Chapter

I Anrr rQufi[l0lls

INTRODUCTION

There are abolr 117 differenr kinds of clements which .onstituic all the matter 01 the ea.th. lvlost oI m.liier around us is
made up of moLc.ules {,hich are formcd by comblnation ofelements { ith ca.h oiher or bI elem.Dts eith mole.ules. Now
this combinaiion of elements wilhea.h otherand s,ith mole.ules are gcncrallv known as cheni.al cha.gcs or lechnrcally
se cm say ir chemj.al rea.rion. These chemical changes al$ takes place by comblnaiion of t{,o lnole.lles.l hese.h€n]i.iI
reactions are !.ry common in our routine lif€ like formaiionof rust on surface of iron PiaNd in humid air, bumine ot fossil
fu.ls for various purpos., spoiling of food or lruits Pla.ed in opcn .nvironaent from long hme, fo.mation of bubbles
$hen timestone is dissolved in {.atei etc. These.hemi.al reactions are very Es€niial for us as larSe.umber of.onFllcated
.hemical reaciions are employcd in chemi.al industries for the manufacture of wide varietv of Prcducts like drugs,
pesticides, fertilizeE, varietv ofindustrial nnd lab.henli.als, so.ps and deterilent! et.. Thesc chemi.al rea.tions .lso Plals
imporrant rolc in human body proccsscs like digestion of food, horhonal chanBcs et.. PhotosYnthesis is an essential
ch.mical rea.tion by whi.h plants Prepare iheir food j. Presen.e of su light.

Chemi.al rea.tions ,re of various irp.s. Some rea.tions mav start in cold Gt nonnal condiiions) like sodium reacis
s,ith waier atroom tcmperaturc s hile othei nrav rcquirc some sott of enerfl (saY heat, ele.tri.irv liShi etc )Ioieaample
iron rea.ts with steam, hydrocarbons r.a.ts rvilh .hk)iin€ in prcs.nceofsu o. uv light to form chlornuted hvdrocarbons
Sohe rvpe ol .hcmical rea.tions requirc .atalyrt In rubstlnce which makes rea.tion fcasiblo like re..tion of B.n rcne * ith
chlorinc in prcsence ofAluminium chkfide. Sin.c ii is very diffi.ult to express a chemical r€a.lionby wriiing in words so
a convienjent way is b represent a chemical ftia.tion bv ch.mi.al equation.

t,
I
 CHEMISTRY

An atom ofan element is represented by sl.mbol, the molecule ofa compolmd by a form a, and a chemical change is representedby
an equation. Thus, the s1,1nbolic representatior ofan actual chemical chalge is a chemical equation.
To $ ritr an equatiol
1. S$stances which lakepart in chemical reactioD (i.e., reactants) are usualty $T itten on left hand side and substances formed as
a result of chemical reaclion (i.e., products) are \rrinen on right hand side. The reactants and products are separat€d by an alrow
head mark (-+) which srarts ftom reactanl and points towards the pladucts. Sign ofequal to (:) may also be used in place ofa(ow
\ead rlrrL :
2. Each reactant or the product is separated ftom one another by usin'g plus sign (+) in between them.
3. Now the mmber ofatoms ofthe substances on both sides areFqualized. This is kno\in as a balanced equation.
fI.lmple:
ti) \4agne.rum oums q Il. o\ygen and i:n m nugnesium oxide.
Not€: Magresium bums in air with a brilliant white 1ight, and lor this reason it is ofien used ilr flares and firewo*s
2Mg(s) + Or(e) +
2MgOG)
Magncsnrm alsoburns in rn €Dvn on ment of carbon dioxide such as in I beaker lull oldry rcc.
2Mg(s) + Co.(g) I2MgO(s) + C(,
(ii) r-itrogen and hydrogcn combincs togetherlo give ammonia. (Haber sirlhesrs)
N.+H. +NH3 (Skeleton equationl
N: + 3Hr + 2NH: (Balanced equarion)
Noticc the fcatures ofthe equaiion :
1. The reoctants appear on the leti, and thc products nplear on the right. The anow joh g theln indicalcs rhc dircotior of

2. An integer precedes the formula ofcach substaDce. 'lh

ese . umbers are kno$r as stoichiotnctric colfiicicDts. Thc quantitat i\e
relaion anong rcactants andproducts is krown stojchionetry. Thc sloichiornen ic coeliicient for H) in dris equalion is
as
I and fiar olNHr is2. Whcn n o Dumber appears, $€ urderslan d rh at thc soichiom.[ic coefilcient is l. The sioich iorner']c
coefiicient forN, in this cquatioD is L
l. The sioichjometric cocfficicn is in a chemica l eqxaiio are lhc sct of \mrllcst inlegers that gives a bala ced cquarion
4. Chirge is conscrvcd I. this equation. all participanls.tre neutral species. so charge is conscrv.d rcgardless ofthe
stoichiomclric coefiicieDts. For reactions tb includc rons, however. charge co servation m ust bc cxplicitly addressed.
5. Stoich iometric coefficienls reLr to thc re l,tive n umbers olinolccalcs nr\dvcd in rhe rea! rror.
\ote:When the Haber synthesis is canied out nrdustrially. irnrnense nun$ers of mohules are invoh,ed, hrl every one molc.ulc

.,olN.thalrca.lswiththreenoleculesolllrandtrronroleculesolNHrareproduccd.

,Y . rke Mulat al p$du. Mh@tty a[t tiad ilL a ua.tkL i.! $lkd ctltuat t]i&L
. AaLwiqta.Aqnk4lcyqti&ul4b t4 utawllqinC tfr.bu. i.iua.Ltdation kjp A&teMtAt qwdit!
of 4.a!tutt". Md paadulh. flte qlaa.itie. @ eipu'ed a. gwb oa nold.

OF A CHEMICAL
According to 1aw ofconservation ofmass,
"Mass can neither be created nor destroyed" i.e.ln a chemical rcactior total mass ofihe reactaDt shouldbe equal to total mass ofthe
product.
Or we can say that fie nu'nber ofatoms ofeach element on both sides ofanow should be equal in a chemical equation. Hence we need
!o balance chemical equation.
Now let us understand dre balancing of a chemical equatior.
There is no definite rule for balancing an equation. Therefore, it requires a good deal ofskill and praclice. The equation is balanced by
a method called hit and rial method.

Hitdnd Triol Melhod

Let us undeNtand this with help of an exalnple.
chemicat Reacltons and Equatiorc lTll
t_J
The wmd €quation for the reaction is nitogen + hydroger J ammonia
Tbe slmbolequarion for Ihe lame.eaclioD is
N,+It +NHr
Steps involved in balancing the above e$raiion arc as followirg :
Step-1
First ofall write the skeleton equation for ihe rection and count the number of atoms of each substatrce on either side ofihe
equatior

N 2 I

H 2

S"p-2
Balance the atom which is minimum in number, on either side ofchenical equation. In this equation Dumber ofnirrogen is fhe
mininum on the RHS.
To balarce the nitrogen atoq multiply the ni Eogeo in RHS by 2 so that the Drmb€r ofn Lnogen atoms becomes equal on both sides
N2 + H2 ----+ 2NH3
Number of N atoms - on LHS - 2 and on RHS - 2
It should be remembered that to equalise the number ofatoms on both sides, we cannot alter the formulae ofrhe compoutrds or
elements involved fu the reaction.
Step-3
Still number ofH is not balanced. To equalise rhe number ofH atoms multiply the Il2 on RHS by 3. Now the equation is
N,+3Hr +2N]{3
Step-4
Let us examine the rumber ofatoms of N afld H in the equation.
Number ofatoms ofN on LHS - 2
Number ofatoms ofN on RHS - 2
Number ofatoms ofH on LIiS - 6
Numbo ofatoms ofH on RI{S - 6
Now the numb€r ofatoms of€ch elemetrt become equal olr both sides. Thus this equatiotr is now balanced.
Slep-s
The above balanced equation does not give any informarion about the ph)sical state ofreactants and products.
In order to make the equation more infomative, the physical states ofreactaflts and products are mentioned along with their chemical
formulae. These physical states arc mentioned with rhe help of certain rotarion. These notations are
(s) for gases
(1) for Iiquids
G) for solid
(aq) for aqueous
The word (aq) is written ifthe reactant or Foduct is presert as a solution in warer.
The balalced eqn. becomes
Nr(g) + Hr(g)-,2NII3G)
B.ample:
Acetylene gas bums in air producing carbon dioxide ard llBter.
The skeleton equalion ofthe above reaction :
C2H2+O ----+ CO2+II2O
To balance carbon atoms, multiply the molecule CO2 by 2
CrH, +O---- +2 COr+HrO
 CHEIIISTNY
L_J atos obt
are five orygen atom on right hand side and there is oI yone oxygen atom on left hand side. Hence multiplythe
-There
5 on left hand side.
CrIl2+5O
Hence the reaction is balanced. Now it is balarced atomic -+2CO2+IIrO
equation'
(c)roconverrbarance.ratomi"*,",i",r,*llT:L.:lyr"AEl1i
lrpryrhewhoreequationby2.
lmDlicollons ol o Chemlcol Equolion
A chemical equarioo conve)ts a large n umber of iD lormations as described below -
Qualitative information
It tells us about the names ofthe reactants and products'
Quantitative information
It expresses the number ofmolecules ofrcactants aDd products
It expresses the relative number ofmoles ofihe reactants and the products'
lt d.''plesses the relative weight ofthe reacta.dts and the products'
It expres\ses the vohm-ofthe gaseous reactants and Products'
Exaryle:
Ammonia gas is formed by the combination oftritogsn atrd hydrogen
Nr+3II2+2Mr
lV 3V 2v
28 l1
Tle above equation exprcsses
(a) that niirogen combines $ilh lrydrogen to tbrm amnonia
irj,i," "*."r"*r. combiress.ith rhree molccules othldrogen ro form t$() moleculcs oiammonia.
"rritrogen 6 pam bv wcight ofhvdrogen 1o form 3'l parts b-v wcighi ofammonia'
icjrhar 28 parts by ueight of;lrrogen has combiDed wilh
ial *.vr,ri,,". and rhree volumes olh-r'drogen combine iogerher to givc 2 volumcs ofammonia gas'
"i"n."g*
Limilolions olo Chemicol Equoiion
r\ chemical equatnnl does nol gi\es the folloring inlbrmations l
for lhe
Condition! n;cessarJ fora c;emicat reaction : Achcmical equation does nor lndicare aboutthe conditions nccessarv
reacdor i.c., about lomperalurc. pressure or presencc ofa catal,vsl
2. Rate of rerction : lt.loes nor gn c arl' idea aboul !be rile ofthe rcaclior wh'ther sloN or last'
3. Chrnge of hert : An equalion faili to gi\e any nrdication Nhelher thc hcat is absorbed or elol!ed
Concentration: Il docs 11ol givcn any lrdicdmn aboul ll]econcenlralion ofthc reactanN'
5. Mechanism : Il lails to gi! e any idca about dre mcchinism oflhe reacrion
6. N ature of reaction : A;equation fi iLs to give any indicarion about the naturc
oireaction wherher i1 ii relersibl. or iIre!€rsible

