GR 11

ENGLISH LANGUAGE BOOKLET

2020

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CONTENT:
LANGUAGE ERROR RULES Page
1 Incomplete sentence / Double negative / Co-Ordinating conjunctions 3
2 Preposition / Comma splice 4
3 Split infinitive / Misrelated participle / Spoonerism 5
4 Malapropism / Redundancy (Tautology) / Circumlocution (verbosity) 6
5 Ambiguity / Degrees of comparison / Pronoun errors 7-8
6 Concord 9 - 11
7 Correction of error exercises 12 - 13
8 Comma Splice and Run-on-Sentence 14 - 15
9 Language exercise 1 15
10 Language exercise 2 16
11 Language exercise 3 16
12 Language exercise 4 17 – 18
13 Language exercise 5 18
14 Language exercise 6 19
15 Language exercise 7 20 – 21
16 Types of humour 22
17 Cartoon 1 22
18 Cartoon 2 23
19 Cartoon 3 23
20 Cartoon 4 24
21 Cartoon 5 25
22 Cartoon 6 26
23 Cartoon 7 27
24 Cartoon 8 28
25 Advert 1 29 – 30
26 Advert 2 30 – 31
27 Advert 3 31 – 32
28 Advert 4 33 - 34

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 LANGUAGE ERROR RULES!

INCOMPLETE SENTENCE REMEMBER that a finite verb has either:

A sentence that does not contain a finite verb 1. Subject, Number and Tense
2. Auxiliary plus a participle
x Once free to roam the forests at will.

Not finite, needs SNT

✓ The tigers were once free to roam the forest at will.

Provides SNT

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DOUBLE NEGATIVE

Negation cannot be used twice in a sentence.

X I didn’t do nothing.

Negative

The meaning of the sentence is therefore incorrect – if you “did not

do nothing” it means that you must have done something!

✓ I did not do anything

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COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS TIP! Easy to remember! FANBOYS

A sentence may NOT start with a coordinating conjunction: and, but, or, nor, yet, so, for

(Please note, a sentence may start with a subordinating conjunction, e.g. because, although, etc)

X But I passed anyway,

Coordinating conjunction

✓ However, I passed anyway.

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 PREPOSITIONS

A sentence may NOT end with a preposition

X He asked me to go with. preposition

✓ He asked me to go with him.

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COMMA SPLICE

Use of a comma between two independent clauses not joined by a coordinating conjunction is called comma
splice.

X I enjoyed his company, I do not know that he enjoyed mine.

✓ I enjoyed his company; I do not know that he enjoyed mine.

✓ I enjoyed his company but I do not know that he enjoyed mine.

*Comma used incorrectly/sentence incorrectly split.

X The girl who drove, the new car, lived next door.

The commas are used incorrectly as they should separate the adjectival clause from the rest of the sentence.

✓ The girl, who drove the new car, lived next door.

NB! Be aware that moving commas can change the meaning of the sentence, so a comma splice is also
applicable if the commas are used incorrectly in terms of changing the meaning.

✓ The panda bear eats, shoots and leaves. Sounds like the panda has a gun!

✓ The panda bear eats shoots and leaves. Refers to the panda’s diet

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SPLIT INFINITIVE

An infinitive may not be split by another word/s. Form of an infinitive: to + basic verb form

X You have to really think hard. To run, to jump, to laugh, to play, to sing

Splits infinitive

✓ You really have to think hard

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 MISRELATED PARTICIPLE

The participle is incorrectly related to a subject.

X Driving through Paris, the Eiffel Tower looked lovely.

Participle subject

Incorrectly related

To solve the problem, provide a subject.

✓ While I was driving through Paris, the Eiffel Tower looked lovely.

Subject and verb correctly related.

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SPOONERISM

First letters/syllables of words are accidently swapped.

NB! The error is based on how the words
X Our dear Lord is a shoving leopard SOUND, not how they are spelled.

✓ Our dear Lord is a loving sheppard.

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MALAPROPISM

The incorrect word is used, but it sounds similar to the correct word.

X The Beatles started a resolution in popular music.

✓ The Beatles started a revolution in popular music.

