Construction and Building Materials 244 (2020) 118350

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Construction and Building Materials

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Experimental behavior and analysis of high strength concrete beams

reinforced with PET waste fiber
Azad A. Mohammed ⇑, Aso A. Faqe Rahim
College of Engineering, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

h i g h l i g h t s

Properties of high strength concrete (HSC) with PET waste fiber were investigated.

Behavior of reinforced concrete beam made of (HSC) with PET fiber was investigated.

Existence of PET waste fiber has some effect to enhance the crack control of HSC.

Compressive strength loss was observed and to a lesser degree the tensile strength of concrete due to the existence of PET fiber.

Cracking performance of the beam was enhanced, but PET fiber has no appreciable effect on the ultimate load capacity.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This paper describes material properties of high strength concrete containing different PET waste fiber in
Received 3 August 2019 terms of fiber volume and length. Structural behavior of reinforced concrete beams made of this newly
Received in revised form 29 January 2020 developed concrete has been fairly investigated. Cracking performance of beams was found to improve
Accepted 3 February 2020
as a result of using PET waste fiber, but there is no chance to increase the ultimate load capacity.
There is some strength loss of the beam mainly attributed to the degradation take place in compressive
strength of concrete, but mode of failure of tested concrete beams was almost identical to that of control
Keywords:
beam without PET waste fiber. Ultimate moment capacity of concrete section with PET fiber can be cal-
Compressive strength
Cracking
culated accurately following the recommendation of the ACI 318 code. The results are interested and can
Direct tensile strength encourage researchers to work on this kind of recycled high strength concrete for structural applications
Ductility in future.
Flexure Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
PET waste fiber
Splitting tensile strength

1. Introduction allowed in developed countries, because a plastic material is not

Production of different kinds of polymers including polyethy-
lene terephthalate (PET), poly vinyl chloride (PVC), high density
polyethylene (HDPE), thermosetting plastics, expanded polystyr-
ene foam (EPS), polycarbonate, and polyurethane foam are in
growth day by day [1]. These plastic polymers are used worldwide
because they comprising many benefits compared with the classi-
cal ones, including lightweight and low production cost. A daily
consumption of the huge amount of plastic polymers usually
accompanied with a large volume of waste, needs to be managed
in order to avoid land and water resources pollution. In past, the
plastic waste has been thrown in the form of landfilling or been
subjected to an incineration [2]. Currently, this solution is not
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: azad.mohammed@univsul.edu.iq (A.A. Mohammed), aso.
faqi@univsul.edu.iq (A. A. F. Rahim).
biodegradable and burning will release poisonous gases into air.
Accordingly, there is a vital need for recycling the waste to save
the environment against pollution. On recycling PET wastes, addi-
tional expenses are required for reprocessing, accompanied with
the color change and purity degradation of the products [3]. Thus,
a more effective, less costly solution is needed for PET bottle
wastes. One of methods of recycling is the use of shredded plastic
waste as an aggregate or especially cut to make a plastic fiber, to be
used for the production of recycled concrete [4]. This issue is now
being one of the important topics of engineering and construction
materials. Different material properties of concrete have been
extensively investigated and a relatively large amount of test data
is available in the literature [4,5]. But these attempts were mainly
focused on normal strength concrete and test data on high strength
concrete with plastic waste is limited, this topic is the subject of
the current study. On the structural concrete level, several
researches [6–11] were carried out aimed at investigating

