) at different vibration intensities.
6
Applied Thermal Engineering 180 (2020) 115836
(b) Water flow rate Gw = 60 (L/min)
corresponding value is 15 Pa. When the pressure drop increases by
40.48%, the corresponding value is 17 Pa. This shows that the addi-
tional power consumed due to the pressure loss at low air speeds is low
and that it has little effect on the heat transfer performance.
Fig. 8 shows the variation in the radiator water-side pressure drop
(Δpw ) with the vibration intensity. The difference between the pressure
drop with and without the vibration is small. Moreover, the change in
the pressure drop at different vibration intensities is not evident. This
shows that the vibration has little effect on the pressure drop on the
water side.
3.3. Comprehensive evaluation of vibration-enhanced heat transfer of
radiator
The experimental research of the radiator performance often fits the
criterion correlation of heat transfer and resistance factors based on the
test data as the final result to describe the heat transfer and resistance
performances. As shown in Figs. 9 and 10, fa and ja decrease with in-
creasing Reynolds number, whereas they increase with increasing vi-
bration intensity. This shows that the vibration can improve the heat
transfer performance, but can also lead to a reduction in the resistance
performance. From the above analysis, it can be seen that the ja and fa
(b) Water flow rate Gw = 60 (L/min)
D. Li, et al. Applied Thermal Engineering 180 (2020) 115836

(a) Water flow rate Gw = 40 (L/min) (b) Water flow rate Gw = 60 (L/min)
Fig. 7. Variation in the radiator air pressure drop (Δpa ) with inlet wind speed (u0) at different vibration intensities.

factors can only reflect the heat transfer and resistance performances
separately. Vibration improves the heat transfer but has a negative ef-
fect in that it decreases the resistance performance. Therefore, it is
necessary to provide a method that can comprehensively reflect the
heat transfer performance of the radiator.
Based on the results of the ja and fa factors, this study established an
evaluation method for the enhanced heat transfer via vibration. An
enhanced heat transfer effectiveness parameter B is defined to evaluate
the comprehensive effect of the enhanced heat transfer:
1/3
j f
B = ⎜⎛ v ⎟⎞/ ⎜⎛ v ⎟⎞
⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ f0 ⎠
j (26)

where jv and fv are the ja and fa values under vibration, respectively; j0

Fig. 8. Variation in the radiator water-side pressure drop (Δpw ) with the vi-
bration intensity.
and f0 are the ja and fa values without vibration, respectively. B reflects
whether the enhanced heat transfer surface has better cost performance
under the same power consumption, and can comprehensively re-
present the heat transfer–pressure drop performance of the radiator.
Typically, if B > 1, the enhanced heat transfer method is effective and
reasonable. If B < 1, the additional power consumption due to the
enhanced heat transfer is too high, making the method undesirable.
Fig. 11 shows the variation in B with the Reynolds number of the
shutter at different vibration intensities (Gw = 40 L/min). Clearly,

(a) Water flow rate Gw = 40 (L/min) (b) Water flow rate Gw = 60 (L/min)
Fig. 9. Variation in the heat transfer factor (ja) of the radiator with Reynolds number (ReLp) of the shutters at different vibration intensities.

7
D. Li, et al. Applied Thermal Engineering 180 (2020) 115836

(a) Water flow rate Gw = 40 (L/min) (b) Water flow rate Gw = 60 (L/min)
Fig. 10. Variation in the resistance factor (fa) of the radiator with Reynolds number (ReLp) of the shutters at different vibration intensities.

∂u ∂uu ∂uv ∂uw ⎞ ∂p ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u

ρ⎛⎜ + + + = Su − + μ⎛ 2 + 2 + 2 ⎞ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟

⎝ ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠ ∂x ⎝ ∂ x ∂ y ∂z ⎠
(28a)

∂v ∂vu ∂vv ∂vw ⎞ ∂p ∂ 2v ∂ 2v ∂ 2v

ρ⎛⎜ + + + = Sv − + μ⎛ 2 + 2 + 2⎞
⎟ ⎜ ⎟

⎝ ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠ ∂y ⎝ ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠
(28b)

∂w ∂wu ∂wv ∂ww ⎞ ∂p ∂ 2w ∂ 2w ∂ 2w ⎞

ρ⎛⎜ + + + = Sw − + μ⎛ 2 + 2
+ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟

⎝ ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠ ∂z ⎝ ∂ x ∂ y ∂z 2 ⎠
(28c)
The energy conservation equation with temperature as a variable is:
∂ (ρT ) ∂ (ρuT ) ∂ (ρvT ) ∂ (ρwT )
∂t
+ ∂x
+ ∂y
+ ∂z

=
∂
∂x ( )+ ( )+ ( )+S
λ ∂T
cp ∂x
∂
∂y
λ ∂T
cp ∂y
∂
∂z
λ ∂T
cp ∂z T
(29)

Fig. 11. Variation in B with the Reynolds number of the shutters at different
vibration intensities.
B > 1, which indicates that the vibration-enhanced heat transfer is
effective. The beneficial effect of the enhanced heat transfer is greater
than the adverse effect of the pressure loss. The effectiveness of the heat
transfer increases with increasing vibration intensity and Reynolds
number.
Eqs. (27)–(29) are the control equations of the 3D model. For the 2D
model in this paper, the dimension in one direction is removed based on
the characteristics of the fin model, which is converted into the corre-
sponding 2D model control equation.
In this paper, the finite volume method (FVM) [39] is used to dis-
cretize the control equations. The momentum interpolation method
[40] is used to overcome the problem of pressure oscillation [41–44].
The control equations were solved using the SIMPLEC algorithm
[45,46]. The discretization process has second-order accuracy.

4.1.2. Boundary conditions and meshing

4. Simulation study on vibration-enhanced heat transfer of fin (1) Entry boundary conditions
In the 2D simulation model, the velocity entrance boundary is se-
4.1. Numerical model lected at the entrance. The velocity is evenly distributed across the inlet
section. To ensure that the flow has been fully developed when it
4.1.1. Convection heat transfer control equation reaches the heat exchange wall, a sufficient distance must be main-
The air flow on the air side of the radiator satisfies the law of tained between the inlet and the fins. In addition to defining the ve-
conservation of mass. For an incompressible flow, the density is con- locity at the inlet boundary, the convective heat transfer problem re-
stant; accordingly, the mass conservation equation is [38]: quires the temperature at the inlet. The temperature is set to a fixed
value, and the size is selected based on the inlet temperature close to
∂u ∂v ∂w the wind tunnel experiment.
+ + =0
∂x ∂y ∂z (27) (2) Export boundary conditions
The outlet boundary is more commonly used as the outflow
The fluid satisfies the law of conservation of momentum. For an boundary, which is used to solve the outlet boundary with unknown
incompressible constant-viscosity fluid, the mathematical expression is: pressure and flow rate. This boundary assumes that the normal gradient
of all the flow variables except for the pressure is zero. For the model

