IMRAD stands for introduction, methods, results and discussion.

According to Wernher Von Braun

“ Research is what I'm doing when I don't know what I'm doing”

Now what is IMRAD style?

 IMRAD style is an internationally organized scientific writing format. According to Gonzalez in
2005
 Scientific journals around 1940s began the era by then it became the most influential format
for research papers among the leading scientific journals ( Sollaci and Periera 2004).

IMRAD was considered to be adopted this new normal for the following reasons:
I. First, it composes all the essential parts of a research paper but it is trendier , parsimonious and
less verbose compared to the classical thesis style.
II. Second, it is short and concise research style which could say mentoring and consultation time
for both the student researchers and teachers teaching research.
III. Third is it is recognized by local and international research for sufficient education and
conference.

Basically the IMRAD format or the image style reporting is usually associated with STEM or sciences. But
generally the challenges of the current setup it is recommended that we will be using the IMRAD style of
reporting because it is a very brief style of reporting your research. It is going to be very brief, concise,
and you only have to report what is basic on your study.

Introduction
 Introduction in any form of writing, whether it's research or a feature article, an essay, a letter
or even when you introduce yourself to somebody. An Introduction gives us an overview of
what's going to come.
 The introduction gives us the research questions what the research work attempted to answer.
 So this is where you'll be writing your SOP it's so give us the idea an overview of your study and
then precisely what the research questions your study into answer present, the scientific
specific questions rather.
 And this is where you can also cite your hypothesis.
What is the study about and what are the questions that you try to answer in your study.
You may also explain here what the significance is so, what is what the importance of your study is.

Methods
This is the part where you will tell your readers how you are able to obtain the data to be able to answer
those research questions. So of course, we know that in this challenging time, it is it is not safe for us to
be going around and handling our questionnaires to our respondents. So we opted or many of you opted
to use online platforms to be able to get this data.
Indicate that one in your methods part value your readers that you've gathered your data through this
means and also, how were you able to select your participants? How did you know that they will be
your participants? What were your qualifications after that?
You tell your readers how many participants did you choose and what is or what is that based on?
Did you just decide in a particular number, a part of random number just for the heck of it, or you
decided that 30 to 50 participants would be enough to be able to arrive at a good conclusion.
 Talk about what would you do to the data that you gather since the backwards part talks about your
sources of information?
It is very important to know that your primary source of information are the ones that you interviewed,
or you got answers from those are your primary sources.
How about your secondary sources of information? Now these include the books that you've read
journals on light sources that you may cite there in this part of your study.
So you can go there, you can now cite them of course cited resources is going to be another discussion
and I suppose that you have already mastered the skill even in your previous research classes.

Results
 Real mid of your reporting is the part where the readers would look forward to what you would
found out of course, in your study.
 I as a reader would expect what are the questions what are the answers to those questions? So
practically, you will present in here the results as an answer to those questions.
 discipline is validation, status and the chatter.
 Tabular presentation of data

Discussion
You actually have different options in presenting those and discussion. It works that you will get
resolved frequently from the discussion.
Writers may also put a resource and discussion together, or results, discussion and conclusion together.
So whatever was for your reporting that do that.
Basically, the discussion or the last part of your reporting should answer or wraps up the answer to your
research questions.
The reader would also expect to find the answer to your hypothesis, which is also presented in the
introduction part.

Is abstract and introduction the same fate? The answer is no.

The abstract, is actually a shorter version of the whole report. So as a reader if I don't have the time to
read everything in your report, I will simply look at your abstract so since the Abstract is like a bird's eye
view of the whole research process.
I will expect to find the questions that you try to answer. What did you find out and what are the
implications of this study? You can also cite in your abstract, how did you find how did you gather the
data?
So this is where you can quickly talk about what sorts statistical treatment that you did to your data.
Abstract this will take me patience is just one page. Or less than a page is just a quick view of the whole
study.