Removol of Drowbocks ol o chemicol Equolion

LrLnlratioD s o l chemicil reactions h ave been partirll) removcd
l. To express thc concentrrriou oirhc substirnces the ord 'conc.' Ibr conccntrated aDd dil f'.r drlure are Mittcnjust below ihe

Cu + I H^SOj -.r CuSOr + SO, +:H.O

lla substance formcd in the rcactun is gas. it is indr$rt,J purrin2 rn rrLotr^p'rrrrrrg trr'\ Lr'l- rlrer rhe i'rmlla
LJIU 'o 'o
Iflr subsrancc isprectpiratcd in the reacrior,
jt is in dicated by '
p,uing a.ri* polllrmg d.$r\ lrds .ttrer the form la.
Naal -AgNOr -+AgCl J fNa\o.
3. Reversiblc reacrioD is rndicated br the sisn ofreversibilitl ( + )
\ rL,, O,r!): :\lr'!,'
lfa kke placc at a pariicular lempe.lturc or pressurc. ii is exr,re,sed hi
reactron
$,riiingon or belo\ thc anowhcad
N' + lH: - 'll!r!_' 2\_H'
is expressed by
5. lfthe reacrion is exoihermic the energy released is expressed by plus (+) sign and ifthe rcactiotr is endothermic, it
putdngminus ( ) sisnon RHS.
( - O- ) CO. g,ll00cal0nes
r'. . O. )lNO 8ll00c. orie\
Chemical Reactions and Equations
ILLUSTRATIOH:7
Writc balarced chemical equations from lhe following $ ord equrtions lnclude the phr-sical state ofeach el€ment or conpolllld.
(r) Sodium metal plus $ater yields hydrogen gas and {o aqueous sodium hydroxide solntion.
(b) Potassium chlorat€ when heat€d yields potassium chloride plus orlg€n gas (ionic compounds are solids).
(c) An squeous sodium chloride solution plus an aqueous silv€r trate solution yields a silv€r chloride precipitate (solid) and
{ sodiuItr nitrale \olurion.
(d) Ar aqueous phosphoric acid solution plus an aqueous calcium hydroxide solution yields water and solid calcium
ph6phate.
iOLUTION I

(a) 2NaG)+2Hro(o - J It, (s) + 2NaoH(aq)

(b) 2KcrorG) J 2KCIG) + 31],(g)
(c) Nacl(aq) + AgNo3 (aq) + Agcl(s) + NaNOr (aq.)
(d) 3Hrpo1(aq) + 3Ca(oH), (aq) ---, Cai@oa)2G) + 6H2o(l)

Eith€r the folowing chemical equations presents correct bdsrc€d ch€mical €quation.

(l) Cu(s) + 2H2SOa ------r CUSOa + SO2 + 2H2O

(2) cu(No3), -----+ zcuo + 4No2 + ()2

soLUTto}{
(1) No, equation I is not corectiybalanced as it is-not
specilrcd wtrether acid is diluie or concentated. Moreover state of
reactants and products isrotmentioned. Thus ihe correct balanced equation will be

Cu(s) + 2HzSOa' -J Cusoa (s) + SO2G) 'l+2H,O(l)

CoIDer (Conc) Copper dioxide watcr
sulphare Sulphur
(2) No, equation 2 is also not conectly balanced as aloms of diflirrenl eiemmts arc not same in reactants and products.
Moreovcr state of reactants and producis are not spe€ified. Thus ihe correct balanccd equation willbe

2cu(Noj), G) ------, 2cuo(s) + 4Nor(g)1 +or(g)'f

copp& niti,re copPer (ll)oxide Nirrosen dioxide oxvsd

You go thtough the concepr ol balan ing ol cl,emi.ol equa,iM tlrrcughly and ask yout ftiend ro do rhe scme Now divide your

wi( give you an equation. Studen.,s of bot, groups have ro answet whe'hq the ptoyided equotion b bolanc.d ot not. ff nor
then mention the porometet misting to balan.e equotion Thus obviously the group whkh co,,,es up with moft co ett
idenrifkation wi b" rhe winnq ol qui2.
Note : t
any equotion is given to gtoup A for identificotion and studenB ol gtoup A don't knd! rhe conecr idenrilkction
then they con pass on thot equation to gtoup B lot identiticotion ond vice-ve$a b ako owlicable.
 CHEMISTRY

TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Chemical reactions can be divided inio various classes. This classificatiotr is based on rhe specific characteristics and the natxre
ofthe reactions- The chemical reactions have been divided into following tlpes :

l. SFthesis or Combinolion Reoction

A11 elements and compounds can be chamctedzed by their chemical properties. Elements may be described by whether they do
or do not combire lvlth other elements or compounds. This tlpe ofreaction concems the preparation ofone compound fiom two
r]^re e e'nenr\ andror simpler comporurds.
^,
wlen 1wo or more elements or substances conbine together io ilrm a new substance, the chemical reaction is hown as

s),nthesis or combinatioll reaciion. This q.pe ofreaction takes place in presence ofheat, 1ighl or may require electricity.
Examples:2Fe+02 +2FeO
2H2+O2 >2H2O

ea ,inotiuttttntiur &o: uideopptioti4u htqenanufuduitq al.ona induruiautti pa4@tco!,Lpound,..

(l ) en a canuneniar $ab, nmonia ,. wulacruul Ay lA$ul pwz.tl.
Nr(g) + 3H.r(g) i= 2\H3(g)
(2 ) (\tu'ou p44.e$ fo4
'nuuladuins.
sl tit\k Mid
.rNO.r(g) + O:(g) + 2H2O(l)
-,- + 1HNO3(aq)
(3) SiniUutq cantdcc p\4.e.. lta nanulactenLq al .uL"fr@i. q.id i latau foU4u'inq .taq!. al
.omiinatiM aea.IiM
2SO, (g) + Or(g) + 2sor(g)
H2SO10)+ SOr(g) J H2S2O7 (l)
(conO
HrS:O?(l) + HzO(l) ) 2H1SOr(l)
(1 ) "'ltfut4ad@ ol €tfrd4b4hst Ay a.id c&tat$,ed frydwtiotu ol ettryl@
( .2Hrlgr- H.Oig, ll'u r( H3('H]OHtlr
Conibinntion rractirln can be offolln\ing three t\prs.

tir a
"nrl,inrli,rn
r'rrri"n hcl$ren l,ro ri.mHql'
(r) CornLlrarionberqccnl\\ononmclalr:\\hclrrlni\lureofhrdrogenardchl.,rmelsplacedmsunlight.hydrolenchloride
gxs rs lann.d

rr. a]- ]ugl) 2rrcr

0, aombnrxtio.bcr\ccnamculx.drnon.rct!l \\1r.. magn.sium $irc is burnr in.r. rndgn.siunr oxid. is tnr.r.d

2Ms + O. ll!!L r 2\{cO

(ii) Coa$inalion rerdion bet*cen hrocompounds

lhererrc rnan)'reactions ln r{ich t\ocornjrourds dlrecil)comblne ro 1bfln a re\! compound.
(r) ( rlciunr o\idcdnccrll conibin.s $irh sxt.r 10 li)nn cdlciun h)d(xid.
( r()+ H.O +i !(OHl.
(b) Calci'm o\ide dnccll) conrbirc \rrh c.rbon diorrdc grs 1o iorm calciuln carbonare.
CaO+CO, +CaCOI
Chemical R€actions and Equations
(c) Formation of sulphuic acid tom combinalion ofsulphur rdoxide and water which is a major contriburo to nasty and ioxic
acidmin.
SO3G) + H2O(l) -----+ H2SOa (aq)
(iii) Combination betrv€etr a compound and an elemenl
In many reactions element reacts with compound io form a rew substance for eg.

2co(g) + o:(g)
-2coz(g)
tLLUSfRAflON :2
Write balanced €quations that predict the r€actions of cesium metal rvith (a) Clr(C); (b) nzo (D; (c) Hle).
SOLUTION :

The rcaction between Cs and C12 is a simple combination reaction between two elements, one metal anat one nonmetal,
foming the ionic compormd CSCI:

2 Cs (s)+ Cl. (g) +:CsCl(s)

\Ve predicl rhc rcdctions ol cesnrnr sirh s"ter nnd hydrog.n ro proceed as lalt(xvsl
2 Cs(s)+2H.o (i) r2GolI(aq)+H.(g)
2Cs(s)+H1(s) 2 CsH(s)
-)

.kJi1
Reaction between calcium oxide alsoknown as Quick lime with waterproduces calciumhy&oxide (Slaked lime). The Calcium
hydroride produced in the above reaction remains as a white suspcnsjon.