8
D. Li, et al. Applied Thermal Engineering 180 (2020) 115836

studied, when using the outflow boundary calculation, it is found that temperature was set to 358 K in the simulation. The values of the inlet
there is a backflow at the outlet, making the result difficult to converge. wind speed u0 are 2, 3.5, 5, 6.5, 8, and 9.5 m/s; the values of the fre-
Therefore, the boundary is changed to the pressure outlet boundary, quency f are 1, 5, 10, and 20 Hz; the values of the amplitude A are 1, 2,
and the pressure at the outlet is set to zero, so that the problem of 4, and 6 mm.
backflow is solved. The meshing unit was triangular, and the dynamic meshing tech-
(3) Wall boundary nology was used to densely mesh the fins and the moving area
Because the fin is extremely thin, typically less than 0.1 mm, the (see Fig. 13). Through a grid independence check, it is determined that
internal heat conduction is ignored, and only the convection heat the grid size near the fins is 0.1 mm when u0 = 2–5 m/s and 0.04 mm
transfer of the surface in contact with the air is considered. The fin is when u0 = 6.5–9.5 m/s. According to Eq. (9), the range of Re is
provided as a wall surface. The fins are set as isothermal wall surfaces, 103–583. Re < 2300, indicating that the fluid flow state is laminar.
and the first type of heat transfer boundary conditions is adopted. In the The laminar flow model was used for the calculation. The unsteady-
simulation, a simple harmonic motion law is applied to the fin, and the state implicit method was selected as the solver. The SIMPLEC algo-
vibration form is expressed as: rithm was adopted for the coupling of the pressure and velocity, and the
QIICK format was used for the discrete velocity and energy equations. It
V = 2πfAcos(2πft ) (30) is calculated with one cycle of vibration to achieve a stable state.
According to the time steps of 0.006, 0.004 and 0.002 s, the time
In the formula, V is the vibration speed (m/s); A is the amplitude
independence of the grid model was tested. The velocity distribution
(mm); f is the frequency (Hz).
under different step sizes was analyzed. As shown in Fig. 14 and
(4) Meshing
Table 3, the time step has little effect on the velocity distribution. In
A relatively thick grid is applied to the entrance and exit sections. In
order to ensure the accuracy of the calculation results, time efficiency
the wall area, the grid density gradually decreases along the direction
and effective calculation resources, a time step of 0.004 s is selected.
perpendicular to the surface with the middle fin as the reference. The
The distribution of the heat flux density of the fin and the field synergy
grid density is sparse in areas other than the vibration amplitude. The
number agreed well with the literature [47].
application of wall vibration requires the use of unstructured meshing
technology to mesh the control area. For 2D problems, the mesh unit is
triangular. Since the fins should move during the numerical simulation,
4.2. Flow field analysis
the mesh near the moving wall must be re-divided to ensure the con-
tinuity of the control area and the normal solution. The dynamic mesh
Fig. 15 shows the velocity cloud diagram of the fin model when
technology in the simulation software is employed for this mesh re-
u0 = 2 m/s; VA is the amplitude of the vibration velocity. When there is
construction. For a time step of transient analysis, a smooth spring
no vibration and vibration speed VA = 0.13 m/s (Fig. 15a and b), the
model is used to control the deformation and movement of the mesh
air mainly flows along the passage between the fins. The boundary
within a small displacement at the beginning of the movement. When
layer near the shutter is thick, which blocks the shutter passage, thereby
the displacement of the wall surface is too large, or the grid distortion is
preventing the airflow from flowing through it, which is not conducive
serious, or the grid cell is smaller than the specified size, the local grid
to the convective heat transfer of the fins. The above situation is more
redrawing method must be used to ensure the movement of the grid. To
clearly reflected in the second group of shutters, because the air re-
achieve wall motion in Fluent, in this example, the fin is considered a
sistance decreases the air flow velocity in the second half of the fin
rigid body, which is equivalent to the vibration of its centre of mass.
channel. When the vibration speed is 0.5 m/s (Fig. 15c), the boundary
Therefore, the DEFINE_CG_MOTION function is called. A custom func-
layer of the shutters is thinned, the flow velocity of the channel is in-
tion program is written by defining the relevant variables. The program
creased, and the shunting effect of the shutters is gradually reflected. In
file is compiled in Fluent, and a custom function is called in the para-
particular, for the second group of shutters, the flow state changes
meter setting of the dynamic grid area to realise the definition of the
significantly, and the velocity of the entire fin area increases, which has
wall vibration.
a positive effect on the heat dissipation. Fig. 16 shows the velocity
The model 1104313100140 radiator is taken as an example to study
cloud diagram of the fin model when u0 = 9.5 m/s. Compared to the
the flow and heat transfer characteristics of the fin under vibration
absence of vibration (Fig. 16a), the proportion of air flowing along the
conditions. When the vibration direction of the radiator is perpendi-
shutters increases during vibration (Fig. 16b and c), and the boundary
cular to the surface of the fin (z-axis direction), the surface that plays
layer near the fins and shutters becomes thinner. The difference be-
the role of enhancing the heat transfer is mainly the fin. Fig. 12 shows
tween the flow field, shown in Fig. 16c and b, is not evident. This shows
the simulation calculation area and boundary conditions of the fins. The
that when the wind speed increases, the disturbance of the vibration on
left wall of the area is the boundary of the velocity inlet, the velocity is
the flow field weakens. As shown in Figs. 15 and 16, the vibration
u0, and the temperature of the incoming flow is 300 K. The right wall is
energy disturbs the air, hinders the growth of the boundary layer, and
the boundary of the pressure outlet, p = 0. The three fins are moving
changes the direction of the airflow. The severity of the disturbance
walls, and the UDF function is used to achieve wall vibrations. As-
increases with increasing vibration speed and decreasing wind speed.
suming a uniform temperature distribution on the fins, the fin

Fig. 12. Calculation area and boundary conditions of fins.