Do I really need to be really a good writer to be able to make a research report then?
I don't think so. Because of course, it pays a lot to be a good writer, because you don't have to sweat
over it. You don't have to struggle finding words to express yourselves. But since research reporting is
technical writing, this does not require creative writing. You don't have to imagine, you don't have to
look for flowery words to be able to express yourself, since technical writing is saying it as it is. So that it
also rule in that you need to remember since this is a technical writing, to use the third person in
reporting, so you don't have to say I, for example, I did this I did that.
It's recommend that that you're you are going to use the third person point of view. The researcher did
this and did that. Another thing to remember that since this is already a report of your study, use the
past tense. Be conscious in using the past tense in making your report because of because of course you
only make a report. After that you've done your research process. Next is do away with informal,
informal terms. As I said it is or this is a technical writing. So do away with slang words do away with
figurative languages. Because technical writing is literal writing or you really

The Triple III

 is the culmination of the quantitative and qualitative research.
 It means that this would be the finale of all the research subject in your high school curriculum.
 At the same time, this subject will be a form of innovation where you need to improve or create
a particular system, process or product at the same time.
 For this subject, you need to create a prototype and of course,
 This will be the application of what you have learned from the research subject and to the
curriculum that you have taken specifically in your strand.

What is innovation?
 Innovation is the process of transforming, modifying or changing of the following.
 It can be a process of transforming or modifying of changes, you have studied from the different
subjects that you have taken in your particular strand. Also, it can be an improvement system or
transforming a system and this will act as a production of output or product.
 This will also an innovation or transforming of new ideas.
 Will be regarding with the programs that might have a good impact to your community.

Prototype based research is an approach to was to have an innovative outcome based on the problem.
Remember also that the triple iii is also a prototype based research.
 It means that it is an application or approach utilizes to have an innovative outcome based on
the problem that you are studying.
 In addition, it is also an approach where in the learners should create an innovative output
based on the input that they have gathered from the review of their related literature.

What is a prototype?
It is an early sample model or release of a product as an improvement of the process. We can also say
that a prototype is the simply a plan of what you have wanted to implement or to improve in a
particular system, process or programs.

So what are the differences between the three research subjects?

Practical research 1 encompasses the study of qualitative research. It intends to create hypothesis or
interpret that interprets phenomena.
Practically research 2 will be regarding on the quantitative research. It intends to generalize or validates
through and hypothesis.
Triple I will be a prototype based research. This will have the creation of the new products that can
become beneficial to this society.

What is the framework of inquiries investigations and immersion?

Framework- what is now the guidelines or the baseline of this particular subject
The main approach of this subject is what we call the design thinking model where in encourages to
create products relevant to the society.
 Five major steps
1. EMPHASIZE means that we need to connect the people what are the experience of these
people regarding with the problem.
Also, you can put yourself on the shoes of others to relate what kind of problem they are experiencing.
So on that manner; you can have a good research problem.
2. Defined in defining what you need to collect and combine all the information being gathered
regarding on the problem that you have collected and of course.
3. Ideate to ideate means to think for all the solution possible for the particular problem.
4. Prototyping, which is now the creation of the product after knowing what is the problem and
what are the information regarding on that problem. It is now time to create the product or
solution or program related to the problem.
5. Testing. For the testing you need to measure and of course to access the efficacy of this product
or the affectivity of that product. So in that manner. The triple I will be concluded.

Research Agenda
 A research agenda is a collection of topics that will be our guide engraved and specific topic for
your research.
 Research agenda will act as your guidelines or your standard in finding topics or problems on
your particular strand.