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 REDUNDANCY or TAUTOLOGY

The unnecessary repeat of information.

X I reversed backwards.

If you are reversing, then you are going backwards! Therefore, it is not necessary. In this case, you must
remove backwards, you do not have a choice, or the sentence will not make sense (I backwards).

✓ I reversed.

X I hold an annual braai once a year.

Again, the blocked words mean the same, so there is no need for both. In this case, however, you have a
choice as to which word you would like to delete, so both the following are correct.

✓ I hold and annual braai.

✓ I hold a braai once a year.

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CIRCUMLOCUTION or VERBOSITY
The language used is unnecessarily complicated.
X Kindly enter the abode of learning.
NB! Do not confuse this error with formal language.
Formal language is correct in the context. Here it is
when the language is UNNECESSARILY complicated.

To correct this error you must simplify the language so that it is suitable for the context.

✓ Please enter the classroom.

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AMBIGUITY

When the sentence has a double meaning and is therefore incorrect. Ambiguity is only an error when it is
accidental!

X Miners refuse to work after death.

It sounds like the miners refuse to work after they have died.

You usually have to add information to correct this error.

✓ Miners refuse to work after death of co-worker.

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 DEGREES OF COMPARISON

Degrees of comparison work in terms of numbers, so either ONE, TWO or THREE. You cannot use the third
degree if there are only two.

X Of the two movies I’ve seen this month, the first one was the best.

The degrees for this word are: GOOD BETTER BEST

Therefore, as only two movies were watched, the second degree must be used.

✓ Of the two movies I’ve seen this month, the first one was the better.

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PRONOUN ERRORS GERUND: verb that acts as a noun. Usually the subject
or object of the sentence. Answers “What?” Must have
1.
a possessive pronoun.
X You laughing at me is unfair.

Gerund – therefore it must have a possessive pronoun

✓ Your laughing at me is unfair.

2. X One cannot rely on your parents for everything.

Don’t match – must use the same pronouns

✓ One cannot rely on one’s parents for everything.

OR
✓ You cannot rely on your parents for everything.
X The man asked to speak to Jamie and I.

Subjective case is used, it should be the objective case

If you are uncertain, remove the other person (Jamie) when reading the sentence. If you read, “The man
asked to speak to I,” you would realize it is incorrect.

✓ The man asked to speak to Jamie and me.

X Me and my friends went to town.

Objective case is used, should be the subjective case. Again, remove the others from the sentence in
order to determine if it’s correct or not.

NB! Always put others before yourself!

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 ✓ My friends are I went to town.

3. X The fifteen pupils asked each other questions.

Used when there are TWO people

✓ The fifteen pupils asked one another questions.

Used when there are MORE THAN TWO people

X She bought three chocolates, but would not give me either.

Used when there are TWO objects

✓ She bought three chocolates, but would not give me any.

Used when there are MORE THAN TWO objects

4. X To who does this belong? WHO = SUBJECTIVE WHOM = OBJECTIVE

Joe loves Kate.
Subjective case, should use objective case
Kate is the woman whom Joe loves.
✓ To whom does this belong? Joe is the man who loves Kate

5. X Bob and myself argued. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS:

Used if subject has already been used: I
Reflexive pronoun went there by myself.
Used for emphasis: I, myself, could have
✓ Bob and I argued.
done that!

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 CONCORD ERRORS

Subject and verb must agree, therefore, if the subject is singular, the verb must be singular. If the subject is
plural, the verb must be plural.

X I are going to town

Singular

plural

✓ We are going to town OR I am going to town

Plural Singular

X Each of the candidates were given an exam paper.

Singular

✓ Each of the candidates was given an exam paper.

X Both the cars, as well as the bike, was stolen.

plural

With this sentence, if you remove the extra information between the commas, it is easier to spot the
mistake: “Both the cars was stolen.”

✓ Both the cars, as well as the bike, were stolen.

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10
 Choose the correct form of the verb and explain the reason for your choice.