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118350
0950-0618/Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
2 A.A. Mohammed, A. A. F. Rahim / Construction and Building Materials 244 (2020) 118350
structural properties of concrete contained different forms of plas-
tic wastes or fibers.
In order to investigate the performance of concrete with plastic
waste fiber, it is worthy here to have an idea on the properties of
concrete beams reinforced with steel fiber. The latter type of fiber
has been extensively used for many structural and nonstructural
applications. Structural performance of concrete beams reinforced
with steel fiber had been extensively investigated; especially with
regard the provision for shear and flexure. Steel fibers can be used
either as shear reinforcement in plain concrete beam or combined
with a minimum or a desirable amount of steel stirrups. Synergetic
effect of stirrups and steel fibers on shear capacity of concrete
beam and column was studied by Watanabe et al. [12]. For this
purpose nine RC beams and five RC columns were tested. Results
show that the length of critical diagonal crack in the beams is
longer than that of the columns, accompanying with higher shear
transfer force due to the bridging effect of the steel fibers along
the diagonal crack. They found that the provided web reinforce-
ment has an appreciable effect on the length and inclination of
the diagonal crack. Optimization for the combination of steel fiber
and stirrups was made. Chalioris and Sfiri [13] studied shear per-
formance of concrete beams with two ratios of 0.5% and 0.7% steel
fibrous of aspect ratio equal to 75. Two beams were tested in
monotonically increasing four-pointed loading up to total failure,
and five beams were tested under cyclic deformations. Addition
of fiber to concrete beams resulted in an increase in shear
strengths, ultimate deflections and energy dissipation capacities.
Also, the contribution of steel fibers on the shear behavior is
mainly observed after concrete cracking. Chalioris [14] extensively
studied failure of steel fiber reinforced concrete beams with or
without stirrups. He worked to evaluate an optimum combination
of stirrups and steel fibers in order to satisfy pre-set strength and
ductility requirements of a shear-dominated fibrous concrete
beam. A cubic formula was derived for the minimum value of the
fiber factor required to achieve pure flexural response. The applica-
bility of the proposal was checked via analyzing 256 test data
observation. In another study, Chalioris et al. [15] tested reinforced
concrete beams with 1% and 3% steel fiber subjected to central cyc-
lic loading. Results showed that using steel fiber improved overall
hysteretic response, increased energy absorption capacity, delayed
cracking, and altered failure mode of the beam from concrete
crushing to a ductile flexural mode. Performance of reinforced
concrete beam with 3% steel fibers was found better as compared
with that reinforced with 1% fiber, in which it exhibited an
improved cyclic response, of pronounced flexural behavior with
significant ductility. Enhanced load capacity at failure was 61%
and 72% for the concrete beams with 1% and 3% steel fibers,
respectively.
Beam-column connections made of concrete contained PET
fibers subjected to cyclic loading was investigated by Marthong
and Marthong [8]. 0.5% PET fiber by weight with aspect ratio of
25 was used. Three cases of the exterior beam column joint with
deficiency, to be strengthened with PET fiber were studied, beam
weak in flexure (BWF), beam weak in shear (BWS) and column
weak in shear (CWS). The plastic fiber addition enhanced load
capacity by 27%, 10% and 10% for BWF, BWS and CWF respectively.
An overall enhancement in toughness and displacement ductility
were observed that attributed to the macro cracks bridging action
by the PET fiber. Lateral stiffness and its energy dissipation poten-
tial of the connections were also enhanced due to the addition of
PET fibers. One can observe that the ultimate load enhancement
is lower than that obtained for the case of beam reinforced with
steel fiber [15].
Kim et al. [11] investigated the performance of a structural
member made of concrete with PET and polypropylene fibers, via
testing a total of seven reinforced concrete beams. Results showed
that initiation of cracks occurred earlier in the concrete beams with
PET fiber than in the beam without fibers. Load at steel yielding
and ultimate load capacity were increased by a maximum of
7.5% and 31.9% related to using 0.5% and 1% PET fiber, respectively.
Deflection at cracking was reduced as a result of PET fiber addition
to concrete by a percentage ranging between 43% and 61% and
deflection corresponding to the yield load is also reduced, except
for the beam reinforced with 1% fiber. In general, the performance
of beams with PET fiber in terms of load and deformation was
found to be similar to that of beams with polypropylene fiber. Duc-
tility was found to increase by 7.56–10.34 times for PET fiber
beams compared with that of normal beam. Foti [16] studied the
performance of concrete beams reinforced with different arrange-
ments of PET addition. Cracking load was not enhanced apprecia-
bly as a result of PET strip addition but a more ductile behavior
of concrete and a high concrete-PET adherence was observed.
Another part of her study was concerned with testing concrete
beams with circular fibers of 0.5%, 0.75% and 1% cut along the plas-
tic bottle length. Results showed a recovery of the post cracking
load in percentage respect to the peak, being faster for the mix
with 1% of PET. Based on the study by Irwan et al. [17] the inclusion
of PET aggregate reduces the initial loading cracks. Koo et al. [18]
tested reinforced concrete beams with 0.5% PET fibers. They found
the recycled PET fiber reinforced specimens exhibited better flexu-
ral capacity than the control specimen. Also, recycled PET fibers
can control shrinkage cracks and improve the structural ductility
of reinforced concrete members. The recycled PET fiber-
reinforced specimens showed partial crushing failures in the upper
compressive region followed by rebar yielding, which is due to the
improved tensile stress transferring and crack-controlling capabil-
ities of the PET fibers in the bottom tensile region. Prabha and
George [19] studied the effect of incorporating different PET fibers
proportions of 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% on shear strength of concrete via
testing a total of ten beams. Ultimate load was increased with
increasing PET fibers ratio, of maximum ratio equal to 36% related
to using 2% PET fiber. Furthermore, Al-Hadithi and Abbas [20]
worked on testing beams designed to fail in shear. PET fiber was
added to concrete by the volume ratio between 0.25 and 1.5%.
Results showed an improvement of shear capacity of the beams
being increased with the presence of PET fiber increase, of an opti-
mum ratio equal to 8.54% related to 1% PET fiber volume. Also,
mode of shear failure was changed from sudden failure to the duc-
tile one, and deflection at the same load level was decreased with
the presence of waste plastic fiber, which attributed to the crack
bridging.
2. Research significance
A daily consumption of different polymer products usually
accompanied with a large amount of plastic wastes. This waste is
able to attack the land and environment and there is a need to find
a rational method of recycling to diminish their fatal effects on the
human life. One of the methods of recycling is the use of plastic
waste in concrete production, and this process has a promised
future to consume a large amount of different plastic wastes. If
compared with normal concrete, high strength concrete has a brit-
tle mode of failure. The lack of ductility can be solved using differ-
ent kinds of fibers. As shown from literature review, the
incorporation of plastic fiber is somewhat helpful to increase the
performance of the concrete member with regard of ductility,
change mode of failure to be lesser brittle and cracking control.
This advantageous action of plastic fiber in normal concrete has
been assessed and investigated experimentally in this study when
applied on high strength concrete. So, the novelty of this research
ascribes to the fact that properties of high strength concrete with
PET waste fiber and structural members made of this concrete have
 A.A. Mohammed, A. A. F. Rahim / Construction and Building Materials 244 (2020) 118350 3

not been investigated, and there is a lack of information about this Table 1
important topic of structural engineering. The attempt encouraged Properties of superplasticizer.

engineers to produce a new kind of recycled high strength concrete Property Results
which is essentially modified via incorporating different plastic Density 1.1
waste materials of different sources and properties. PH 5.9–7.9
Color Waxy
T.Chlorine 0.1% (Max.)
3. Materials and methods Solid 30%
Date of manufacture 22.11.2018
3.1. Materials