9
D. Li, et al. Applied Thermal Engineering 180 (2020) 115836

Fig. 13. Meshing of fin model.

transfer effect is formed when there is no vibration, and an inter-fin

interference thermal trail with good heat transfer effect is formed when
the vibration speed increases.
For nondimensionalization, the following transformation is applied:

T − T∞
θ=
Tw − T∞ (31)

where T∞ is the temperature of the incoming stream, and Tw is the

initial entry parameter.
Fig. 18 shows the temperature field at u0 = 9.5 m/s. Compared with
Fig. 16, the average temperature in the fin area is significantly reduced,
and the heat dissipation effect of the shutter is significantly improved.
The first group of shutters exhibits a typical inter-fin interference. Al-
though the second group of shutters is an intra-fin interference type,
when the upstream thermal trail reaches the downstream shutters, it
becomes weaker, and its heat dissipation effect is relatively small.
At low air speeds, the vibration can reduce the average temperature
of the air, forming inter-fin interference thermal trails that are good for
Fig. 14. Velocity distribution. heat dissipation, and the effect is evident when the vibration speed is
increased. At high wind speeds, the heat transfer environment of the
shutters is significantly improved, and the effect of enhanced heat
Table 3 transfer via vibration is not evident.
The maximum flow velocity of the model calculated at different time steps.
Vibration speed (m/s) Time step (s)
4.4. Analysis of the effect of vibration-enhanced heat transfer
0.006 0.004 0.002
When the influence of the fin structure parameters on the heat
0 12.83 12.81 13.01
transfer is not considered, it is more straightforward to use the heat flux
0.13 13.32 13.28 13.49
0.5 13.96 13.92 14.27 density to describe the heat transfer performance. The simulation re-
sults of the average heat flux density (q) of fin 2 in 1/4 vibration period
under different vibration parameter settings were obtained. At
4.3. Temperature field analysis u0 = 2 m/s, q increases by 12.81 and 51.50% at VA = 0.13 and 0.5 m/s,
respectively. At u0 = 9.5 m/s, q increases by 2.83 and 14.74% at
Fig. 17 shows a cloud diagram of the temperature distribution under VA = 0.13 and 0.5 m/s, respectively. This shows that an enhancement
different vibration parameter settings when u0 = 2 m/s. As shown in in the vibration to heat transfer decreases with the increase in the wind
Fig. 17a and b, the temperature distribution in the first group of shut- speed, consistent with the analysis results of the flow and temperature
ters increases rapidly and quickly approaches the fin temperature. The fields.
average temperature of the air in the second group of shutters is very Fig. 19a and b show the effect of amplitude and frequency on the
high, causing the fins to reach thermal saturation and deteriorating the heat flux density, respectively. As shown, q increases with increasing
heat transfer performance. When the vibration speed is high (Fig. 17c), amplitude, frequency, and wind speed. When the wind speed increases,
the average temperature of the airflow in the second half of the fins is the vibration-enhanced heat transfer effect increases first and then
significantly reduced, and the heat transfer performance is improved. weakens. When u0 = 5 m/s, the effect of enhanced heat transfer is the
Based on the thermal trail of the first group of shutters of fin 2, shown best. When f = 19, q increases by 34.50%, and when A = 6, q increases
in Fig. 17, an intra-fin interference thermal trail with a poor heat by 16.72%. At high wind speeds and lower amplitudes and frequencies,
the heat flux density decreases. With increasing wind speed, the

10
D. Li, et al. Applied Thermal Engineering 180 (2020) 115836

(a) No vibration

(b) VA = 0.13 m/s

(c) VA = 0.5 m/s

Fig. 15. Velocity map of fin model when u0 = 2 m/s.

interference of vibration on the flow field is weakened, and the en-
hanced heat transfer is weakened. The heat flow density is more sen-
sitive to changes in the flow field, and small disturbances can cause
significant changes in q.
Fig. 20 shows the variation in the heat flow density with the wind
speed at different vibration speed amplitudes. q increases with in-
creasing vibration speed. Increasing both the amplitude and frequency
can increase the vibration speed and thus improve the heat transfer
performance; however, the effects of the two are different. When
VA = 0.13 m/s, the q value at A = 2 mm and f = 10 Hz is higher than
that at A = 4 mm and f = 5 Hz. For example, when u0 = 5 m/s, the
former q increases by 16.35%, and the latter q increases by 14.49%. As
shown in Fig. 19a, when A > 4 mm, there is no evident change in the
heat flux density with increasing amplitude. As shown in Fig. 19b, as
the frequency is increased, q is significantly increased. This shows that
in terms of the vibration-enhanced heat transfer, the effect of frequency
is greater than that of the amplitude.
4.5. Field synergy analysis
The physical mechanism of the convective heat transfer can be re-
examined in terms of the synergy between the temperature and velocity
fields. Under certain conditions, the better the field synergy, the
stronger the convective heat transfer.