CaOG)+ILO(I) +Ca(OH).(s)
Quick lime Slakedlnne
It is filiered and solution conlaining solublecalcium hydroxide is used for white washing walls. Calcnrm h_vdroxide reacts slowly
wilL the COr in air lo form a thin layer ofcarbonare on thc Mlls. Catcium cartroDate is tbrmed ai-r rr.o to rhrcc da\\ ofwhite
\rash ing and gives a shining finish towall.
Combination reacilons involve the lbnnatrcD oflrer' bonds and this prccess rclcases a large anrrmt olel1ergr- in rhe form oi'
heat. Thosercr.lions u,hich occurwirh theevolution oIh*tlrre kDo$r as exorhermic reacliorls.
Example : ForDration ofcalcium hldroxide :

In rhis reaction. qxjck lime reacts with ivrter to fbrm slakcd lime. The renclion bet$,eel quick Iimednd u,arer is hishl! \ iqorou!
aswcllas exothernic

CaOG) + H2O(t) Ca(OH)2 (s)

Quick lime ---r Slakq ioe

2. Decomposition Reactions :
TIe reactions in which a substance is de€omposed into two or more simple substances, are knorn as decomposirion reactions.
These reactions require energyin the form ofhear, lighq elecricity, erc.
Exaoples:
(i) WIen potassium chlorate is heated it is decomposed into potassium chloride and oxygm
2KCIO3 ------+2 KCI +3 02
(ti) Wlen calciDm carboDate (CaCOr) or Zinc carbonate (ZnCO3) is heated CaO and CO2 or ZnO and CO2 are iormed.

CaCOr le-,CaO+ CO,

t-_I

1fre fuffi tntiu ol yAet to mahe wiu b abo an eauryte al &ronpo'titian Qaxtiat
(t) Sane 4 *unpolitian \zittiun otno hba6 pUce A!* Ug$+' De&npo'srua el uia *hu cAloude fu
.MW t!M! it k. geY.
2AgCl Cl,
-14!l-, 2-{g +

(2) SiL@A4onnde rlt:odealnqo'u in..,ttu n11,ueL ljkb \aadiotu aL bd in elRA [" wh1t2 frat'Yapfrq"
--ljglt+ 2asG)+ Br'?(g)
2AgBr(s)
(3) tlsut indu.ed d&gnPoaitial ol hdaaail& Yeen (ICG)' it ir uarw4oMle ttkult ql&nine dq''
(4) etaxtu4l+.i. of ua!.1b tfie dr&npo.ilian 01 uatt'L i Io Aa!d\4*eL and oiqqz d!!2 ta pa'cage ol
el2rLai. cuvt*t ttuatgh it
ztllOrtt-ffi= :H2ret-O2tet

Snunst d$untpo.itialt i. .. tqpe 4 unLinqti& k uikA a iagtz *&atarut Al2ak hb tttut o'L n412
(5 )
.inpte rufirtl,tc2 u&.n keakd. e+.

cacol(s)--Ig1--) caO(s)+ COz(e)

eitla in ttu $nt ol ftut' ligtu aL 4*ukit!., Olnowti!@

,\ote : ,U4rt dzu'lrtqo.iti4e ,Leattiou 't lryiae 42itg4
of auq* @aer tie e@aftiq ol tfiz Aondt pue h ttu uacti g'
'uX'ta
2 ufrtuA d&anpo'et ta giw tAP

pwtut- lfiote uacriotu u,AkA uau unrfr the altoaptian $&t aaa tua 'n a' udotLoni' didaiM'

TLLUSTRATION : 3
Ammo.ium nitrate. colorless ionic solid used as a f€rrilzer, erTlodes when it is heated above 300oC. The products are
a
threc gases: mol€cular nitrogen, molecutar oxygen! and steam (water vrDor). Write a balaDced equation for th€ explocion
of ammonium nitrute.
SOLUTION:
02
Thcdescription in the problem tells us $hathappers to rhe starting msieriatrNHrNOr breaks apart irto molecules ofN2.
ofrhe can sriuen llom this descriprion. Then we must baiance each element in lum
and H.O. An unbdanced fonn equarion be
by nripectior.
NH4NO1-- +N2 +O, +H2O

Step I
First.countallabmsofeachc]cmenloncachSideofthccquationtoseewhethcrtheelemenlsarebalanced:
2N+'1Hr3() + 2f'l r2H+ 3O
Step 2
As we can see rhatNrrroeen isxlrcad! balanced. Tobalancc the hydrcgen aroms. wc change the sroichiometric coefrcientof
\\,ater iorn I to2:
\Hr\Or )Nr+Or+2Ht0
lN+ 4Hi3O + 2N 4U r4(]
StepS
changing the
ThIs stcp balance. nrrogen un.l h)droIen. bur oxlgen isnotyet conscrved. Oxygcn must be balanced ithoul
\r!

t"it, rh; I jrrdo ofNilrNu H:o. These rall o\ st be , cr a ined ro keep L)drogen and nitrogen
i ,-i."rii and : r ro nru

in balance."imi.No1
Thuitheinlyci,eflicient ihar can beJtisred to br'lrnce *e,,rvgm atorn\ t( thar ofol. Nunericauy. $e can take
care ofoxygen by changing the coefilcicrt ofOi to 1/2.

\ll'\rr. 'O 'tn O

2N .1H -lo-\." iN ' +s *:o
-
Chemical Reactions and Equations
tr
This balances the equation, but it is unrealistic from a molecular perspective because there is no such thing as halfa molecule.
To get rid ofihe i /2 without unbalancing the reactio& we multiply all the coefrcients by 2.

2NH4NO3 +2N2 + 02 +4H2O

4N+ 8H+6O -------+ 4N+ 8H+6O
Now the reaction is balanced and reasomble *om a molecular perspective.

Copper nitrate [Cu(NOJr] glve ring test of nirrrtc (NO; ion. Nos take small amount of copper nitrate in a dry boiling
)
tube. Heat the tube over the llam€ ofbumer for sometime then allow it to cool. Resulting solid in boiling tube do€s not give
rinstesi forNirrrre io* *hr 1
solurroN
IDitially copper nitraie contains NOt ions. Thus the preseflce ofthis ion can be confirmed by dng test. On heaaing copper
n itr_ale decomposes accordiDg lo lollowing equarion.

2cu(No3 ), G) 2cuo(s) + 4No2 G) + 02 G)

-\
Thlls a{.ording to above equatiotr there is no NOt ion alailable a{ier heating. Therefore resulting solid will not give test for

Tdke two boiling tubes dnd mork them a and B. Put so,he odount of coppq fi) caftonate in tube A and fiu tube B with time
woter Now fix ,ubbet cotk (having hole) on test tube A. Connect tuhe A and B with U-bend gtass tube in su.h o monnet that
one end ol bended rube wiil be in .uk ond orher will be dipped in tube B containing li,ne wol:1 Your expetimental setup
should l@k like os shown in ligure.

Rubber

Lime wal€r

Tube A Tube B
Now heoa the afte A on a bunsen bu et flone fot tomerime dfter tometine recotd yout observdtions and answer the
following question,
(o) tnitiol colout ol CUCO| in .jrbe A.
(b) cotout of sotid an tube A oftet heanns.
(.) Colour of li,,,e wotet initio[y in tube B.
(O Colout of ti,me watet aftet heating solid in tube A.
@ tl rhere is ony .olou, .hange of solid in tube A and lime wotq in tube B then give suituble dpldnotifl fot thot.
 -Erd
Precautionory neasures
1. Peiorn above o.tivity in presence of yow teo.het ot lab insttu'tor onlv as it be dongerc!'
'ould
Z. Mdke surc the experimental setuP E at tight dt the side of tube A'

Electrollsis of Watcr
iillll
\\hler is hrokerdo$t nno the cle entshr-drogenandor]-g.nusilrgaHollhan'sapparatusldelectrohi::Ih'"'r-
bluecoloredusingnilebluedr-e.l|addition.()incre3s.th'conducti\illsulrnricncid('lecnol\tr)rrL'--

Thc basic priDciple oI elcctrolysi' is rh.r rh.

apphcalion ofrn clectricaiculrent c.n li,rce a rctcnon Orv!.n
n)tak. place in lhe dir.ction oppositc lolhal in {hl.h
ir s'([ld sponl,rn.ousl) occur Thc brelkup uf$at.r
ilnorts co slitucn t .lc cnts slrc{| her. s thcre!crsc
J1
of thc (spontdncoLrs) rc.tcrion of h){iogen and
\ I
L.ke plx.c.t the foles:
Carhod.: I H.O+lc +tl.,2otl
*"r",
0l
I dyfi ro it r i-r

Arode : l H.o ) o. +_1H .+e

\\t can dcr.cr h)drogcD using th. so.rlled "li-shrcd
spli " Ies1. iD ilhich aD opcn llame is hcld near dre
opcnnrg ofthe tube sLrspected to conlain hydrogen lf
htdroger is prcs.nl. the gas igDrrcs.
w. car detecl .xr-ge using thc so-c.rlled 'glowing
splirf'tcst. A glolt,ing spllnl ls held o!.r lbe tube C.rlhoce
containiDg ox)gen. ll o\ygcn ls present. thc splinr
!'igure: Setup lbr the Dectrollsis ofwater

3. Simple Displocemeni Reo.tions (Simple Substitulion)

A di$ lacc.rcn I rexclion olcur\ h.cdrsc a more rcactivc clelnert
dislrlxccs a lcss reactile onc firnn t sol ion ofits conrpound.
An iDtcrcstinc Lhi g happenswhcn wc inirersea slrif olznrc
nrcral m a bLue nqu.otrr solurion ofcopper (11) sall. When s.
r.mole $e zi.c. iI Dow looks as ifit hts changcd inro cofr,.r'
AcluaLly $fiar hdptcn.d is that a colting ol copper i-orn.d on

tr'igure : Single-replacement readion.

ZnG) + CUSOa (aq) ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

-

Tua*wa Stne naab ate so zeaaiu &at

I
 Chemical Reactions and Equations

$ith compounds ofless reactive merals. A reacrion likerhis is caued a displacenent

Y::::::i,::tl!*,,:rct
<xdnpre, zrne s more reacn ve tr an copper. It ,la react with copper
r
reafiion. For
I I oxide when heated. This ;s rhe word eqution for rhe reacrion:
zinc . coppe-ox,oc _ rincovde copper
we sav tral tie zinc }is drsplaced the copperfrom the copperoxide.It
is somerimes easierto see rvhat ts going on bylookjng at
rle slmbol equxrlof for the reactron:
Zn + CUO --) ZrlO + Cu
To decide lr a displacemenl reaction will happen or not we must have
the knowledge of activity series. In activity series the
element placed above will displaced the eiement piace betow fr
om its compound.

tc
i-;t,!
\o$ rercli!it) ol difi-erenl Drerals is decrdcd on thc basis or.reacriviiv series.