Materials used for the production of high strength concrete

used in this study for casting beams and control specimens were
cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, water, high range water
reducer and micro silica slurry. The cement used was ordinary
Portland cement (Type I) locally available produced by Tasluja
cement factory-Sulaimani. The cement used was found to conform
to the limits of Iraqi Specification No.5-1984. Fine aggregate used
was clean natural river sand of coarse grading with fineness mod-
ulus of 3.1, specific gravity of 2.65 and dry compacted bulk density
of 1728 kg/m3. Based on sieve analysis carried out on a sample of
the sand, cumulative passing curve was obtained and the results
are shown in Fig. 1. One can find that the fine aggregate falls within
the limits of BS 882 limits [21]. Coarse aggregate used was natural
crushed gravel of specific gravity of 2.72, maximum size of
12.7 mm and compacted bulk density of 1777 kg/m3. Grading
curve of the coarse aggregate is given in Fig. 1, one can find that
grading is within the limits of BS 882 limits [21]. Clean potable
water was used for mixing and curing concrete specimens. High
range water reducer (superplasticizer) used was poly carbocilate
Fig. 2. View of PET fiber (L = 20 mm).
(Gantre 99) provided by Idea company-Sulaimani. Table 1 shows
properties of the superplasticizer used. Micro silica slurry of Admix
MS560 type was used, which is a ready to use silica fume slurry Makina-Turkey model of 1000 kN capacity. Properties of the steel
modified with plasticizer, which blocks porosities of concrete due bars can be found in Table 2. Tensile stress–strain relationship of
to fineness of its particle size and results in production of dens con- steel reinforcement is shown in Fig. 3.
crete with low permeability. Reinforcements used in this study
were the plastic fiber and steel rebars. Plastic fiber used was pre-
pared from PET drinking water bottles of 16 L storage capacity. 3.2. Mix proportion and mixing
Each bottle was cut excluding the neck and bottom to obtain the
shredded plastic fiber. Thickness of The PET fiber was measured Six concrete mixes were designed for casting beams and control
using micrometer screw gauge and the average thickness was specimens. For control mix without plastic fiber, mix design was
found to be 0.4 mm. The plastic fiber was prepared with a constant made to produce a concrete of compressive strength equal to
width of 1.2 mm and two lengths of 20 mm and 40 mm. Fig. 2 90 MPa. For this purpose the recommendation given by Aïtcin
shows a sample of PET fiber ready for using. Specific gravity of [22] was followed. This method of mix design was developed at
the plastic was found to be 1.24 and added to concrete in a dry the Université de Sherbrooke which is a modification of the ACI
state without any surface treatment. Two types of steel reinforce- 211 (Standard Practice for Selecting Proportions for Normal,
ment were used for concrete beams, 12 mm and 6 mm diameter Heavyweight and Mass Concrete) specification for mix design.
bars. These steel bars were tested for tension using Yüksel Kaya Essential calculations were made and the constituent concrete
materials per cubic meter were calculated and the results are given
in Table 3. For each concrete mix batch, all materials were pre-
pared by weight. The main variable of this study is the properties
of PET fiber added to concrete. PET fiber was added by 0.75% and
1% (by volume) to concrete. PET fiber of 20 mm length or 40 mm
length or a mixture of both sizes of equal volume (hybrid fiber)
was added to concrete. The hybridization of the PET fiber made
in this study is aimed to produce hybrid polymer-polymer fiber,
and in this case the unique variable is the fiber length. Different
properties of concrete reinforced with hybrid polymer- polymer
synthetic fibers were investigated experimentally [23]. Accord-
ingly, a total of five mixes beside the control mix have been pre-
pared. For mixing concrete an electrical tilting drum of 0.16 m3
capacity was used. First, dry materials of coarse aggregate, fine
aggregate and cement were fed into the mixer and left to rotate
for two minutes. A part of mixing water was added, and followed
by the silica fume slurry and the super plasticizer. Later, the
remainder water was added and the mass was allowed to mix
Fig. 1. Grading of aggregate and BS 882 limits. for another five minutes till a homogeneous mixture was obtained.
4 A.A. Mohammed, A. A. F. Rahim / Construction and Building Materials 244 (2020) 118350
Table 2
Test data on properties of steel reinforcement.
Diameter (mm) Yield stress (MPa)
Mean SD
6 345.6 8.5%
12 365.9 9.4%
Fig. 3. Tensile stress-strain relationship of steel.
For concrete mixes with PET fiber, after that the mentioned steps
have been finished the plastic fiber was sprayed continuously on
concrete inside the tilting drum while rotating, and this process
was finished in about three minutes. Beam specimens were cast
in steel moulds and were vibrated using external vibrating table.
After 24 h from casting, the specimen was taken from the mould
and put in water tank for curing for 28 days. Later, the specimen
was taken from the water tank and left in the laboratory to dry
for three days before testing. The vertical faces of the beam
were white painted to show the cracking development during
loading.
3.3. Description of test specimens
This study has been arranged to address the performance of
high strength concrete beams reinforced with flexural and shear
reinforcement steel bars, with or without PET waste in the form
of fiber. Details of the beam dimensions and reinforcement can
be found in Fig. 4. All beams were cast in steel concrete moulds,
view of steel moulds with steel reinforcement cage is shown in
Fig. 5. There was a need for testing control concrete for each mix
for compression and tension, and for this purpose for each concrete
mix three 150  300 mm concrete cylinders were cast for compres-
sion and measuring compressive stress- strain relationship and
another three cylinders for splitting tension. There was a need to
measure tensile strength of concrete and drawing tensile stress-
strain relationship. For this purpose two types of specimens were
used, one for direct tension and the other for splitting tension.
The direct tension specimen was especially fabricated by the
authors, of loading arrangement and dimensions shown in Fig. 6.
The specimen was designed to support a uniaxial tension on an
area of 50  50 mm. View of the mold for casting this specimen
Table 3
Mix proportion detail (kg/m3).
Cement Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate
480 677.5 1075
Tensile strength (MPa) Maximum elongation (%)
Mean SD Mean SD
635.6 0.8% 23.5 8.5%
572.6 6.4% 25.27 3.2%
is given in Fig. 7. A total of eighteen specimens were cast and
tested to obtain average direct tensile strength for the six concrete
mixes. Another type of tension specimen used in this study is a
50 mm thick disc specimen, cut from the standard
150  300 mm cylinder, using a diamond saw. The thickness has
been chosen because of the fact that some mixes contained a rela-
tively long PET fiber of 40 mm length. In this case, in order to mea-
sure the strain a 80 mm length electrical strain gage was applied of
the smooth surface of concrete at the center of the disc. During
testing, loading was applied in a direction normal to the applied
strain gage. The reason of using the two mentioned fiber volumes
are because of some previous test data on normal concrete with
PET fiber and some preliminary tests carried out by the first author.
Based on tests by Nibudey et al. [24] the optimum dosage of PET
fiber for concrete to enhance compressive, splitting tensile and
flexural strengths is 1%. Other tests [25] have shown that the opti-
mum dosage of PET fiber for compressive strength enhancement is
0.75% and equal to 1% for splitting tensile strength. Designation of
test specimens was made as follows. B is beam followed by a num-
ber denoting a fiber volume followed by a symbol denoting a fiber
type. S is for short fiber (20 mm), L is for long fiber (40 mm) and H
is for hybrid fiber. For instance, B-0.75-S is that mix reinforced with
0.75% PET fiber of 20 mm length.
3.4. Test setup and measurement units
Compression specimens were capped using high strength gyp-
sum before testing. Testing for compression was made following
the procedure described by ASTM C39 specification [26] under rate
of loading of 0.5 MPa/s. Splitting tensile strength was made follow-
ing the procedure described by ASTM C496 specification [27] under
rate of loading of 0.1 MPa/s. Direct tensile stress specimens were
tested using the machine for steel rebar testing described before.
View of one specimen erected inside the loading cell ready for test-
ing is shown in Fig. 8. All beam specimens were tested on simple
supports of 1000 mm span under two central point loading each
300 mm apart (see Fig. 4). The beams were subjected to continuous
monotonic loading without shock till failure. Two 20  50  120
mm steel plates were put under the point loads to avoid stress con-
centration in concrete during loading. Vertical displacement was
measured during loading using a 35 mm travel dial gage mounted
at the mid-span of the beam. Variation of tensile strain in the steel
rebar was also measured using electrical strain gauge fixed on the
steel reinforcement at the mid-span of the beam. Locations of the
two displacement units are shown in Fig. 4. Crack initiation was
monitored by visual inspection at the critical tension zone of the
beam during loading, to catch the cracking load and the corre-
sponding deflection. In order to obtain a large number of test data
and construct a smooth load-deflection and load- strain relation-
ships, a digital video recorder was utilized for the load and defor-
mation measurements.
Water Silica fume HRWRA
79.7 104 4.16
 A.A. Mohammed, A. A. F. Rahim / Construction and Building Materials 244 (2020) 118350 5