1. The data from the San Francisco store (are, is) needed for us to make an intelligent decision.

2. She is one of those commentators who (are, is) able to extract the essence of complex
issues.

3. Eight cups of coffee (are, is) all that we can make in this old percolator.

4. Green beans (are, is) the only vegetable that Millie will eat.

5. The alumnae (have, has) published a cookbook, whose sales will help maintain the archives
of the college.

6. I'm afraid that my breakfast (are, is) usually a cup of black coffee and a bagel.

7. Jesse glanced across the aisle, and there (were, was) the same American couple he had
seen earlier in the hotel lobby.

8. Some may consider politics an art or a science, but according to Will Rogers, "all politics (are,
is) applesauce."

9. Our team (are, is) unanimous in acknowledging this fact.

10. The medium used to paint these landscapes (was, were) acrylic.

11. I have difficulty appreciating the fact that one billion dollars (are, is) the equivalent of one
thousand million dollars.

12. Each of the baskets submitted by the weavers from Cherokee (were, was) intricately
designed.

13. Even though they may not understand the implications of this definition, the faculty and the
staff (enjoy, enjoys) the convenience of electronic mail.

14. Ray says that there (have, has) never been a more satisfying snack than a peanut-butter-
and-jelly sandwich along with a glass of milk.

15 In the Statistical Abstract of the United States one can find statistics that (apply, applies) to
everything from national defence to population to trade.

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 CORRECTION OF ERRORS EXERCISE

Identify and correct the error in the below sentences.

1. "To boldly go where no amphibian has ever gone before," thought Kermit bravely.

2. The idea of him sleeping in the tree is ludicrous.

3. We couldn't tell the triplets apart from each other.

4. That doesn't belong to you, it belongs to Sue and I.

5. Could you tell me why Neil and me are in trouble?

6. I was trying to choose between the red and the blue one, but in the end I didn't buy any.

7. Leaving the room, the electrical wire tripped her.

8. The first swan of the season was seen by an elderly lady gliding across the lake.

9. For hours a ready stain fell, causing creeks in the area to rise.

10. Please excuse him sniffing, we’ve run out of tissues!

11. “I just want to briefly see the tigers,” nagged the little girl.

12. The mayor welcomed all the important guests and extinguished visitors.

13. Both the cars, as well as the bike, was stolen.

14. Leaping through the air, the city was Catwoman’s playground.

15. We circled around the building twice before entering.

16. In the movie Robin Hood, Robin and Marion take their wedding vowels right at the end.

17. “A Beautiful Mind” won an Oscar for best director, because it had the best international
director worldwide.

18. Could you please pass me your downloadable music storage and listening device, as I would
like to enjoy the composition of notes and sound on it.

19. Please give our winners a rig bound of applause!

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20. Stage riggers refuse to work after death.

21. Salome’s hair needs cutting badly.

22. Filling in the form, the pen ran dry.

23. Everyone of the members are happy with my decision.

24. You have hissed all my mystery lessons.

25. I promise to properly revise all my work.

26. Me and my friends started a study group.

27. He communicates to work.

28. I have worked hard the whole entire term.

29. In spite of finding the first question difficult, I decided to carry on.

30. He didn’t study none of the theorems.

31. Walking too fast, the stiletto’s heel broke.

32. Change in fashion is as eminent as a coming storm.

33. Both the models, as well as the make-up artist, was instructed to leave the room.

34. All our prices have been reduced down today so come in and receive a free gift at the door.

35. “I shot an elephant in my pyjamas. How he got there I’ll never know.” Groucho Marx

36. You need to understand that one’s commitment to success should never falter.

37. We will communicate with you in writing if we decide to acquire the car for a monetary
settlement.

38. If you take your dog in the car, don’t let him hang out the window while driving.

39. I ran out into the rain to deed the fog.

40. It was a real revolution to see how the stock market is run.

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 COMMA SPLICE and RUN ON SENTENCES

A comma splice is the use of a comma to join two independent clauses.

For example: It is nearly half past five, we cannot reach town before dark.
A run-on is a sentence in which two or more independent clauses (i.e. complete sentences) are
joined without an appropriate punctuation or conjunction.
For example: It is nearly half past five we cannot reach town before dark.