(a) No vibration

(b) VA = 0.13 m/s

(c) VA = 0.5 m/s

Fig. 16. Velocity map of fin model when u0 = 9.5 m/s.

11
D. Li, et al. Applied Thermal Engineering 180 (2020) 115836

(a) No vibration, (b) VA = 0.13 m/s, (c) VA = 0.5 m/s

Fig. 17. Temperature profile of the fin model when u0 = 2 m/s.

Fig. 20. Variation in the heat flow density with wind speed at different vi-
bration speed amplitudes (VA).

synergy number in the period increases with the increase in the am-
plitude and frequency. However, the change with the frequency is more
evident. The slope of the change curve is greater at low air speeds.
Fig. 22 shows the field synergy angle distribution cloud diagram of
the area near the fin under different vibration conditions. When there is
no vibration (Fig. 22a), the field synergy angle is approximately 90°,
and there is no evident local consistency in the field synergy angle near
each shutter, indicating that the field synergy in the fin region is poor.
(a) No vibration, (b) VA = 0.13 m/s, (c) VA = 0.5 m/s
When there is vibration (Fig. 22b and c), the field synergy angle in the
Fig. 18. Temperature profile of the fin model when u0 = 9.5 m/s. area near the shutter changes along a direction away from 90°. This
variation is more evident with the increase in the vibration intensity,
The field synergy number is more accurately the average value of which significantly improves the field synergy. The enhanced heat
the field synergy number in the period T: transfer mechanism of the fins is that the disturbance effect of vibration
improves the field synergy of the convective heat transfer, finally
achieving an enhanced heat transfer. Irrespective of the disturbance
∫0 ⎡⎢∬ (U¯ ·∇¯T )dx¯dy¯ ⎤⎥ dt¯
1
I¯ = structure, it is difficult to have the disturbance effect at low Reynolds
⎣ Ω ⎦ (32) number; nevertheless, the vibration can exhibit an excellent dis-
The strength of the convective heat transfer is not only related to the turbance effect. The lower the Reynolds number, the better the dis-
speed and temperature gradient, but also to the angle β between them. turbance effect of the vibration, and the greater its advantages of en-
The more β deviates from 90°, the better the field synergy and the hanced heat transfer.
stronger the convective heat transfer. When β is close to 0 or 180°, the
field synergy is the best. The field synergy angle can be expressed as:
5. Conclusions
∂T ∂T
U¯ ·∇¯T +
u x ∂x u y ∂y
β = arccos = arccos This study investigated the vibration-enhanced heat transfer pro-
¯ |·|∇¯T |
|U 2 2 ∂T ∂T
u x + u x · ( ∂x )2 + ( ∂y )2 blem of a radiator. A wind tunnel test platform was constructed under
(33)
vibration conditions, and wind tunnel tests were performed under dif-
Fig. 21 shows the variation in the field synergy number of the fin ferent parameter settings. The heat transfer–pressure drop performance
model with the amplitude and frequency. The mean value of the field of the radiator was comprehensively evaluated. The flow and

(a) Amplitude (b) Frequency

Fig. 19. Effect of vibration parameters on the heat flux density (q) of the fin.

12
D. Li, et al. Applied Thermal Engineering 180 (2020) 115836

(a) amplitude (b) frequency

Fig. 21. Variation in the field synergy number of the fin model with vibration.