Fig. 4. Details of beam dimensions, reinforcement, loading and deformation measurements.

Fig. 5. View of steel moulds with reinforcement cage. Fig. 7. View of mould used for direct tension specimen.

Fig. 8. View of direct tension specimen ready for testing.

containing plastic waste fiber. From the measurements, deflection

corresponding to cracking load and deflection ductility can be
obtained. In the sections to follow discussion of results in some
Fig. 6. Schematic view of direct tension specimen. detail is given.

4.1. Properties of materials

4. Results and discussion
Table 4 shows results of compressive strength and different ten-
sile strengths of concrete. Cracking load, yield load, and ultimate
load capacity of tested beams are given in Table 5. Many relation-
ships can be drawn from the obtained results of the experiment to
highlight the flexural behavior of high strength concrete beam
4.1.1. Compressive strength
Results of compressive strength of concrete mixes are given in
Table 4. Fig. 9 shows percentage of compressive strength of con-
crete with PET fiber to that of control concrete. Percentage of com-
pressive strength varies between 70.15 and 89.82. One can observe
the reduction of compressive strength of concrete as a result of
6 A.A. Mohammed, A. A. F. Rahim / Construction and Building Materials 244 (2020) 118350

Table 4
Results of material properties of concrete.

Code Compressive strength (MPa) Direct Tensile strength (MPa) Splitting Tensile strength (MPa) Modulus of elasticity (MPa)
BC 94.36 5.08 4.36 40334
B-0.75-S 84.75 4.59 3.95 42298
B-0.75-H 77.38 4.62 4.20 39282
B-0.75-L 66.19 4.39 4.06 49127
B-1-S 68.42 4.46 3.87 45238
B-1-H 68.70 4.48 3.62 43239

Table 5 was in the range of 1–9% and nearly the same strength loss was
Results of tested beams. observed for concrete with polypropylene fiber. One can find that
Code Cracking load (kN) Load at yield (kN) Ultimate load (kN) PET fiber addition has a limited beneficial action to enhance com-
BC 27.06 48.9 62.46 pressive strength of some normal concrete mixes, but for high
B-0.75-S 38.3 40.5 47.88 strength concrete there is a relatively large strength loss.
B-0.75-H 42.54 46.9 63.53
B-0.75-L 29.79 36.9 51.88
B-1-S 38.74 40.5 59.60 4.1.2. Modulus of elasticity and compressive stress-strain relationship
B-1-H 35.5 33.0 59.14 According to the test data given in Table 4 and Fig. 9 the addi-
tion of PET fiber is helpful to enhance the elastic modulus of high
strength concrete mix. A maximum increase of 21.8% was observed
when the 40 mm length fiber is used by 0.75% volume. The
enhancement can arise due to the fact that the existence of PET
fiber is able to reduce the elastic precracked deformation at the
early stages of loading. The obtained tests data are in contrast with
those by Kim et al. [11]. They observed a reduction in the elastic
modulus of normal concrete when PET and polypropylene fibers
are used in concrete, being increased with increasing fiber volume
up to 1%. Fig. 10 shows compressive stress-strain relationship of
control concrete and those with PET fiber. One can observe a differ-
ent slope of the ascending portion of the relationship indicating
different elastic modulus values. It is observed that the strain at
peak stress is slightly lower for concrete with the plastic fiber
and the influences of fiber volume and length have no appreciable
importance to change this strain.