Both comma splice errors and run on sentences can be corrected in the following ways:
There are several ways to correct a comma splice or run on sentence:

1. Change the comma to a semicolon

• It is nearly half past five; we cannot reach town before dark.
2. Write the two clauses as two separate sentences:
• It is nearly half past five. We cannot reach town before dark.
3. Insert a coordinating conjunction following the comma:
• It is nearly half past five, so we cannot reach town before dark.
• It is nearly half past five, and we cannot reach town before dark.
4. Make one clause dependent on the other:
• Because it is nearly half past five, we cannot reach town before dark.
• It is nearly half past five, which means we cannot reach town before dark.

EXERCISE
Identify if the below sentences are examples of comma splice or run on sentences and make the
necessary corrections.
1. I almost got in an accident today, at the last moment I swerved to avoid the car that suddenly
entered my lane.
2. It's a good thing I was paying attention clearly, the other driver wasn't.
3. I honked my horn to alert the other driver that he was in my lane however, he didn't stop and
continued to cross the lane.
4. There was bicycle rider on the sidewalk who definitely heard my horn, I saw him jump and
look at us.
5. I want to do well in my English class and receive at least a B, my last English class was hard,
and I struggled.
6. If I am honest, I didn't study as hard as I should have my grade suffered because of it.
7. My writing seems to be getting better, I am spending less time correcting grammar mistakes.

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 LANGUAGE EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1:

BATTLE OF THE SEXES RIVALRY PROMOTES PHYSICAL HEALTH

Nike is fueling a battle of the sexes in it’s new campaign The Men vs Women
Challenge at NikePlus.com. The campaign even got in between Eva Longoria
and her husband! The basic idea of the challenge is that between March 13
and April 20, Nike will track the kilometers of men and women. To participate
you need to register with the nikeplus.com site and use the Nike+ system.
The campaign’s print ads feature men and women running with copies like,
“One more thing for men to rule,” “Ladies first. Men Second,” and other childish phrases. There’s a
number of celebrities involved, and there’s also a new commercial featuring Eva Longoria, Sofia
Boutella, Fernando Torres, Zlatan Ibrahimovic, and Rodger Federer among others. Each celebrity
had their own point of view on the Men vs. Women rivalry. "Women are generally better organized
and more consistent," said marathon world record holder, Paula Radcliffe. "You might see the guys
start off a bit faster and probably running at a quicker pace, but they're fare weather runners. If the
rain or snow comes in, the guys are going to bottle out!" Inter Milan striker Zlatan Ibrahimovic
countered with, "Men are better competitors. We're more powerful and, mentally, we're tougher ..."

1.1. Explain how the focus of the headline would change if it was written in passive voice. (3)
1.2. Write a headline that uses the active voice and only focuses on the rivalry as mentioned in
the passage. (2)
1.3. Explain how the meaning of the first sentence would change if “is” was replaced with “will be”.
(2)

1.4. In this section, write down the incorrect word as well as your correction.
1.4.1. Correct a punctuation error in the passage. (1)
1.4.2. Correct a concord error in the passage. (1)
1.4.3. Correct the malapropism in the passage. (1)
1.4.4. Correct a preposition error in the passage. (1)

[11]
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EXERCISE 2:

Me and my friends often go to the movies. And no, I have never asked my mom to come with. Why
would I? Parent’s think we should stay at home and read books or something. They say it’s the best
way to learn. Whatever. In fact, I think my brother could of been a movie star if he wanted to.
Strutting on the screen gloriously.

2.1. Identify and explain an error in the first sentence. (2)

2.2. Explain why it is incorrect to start a sentence with “and”. (1)
2.3. Identify and explain one other error in the second sentence. (2)
2.4. Correct a punctuation error in the fourth sentence. (1)
2.5. Correct the error in the second last sentence. Explain why it is incorrect. (2)
2.6. Explain why the final sentence is incorrect. Correct the sentence. (2)
[10]
___________________________________________________________________________
EXERCISE 3:
Read the following letter and answer the questions in order to correct the errors:

Dear Thomas
Im suposed to be studying for English but I keep being distracted. So I thought I would
write to you instead. Being lazy, my books are not my favourite possesions. One of
my books are lost in any case. Can I borrow yours instead. I hope you don’t mind me
asking, I know it’s very late. Also won’t you join Tumisho and I for a study session to
really get to grips with Maths on Tuesday? I’m going to stop writting now cause I’m
really getting hungry. Maybe a bit of food will help. I’m sure that anybody in their right
mind will agree with that.