(a) No vibration

(b) VA = 0.13 m/s (A = 2 mm, f = 10 Hz)

(c) VA = 0.5 m/s (A = 4 mm, f = 20 Hz)

Fig. 22. Field synergy angle distribution cloud diagram (u0 = 2 m/s).

temperature fields of the fin model under different vibration conditions
were simulated using Fluent, and the mechanism of fin wall vibration-
enhanced heat transfer was analysed based on the field synergy prin-
ciple. The main conclusions are as follows:
Vibration can effectively improve the total heat transfer coefficient
and air-side heat transfer coefficient of the radiator. Within the scope of
the experiment, the total heat transfer coefficient increased by a max-
imum of 11.71%, and the gas-side heat transfer coefficient increased by
a maximum of 16.82%. It was proven that the air-side thermal re-
sistance of the radiator is a key factor hindering the convective heat
transfer. In addition to increasing the heat transfer coefficient of the
radiator, the vibration led to an increase in the pressure loss. The
maximum pressure drop loss was 40.48%. The percentage of pressure
loss under vibration conditions decreased with increasing wind speed.
The vibration-enhanced heat transfer method at high wind speeds was
more advantageous in terms of the pressure loss than the disturbance-
enhanced heat transfer methods. Both the heat transfer and resistance
factors of the radiator increased with increasing vibration intensity. B
was defined to describe the effectiveness of vibration-enhanced heat
transfer. The results show that when B > 1, the benefits of enhanced
heat transfer are greater than the cost of pressure loss, thus proving the
effectiveness of the vibration-enhanced heat transfer method. The