STEM
Basic innovation means this is the easiest topic for the people.
Hard innovations, these are the innovations that need extreme time, resources and money to suffice
the conduct of this particular research.
BASIC INNOVATION HARD INNOVATION
Improvised Projects for: Basic cellular research for anti-cancer
Agriculture Chemo-analysis
Person with Disability Biosynthesis
Household Environmental Remediation
Business Technology Nanotechnology for agriculture
Personal safety and security Mathematical Postulations
Climate Change Mitigation
Quality of socialization
Learning materials for stem students
Disaster and Risk Management
Environmental Sustainability

ABM
BASIC INNOVATION HARD INNOVATION
New System and improvement of processes: New profitable product (in cooperation with
Financial Management STEM)
Marketing Start-up projects (in cooperation with HUMSS)
Human Resource Management
CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility)
Work accessibility

HUMSS
BASIC INNOVATION HARD INNOVATION
New System and improvement of processes: Social Social Experimentations (in cooperation with
Services STEM/HUMSS)
Communication
Learning Process
Philosophical theories
Sociological theories

What is in IMRAD or article format?

Even right or the article format is the shorthand version of a complete research paper.
It compasses only the following parts:
Abstract
Introduction
Methodology
Results
Discussions
Recommendations

All the components stated at the same time IMRAD is also known as article format because this is what
you see to the different article choices on the internet or on the Google Scholar. We have the Google
Scholar plus one size of the wreck. These are the different resources that you can get different articles or
research articles. Those are essential for our research paper.

How to write the statement of the problem?

Statement of the problem is the heart of the research paper because it composed of the
important details regarding of your paper search as to the problem and the research question at
the same time.
It is also the portion of the paper that describes and specified the central questions and of
course, their research questions.
The primary part or component of the research question, but what you need to do with this
research question? Remember the following concepts:
1. Regarding the variable.
What are IV and DV? Where it is very important that on your research question it indicates what is the
independent variable and the dependent variable.
2. SMART (specific, measurable, attainable, relevant and time bound.)
Make sure that your research questions follow the following criteria
3. Central idea
The central idea of the particular problem this will be our will be the main point of your investigation.
The central idea can be also called as the central question of the research paper.

Hypothesis
 It is the statement indicating your assumptions or suitability is tentative results.
 Remember that not all research paper has a hypothesis. So those research paper that doesn't
have hypothesis is also known as the descriptive research well, for with hypothesis, these are
the research paper under the correlation cause and effect relationship, quasi experimental
and experimental.
 So therefore, when you are writing your research paper, you should know what type of research
paper that you are doing. So you know when and how to write your hypothesis.
Review of the related literature
 RRL is the collection of data information and previous that is relevant to your topic.
 This will also act as a framework of your study, it means this will be the back bone of your
problem. Without this, your research paper will be shallow.
 This will also act as the basis of your paper that will deepen understanding regarding with a
problem.

In creating RRL
1. You need to have a good collection of review or related literature on how to find this you should
also know what are the legitimate sites that we can get our resources, such as a legit review of
related literature.
2. Use the RRL matrix for this particular step.
3. RRL matrix is this is a table of collected of RRL which can be beneficial for the creation of the RRL
in the research paper. Take note that before creating the RRL matrix, you should first create it
concept map of all related concepts of your paper. So how this is the following step in grade
your concepts map.
I. First is you are going to identify the central topic,
II. Second, enumerate all the sub topic or a specific topic related to the central topic. This
will be your point of reference. (the scope and limitation of your research but
remember, this is not the scope and the limitation which is part of the research paper
you are scoping. You are identifying what are the topics under your particular proble)
III. Third step is to make sure that each sub topics supported by different sources or RRL.

NOTE:
Don’t forget that you don't need to identify your independent variable and the dependent variable if
you are performing a descriptive research.

The content of the URL matrix

Title of the article that you have collected
Publication date- Then we have the author, the publisher or the URL summary of the article, the
relationship to the topic and type of that particular RRL.

Remember that to collect at least 20 articles which is distributed from the difference of topics.
Follow the guide question provide that to you
Use your own words in creating the summary and relationship to the study.
identify the type of services of the particular RRL or article.