3.1 Find and correct examples of the following:

1. Split infinitive
2. Misrelated participle
3. Pronoun error
4. 3 spelling errors
5. 2 punctuation errors
6. 2 concord errors (10)
(Exclude the underlined sentence)

3.2 Refer to the underlined sentence and correct the two errors as well as providing a reason for
each. 2x2 = (4)

3.3 Explain why can in “can I borrow…..” is incorrect. (1)

[15]

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EXERCISE 4

Read the text below, which contains some deliberate errors, and answer the questions that follow.

IS REALITY TV ROTTING YOUR BRAIN?

1 The term 'reality TV' is an oxymoron. If what we saw in these shows were
authentic, they wouldn't be aired. It's extreme life with the monotony cut out.
Understanding that the footage is staged and edited, yet we're all affected by the
influence of TV. If we weren't, there would be no censorship or advertising rules.

2 Reality TV tends to favour good-looking, slender women, many of who have had
cosmetic surgery. A study of girls who watched shows such as Idols found such
shows had an impact on self-image. Some believed you have to lie to get what
you want, or that being mean earns more respect than having a pleasant
disposition; traits often found in shows like The Apprentice or talent
competitions. Rather than us comparing ourselves to our peers, we compare
ourselves consciously to 'real' characters in such shows.

3 A popular case for reality TV is its alleged role in raising awareness of important
issues. But the idea we couldn't discuss such issues until reality TV was
invented doesn't wash. It's often argued it's popular because people are
interested in others lives. Reality TV is like toffee popcorn. It's not good for us.
We love it. It tastes great.

[Adapted from Psychologies Magazine, September 2013]

4.1. Understanding that the footage is staged and edited, yet we're all affected by the influence of
TV (lines 3–4).
Rewrite the above sentence so that it is grammatically correct. (1)

4.2. Reality TV tends to favour good-looking, slender women (line 5).

4.2.1. Write the above sentence in the passive voice: (1)

4.2.2. What effect would be created by using the passive voice? (1)

4.3. Provide the correct form of the pronoun in:

Reality TV tends to favour good-looking, slender women, many of who have had
cosmetic surgery (lines 5–6). (1)

4.4 Give an adjectival form of 'comparing' (line 10). (1)

4.5 Rather than us comparing ourselves to our peers, we compare ourselves consciously to
'real' characters in such shows (lines 10–11).
Correct the grammatical error in the underlined fragment. (1)

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4.6 Add a suitable prefix to 'consciously' (line 11) so that the sentence still makes sense.

4.7 But the idea we couldn't discuss such issues until reality TV was invented doesn't
wash (line 14).

Rewrite the underlined colloquial expression in formal register. (1)

4.8 It's often argued it's popular because people are interested in others lives (line 15).

Correct the punctuation error in this sentence. (1)

4.9 Combine the following simple sentences to form a complex sentence, without using
the conjunctions 'and' or 'but'.

Reality TV is not good for us. We love it. It tastes great. (1)

[10]

EXERCISE 5:
Read the following rough copy of an essay and correct as the questions indicate:

Macbeth: A Tragic Hero

Macbeth sucks! In the beggining Macbeth is portraid as a hero.
Fighting the Norwegians Duncan rewards him. But not Banquo.
Macbeth doesnt know if he should believe the witches. He wonders if
him being King is possible.

Correct the following:

5.1 2 spelling errors (2)
5.2 Slang (1)
5.3 An incomplete sentence (1)
5.4 A misrelated participle (1)
5.5 A gerund with an incorrect pronoun (1)
5.6 Punctuation error (1)
[7]

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EXERCISE 6:
Read the text below, which contains some deliberate errors, and answer the questions that follow.

V FOR VICTIM

1 Everyone's a victim of something these days – it's time we toughened up. I knew little
about Terry Waite before I interviewed him. But after doing my research, I was blown
away. He was taken hostage for almost five years. He spent most of it in isolation,
chained, with no stimulation – not even natural light.