4.1.3. Direct tensile strength

Fig. 9. Percentage of strengths and elastic modulus. Results of direct tensile strength of concrete are given in Table 4.
Fig. 9 shows percentage of tensile strength for concrete mixes. One
can observe a direct tensile strength loss as a result of PET fiber
addition to high strength concrete. The percentage of tensile
20 mm length PET fiber addition by 0.75% reaching 10.2%. When 1% strength loss varies between 9.1% and 13.6%, and accordingly the
PET fiber of 40 mm length is used further compressive strength
reduction is observed. Maximum strength reduction of 29.81%
was obtained when concrete contained 0.75% PET fiber of 40 mm
length. Therefore, lower ratio of short PET fiber will result in lower
compressive strength reduction of high strength concrete and rec-
ommended for practical applications. The main reason behind the
loss of compressive strength may be argued to the fact that a high
concrete mass is dense and compact with a minimum ratio of pores
and flaws. The existence of PET fiber is usually accompanied with
the occurrence of flaws between the plastic surface and concrete.
This will create a weak zone inside the dense high strength con-
crete mass and be a source of cracks extension. It is worthy to com-
pare compressive strength variation with that of normal strength
concrete containing PET fiber. Based on tests by Nibudey et al.
[24] compressive strength enhancements of 5.26% and 7.35% were
obtained as the concrete are reinforced with 1% PET fiber of aspect
ratios of 35 and 50, respectively. In another study [25] there is 5.1%
compressive strength increase when 0.75% PET fiber is used. Other
tests [28] on mortar with 65.7 MPa compressive showed no appre-
ciable enhancement of compressive strength when 1% PET is used
and a reduction of 7.5–8.4% related to using 1.5% PET fiber was
observed. Compressive strength loss was also observed by Kim
et al. [11] on using PET fiber of 50 mm length in concrete, being
increased with increasing fiber volume up to 1%. The strength loss Fig. 10. Compressive stress-strain relationship.
 A.A. Mohammed, A. A. F. Rahim / Construction and Building Materials 244 (2020) 118350
loss is considerably smaller than that of compressive strength loss.
The minimum strength loss is for the concrete mix containing
0.75% hybrid PET fiber which is 9.1%. The performance of long fiber
in direct tension was found not good because there is a maximum
tensile strength loss of 13.6%. The reason of the tensile strength
loss is similar to that given for the case of compressive
strength, and the lower strength loss as compared with that of
compression is due to the efficiency of PET fiber to crack control
under tension.
4.1.4. Splitting tensile strength
Results of splitting tensile strength of concrete mixes are given
in Table 4. Fig. 9 shows percentage of the tensile strength of con-
crete with PET fiber to that of control concrete. Percentage of ten-
sile strength varies between 83.03% and 96.33%, and accordingly
the tensile strength loss is lower than that of compressive strength,
indicating a usefulness effect of PET fiber on the tensile strength.
The minimum strength loss is for the concrete mix containing
0.75% hybrid PET fiber which is only 3.67%. Therefore, the addition
of hybrid PET fiber consist of 20 mm and 40 mm sizes to concrete
has a better performance compared with that of concrete with the
single sized plastic fiber for both direct and splitting tensile
strengths. Results indicate that increasing fiber volume to 1% will
lead to further tensile strength loss, accordingly, it is recom-
mended to use 0.75% PET fiber as an optimum dosage. Tests on
normal concrete [24] showed maximum splitting tensile enhance-
ments of 15.47% and 24.91% related to using 1% PET fiber of aspect
ratio equal to 35 and 50, respectively. Other tests [25] showed a
maximum tensile strength enhancement of 12.5% related to using
1% PET fiber volume. One can observe a different action of PET fiber
in normal strength and high strength concretes on the splitting
tensile strength, and there is a chance for this kind of plastic fiber
to enhance the tensile behavior of concrete of low strength
performance.
4.1.5. Tensile stress-strain relationship
Fig. 11 shows direct tensile stress- strain relationship of con-
crete with or without PET fiber, obtained from testing specimens
under uniaxial tension. Fig. 12 shows direct tension specimens
after testing. Based on the results, there is a chance for long fiber
to control final collapse via macro cracks bridging not been made
by the short fibers. In fact, specimens with short plastic fibers were
failed by the fiber pull-out mode of failure, but this behavior was
Fig. 11. Direct tensile stress-strain relationship.
7
not accompanied with the tensile strength enhancement nor post
cracking improvement. As one can observe from Fig. 11 there is a
poor post cracking behavior and weak strain softening. This may
be due to the fact that bond characteristics between hardened
cement paste and PET fiber is quite different from that between
hardened cement paste and other stiff fibers such as steel fiber.
Fig. 11 also shows that stain corresponding to peak tensile stress
is increased when PET fiber is added to high strength concrete.
Accordingly, PET fiber has the ability to crack control when con-
crete is subjected to direct tension.