13
D. Li, et al.
vibration-enhanced heat transfer becomes more effective with in-
creasing vibration intensity and Reynolds number.
The results of fin simulation research showed that the vibration can
disturb the flow and temperature fields, change the trajectory of the
particles, help form inter-fin interference thermal trails, and reduce the
average temperature of the fin channels. Vibration increased the
average heat flux density (q) on the fin surface. Increasing the ampli-
tude increased the average heat flux density by 22.92%. Increasing the
frequency increased the average heat flux density by 51.50%. The field
synergy analysis of the fins showed that vibration can improve the field
synergy of the convection heat transfer. The vibration disturbance en-
hanced the heat transfer owing to the increase in the field synergy of
heat exchange.
Vibration-enhanced heat transfer is a novel and effective method
that can significantly improve the heat transfer coefficient of fin-tube
radiators, but its application still needs further exploration and re-
search.
Funding
The National Natural Science Foundation of China (51575234,
51872122) and the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China
(2017M620286) and The Key Research and Development Program of
Shandong Province, China (2018CXGC0809) and Agricultural
Machinery Equipment Research and Development Innovation Plan of
Shandong Province (2018YF012), Experts from Taishan Scholars and
Youth Innovation in Science & Technology Support Plan of Shandong
Province University.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Dan Li: Methodology, Validation, Data curation, Writing - original
draft. Xuefeng Yang: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation,
Writing - review & editing, Project administration. Shouren Wang:
Supervision. Derong Duan: Supervision. Zhuang Wan: Supervision.
Guofeng Xia: Supervision. Wenbo Liu: Supervision.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influ-
ence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgment
We would like to thank Editage (www.editage.cn) for English lan-
guage editing.
References
[1] A. Mehralizadeh, S.R. Shabanian, B. Gholamreza, Effect of modified surfaces on
bubble dynamics and pool boiling heat transfer enhancement: a review, Therm. Sci.
Eng. Progr. 15 (2020) 100451.
[2] G. Metcalfe, D. Lester, Mixing and heat transfer of highly viscous food products with
a continuous chaotic duct flow, J. Food Eng. 95 (2009) 21–29.
[3] M. Gao, L.S. Zhang, D. Zhang, L.X. Zhang, Experimental study on the enhancement
of free convection heat transfer under the action of an electric field, Exp. Therm
Fluid Sci. 104 (2019) 9–14.
[4] B. Grabas, Vibration-assisted laser surface texturing of metals as a passive method
for heat transfer enhancement, Exp. Therm Fluid Sci. 68 (2015) 499–508.
[5] D.N. Jia, X.T. Bi, C.J. Lim, S. Sokhansanj, A. Tsutsumi, Heat transfer in a tapered
fluidized bed of biomass particles with pulsed gas flow, Particuology 42 (2019)
2–14.
[6] S. Roy, P. Saikrishnan, R. Ravindran, Role of non-uniform slot injection (suction)
model on the separation of a laminar boundary layer flow, Math. Comput. Modell.
50 (2009) 45–52.
[7] A.L. Goh, K.T. Ooi, Nature-inspired Inverted Fish Scale microscale passages for
enhanced heat transfer, Int. J. Therm. Sci. 106 (2016) 18–31.
[8] K. Posew, S. Laohalertdecha, S. Wongwises, Evaporation heat transfer enhancement
of R-134a flowing inside smooth and micro-fin tubes using the
14
Applied Thermal Engineering 180 (2020) 115836
electrohydrodynamic technique, Energy Convers. Manage. 50 (2009) 1851–1861.
[9] J.W. Zhou, Y.G. Wang, Unsteady jet impingement: heat transfer on smooth and non-
smooth surfaces, Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf. 36 (2009) 103–110.
[10] P. Bharadwaj, A.D. Khondge, A.W. Date, Heat transfer and pressure drop in a spi-
rally grooved tube with twisted tape insert, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 52 (2009)
938–1944.
[11] Q.G. Zhang, L.F. Xu, J.Q. Li, M. Ouyang, Performance prediction of plate-fin ra-
diator for low temperature preheating system of proton exchange membrane fuel
cells using CFD simulation, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 42 (2017) 24504–24516.
[12] Z. Said, M.E.H. Assad, A.A. Hachicha, E. Bellos, Enhancing the performance of
automotive radiators using nanofluids, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 112 (2019)
183–194.
[13] M. Setareh, M. Saffar-Avval, A. Abdullah, Experimental and numerical study on
heat transfer enhancement using ultrasonic vibration in a double-pipe heat ex-
changer, Appl. Therm. Eng. 159 (2019) 113867.
[14] W.C. Wang, W.T. Chong, T.H. Chao, Performance analysis of a cross-axis wind
turbine from wind tunnel experiments, J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 174 (2018)
312–329.
[15] M. Elkhoury, T. Kiwata, K. Nagao, T. Kono, F. ElHajj, Wind tunnel experiments and
Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation of a three-bladed micro vertical axis wind
turbine, Renewable Energy 129 (2018) 63–74.
[16] W. Li, X.L. Wang, Heat transfer and pressure drop correlations for compact heat
exchangers with multi-region louver fins, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 53 (2010)
2955–2962.
[17] C. T’Joen, H. Huisseune, H. Canière, Interaction between mean flow and thermo-
hydraulic behaviour in inclined louvered fins, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 54 (2011)
826–837.
[18] A. Vaisi, M. Esmaeilpour, H. Taherian, Experimental investigation of geometry ef-