2 He was freed in 1991. He laughed as he was freed without shoes, so he had to ask his
rescuers to find some size 14s. Waite's attitude during his captivity, and since, is: 'No
regrets, no selfpity, no sentimentality.' Now we live in a different era, one that seems
to celebrate victimhood, in which people have been encouraged by society to cling to
every perceived injustice, keen to claim that they are oppressed. Sometimes it feels
like a race to the bottom, in which oversensitivity and intolerance causes people to
celebrate adversity.

3 No wonder victim status is coveted by so many, when it infers benefits. The pity game
has become profitable: some people land book deals out of it. Being a sufferer attracts
sympathy and immunity – you can never be wrong.

4 Playing the victim minimises real harm. Crying wolf leaves people indifferently apathetic
to serious victims.

[Adapted from FAIRLADY, June 2016]

6.1. Which punctuation mark could be used to replace the dash (line 1), without changing the
meaning of the sentence? (1)

6.2. '…I was blown away' (line 3).

Write formal English for the above clause. (1)

6.3. 'He was taken hostage for almost five years. He spent most of it in isolation, chained,
with no stimulation – not even natural light (lines 3–5).'
Rewrite the above sentences as a complex sentence. (1)

6.4 'No regrets, no self-pity, no sentimentality' (line 8).

Rewrite the above sentence in reported speech.
Begin your answer with: Waite said … (1)
[10]

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EXERCISE 7:
Read the text below, which contains some deliberate errors, and answer the questions that
follow.

THE PERFECT CRUSH IS IMAGINARY OR DEAD

The first crush I had was on a cartoon bird. He was one of the vultures in The Jungle Book.
1
The tall one, if you can say that a bird is tall. I thought he was incredibly cool. I liked his
hairstyle and his perfectly flawless singing voice. He was superior to the other vultures in
every way. Even at the age of five, I recognised my feelings for what they were. This is a
crush, I told myself. Watch out, bird.

I thought, 'These crushes are incomprehensible, the ones to which you can assign no sense
2 or meaning.'

The ideal crush object is someone that you will never meet. Really, they should be fictional,
3 or at least dead. This way you are free to imagine all the excellent times you will have
together, the laughs, the jokes and the free exchange of complementary views. Crushes
will never turn out to be possessive of their stationary, nor correct your grammar, nor refer
to the internet as 'the interwebs'. A crush will never do any of these things because, for
your purposes, they exist only in your head.
[Adapted from Sunday Times, 15 July 2015]

7.1 In line 1 the word, 'cartoon' is a/an …

A noun.
B adjective.
C verb.
D pronoun. (1)

7.2 Account for the use of the italics in line 1. (1)

7.3 Rewrite the following sentence in formal English:

'I thought he was incredibly cool' (lines 2). (1)

7.4 Remove the redundancy in the following sentence:

'I liked his hairstyle and his perfectly flawless singing voice' (lines 2 – 3). (1)

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7.5 Rewrite lines 6 – 7, 'I thought … or meaning', in reported speech. (2)

7.6 'The ideal crush object is someone that you will never meet' (line 8).
Rewrite this sentence, beginning with the underlined clause. (1)

7.7 Correct the error of tense in the following sentence fragment: 'This way you are free to
imagine all the excellent times you will have together, …' (line 9). (1)

7.8 A word has been incorrectly used in lines 10–12: “Crushes will never … as
‘the interwebs’.” Correct the error. (1)

7.9 Correct the grammatical error in the concluding sentence, 'A crush will … in
your head.' (1)

[10]

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 CARTOONS
Types of Humour
Irony = is a statement in which the meaning intended by the speaker is the opposite of what he
says. Sarcasm can be an extreme form of irony.

Satire = when biting humour is used that mocks or ridicules a person/thing/issue in order to
communicate a serious underlying message.

Parody = is when a well known figure/ institution/ film etc. is on purpose ridiculed, often in a
harmless way.

Pun = a figure of speech which contains a humourous play on the different meanings one word
or phrase could have.
____________________________________________________________________________

CARTOON EXERCISE 1

Study the cartoon below and answer the question that follows.

1: Explain how a pun has been used to create humour. (3)

CARTOON EXERCISE 2

Study the cartoon below and answer the questions that follow.