These steps in creating your RL matrix are the following:

Identify the general topic
Enumerate the sub topic or specific topic related to the central topic. So this will be your point of
reference, the scope and limitation of your research make sure that each subtopic are well supported by
the different sources.
 The guide questions for the relationship to the topic are as follows:
Why is the article related to your study? So you need to explain or justify what is the relation of this
article to your research problem and how this research article will help you solve the research problem.
What will be the impact of this article to your study?
What do you think will be the benefit of that research article to your research problem?
What are the loopholes of the articles that you have read? So, when we say loopholes, this means that
gap or the discrepancy to the research results on the particular reading. Now you can use loopholes to
identify what are the possible gap or possible solutions to be given or to have an intervention on that
research problem.

WEEK 3
Lesson 1: Brainstorming for Research Topics

What is research?
 Research is defined by Merriam Webster, as a careful or diligent, studious inquiry or
examination or an act of collecting information about a particular subject.
 Creswell in 2008, also defined research as I quote, “a process of steps used to collect or analyze
information to increase our understanding of the topic or issue”.
What is brainstorming?
 Brainstorming is a group problem solving technique where inputs and contributions of all
members of the group are being consolidated to come up with a decision. Don't be
overwhelmed by brainstorming as a difficult task because it is not. It might be just like how you
decide on what to cook for dinner.
We brainstorm even in simple things in life by:
1. asking questions
2. inquiring
3. seeking answers in day-to-day situations

 We brainstorm for research agenda. It will allow you to identify your research priorities, which
may eventually lead to successful research. It outlines a clear plan from the beginning of a
research study

A few things to remember before brainstorming your research agenda:

1. Don't be scared. You just need to start from your natural curiosity. Reading the background and
having conversations with fellow students and teachers can help you to clarify your ideas and
define your research questions. Holland in 2017 shared that a student's inquiry requires
generating your own driving questions, seeking out answers and exploring complex problems,
with that research becomes a component of inquiry which allows you to undergo the process of
finding the answers.
2. Focus on the topics. Now focus on the topics that are important to you. It made me easier to
work on something that really interests you or something that you really care about. In case that
you will be working with others. Make sure to work with them hand in hand. Since the subject of
an inquiry should be relevant or meaningful to you, innovative or it can be of hell and use to
 others and the community and novel or new and timely consider the power of an essential
question. It may not require a single answer, but it may spark more questions.
 If you are ABM students ask questions on accounting business or management areas. For
instance, the question is how might improve sales of kabayan bakery through marketing
strategies? Is it relevant? Yes, micro business might face challenges because of the pandemic. Is
it innovative? It might be depending on the framing of the research output. Is it new? Yes, you
might find out some novel marketing strategies. As you conduct research. Remember that you
can start right by asking essential questions related to your strand.
3. Embrace flexibility. You should get the research agenda flexible by seeking alternatives and
exploring opportunities. An agenda which remains up to date regarding trends and future
directions will improve the longevity of the outcome.
4. Refine your focus. if you think you already have prepared an agenda, now it's time for you to
rethink, reevaluate, and refine. This way you may have specific topic to focus on. Let's have a
short activity.

Lesson 2: Identifying the Problem and Asking Questions

 “It is necessary to choose a topic that interests and motivate the researcher it should be
attainable with the available resources and within the given time frame. Also, the research topic
should be well defined, according to Layder in 2013.

Background of this study

 The background of the study includes a brief rationale to justify the existence of a problem. It is
an overview of the research topic and explains the researchers’ reason for conducting the study.
 In addition, the background of the study should contain a discussion or explanation of all or any
of the following:
 It presents clearly what the problem is all about and directly indicates what problem will be
covered by the study.
 It indicates a discussion of the problem from general to specific
 the researcher’s objective in conducting the study is stated.
 It describes how the researcher is motivated to make an inquiry on the problem.
 The desire of the researcher to have a deeper understanding of the present study is also
indicated.
 it includes a discussion of the existing or present condition of the study. It also discusses the
aim of the future researcher or the gap or the future research gap to be filled in by the
researcher.
Conceptual Framework