Fig. 13 shows splitting tensile stress- strain relationship,
obtained from testing disc specimens cut from the standard cylin-
der. Fig. 14 shows one disc specimen after testing. There are some
important observations to be drawn here. The slope of the ascend-
ing portion of the relationship is moderately changed with the
plastic fiber inclusion. Also, strain corresponding to peak tensile
stress is well reduced because of the existence of PET fiber. This
behavior is different from that observed for the case of concrete
subjected to direct tension. This may be due to the fact that this
specimen was prepared from cutting the true cylinder using a dia-
mond saw. Sawing process was damaged the specimen, producing
weak zones on the surface of the disc, and as consequence the bond
between PET fiber and hardened concrete was damaged. As a
result, the performance of concrete was reduced and may not rep-
resent the true behavior of concrete under tension. Results indicate
that there is no active post cracking stress related to the existence
of PET fiber in concrete, in which most of the disc specimens were
failed accompanied with a sudden drop of the stress. Accordingly,
there is a poor strain softening behavior of the composite concrete
and there is no chance to increase ductility in tension as a result of
the plastic fiber addition. Totally, the behavior of the PET waste
fiber embedded in high strength concrete is different from that
of the other fibers such as steel fiber, with regard the post cracking
behavior, ductility and toughness. This may be attributed to the
weak adhesion and mechanical bonds between the plastic surface
and hardened concrete, the nature of the plastic fiber of low elastic
modulus and a relatively small length to cross section diameter of
the fiber.
4.1.6. Mode of failure
Experimental observation indicated that during loading of plain
high strength concrete in compression, the specimen was able to
carry the applied stress without any visible cracks till a load close
to the maximum load capacity. Later, some narrow vertical cracks
8 A.A. Mohammed, A. A. F. Rahim / Construction and Building Materials 244 (2020) 118350
Fig. 12. View of tested direct tension specimens.
Fig. 13. Tensile stress-strain relationship of disc specimens.
Fig. 14. View of one disc specimen after testing.
were observed along the specimen. Then, suddenly the specimen
was broken to many small pieces separated from the main one in
an explosive mode (see Fig. 15-a) accompanied with a loud sound.
This mode of failure is known as conical type of rupture [22]. Fail-
ure of concrete specimens containing PET fiber was nearly the
same but was different from that of plain concrete without plastic
fiber. In this case, the specimen at failure was subjected to a severe
cracking damage (see Fig. 15-b,c) and crushing concrete was
accompanied with a loud sound identical to that of plain concrete.
The main difference between this specimen and that without PET
fiber is that the specimen has not been failed in an explosive man-
ner. This occurred because of the existence of PET fiber able to
bridge the crack and prevent the sudden rupture of concrete and
explosion into pieces. This mode of failure was also observed for
normal concrete reinforced with PET fiber by some investigators
such as Koo et al. [18], Aziz and Moqbel kuhair [25], Nibudey
et al. [24] and Orasutthikul et al. [28]. Behavior of concrete in both
direct tension and splitting tension at failure was similar to that in
compression, in which the specimen was failed accompanied with
a loud sound. Direct tension specimens near failure were separated
in to two pieces (see Fig. 12), but for splitting tension there was a
small cracking concentration and nearly was absent in some spec-
imens (see Fig. 15-e). Results showed that those specimens rein-
forced with a short PET fiber were subjected to lower cracking
extension at failure. Totally, the existence of PET fiber in high
strength concrete has an influence to avoid a sudden collapse
and prevent the concrete mass from total disruption.
4.2. Properties of tested beams
4.2.1. Cracking load and the corresponding deflection
Results of load produces first crack at the extreme fiber in ten-
sion at the center of the beam are given in Table 5. Fig. 16 shows
the cracking load percentage (beam with PET fiber/ control beam)
of tested beams. Cracking load enhancement varies from 10.09% to
57.21%, and the maximum load enhancement is for the B-0.75-H
beam. Accordingly, using 0.75% hybrid PET fiber is the best choice
for enhancing cracking performance of high strength concrete
beams. The alternative choice is the use of short fibers of 20 mm
length in which the cracking load can be increased by the ratio
from 41.54% to 43.16%. In contrast, the performance of long PET
fiber (40 mm length) was found to be not good with regard the
cracking load. This observation was also made by Kim et al. [11],
in which they found that there is no cracking load improvement
of normal concrete beam reinforced with 50 mm PET fiber.
Fig. 17 shows load-central deflection relationship of tested beams.
Having the values of cracking load, deflection corresponding to
 A.A. Mohammed, A. A. F. Rahim / Construction and Building Materials 244 (2020) 118350 9

(a) BC (b) B-0.75-S (c) B-0.75-H

(d) BC (e) B-0.75-S

(f) B-0.75-H
Fig. 15. View of failed specimens.