Li

a incltrd.Ll lor co Drpitu.r

cd

Ni

Hi Hl ireludcd forcoDfarlson

Hq n',! rea.s \irh sonr srnr st) o\idizng a.tds

Displacemelt reactions in solutions

A more reactive metal will displace a less reaclive metal tom its compound in solution. These me the sorts ofthings you observe in
this

' I le rlore reic i!e reratsradud ) dis5o,vc\

. The less reactive metal coars themore reactivemetal
. The solution maychange colour
. The hrbe gels warm because thesereactions are exoihermic
Here are two examples ofthese displacementreactions.
(i) Magnesinm and copper sulphate sotution
Magnesium is more reactive than copper so it displaces copper from
copper sulphare solution. This is rhe word equarion for the
reaction: magnesium + --)
copper sulphare magnesium sulphate + copper
Mg(s) + CuSOj(aq) MgSOa(aq) + Cu(s.)
 CHEMISTRY

blue copper
sulphate sulphale
solution

!44.

Figure I Showing displac€ment olcopper from copper sulph{te solution

(ii) lron ,nd copper sulphatc solution

lnm is more rea.tile than copper, so rt displaces copper fiom copper sulphatesolutrcn This is the word equa

lron + coppersulphate --, iron sulphate + copper

FeG) + Cusor(aq) + lcsoa(aq) + cuG)

eave for one \eek whiie

sulpha

CopDer mctd on iro.

Before

reacdon
Flgure : Iron becom€s cdted with coPper in this disphcement

'Ol.
i)
,,- &a, &z uadiu &alutezn ixsn aal uppet *l'P$atz
cogpea &ruae iun ad u?pel ax. daae,L tog&eL tu tfre uadiltirf auiea
 Chemtcal Reactions and Equatioils

Atfirst a color chang€ is observed whcn a piecc ofarundnium metar is

dropped into gre€n rorored aqueous sorution of
ferroussurphate sam€ h the case lrhen pieceofzinc metar is dropped. Butth;cis
nosich color change is observedrheo
a piece ofcoppcr m€tal is d.opp€d in gr€en colorred aqurous
soiution of Lerrous sutphate.
seLi.dT!oi{
Above qucstion can be an"'""."a o, tr," uo'i, .i."Iiiffii.i
As lve kro,v thar more r.*ctive nrctal c,rn replacc less
rea.ti\€ nrctal liom its Reaclivrty scries givcs idea adur rcactrve nrture ot.d;n r"r,
5311.
top iherc as less reacrivc ele cnr liebcrou in,(acr,\,t) se,cj.
..iri.
-_ ,"-..*"ive
metats arc ar
Nor arumu,u. ;.J ,;;;;;,^,."."..acrivc tha. iron
jr
Ji.plJ. c, nor.r JqLe^J, ,o,Lrion ot'.r, dtr s tjr. h re,rti. inru ro or c\ rnpe.

2'A(, + lFesoa(aq) _,rAl1(SO4). (aq) + lFc(s)

Zn(s) +FcS0i(aq) - )ZnSOI(aq)+ Fc(s)

lncaseofcoppermeialitfallsbclowironinreach\rls(n('rhu'ro'ibt.;odisplJr.rrorli,,mLrssah.Thu!rhereisnocolor
drarge jn 4Lr€ors sd utid d Fffr
- Cu(s) + LeSOI(aq) ) No reaction
4. Double Decomposition Reocrions (Diubd ili6;;;;;ii;;;;) ,
- "- -- -
e\(hdnse o|mdicars tates prace arc r<nowr
double:l'l':.1:l
as aoubtc decomfosirion rcac,ions. As a rcsurt or
11.:. ll'llnreaclions
decomposilion 1,,udr two ner! subsrarces are tbnned.
ii) Aqueous barium chlorid€ reacls lviit surturic aridtoform sotid barium surtateandhydrochroricacidi
BaCl.(aq).Hrsor(rq) - BaSoJ (, + 2rrcl(aq)
J
(ii) Sodium sultidc reacls with h)drochloric acid ro form $dium chloride andh)drogen
su jd!gas:
Na.S (rq)+2HCl (aql + lNact(aq) - H.S(e)
'r::' lorisiunhldrorr,jrreact\\ ,n.Ir dLioi..irrsJr.l jr.ot,,rJ..iur. , -dr(
KOH (aq) +HNOr (aq) ___, H,O 0) + KNO3 (aq)

CONNECTING TOPIC
Double displacemenl reactions can bc turlher prccipiralion, gas iarmatr()r. and
c lassi li cd as ac id base neutra tiTation rcactions.
I Precipitation reaction: precipitation rcaclion occurs $,hen trvo solulions are mixed tosether and
a soti.l seFrrtcs from
rl -,uLrion. lhe,o'dp:r,rtarJJrr.anu,ctJrJr..non,,hcsot ,,n5r..: edrt,"p-..,p,,.,J
For erample : pb
iNor l, (aq) + 2Kr (aq) ,pbr,(s)1+2KNor(aq)

2 Gas-fbrmation reactions : A doublc displaccuert rcacrion shoutd atso oc.ur if an insoluble gas is ibrmcd. Alt gascs are
roluble in $ater some exteni but onlv a few gascs fHar (g) and NHI
1o
G)rare highlvsolLrblc. ror dampre, many sulfide salrs rcacr
\uth acids ro form gaseous hydrogen sutfide:

ZnS (r + 2HCl (aq) J ZnCt, (aq) _HrS(s)

3:\eutralizationreaction:Nsukalirrtiorrcrctiorsarcaspeciatkindofdoubtedisptacementreacrion.Inanacid-bascrcaction
an !cid rercts$ilh eqmi quanrityofa basc Ihea.id-bascrcncrion results
inrherornari.n ofs,.rrand Lxter.
HC1(aq)+NaorI(aq) --JNaCl(aq)+HrO(i)

lLLUSfBATlOtl :4
Girr an exanple ofa double displacement reaction.
Sot uTtoN :

Pb(NO3), 2HC1+ -r PbCl,G) + 2IlNOl

l€ad nfuare HydDct oric a.id
 5, Oxidoiion-Reduclion Reoclions
t\) U\idariunrcrcri,,n.:
o\idalionisdefincdasdproccssinilhlchasubstanccganrsoxygcDor]oscshr,droge.dUri.grreacnon
Exampl€s: c+oz-- --rcoz
S+o2JSo2
-
Thisiscalledclassicalconceprofexplamingoxidationleaction.Base.lonclassicaloxidationconceptreactioncanalsobe
as following.
oxidises hvdrogen sulphide to sulphu bv the removal ofhv&osen'
frl i"-"r"i.i rrva*g"n : chloine
Cl,+H2S-' +2 HCI+ S
gas' copper metal is obtained
(ii) Removal of orTgen : When copper (II) oxide is heated in hvdrogen
CuO+ H2 -
-+ Cu+ H2O
(iii) Addition ofhydrogen : Combination ofhvdrogen and sulphur'
I1+ S 1{rS
--+
Gv) Additionof electronegativeelement
Exmple:
l-e \ l'es (Oxidarion ollron)
sncl2+C12 -) Sncla (oxidation ofslannous chloide)
-- +
- al:
2l-ecl2 2Fdll
Cu2C12 + C12 2CuC12
-)
(9 Removalofelectropositive€lement
Emmple:
2NaI + I-{2O2 r 2NaOH + 12 (Oxi&tioD ofNal)
-
2KI+Clz --+ 2KC1 +I, (Oxidation ofK l)
2K2Mno4 + Cl2 -----+ 2KCl + 2KM1O4 (Oxidation ofPotassim-manganate)

(Bfn"dr"ti-,.A""*arng!omodemconceptthetermleductionis'lefinedasaprocesswhichinvolvetheremo\'alofoxygen
a subsldnce rddrr'on olhvdrogen to a :ubslan'e'
Examples:
gas, copper metal is obtained
(i) Removal of orygen : When copper (II) oxide is heated in hydrogon
CuO+ H2
- ) cu+I{2O
(ii) Addition ofhydmgen : Combination ofhvdrogen aDd sulphu'
Il2+ s-+ H2S

Baseil on classical classification reduction can also be defined as following

(iii) Removatof el€rtron€gative element
trxample:
2HgCl2+SnCi2- +H82C1,+5og1o
(Reduction of mercuric chloride)
2FeC13+H2- ---) 2Fd]12+2HCl
(Reduction of ferric chloride)

LLUSTfr A'nOtl :s
Identify the substanc€ thax is oxialised and the substance that is reduced in the following reactions'

(,4NaG)+O?(g) ---+ 2Na2OG)

(ii) CuO(s) + H2(g) ---+ Cu(s)+H2o(l)

soLUlloN:
(i)2Na(s)+02G) + 2Na2O(s)
Sodium metal is oxidised asit is gatuing oxygen'