fects on the performance of a compact louvered heat exchanger, Appl. Therm. Eng.
31 (2011) 3337–3346.
[19] M. Khaled, F. Harambat, H. Peerhossaini, Analytical and empirical determination of
thermal performance of louvered heat exchanger–Effects of air flow statistics, Int. J.
Heat Mass Transf. 54 (2011) 356–365.
[20] Y.H. Lu, Y.P. Wang, L. Zhu, Enhanced performance of heat recovery ventilator by
airflow-induced film vibration (HRV performance enhanced by FIV), Int. J. Therm.
Sci. 49 (2010) 2037–2041.
[21] G. Biswas, H. Chattopadhyay, A. Sinha, Augmentation of heat transfer by creation
of streamwise longitudinal vortices using vortex generators, Heat Transf. Eng. 33
(2012) 406–424.
[22] S. Bhattacharyya, H. Chattopadhyay, A.C. Benim, Computational investigation of
heat transfer enhancement by alternating inclined ribs in tubular heat exchanger,
Progr. Comput. Fluid Dyn. 17 (2017) 390–396.
[23] H. Mahdisoozani, M. Mohsenizadeh, M. Bahiraei, Performance enhancement of
internal combustion engines through vibration control: state of the art and chal-
lenges, Appl. Sci. 9 (2019) 406.
[24] M.M. Sarafraz, A.D. Baghi, M.R. Safaei, Assessment of iron oxide (III)–therminol 66
nanofluid as a novel working fluid in a convective radiator heating system for
buildings, Energies 12 (2019) 4327.
[25] M. Goodarzi, A. Amiri, M.S. Goodarzi, Investigation of heat transfer and pressure
drop of a counter flow corrugated plate heat exchanger using MWCNT based na-
nofluids, Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf. 66 (2015) 172–179.
[26] Z.X. Li, K. Usama, A.A.A. Abdullah, Heat transfer evaluation of a micro heat ex-
changer cooling with spherical carbon-acetone nanofluid, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf.
149 (2020).
[27] R. Sheikh, S. Gholampour, H. Fallahsohi, Improving the efficiency of an exhaust
thermoelectric generator based on changes in the baffle distribution of the heat
exchanger, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 1–11 (2020).
[28] Z. Tian, A. Abdollahi, M. Shariati, Turbulent flows in a spiral double-pipe heat
exchanger, Int. J. Numer. Meth. Heat Fluid Flow 30 (2019) 39–53.
[29] S.M. Hosseini, M.R. Safaei, P. Estellé, Heat transfer of water-based carbon nanotube
nanofluids in the shell and tube cooling heat exchangers of the gasoline product of
the residue fluid catalytic cracking unit, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 140 (2020)
351–362.
[30] M. Bahiraei, H.K. Salmi, M.R. Safaei, Effect of employing a new biological nanofluid
containing functionalized graphene nanoplatelets on thermal and hydraulic char-
acteristics of a spiral heat exchanger, Energy Convers. Manage. 180 (2019) 72–82.
[31] M.M. Sarafraz, M.R. Safaei, Z. Tian, Thermal assessment of nano-particulate gra-
phene-water/ethylene glycol (WEG 60:40) nano-suspension in a compact heat ex-
changer, Energies 12 (2019) 10.
[32] M.M. Sarafraz, M.R. Safaei, M. Goodarzi, Heat transfer analysis of Ga-In-Sn in a
compact heat exchanger equipped with straight micro-passages, Int. J. Heat Mass
Transf. 139 (2019) 675–684.
[33] M.H. Bahmani, O.A. Akbari, M. Zarringhalam, Forced convection in a double tube
heat exchanger using nanofluids with constant and variable thermophysical prop-
erties, Int. J. Numer. Meth. Heat Fluid Flow (2019).
[34] Y.P. Yu, Y. Min, L. Chen, Analysis of forced power oscillation steady-state response
properties in multi-machine power systems, Autom. Electric Power Syst. 22
(2009) 5–9.
[35] S. Kline, The purposes of uncertainty analysis, J. Fluids Eng. 107 (1985) 153–160.
[36] A. Hasan, Going below the wet-bulb temperature by indirect evaporative cooling:
analysis using a modified ε-NTU method, Appl. Energy 89 (2012) 1.
[37] V. Gnielinski, Turbulent heat transfer in annular spaces—a new comprehensive
correlation, Heat Transf. Eng. 36 (2015) 9.
[38] M.A. Cucumo, V.D. Kaliakatsos, M. Mele, Computational fluid dynamics analysis of
a heat exchanger provided with helical baffles, Heat Transf. Eng. 41 (2020) 12.
[39] S.V. Patankar, Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow, McGraw-Hill, New York,
D. Li, et al.
1980.
[40] C.M. Rhie, W.L. Chow, Numerical study of the turbulent flow past an airfoil with
trailing edge separation, AIAA J. 21 (1983) 1525–1532.
[41] H. Chattopadhyay, F. Durst, S. Ray, Analysis of heat transfer in simultaneously
developing pulsating laminar flow in a pipe with constant wall temperature, Int.
Commun. Heat Mass Transf. 33 (2006) 475–481.
[42] T.K. Nandi, H. Chattopadhyay, Numerical investigations of developing flow and
heat transfer in raccoon type microchannels under inlet pulsation, Int. Commun.
Heat Mass Transf. 56 (2014) 37–41.
[43] T.K. Nandi, H. Chattopadhyay, Simultaneously developing flow in microchannels
under pulsating inlet flow condition, Int. J. Transp. Phenom. 13 (2012) 111–120.
15
Applied Thermal Engineering 180 (2020) 115836
[44] T.K. Nandi, H. Chattopadhyay, Numerical simulation of heat transfer on simulta-
neously developing flow in microchannel under inlet pulsation, Int. J. Fluid Mech.
Res. 43 (2016) 218–233.
[45] H. Xiao, J. Wang, Z. Liu, W. Liu, A consistent SIMPLE algorithm with extra explicit
prediction — SIMPLEPC, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 120 (2018).
[46] P.H. Ge, J. Guo, X.B. Sun, G. Hu, G.T. Ke, Numerical simulation of high-temperature
heat pipe startup characteristic based on SIMPLEC algorithm, Yuanzineng Kexue
Jishu/Atomic Energy Sci. Technol. 51 (2017) 1974–1981.
[47] M. Saeed, M.H. Kim, Numerical study on thermal hydraulic performance of water
cooled mini-channel heat sinks, Int. J. Refrig. (2016) 147–164.