Fig. 16. Percentage of load and deflection of beams.

such load can be measured from this figure. Percentages of deflec- addition to concrete used for fabricating the beam, ranging from
tion corresponding to cracking load are given in Fig. 16. One can 32% to 169.3% and the maximum reduction in deflection was found
observe an appreciable increase of deflection as a result of PET fiber to be for beam B-0.75-H. The obtained test data are in contrast to
10 A.A. Mohammed, A. A. F. Rahim / Construction and Building Materials 244 (2020) 118350
Fig. 17. Load-deflection relationship of tested teams.
those observed by Kim et al. [11] for the case of normal concrete
reinforced with a relatively long PET fiber. Such as for cracking
load, using 0.75% hybrid PET fiber is the best choice for increasing
deflection at cracking of high strength concrete beams. The alter-
native choice is the use of short fibers of 20 mm length in which
the deflection at cracking is increased by the ratio from 100% to
132%.
4.2.2. Yield load
Fig. 18 shows variation of strain in flexural steel rebar with the
load increment, from which the load corresponding to the yield of
steel reinforcement was measured and the results are given in
Table 5. Fig. 16 shows the percentage of yield load from which
the influence of PET fiber addition on the yield load can be known.
There is a reduction in the yield load accompanied with the use of
PET waste fiber in concrete, ranging from 4.09% to 32.52%. Mini-
mum loss of yield load is for the beam reinforced with 0.75% hybrid
PET fiber (beam B-0.75), and the maximum one is for the beam
contained 1% PET fiber of 40 mm length. This observation confirms
the fact that using of 0.75% hybrid PET fiber is the best choice to be
added to high strength concrete mix for fabricating reinforced con-
crete beams.
4.2.3. Ultimate load capacity
Results of the ultimate load capacity of tested beams are given
in Table 5, and the percentages of ultimate load are given in Fig. 16.
Reduction of ultimate load can be observed when PET fiber is
added to concrete, except for beam B-0.75-H in which there is a
Fig. 18. Variation of strain in steel rebar with load increment.
load enhancement of 1.71%. The loss takes place varied between
4.58% and 23.34%. Maximum loss is for that beam reinforced with
0.75% short fiber (beam B-0.75-S). For that beam reinforced with
1% hybrid fiber the loss is smaller than 5%. Totally, there is a good
chance to use hybrid PET waste fiber for fabricating high strength
concrete beams without scarifying the ultimate load capacity.
4.2.4. Ductility
Deflection ductility of beams is considered here, which is
defined as the ratio of the deflection at failure to the deflection
at the load producing yield of the steel rebar given by
Du
l¼ ð1Þ
Dy
From the results obtained in this study, there is a chance to cal-
culate the deflection ductility of tested beams. First, the deflection
at yield for each beam is measured from Fig. 17, and then maxi-
mum deflection of the beam is divided by the deflection corre-
sponding to yielding of steel rebar to obtain the ductility.
Deflection ductility was found to be 4.63, 3.67, 7.6, 7.5, 8.01 and
11.01 for beams BC, B-0.75-S, B-0.75-H, B-0.75-L, B-1-S and B-1-H,
respectively. In general, there is an enhancement of ductility as a
result of PET fiber addition to concrete. As mentioned earlier from
the discussion of Figs. 11 and 13, there is no appreciable influence
of PET fiber addition to enhance strain softening of concrete. There-
fore, the enhanced ductility of the beam may be due to the nature
of failure mode of concrete containing PET waste fiber. After crack-
ing of concrete under stress, the existed PET fiber acts as a bridge
across the cracked concrete, thereby increasing the mouth of crack.
This usually followed by a relatively high elongation of the plastic
fiber and the beam fails later as a result of concrete crushing at the
top center of the beam. In general, there is a good action of PET
fiber added to high strength concrete to enhance the ductility of
reinforced concrete beams made of such concrete.
4.2.5. Mode of failure
Fig. 19 shows all beams after testing, in which cracking pattern
can be well observed. As stated before, the same reinforcement
was provided for all beams and the control beam was designed
to fail in flexure. As expected, the control beam was failed in flex-
ure, in which there are several distributed flexural cracks in the
tension zone located at center of the beam. One can find that crack-
ing pattern, in number, length and distribution is nearly the same
for all tested beams. Accordingly, the existence of PET fiber will not
affect mode of failure of control beam designed for flexure.
5. Analysis
There is a chance to analyze high strength concrete section with
PET fiber subjected to flexure, for the prediction of ultimate
moment capacity, and thereby ultimate load capacity of beams.
This is because of the fact that the important properties of concrete
with PET fiber is not differ widely from those of normal high
strength concrete beams. Myers [29] studied the applicability of
the current codes of practice for designing high strength concrete
members. He reported that flexural strength of beams is largely
controlled by the internal tensile force in the rebar (i.e. T = Asfy).
Therefore, the moment capacity of the section is not very sensitive
to the compressive strength of concrete, fc’. In fact, the shape of the
idealized compressive stress block only affects the location of the
resultant compressive force. Myers [29] also reported that the cur-
rent ACI 318 code [30] equivalent rectangular stress block accu-
rately predicts the flexural moment capacity of the section.
Fig. 20 shows actual and equivalent stress distribution acting on
 A.A. Mohammed, A. A. F. Rahim / Construction and Building Materials 244 (2020) 118350 11

Fig. 19. View of failed beams.