-- )
(ii) CuoG) + HrG) Cu(s) + HrO (l)
Copper o\ide is gelling rcd'rced N! it is loling oxlgen

t
RY Chemical Reactions and Equations "tr
CONNECTING TOPICS

l. Modern Concept or Elecironi. Con(ept

(i) Oridation : According to this concept, ine process which involves ihe loss ofone or more electrons from an atom or ion
or molecde is called oxidation (de-electronation).
Eranrple:
Mg +Mg2+ + 2-
Fe2+ +Fe3++-
(femu, (feric)
2HrO 4H -O)-4e
2Cf -------)Cl2+2d o,-d
-
lFe(c}t)6la ---- ) [Fe(c]I)613 +e-
(ii) Realuction : Accoralirg to this concept, the prccess which involves gain ofone or morc eleclohs by an atom or ion or
moleculeis calledre.duction (electonation).
Exanple:
sn4+ +2e- ,_ - -+ snz+
ion
Stannic Stannous ion
2H2O r2e ' H2 2OH
Cl+e --+ Cl
MnOt+e ---------+ MnOa2

tFe(CN)6F +3- + tFe{C}\D616

MnO2 I 4H@ 2e ' N,'ln2- | 2H2O

2. Volenay Conaept of Oxidolion-Redu.tion

O Oxidation : According to this concept, increase in (+)ve valency or decrease in ( ) ve valency ofa species in a reaction
h called o.ridanor.
Example: 2Mg+O2 -------) 2MgO
(0) o2)
(ii) Reduction : According to this concept, it is the process in which (+) ve valency ofa species decreases whereas ( )ve
\alencyola species incredres in a reacrioo.
Example : 2HgCl2 + SnC12--------+ Hg2Cl, + Sncla
(+l) (+1)
3. Oxidolion Number Concepl
(i) O\idntion: A,.ording to dri\.o.c.pL. i..rcrsc ofxn.lement in a reaotion is called o{idatjon
in o\idation numh.r
i) Reduction : According ro dris concepr. d.cr.asc ir oridalion
(i number ofan elemeri in a reachon t called rcduction.
Erlmple: KMnOr - rcsor > MnO+Fc.lSO1)r
+7 +2 +2 +3

OXIDATION {nl
the number ofelectrons lost or gained by an elemelrt during chxlgcliom liec strtc in iparlicular compouDd
Ot
: is defined as tbe lbrmal chargepresent on an atonr in a panicular compoLrnd determired bycenam arbitraryrules.
Rules lor Delermining Oxidoiion Number
0000
of elements in fieestateiszeroeg C12,N2,Mg,Ca

ir O.N. ol hydrogcr is always I I except in ionic meral hldrides$here it is l.

ni) ON.ofoxlgenls 2exceptln aiF,Nhere it is- I andin pcro\idcswhcrc it is l.
L\) O.N. of netais is alu"]s ve.IorlAgroupelenentsilis-lmdforllAgro[pelementsitis+2.
\ ) O.N. ofhalogcns is I in netalhaLides.
 CHEMISTRY

O.N. ofionor radical itmusl gain or lose to acquire neuhality i.s. il 1s elect c chargc 1br

so; o.N. is -2.

(\,i;i) Thcalgebraic sum of.tlllheO.N. ofeleDents is equal tozero.

(i{) Thealg.br.tic sum olallthe O.N. ofclcments in an ion isequaltonct chargeon the ion
(x) Nlaxinr orn O.N. of an eletncnl is equal to nu mber oflalcnce .ie.lrors l. e groupnumhcr'
(xi) N{innnum O.N. ofanclc ent (except mctrlr : (t groxpnumber).
A subsiance can acl both. rcducing as sell as oxidlsion oiO.N. ofone ol its elcnent is in belween thc tnlrillnum ard rhe
mrnimumvalue. E{amplc }l\Or. C.O N ofN, r I wirich is intermcdiatc ol r 5.
Colculolion/ Delerminolion of Oxidorion Numberol Underlined Elemenl in Some Compounds

@y Applying Rules Stated) :

(a) K2q!2O7 -
Let the O.N. ofcr b€ x then
2\(+1\+2, (x\+ 7 t ( 2\=0
2+2x 14=0 .._ x=+6
(b, KMnO" -
Let the O.N. ofMn be x ther
I x(+D+ 1x(x)+4x( 2) =0
1+ 1x-8 =0 .'. x=+7
(c) ItSo4-
ler rhe O.N. ols be r rbeD
2 x (+1)+ 1 x (x)+4 x (-2):0
2+x-8:0..x=+6
(d) !q? -
Let the O. N. ofP be x then
tx(x)+4x( 2)= 3
x-8:-3 .. x=+5

REDOX
l hoscrcactions in whictl oxidation andreduciion takes p lace simultancously, arc knoill as redor reaclions.
trI,mpl€:
PbO+Il +Pb+ H1O
During this rcacl(rn lcad oxide ls Losing oxlgen and is being reduced. l'he h,vdrogcn is gaining oxygcn and is being oxidlsed.
Hence \\,e car say thar in an oxidation reducrion rcaclion oDc substancc gels oxidised $,hile the o6er one gets reduced.
Some other examplesofredox reactions are

(, ZnO + C------- Zt\+ CO

(ii) F%O]+ 3CO + 2Fe + 3CO,

ond!tion

(Remolal oroxyee.)

(iii) MnO, + 4HC1 -) Mnclz+2H2O+Cl,

Oxidation
(Renoval olhydmgen)
 Chemical Reactions and Equations

Redaa puo,tttd q't @r.!t iotpodant ar tAt$ ptar. inpoda @f. in gq4juing o ruannu ol na!u44t
p,ro..a.e4 AAe cartu]oion, cao&u.,io!., Akjfa.gi&t p,ra!2.6u lih2 qp\pkatiat
da,
. Rulln audis..r iruol-.a tA. taa .k'L ol elr.tsla u,Ailz in grauaf a!id-e4.e @acliatt ituaUa t aarka

Oxidizing Agent
' The substancc which gi\ es oxygcn lbr oxidation is ca I ted an ox idizing dgent.
. The substancc whichrcmoves hldrogen rs atso cauc{l an oiidizing agent.
. The substancewhich oxidizcs the othcr substancc is cailedan oxiriizing agenl.
ReducingAgent
. The substance uhich gives hydrogcn for redudion is called a reducing agcnt.
. t he substance $hich remoles oxygen is atso called a rcducing agen!.
. The subslrnce $tich reduces the olher subslancc is ca[c.t a reducnrr asenr

Removal ofowge| i Rcduction

Adoi,ron,,t o\\g. n orrorI,,n

Herc cuo oxidises IIr rnd Hr reduce cuo therelb,c ,n rhis,erehon c uo,\ r ojriai'irs:gcnr shercas H, is a reducing ascri
Hence, in a redo\reaciion there isnejrhergain norloss ofelectrons.

Which of the fotlowing is / {re redox reaction ?

(a) Pl, +5O2@) - Paolo(,
(b) Cor(g)+ H2(g) - Co(g)+H2o(g)
(c) CurSG)+ 2Feo(s) 2cu(s) + 2FeG)+ SOr(g) 1
--)
soLurtoN
PaG) + 50,(g) ---,PaotoG)
This reaction is an oxidatior reacrioD as p4 is gaiDing oxygen.

cO2G)+ H2(s)-. JCo(g)+ HrdG)

Oxidation
(gaining oxysen)

Oxidalion
| -_'1

(o Cu2Sr", 2FeO,", 2Cu,., + 2t e,., SO-(cl

rl
-Reduction
Since both oxidation and reduction reactions are taking place simultaneously in the given rcaction- Hence
this reaction is a redox
 r-E-
CONNECTING TOPIC

(A) OxidolionNumberMethod. Iot- "- "- * -:-.-{

oumber mu$ be equar
tn baiatrced redox reaclrcn tolal rncrease u o(idario[
a
equi a l.oce ptouid.t *.
Uasis for balan cing redox rean rons l
I
'

H.'+ff],|':::"'Hi"':lijffi!T,Hl"ffii"':.T;!rlTp:e_T.,..j::.,:l:y1"if,..j,tr"::y-
rnr Sclectthertom in reducinqagentltroseox U"rionrumUer:n'rea\san'lind''Jrerhe lo' o -'
)ll] i""iil,l,J-i,i1i,otl."..,i"irt"'iai''g'e*tbvthemnnberorlostelectronsandreducins::=-:'-.:
electrons.
,,, iiliji,l'iin. *-*. otat ns on botrr sides $'hose oxidation nu.11ber changes in the reacnon
rh'n r'::' : -
lii ffid;;;;ffi;;*ig".'",*'""4a1,o'"returestothesidcdencientinoxvgen
JcrsUV aalng Fl- rons ro rhe "ide defiiient ir bvdr ogen
tvi) lfthe readion occurs i" t"*trl"oltrn lut" ori ioi''' equatrornenumuer olH ionr'ooffisirj'ad
'aa
number method'
ExMpLE : Balance the following redox reaction l'y oxidatron
+ Cu(NOr2 +NO2+H2O
Ch+HNO3 -'
Sol. Writing the oxidation number ofall the atoms'
t2-'-2 "-1
^
( u+Ht\O,rCu(NOr)) I \Oz -H O
There is change in oxidatiotr number of Cu 3nd N'

CrL- rCu(NOr)r + 2e ...',.,,...'.,0)

lOxrdati()n no. mcreasesbY 2)

.,.,........,,..Q)
HNOr -+NO2
l)
, (,rr,lxtiun xo. J(rea\(s b\

r,,,*r. rr.l,,.,er'.",dd..r<r.c^le cq r..'.(J ' " ' nL'r'pI db]:

Cu+ 2IlNOr - ) C(NO]).- 2NO.
is obl.ti ed
Balancing rilratc ions, hvdrogcn and oxvgen, th. lbllos ing equxtion
Cu+4HNO3 ----' Cu(NOi)2+2NO2+2I{2O
This is the balanc€d equation.
lBl lon-Eleclron ,vlelhod (Hqtf Reqclion Melhod)
tLe following slep' are follo$ed qhile balaDciDg redox reac'ioi'
(equaboDsl by ur' melnoo

fi Writrogtheequationinionicfol]n' and the dE !

il, il; fi"";;d* ;q;,i", iilto hlo half reactions, one representing oxidation halfreaction
rcaction.
\r'n"rirdbc'oecl er '
,, , ti"l"." l.*r.,','""cior.'cprr r' \ "lrnel 'ldb\nLl'iDr\'nt
.,n.e '.d B.'d,cr1g r dolc a' l"llJ'1'
,',, o \er Lh' I u "rd H'
ial n,'r, i',', *", i,n5 dr'd rher hdldl,i"he ar"nh
,' 'l,,.. "i,".:.:"'.i..".,",". ti .,1",,'s.","'Jc.Ll€'ro-he rl(d':''en,rro')"e' ll'a'
:

added is equat Io thc deliciencv oloxvgen aton's:

,"1, ;"ff;.': t;;;;;';;;;;;;;;H'i';;' -
i,,ar ro Lhe denc'|eDcv in rhe ede which ir dencreDr in bi'ii
i,i,;,;;;#;;'i;;iii."i.*,i"bH r"..'.li* '",'-i.'"r#jl::90:o'l!"1t11:-:'::-ffi*''l
is rich in +ve charges' i e denciencv in ere*
ilil ;H;::"i!;i.*;il;i"e "ii"i.."
J,n" .iL *nich
electrons added is equai rorhe deficienq'
oi e lectrons'
(i, Multiply the half eq;atioN with sLritable coefticr en ts to equalize the number
respect to charge and atoms'
,cJJii;" h"H equation which is balanced r^7ith
i.i "q;tions
to 8et an
Ex !r;E : Balance the following reactions by ion- electrotr method'

{i) cr2oi -(/oi --tL-tr'-co:

(ii) c(oH)r+Iotgl + Croi
 CHEMISTRY

(A) oxiddlion Number Melhod in oxidation numbci This

rn abalanced redox reacrron. tod rncreasc m oxirlalion number must be cqualto the toraldecrease
toLi\h'(rL( 0ro\rJ<' hJba{' lorbx dnc'nu reJu\ rr:rclior'''
lhe!c,(rJInroccJrrre rl ol\"'rhe l" lo\'no''o':
:":.:;.:;"";";;i",',4.,*.",,i"r*..ir"i'nrLrrrbe'urcrea'c,urJ'Jterr":rror'r"tr{'
lll,;:i::iil";;;;;;**.,,,e""s;'","'**"r"''nnumberincreasesandmdicrtetherossorercctrons
agenr bv numbcr ganred
lill, i;:i,*,ffir,il'.,J,i,:.rv "-,ar.i.glg""ilyi'r" '"*t"i"n"" a*tro s and reducing

li
r;,1 ir,r,,,..*"**t"'o{atomsonbdlrlides\\nose(xid3tionDrl]1bcr,cha'lsesllth:-'"fi'l]'""...""ih.","nr.a^rH
ii}::in:ijl:::il:::::"x:l]:u1i:]*t:ii:J,1i,i:i':il:i]'.'i;l',";".,'",
dornso/ doing H i" ,' r' 'l,e 'rJ( Cellri('r in \)J ugcn
'i'1".0d'*'""**t" "tu
(ri) lithe reactlon o(curs l, nltt'*nr, t'r'l '"i'' "' *' to tr"
^'nb"
r of l l+ Lons on both sides olihe
'qualior
'

',"lji. 'r"" "'r'l

EXAMPLE : Balnnte thc follo$ ing rcdor rcaction b'\' oxidation number method'
Cu+ HNO3 --+ Cu(NOJ, NO' + II2O
+

Sol. Writing the oxid.rtion number ofall the atoms'

_2+:l +1 2 +lI
Cu + HNOi -- rCu(NOr).+NO"+II'O
There is change in oxidarion number ofCu and N'
(r)
Clr - J(\r(N{)r)r+lc
(Oxidalio! no. increascsbr'2)
(2)
IINO] )NOr
ioxidaiion no. d€creases bY l)
rs equal, eq (2) multiplicd bv 2
To makc rhe increase anrl decrcme of'c is

Cu+ 2tlNor --- + Cu(NOr),+:NO.

is obrained'
Balancing ritrate ions, h1<trogen and oxl'gen. the follo\! ing equation
cu-.lHNOr Ctu(NOr), +lNO, -2H.O
-
This is thc balanocd equdrio
(B) lon-Eleclron Method (HolI Reoclion Merhod) rh'11'1}oC
.,.'r.llo$nP''rr'.r<[,,o\cJ{h]'na'''r'rrpreJrre'c'''r1''cl'r'iur''b
ril Writine the.qualior rl1ionic lbnn
iil i;il;;ii#,il;;;;,i",r"i.i""r,"r1,*".*.orcrep,csen,ingoxida,ionharireacrionandrh.drrerreducrionhsrr
tl,*. rnd thcn add bv multiplvin g {lth suniblc coeff ierts so $al the arc
OO g"r"" I,,,r f."acdons seprrare l-\ '1cc1rons
"" Balln.ing is done as lbllo*s'
..tncellcd.
(r\) Add borh halfrcactioDs andthcn balance th' rtoms orher th'tn O a d
H'
a!) Then balanc. or!ge" r,v to rr'" U"[c;e"lir oxyg'n The number ol Hzo lnol'culcs
",ol* "aal'gii,O '"iecur"' 'i're
.'doc,l ' eqr..,'ro llr,l.. c,(1.\ 'r ' n'
,\, Barartr(l-\Jr'L<r Jr"n'b\rrJdr'!li-'o'
"l'\\.(n Irhe 'rdc $ l' ' h i' J' inIrdtrl<n:'t rn" r'" r I
"'r"r"'Acr' 'er'c\
'
r!r, iiil;;Ji;;;il,;,,.,,.i."',.,L,r
ii;1, rrurru'cu'u'rrurr'4 i"".",u,"rinnumberorH ^'::1!:'':f'111,:l:::":l::lt::i:":t*11.,",
t;;'r'' l' +\'c charscs' i e dclicicncv in Numbcr orf
(viii) Balancc lhe charge adding electmns ,;";;
b,"-
';;;; 'recrrons
elecnons addcd is cquaL !o dre def i'nc!
equalize lhe Dirnrb'r olelcctrons
f;*l llrr,ipiu tr," r,Af.q,ialions rllh suirtble cotllicientsi\ rolralanlc']lvith respecr to charse 0nd aroms'
ix) Atld tirese hrllequations n) gcr nn \lhich
'qraiioll
EXAMpLE: Balance the follolring reactions b] ion_electron method' i

l
(i) Cr2o]-+crol E;61:+166, L

(ii) c(oH)r +lotgr +Croi

l
Oremical neacflons atrd fquations lE
Sol. (i) ,{cidicluedium:
(a) Gi\cn cquation

crro; rcro; l{- c,' co,

O) Wrile borb rhe balfreadjons.
Cr)O72-......-Crl+ I Reduoioo hatf reacrion.,
C2O; '-----+ CO, (Oxidatior halfrcaction)
(c) Atoms other than H and O are balanced
G2O? )2Ct1+
C2Otr- ----) 2CO2
(d) Balance O-atorns by the addition oaH2O to another side
Crzoi . r2cr3++7rro .
C2O;- ----)2COz
(e) Balance H-atoms bythe addition ollf ions to another side.
Cr2O72_ + 14H+-, 2Cr3++ 7H2O
C2oi )2co2
(0 Now' balanc€ the charge by the addition of electrons (e).
Cr2Or2 + l4lf +6-
-r 2Cr3++7H2O
C2O;- ------+ 2CO2+ 2d
(g) Multiply equations by a constant to get number ofelectrons same on both side. In the above case second equation is
multiplied by 3 and then added to first equation.
Cr2O12 + l4Ef + 6d ------)2Cr3" + 7H2O

3CzOl- ) 6Co2+6e
Cr2Ol- ic2ol + 14H+ -+ 2Cr3+ + 6CO2 + 7H2o

(ii) Alkalinemedium:
(a) civen equation
Cr(OlDl +IO3 oE r f+Crooz
(b) Separaie the two halfreactions.
Cr(OlD1-----.>Cro.r2 (Oxidatiorhalfreaction)
Ioj Ja (Reduction hatlreaction)
(c) Balance O-atoms by adding HrO.
H2O + C(OtDl OO.2
-)
Io3 Ja+3H2o
(d) Bal.DccII aloms hyaddingH.Otosidehavinsdeficiencyandan equal no. of OH ions iotheother side
(. medimr is alkaline)
soH +H2o+ Cr(oD3 )Cro42 + 5H2o
5ota + Cr(OH)3 ----+ CrO42 +4H2O
IOt +6H2O Ja+3IIrO+6OH-or
IO3 +3H2O +l + 6OH
(e) Balance the charges byelectrons
5oH + C(ofD3 rcrot'*4llzo+ze-
IO3 +6H2O+6r +a+3H2O+6OH
(g Multiply first equation by 2 and add to second to give
10oH + 2cr(olD3 ---+ 2crq2 +8H2o+6t
TO, 6HrO 6e -T lH,Or6OH
4OH +2Ci(OH)1 +IO; J 5H,O +2CrO: +I
 CHEMISTRY

AND
chemicat reactions usually procccd wlth eithcr liberarion ol heal or thc absorplion ol heat. Th. .onsrhucnl elemenls
ola
compoundare bound by a chemical bond. ln a chemical reaction or chemica! change. the bonds hetvccn the constiiuenls ofthc
are brokeD cnergv
r;actanh are brok!.n and the producrs are formcd ha'ing ncw bonds. In short it maybe said that when bonds
' isconsu.mcd{orabsorbcd) andwhcnbondsar€ formedenorgvisreleascd'
the heat
\\ftcn i chernicat reaction libcrates heat to rhc sulrouDdings. it is said to be 'exofiermic reaction' and Qhen irabsorbs
iom the surroxndings. il is said to bc'cndothermlc reaction'.

fr.atti4n A<rfur1n Wid aqfA.n 4tu1 Uyidb$n ustq i. an ect^eoL e'ra&"ni!: \2adi'n,
hardrag.n t4.

tLe tatae an*ut ol eruq* i. d.4.2d uhftn ir utili'2ed ta u?tLaut .pe.e 'ltuftIz'
2Hr(g)+or(g)--J :H'o(l)+i7:kl(286kJi mol)

E$mpl€s:
(i) Niirogen and hydrogen combine together 1() form amnonia. This chenical reaction liberales heat to thc surroundings and,
'l'crelore. ir . c\olhermic reh 'ior.
\ 'H, , 2 \H. ': 41. cal\.
ru:r\, ga /ga'i
Here bon{t beN-eer nvo atoms of a nirrogcn moLecules and between rhree atoms of hydrogen molecules arc broken and
new

bonds benleen nilrogen and h),&ogen atoms arc ibnned. Herc the sum ofen.'rgies needed to break nitrogen-nitrogen bond and

hydrogeD hldrogen bond js tcss than the L.n.rgy released during ihe tumation ofihe bonds ber$een nitogen and hydrogen
Thus Ihe hcar (energ-v) is libcraled 1othe sultourdjngs Therelde. thisrcaclion is exoibcnnic
Sinilarlythe fomalion ofsulphur trn)xide fiom sulphur dioxide and ox)ger is aLso exothermic redrtion
2 so, +(]1 -.> 2sor+'12.ookca1s'

(ii) Nitrogen and oxygen combine rogether ro lbrm nitria oxide. Here the hcat oflhe suuoundings is absorbed. Therefore, this
r*ction is cndothermic'.
Nr'-o. ) 2No 43.2kca]s.
N otc: Ucrc ihe sum ofencrgies needed to bre,rk nitrogen-nitrogcn and oxygeD oxygen bonds is m uch orethan the energy rel.ased

during thc formarion ofihe hndsberweennirroCeD and oxygen atoms. Therefore, hcal energy is provided externally 10 complete

rhcre"r.on lhL.rhr...Iea.r'o', r .nJurl'(rrni.