2.1 Identify the type of humour used in the above cartoon. (1)
2.2 By referring to your answer for question 2.1, explain how humour has been created. (2)
2.3 Identify the emotion of the man and explain how the cartoonist has conveyed this
emotion. (3)

CARTOON EXERCISE 3

Study the cartoon below and answer the questions that follow.

3.1 Discuss the irony in this cartoon (2)

3.2 Comment critically on the effectiveness of the layout of the cartoons. (3)
[5]

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CARTOON EXERCISE 4

Study the cartoon below and answer the questions that follow.

FRAME 1 FRAME 2

FRAME 3 FRAME 4 FRAME 5

FRAME 6 FRAME 7 FRAME 8

4.1. What do Bumstead's words and body language reveal about his feelings in frame 4? (2)
4.2. Account for the change in Bumstead's attitude in frame 6. (2)
4.3 In frames 7 and 8, the cartoonist shows only parts of the body of two characters.
Explain how this influences your assessment of these characters. (3)
4.4 Discuss the effectiveness of the irony in creating humour in this cartoon. (3)

[10]

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CARTOON EXERCISE 5
Study the cartoon below and answer the questions that follow.

FRAME 1

FRAME 2 FRAME 3

FRAME 4 FRAME 5 FRAME 6

FRAME 7 FRAME 8 FRAME 9

5.1 Examine Frames 1 - 3. Give a reason for the varying positions of the boy and girl. (2)
5.2 Account for the difference in the facial expressions of the woman in Frame 4 and the
mother in Frame 6. (2)
5.3 Comment on any TWO visual elements in Frame 5 and explain their purpose. (3)
5.4 Critically evaluate the cartoonist's use of satire. (3)
[10]

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CARTOON EXERCISE 6

Study the cartoon below and answer the questions that follow.

6.1. Account for the lack of speech bubbles in FRAME 2. (2)

6.2. Refer to FRAMES 7, 8 and 9.

Discuss TWO techniques that the cartoonist uses to depict the attitude of the girl. (3)

6.3. Refer to FRAME 10. Analyse Linus’ words and discuss how they reveal the relationship
between him and his sister, Lucy. (2)

6.4. In respect of the sequence of events, the cartoonist has placed FRAME 1 first, instead of
last.
Critically comment on the effectiveness of this placement in the context of the cartoon
as a whole. (3)
[10]

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CARTOON EXERCISE 7

Study the cartoon below and answer the questions that follow.

7.1. Refer to FRAME 1.

How does the cartoonist depict that the boy is unwelcome? (2)

7.2. Discuss the visual presentations of the boy in FRAMES 2 and 3. (2)

7.3. Examine the written text in FRAME 2. Explain how the cartoonist succeeds in conveying the
tone in this frame. (3)

7.4. Comment on how the cartoonist's message is reinforced in FRAME 4. (3)

[10]

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CARTOON EXERCISE 8

Consider the cartoon below and answer the questions that follow:

Rat Race

8.1 Discuss the purpose of the posters that are on the walls of the maze. (2)

8.2 Which other details in the various panels highlight a criticism of society’s impact on the
planet? Explain your answer. (2)

8.3 By referring to the images in the panels, the idiomatic meaning of Rat-Race and the irony
of the sign ‘Happiness is just around the corner!’ explain why the title of the cartoon strip
is appropriate to the central message of the cartoon. (6)

[10]

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 ADVERTISING
ADVERT 1: Refer to the below and answer the questions that follow.

The text in the advertisement reads:

A wise man once said that it's the mountain as much as your own two feet that carries you
upwards. While that may be true, something tells us that wise men are also smart enough to
always have someone else haul their stuff. For the rest of us, every ounce counts. So we made
a jacket so light you'll forget you have it on. 'Where's my jacket?' On your back. 'Oh.' See what
we mean? It took us twenty years to arrive at the new Nike ACG Superlight Jacket. And, as
always, it's still a departure.