Fig. 20. Stress distribution across high strength concrete section.

the high strength concrete section [29,31]. Parameters given in the Equilibrium of forces acting on the cross section will lead to the
figure is described as follows. following relationships for the depth of compression zone and
k1 = ratio of average to maximum compressive stress acting on moment capacity.
section, k2 = ratio of depth to compressive resultant to neutral axis
As f y
depth, and k3 = ratio of maximum stress in beam to maximum b1c ¼ 0 ð2Þ
stress in corresponding axially loaded cylinder. ba1 f c
12 A.A. Mohammed, A. A. F. Rahim / Construction and Building Materials 244 (2020) 118350
Table 6
Results of flexural analysis of beams.
Beam fc0 (MPa) es c (mm)
BC 94.36 0.0145 14.82
B-0.75-S 84.75 0.010 16.50
B-0.75-H 77.38 0.015 18.07
B-0.75-L 66.19 0.019 21.13
B-1-S 68.42 0.0143 20.44
B-1-H 68.70 0.007 20.36
Mean
 
b c
Mn ¼ Asfy d  1
2 which the following conclusions can be drawn.
In which b1c is the equivalent depth of compressive stress block,
As is the total area of steel rebar, fy is the yield of steel, b is the beam
width, fc’ is the cylinder compressive strength and Mn is the nominal
moment capacity. Since the compressive strength of all concrete
mixes is larger than 55 MPa, the parameter b1 is equal to 0.65
according to ACI 318 code [30] and a1 is taken as 0.85. The calcu-
lated moment capacity of the tested beams (in kN.mm) must be
divided by 200 to obtain the load capacity in kN. The results of cal-
culated moment capacity, calculated load capacity and the ratio of
test/calculated load capacity of beams are given in Table 6. From the
obtained results some observations can be made. As an average, the
prediction of load capacity is accurate, since the mean value is close
to unity and coefficient of variation is low (only 9.8%). Standard
deviation of the predicted ultimate load is equal to 0.35 kN while
that of test ultimate load is 5.66 kN. The difference between the
two values is high, because as stated before the prediction is largely
controlled by the internal tensile force in the steel reinforcement.
An alternative analysis can be made for the complete load-
deflection relationship using finite element method or others based
on the equilibrium of forces acting on section and compatibility of
strains. In these methods, a nonlinear response of constitutive
materials of steel and high strength concrete with PET fiber, in ten-
sion and compression, is rigorously included. In this way, the prop-
erties of concrete with PET fiber are fairly included to the analysis
and a better prediction can be obtained. This method is essentially
depends on modelling the compressive stress-strain and tensile
stress-strain relationships of high strength concrete with PET fiber.
This could not be made here, because constructing an accurate
model for the stress-strain relationships needs a distinguished
work to obtain a relatively large amount of test data. There is a need
to evaluate accurately the ascending portion of the relationship,
cracking stress, compressive strength or tensile strength and the
corresponding strains, in addition to the maximum strain at col-
lapse. Evaluation of the descending portion of the stress-strain rela-
tionship to consider the effect of strain softening accurately
remains important, in order to construct an accurate model for
the complete moment-curvature relationship of the section, and
thereby load-deflection relationship of a structural reinforced con-
crete member. This approach for analysis has been followed for
analyzing concrete sections reinforced with steel fiber by Chalioris
[32]. Bending moment- curvature relationship was derived for the
cross section, taking into consideration the complete non-linear
constitutive stress-strain relationships for the steel fiber concrete
under compression and tension. The compressive stress-strain rela-
tionship for steel fiber concrete was modelled utilizing a relatively
large test data. Later, the predictions were compared with the
experimental data of 42 beams, and a good agreement with regard
the flexural capacity and ductility was observed.
6. Conclusions
Materials properties of high strength concrete with PET waste
fiber and structural behavior of reinforced concrete beams made
ecu Mu (kN.mm) Pth (kN) Pu/Pth
0.00187 11607 58.03 1.077
0.00145 11556 57.78 0.829
0.00242 11509 57.54 1.104
0.00369 11417 57.08 0.909
0.00267 11438 57.19 1.042
0.00130 11,440 57.20 1.034
0.999
of such concrete have been investigated experimentally, from
ð3Þ
1. Compressive strength loss was observed for high strength con-
crete with the addition of PET fiber. Different percentages of
strength reduction were found depending on the fiber volume
and properties. Maximum compressive strength loss of about
30% was observed on using long PET fiber, in contrast, using
short fiber in concrete lead to a relatively small strength loss.
The strength loss can be attributed to flaws between the PET
fiber surface and concrete being the source of cracks extension
and rupture of concrete.
2. There is a direct tensile strength loss as a result of PET fiber
addition to concrete, but lower strength loss was observed as
compared with compressive strength loss. Strain at maximum
tensile strength was found to increase, but there is an almost
weak post cracking behavior and very poor strain softening.
3. Existence of PET fiber in high strength concrete, in general, has a
beneficial effect to control the pre-cracking deformation of con-
crete subjected to tension, accompanied with no appreciable
strength enhancement.
4. There is an improvement in cracking load of high strength con-
crete beams when PET fiber is added to concrete, mainly arises
to the ability of crack control in the elastic range. Ultimate load
capacity of the beam was found to reduce moderately. This can
be attributed to the degradation take place in compressive
strength. Existence of PET fiber has no influence to change mode
of failure of a beam designed for flexure.
5. Since the moment capacity of concrete beams is mainly con-
trolled by the flexural reinforcement provided in tension zone,
there is a good chance to manufacture high strength concrete
beams made of concrete with PET waste fiber. For this purpose
it is recommended to use short PET fiber or a mixture of short
and long fibers with an optimum dosage of 0.75% by volume.
6. There is a chance to calculated moment capacity of high
strength concrete beam with PET waste fiber accurately using
the design recommendation given by ACI 318 code.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Main part of the work was done by the first author. The role of
the second author is the collaboration during the experimental
works.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
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