Toke d 5OO mL beaker in your contoining apprcpnoE dnount of warer add smoll onounr of col]iu,, oxide ot
*hool lab
qui* ti,ne in a beaker. stit it mitdty. Aftet sor'/,..!iime do you feel ony chonge in temperoture ot beaket if yes rhen find out
.orrc.t rcdson fot .honge in tenp?rotwe by .liscussing with vot t ftiendt oad t"dcher
Chemical Reactions and Equations

(EROS|ON BY
Fo. most ofus, corrosion is the degradslion ofmctals .nd is ofien callcd rust T.chniclll), q,e can detine it as an irrelersible
mterficial rcaction ofa rnaterial (mctal, cemrnic. pollmer) ruth i ls cn !i.on ment \i.hich results ir consumprioo o lthc malcrial.
Corrosrcn causes damage to car bodics. bridges. iron railings. sbips and to all objecls made ofmeials, specially thosc oliron.
Corrosion ofiron isaserious problem. E\'.yyycar an cnonnous amount of mone)', is spcnt to replace damaged iron.
airosion isthe primarymcins by$hjch metalsdeteriorate. Mosl rnctals conode on contact lvith water (and moisrure in theair).
acids, bases, salB, olls..tgglessive metalpolishes. and othersolidaDd liquidch.mical!. Metals\ull alsocorrodewhen exposed

10 gaseous materials like acidvapors, iiymaldchydc gas. .tnmon ja gas. and sultur contarring gases. a,rros b" sperifuallt- tule^
h 4t1! ptoces! inlohin! the deteiarutian ot degtodotion of] etal conponet r. Thc bcsl kno]n casc is that ofthe rusting of
\teel. Corrosion processes arc usu.llv electrochemical in raiure, hlrving fie csscnli,tl liatures ofa batery

I
?l5 Wtun nutsl ataau axz e/x,paaed tt an etti,tt t tott untailtirlg u'4t2,t nt4l4.aLc tee* un gito q d2ltuona,
6q4ntugtlsn &teA poAfio.lg &aagd. ioru, pqalnfud. on elatuical cilrauia ca& Ae cahqtetd, eeA e$ut w,8e corcattu*n
ls.arytalaanepif ot-,oomztintt a,cua&'otitcanealentr couaa a,u lz c'uo, te paadllae gawral uabtagz" l$alizaA
@ana.iantAat tead. puirq nay pwAnz aAte,r fu l-.tg-. iDiliarian and,, addttt"-crU, !p'|".o.tue ag2lb AAe 6eaa'ato!.
ta.

a&r! kad. ta g aal&f e Nxrn groanA ol a lctig-e qatA gafiing crrno.ilM afaa o&1ri nart l^4ra h axtat u'4u4
anouibuttl raX eang24 fr&te o..urL2d. d z ta rnddiag o?onlion .

There are two imtr pillars out dwhich one is locrted in the coastal area aDd the oths in the to'rra, Norv after few months one
observc the pflIar in corstrl .re& corroded early. Give suitable explanation,

SOLU?ION
rs $c kno!,! that corrosion ofiron occur in presence ofhumidair and in coistal lrcas air is much more humid as compared
10 ihe air rn the lou,n. Thus corrosion ofiron pillar nr coastrlarea occurs at faster rate.

fu ors Inf luen.ing Corrosion

Following factms influence the corrosion. ltese are the
(, Reactivity ofmetals
(D Presence ofmoisture atrd atmosphe c gases like CO2 , SO2 etc.

{iii) Presence of impuriries.

CIv) sEaitrs in rhemelal

(9 Presence of ele€trol),te.

Ielhods lo Prevenl Corrosions

(D To minimize corosion, protective coatiDgs arc applied to Fevetrt the direct contaci ofmoisture and oxygm with the metal.
This process is called gdlydu isirg. It iDvolves coating ofzn metal on ircn surface.

G) Another way to protect imn and other metals fiom oxiilation is to coat them with a corrosion-resistant metal, such as
chromium, platinum or gold. This Focess ofcoating one metal with another by elec1Joltsis is ca.]J,ed electroplatiry.
 . 5}otA' wgyn ann untzr aa. ne@,'ai4 fu,La^tin*auauetlytlzxtArycanee\.dken&|LafuArrdu!-ridz

. etad,.aw .'o&niw ald it. ia!L' ua al,lz t4 4!'e 14,.14

satt u.Ltol a$!t4al!r uAtiw 6,x.q/L,e il i^ C&

, Snlpur2 i^on wh na42 q"kAlar tAM 7M iron

. fie at!'.tinq el iua i, a$2t at'd ulun it i' in ctatttt uith o teu dttu@ n2tal rult ao c!'apa aL tin
. Xutt uadetL mzcLanirtl.tr.,6 au't' ffi12 ryh&Y\"auaei dilnduX 1eata!ru eb't 6u4nq4tLatuLd
tggdAr,{.
,&,ti.cadi|ianAful.dtoantuutewlana{lLeca&a'iaLpl,olzlocaapalztrwr$aafualna&at

LLU5IAATIOH ! 6
pmtective layer of aluminium oxide (Al2O3) forDs on ih surface'
The
When aluminium Betal is exposed to air, a
aluminlumbeverag€ cans do not(
prercnts firther resction betwee aluminiumanil oq€e& anilitis the rerson that
forms fu too porous to protect the iron metal underneath' so
[tr the c'se ofiro& the rust, or tuotr (Itr) oxide, that
mntinuecl. write a balanced equation for the formation ofAl2o3'

SOLUTION I

The unbalaDced equation is : A1 + O, ----, A1,Ol

bul in unequalnumbcrs' nrh'1'nce the Al atoms'

\\t see thal both Al and O appcar onlvonce o! each sjde ofthe equ'ttion

placea2 mfronl olAl : 2Al+O, --'JAl,O.

o atoms on the righl-hand side ofthe cqration. This lnequalirvof
Thcre are two O aloms on the l€ft-handside and rhrec

atoms can be climinarcd by wrilins in fiont of the 02 on the lct-hand side of the equation '
;

2{+;o:'-)Al.o.

Nox multiply rhc crriire cquatior by 2 to convcrt l12 n) l'

i' 4Al r 3or

-'2Allor
Thus fiDafly,
Al (1) .\r(11

o(6) o(,
 Chemical Reactions and Equations

Take d sddt tilver afticle (node up of pute silver) in open on fot kw days. rhen re.ord your observation. tn case if there is
any sort of chonge then uy to lind olrt the exo.t Msn for this chonge by dis.ussing with your fnends and red.her

RANCIDITY
Thc nostimportanl cause of deteriorarion in fats and fatty foods is oxidrtion. Oxidation offaisresults ir thc rcplacement of an
oxlgen ion lion a hydrogell ion in lhc f.ttty acid molecule. This substitrt;on destabilizes thelnolcculcdDd rnakes ir posslble lbr
othooddchemical tiagmenls to fi.d a place aiong the chain. \l,}at lve perceive is an unpiea\an t change in rhe Ilavor andodour
ofa food, called rarcidity. Uns.ttul?ted fats are more susceplible tooxidation than are saruratcd fals.liacrors which accelcralcfitt
oxidalion mctude trace metals (iron, zinc, ctc.), sah. light. water bacteria. aDd rnolds. Fat oxidarlon can be rctarded b_v use oi
le.
antioxidints (Antioxidants are compounds lhrl inhibit chemical reactions sith oxygen such as BHT, BltA. \.itam in E, and \,lramin
rg
C). by use olspiccs such as sage and rosemar), and by use oflight andlor air tigLt urapping.
Somehigh far foods such as potalochips are Fckaged in matcrials thal protect dleln liom lighr and oxlgen and llre conrriners
are floodcd wilh nitrogen to turther cxclLrdc oxygen. t he nirrogen also scrvcs as a cushion to mnrunizc breakage of the chips
dr.ring transport.

io
lt^b'
'o Oxidalionrcactions mayinvolveniehlyrcactive molecrr*."rr.a Aii:i"a;*r". r'ee Rndicals arc morecuLes rhat ha!e losr an cl..tron
andtrylo gain it byreacting with othermolecules. This causes the substance to break down. N,rctals oter carattze reactions sirh
oxygcn. Another example would be the half eaten apple. The skiDless area quickly oxidizcs causing rhe apple 1{r rum bro$1r. Anlioxrdanr
rnhibit thesechanges by rencting with the fteeradicalsbefore1hey can reacr }Jth oxygen (fiee radical sca\,enging) or byreacring \rrh
Natumllyoccuning antioxidantsmayaLso work by inrera$ing directlywith ox)gen.
dre metals-
\alumlly occurring antioxidanis include reriroids (vitamin A) and rocopher ols (vitamin E), foimd in
manyanimals and plants;ascorbic acid (\,itamin C), tumd in citrus and orher liuirs and vegetables;
and beta carotene, found in deep orarge and dark green vegelables These mayplay a significant
role in thepreve1ltion ofcancer, heart disease. immune-deficiencydiseases, and aging.
Spthetic anlioxidants include butylared hydrox)toluene (BHT). butylated hydrox)anisole (BFIA l.
and propyl gallate. Natural and slnthetic antioxidanrs are added ro tood to prevent undesirable
deterioralion. Foods Feserved with antioxidanrs inclLrde vegeable oils, bread, andcheese.
\nlioxidanrs are fiequentlyapplied to lhe packaging materials ofcercals and nuts.