1.1. Closely examine the image of the jacket. Explain the advertiser's intention in using this
image. (2)

1.2. Refer to the phrase, ‘HEAVY AS A FEATHER’.

1.2.1. Write the original idiom from which the above phrase has been taken. (1)

1.2.2. Comment on the advertiser's technique in using the catch-phrase, 'Heavy as a feather'.
Refer to both the image and the words. (2)

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1.3. Refer to the written text, 'A wise man ... still a departure'.

1.3.1 Account for the advertiser's reference to 'twenty years'. (2)

1.3.2. In your view, is the style of expression effective in promoting the product? Justify your
response. (3)
[10]

ADVERT 2:
Refer to advert A and advert B, which are controversial advertisements produced in the 1990s
by 'United Colors of Benetton', a clothing company, and answer the questions that follow.

A:

B:

30
2.1 By making reference to specific visual details in advert A, explain why the racial stereotypes
it portrays can be considered controversial. (2)

2.2 Consider the order of the words in advert B: 'White. Black. Yellow.' In what way might this
choice be seen to reinforce racial stereotyping? (2)

2.3 Through an analysis of the visual and verbal text of advert B, explain the message that the
advertisers are trying to convey. (2)

2.4 Evaluate whether advert A and B are successful in supporting the brand name: The United
Colours of Benetton. (2)

[8]

ADVERT 3:
Study TEXT 1 and TEXT 2 below and answer the questions that follow.

TEXT 1
TED is an organisation devoted to spreading ideas, usually in the form of short, powerful talks. TED began in
1984 as a conference on Technology, Entertainment and Design, and today covers almost all topics — from
science to business to global issues — in more than 110 languages. TED is a global community, welcoming
people from every discipline and culture who seek a deeper understanding of the world. The TEDx
Programme is designed to help communities, organisations and individuals to spark conversation and
connection through local TED-like experiences. We believe passionately in the power of ideas to change
attitudes, lives and, ultimately, the world.
[Source: <https://www.ted.com/about/programs-initiatives/tedx-program>]

TEXT 2

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TEXT 1 is an extract from the TED x website and TEXT 2 is an advertisement for TEDx.
The advertisement depicts a sculpture of Martin Luther King Junior, an American civil rights
leader, who spoke powerfully against racism and segregation.

3.1 How is the purpose of TEDx (from TEXT 1) depicted in the TEDx logo in TEXT 2? Your
answer should refer to specific visual aspects of the TEDx logo. (2)

3.2 Explain how the image in TEXT 2 effectively depicts how ideas change the world. (2)

3.3.1 Identify the grammatical difference between Sentence A and Sentence B below:

A Ideas change the world

B The world is changed by ideas (1)

3.3.2 Explain why the image in TEXT 2 would not be as effective if the slogan were 'The
world is changed by ideas'. (2)

3.4 Describe how you would redesign the TEDx advertisement for an event hosted at your
school called TEDx Youth. You may not use the same concept or image, but the
slogan and logo must remain the same. (4)

[11]

32
ADVERT 4:
Consider the anti-consumerism advert below and answer the questions that follow.

4.1 Explain the purpose of the rhetorical questions found at the beginning of the advert. (1)

4.2 The first three phrases, ‘Feeling Low? Down in the dumps? Blue?’ are not complete
sentences.

33
 Explain why they are not complete sentences and suggest a way of combining them into
one sentence that retains the phrasing and meaning of the original three phrases. (3)

4.3 Identify a spelling error in the advert. (1)

4.4 Consider the title, ‘Try long-lasting consumerism’.

4.4.1 Identify the part of speech of ‘long-lasting’? (1)

4.4.2 Explain the purpose of the hyphen in this phrase? (1)

4.4.3 There is a hyphen missing elsewhere in the copy of the advert –identify it. (1)

4.5 The sentence ‘Using a patented…single time’ is punctuated incorrectly.

Rewrite the sentence making the necessary change and underline your correction.
Explain the change that you have made. (2)

4.6 Consider the definitions for parody and satire taken from an online dictionary that appear
below:

Parody: An imitation of the style of a particular writer, artist, or genre with deliberate exaggeration
for comic effect.

Satire: The use of humour, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's
stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical
issues

To what extent is this advert an example of parody and satire? Refer in detail to the advert
and provide clear substantiation in your answer. (3)

34