 Conceptual framework illustrates what the researcher expects to find out in his or her study. It
defines the important variables in the study and shows how they relate to each other.
 The conceptual framework is presented using a paradigm. The paradigm of the study is a
structural pattern or model which illustrates the input, process and output of the research work.
 Input- consists of the items statements that are derived from the research questions
 Process- refers to the statistical tools use in the study
 Output- presents the goals or the expected results to be achieved in the study

Statement of the problem

  The statement of the problem consists of the general specific questions to be answered by the
researcher. The answers to the question may be gathered through the instrument which
includes interviews, questionnaires, pretests and posttests, or other data gathering methods. It
must be arranged in order of the researcher’s research design.
 The statement of the problem consists of questions that may determine the significant
relationships and differences of the variables.

Research hypothesis

 Hypothesis is known as an educated guess. It is a tentative explanation for a certain event,

behavior or phenomenon. Now there are two types of hypotheses, the null and alternative.
 The null hypothesis derives or denies the existence of a relationship or a difference between
variables
 The alternative hypothesis is also stated in positive form, such hypothesis affirms the existence
of a relationship or difference among variables.

Scope and limitation

 The scope and limitation of the study present the coverage or boundaries of the research study.
In terms of subjects, objects, issues, area, facilities, timeframe and the limitations or constraints
of the study.

Significance of this study

 Remember the following questions:
 Who will benefit from the results of this study?
 What particular benefits could be derived from this study?
Definition of terms

1. conceptual definitions
 When we say conceptual definitions, this are based on literal definitions which are taken
from dictionaries, Wikipedia, encyclopedia, desirous or Glossary of textbooks.
2. operational definitions
 operational definitions are based on textual meanings. In other words, the definition is
derived from the way they are being used in the study.

Lesson 3: Reading on Related Literature

What his review of related literature really means.? And what is its purpose in our research?
 RRL is a written summary of shorter articles, books and other documents that describe the past
and current state of information on the topic of your research study. But with so much
information available on the internet nowadays, searching and locating a good literature on
your topic is very challenging.
Why do we need real literature review?

1. to establish the importance of the topic.

2. to provide background information needed to understand the study. In order to show that you
have a good understanding of a research problem that you are dealing with, you need to write a
literature review.
 3. to show readers you are familiar with significant and are up to date research relevant to the
topic. Because a good literature review will give your readers the impression that you as the
researcher is knowledgeable to your subject matter
4. to establish your study as one link in a chain of research that is developing knowledge in your
field. That is why your literature review must point out what has already been studied or known
about the problem and what has that been addressed about the problem or the so-called
research gap. Based on existing literature's and you must be able to establish, how would that
your knowledge of your research helps feel in this research gap in your review of related
literature.

Lesson 4: Data Collection Procedures

Data collection

 Data collection it is a systematic process of gathering and measuring information and variables
of interest that enables one to another stated research questions, test hypothesis and evaluate
outcomes.
 While data collection methods vary by discipline, the emphasis on ensuring accurate and honest
collection remains the same in all disciplines. Since the goal in collecting data is to capture
quality evidence and for us to obtain convent convincing and engravable answers to questions
being posed in our research.

Planning the data collection procedure

Before

1. develop your data collection instruments and materials

2. seek permission for the authorities
3. Select and screen the population using appropriate sampling technique
4. obtain informed consent from the participants
5. pilot test the instruments

During

1. provide instructions to the participants

2. administer the instrument and implement the intervention or treatment, if applicable.
3. As much as possible utilize triangulation or cross validate the gather data

After
1. Immediately encode or transcribe and archive your data
2. safeguard the confidentiality of your data
3. later examine and analyze your data using the appropriate statistical tool.

 In addition, in data collection procedures for quantitative study always remember that
the quantitative data collection methods rely on random sampling and structured data
collection instruments that feed diverse experiences into predetermined response
categories.
 For the data collection procedures for a qualitative study, take note that qualitative data
collection methods are exploratory in nature and are mainly concerned with gaining
insights and understanding on underlying reasons and motivations.