tLLUSTBATION:7
Oiland fat contairing food items are flushed with nitrogen. Whr,?
sotuTtoN :

The food ilems are preserved in the atmosphere ofN2 (inerr gas) so as to prevent them from oxidation.
Food is kept in refrigerato so as to reduce the temperature which shows the rate ofoxidation of food material and preseive
the {ood for sometime.
tuiom an activity to ,,,easure flovour .honges i" high fat lood dnd o lor frce lood ovet
tift'
set live standot ts to onolyse tlovou of lood.
r, Extuemely dislike rhe tlovottr
2. slightly like the flnvour.
3. Neither like ot ttislike the flavou.
4. slightly like rhe fldvour
5. Enftnely like the flovour

Frcsh potaro .hips, roisins, 4 canning jar wirh lids, ,luminiu,, foiL toPe
Nowtir'tldstepotato.hipsondroisi,f.ondfttetheirflavouronaba/,escate.w.aPtwo.anningja6wirhalurniniunfoiland
tope it in pla<e sa that no light can alrer the ior Ploce fftsh Poturo chipt in one of the loil
cov ed ia's and in one of the
unwrowedsothesamewithmkin'capeochjdltightlylominimi*theamountofai,thoteltelsthejarNowleaverhe
.oPPedjarcinaplocewherctheyshouldbeexposedtotight.Tostethepotatochipsorr!theruisinsfroneo.hialafterevery
2ttoyslor2weeks,Eachtimeyoutas?thetood'rcterhei!ftovouonthebaskotobouescde'onthebosisofvourcoecd
data rc.ord yout observation.
Y Chemical Reactions and Equations

T
1 EXE RC lsE
DIRICT|ONS I Canplete the fallo\rnE statem? ts \ith dn DIRECTIONS : R"ad /neJbllo||ine stdtetnentt and wite wur
:.propriate \ud / ta n to be liled in the blank sparel.'). dnl,,.l?r os rrue or fdl.t?

combination reaction t\{o or rnore subsrarces combinc

In a.................... l. 'j
he number olaloms ofeach elenenl is conserved ilr anv
io Ibnn a newslnglc subslance.
Rc.tctions in which h.rt is gir€n oul aknigsith theprcxlxcrs
2. Oxidadon is thc loss ofelectroDs liom a sxbstance.
Exothermic
arc cal|ed......................
ions. rea
3. Reduction is the gain ofelcclrons by a substancc.
RL{ctions in wh ich cn ergv is absorbcd are kno$n as Endothermic
... ... .... .
4. A complcte chemical cquation represenls thc rcaclants!
wlrcn an element dispiaces anolhcr clemenr lioln irs produc$ and their physical states s),mbolicall).
Displacementrcacrion occurs.
compound, a..................... 5. A rnaglc.i,rr nbbon bu . uI J d3,,,,lrne.i.ne ,n rrr
Two dificrcnt aioms or goups ofaroms (ion, lrc exchanged lox\.111,,rJcl,rnCe. rnrJr sI',rc,ub.rdn.c. -ndEre.ium
in............ ....... reaclions.
h- Precipitationreaclionsproduce.................... saits.
-. Rcductionisthe.-..............ofoxygenorgajnofh)drogen. 6. Ruslnrg is a double decomposirion reacrion.
!. The djgestion of Ibod ir the body is an exanrple of.. . .... 7. Tlrc reaction betwccn nitrogen and hydrogen ro glve
an'n,,'rir ,. ,r. e\ampr. ,'rJ combind. or rk. rur,
o. Thc additionoloxigm to a substance is called...........
v 8. Action of heat on lcr.ous sulphric is an example ol'
lr. \r'h.ncdlcum.arl.onarei5l-ed,ed. I J.lompo5es.opr\c
dccomposition reaction.
.................. and.................
11. The nerv substances produled in a reaclion are called as 9. Theformalion ofcuandH.Olhercactionofcoppe.o{ide
is an examplc ofa redoxreacl0r.

DIRECTIONS I fa.r./?esti.n cont.rins statements girek h cotunnt \thich hd,e to be matLhed. Sk:t"nen^ (A, B, C, D)
^ro Il.
: colutnn I hdte ta be notched*ith st.itendxs (p, q, I s) in cotum

i Cohrmn 11 givcs $?e ofreactior mention ir cot rnnn I. march ih enr conectly
Colurrm I Colultrn
(A) C . (]2 -r Co2 (p) Displacement

@) AgBr _l!\ Ag + Br (q) Combination

(q Zn+ CUSOaJZnSOa+Cu (r) Decomposition
(D) CHrCr{,OH l5 CHTCHO+H, (s) Ondatiol

5. Whrt is a decomposition reaction l a;ileexample.

6. Dcfi ne displacemcDt rcaction.
TIRECTIO\S : cn,e anr\Et i, on! \arlor on. \uttc]tc 1. whal hapfc'nt lvher sodium rcacls wirh \\a1cr ?
8. Write the chcmic.rl equarion and name the reacrtun $ hen a
Wrile a chemic.tl cquatiol when magnesium metal rcacrs
solution ofsodinm chloride is nrlxcd ivirh a soluion olsiher
with aqueous hrdrochloric acid ro produce a solu.o. of
niirate arrd a whrte precipiralc olsiller chloriders Ibrmcd.
magnestrnn chloride and h)drogcn gas.
Crn a cornbination reaclrcn bc redox reactiori. Why do.s th. colour oicoppcr sulphate solurion change.
\!]ydowe appl]-pairl on iron afic]es ? when an iron nail isdipped in it'l
$har are the diibrenr t{cs ofreacrions l
10. Wlry is phoios]nthesls considered as an cndoth.rnric
 lorrn' Iora5siu'n
ll. on,,,,rur" .L1orors ' KCIOr ' on he'rring { Dhurd,o\idc
:;i:;#";;;-;;;" \ rr;a bhrdnced equa"on 'o 'h ' rla;iurn.hl,.rride rerct" ullh aluminitlmsulphdR
ro
p'etipitatc oftarium
12.
'Jli'l} **,,n* .t" rcactiorl charact€rised tLe "r,*i.i.- "r1l*ia" "'a "
Potassium metxl rcacG Nith
water to glve p
"o"mical
chan"-e in temPerairre.
13. U ha, rype o. chenrcal rcacrion- t-le pldcc $hca :

(b) magnesium wire is blinr iD air ?

a (a) HNo3 + ca(oH), )Ca(Noi),+H,O
(c) electricit) is passed through waler ? (b) NaOH+ H,SOa -+ Na,SOa +H,O
(d) amnonia and hydrogen chloride are mixed ?
(c) siLlcI bromidc is exposcd ro suDlisht (c) NaCl+AgNOj +AgC1+NaNOl
l,l. Tobalmce achcmical equation, can \\e changethc lbrmulac
ofeithcr reactanls or producrs ?
(d) BaCt, +H,SOa +BaSOa +HCi
15. \vly should a magnesium ribbon be cleancd beforcbuming 5. Why is respimtion considered as an exotherrnic
in au l E&1aio.
16, lf aDy of the follo\f ing reacdons occur sponrareousl)! ll'rile 6. \\fta!
is rancidity ?
the balanced n€t ionic equadon. Ifnot.*ritc "no reacrion' " '7, writethe baianced chemical equatjon ofthe tuUowmg
(a) Pb Fznr- ) Pbr++Zn idcnli! thc r)pe of rcaclion in each casc :
(b) I'e+Il' + Fel'+lt. (i) Potassium komide (aq) + Barium iodide (aq)
(c) Cu-Ag+ --) Cul|+Ag -'r Potassnm iodidc (aq) + Barium bromide
tdt (t]7r-- Ct' +Lr (ii) Ziiccarbonale G) ! ) Zinc oxide G)
17. Nickcl(Ill nitLttc is prepared byhcaringnickel metal \\'ith + Carton dioxide (s)
liquid dinihogenletroxide. In {ddiiion to the nitmte. gaseous (O Magnesium (s) + Hydrochloric acid (aq)
n'lro!fl' nono\r.lc,.lorrn.o.\\r r.rhcb,.n,edeo.r' Iion. + Magnesium chloride (aq) + Hvdrogen
\\ h-v is the amounl ofgas collected in one oflhe test tubcs --
Batanc€ the foliowing chemical reaction
in elcctrolysi! ofrvaler double oflhe amounl collected rn rar NHc\Ot -_ N2O - ll2o
rhe olher'l Name lhis gas @) P4Olo + H2O ---t H3PO4
19. write a balancedchcmicaL equation wirh srate slmbols for (c) Htol ---+ 1205 +I1O
fie iollow greactnDs. (d) As+C12- ) Asclj
(i) SoLutions olbartum clrloride and sodium rulphate in Balancc the clemical equations for the tbliou'ing
water reacl to give insoluble b iumsulphare and c indusrlial processes :
(a) Molecular nitrogen and hydrogen combine lo
solLill(nr olsodiNn chlorlde.
(ii) Sodnun hrdroxide solulion (in {rter) redcrs $'ith
O) Molecular h)drogen and carbon monoxide react to
hydlochlorictcid sol tion (in \\'aler) to producc sodium mefianol (CHrOl0.
.hloride so!ution and i\atcr. (c) --
Cao+ C + Co+cac2
(d) c.llr I o,+HCl CrHlcll+ll)o
10. -+
Here arc some rcactions inlolling waler. Balance

DIRF.CTIONS : CIL? drJwr ;rr l -,' rrrk r..t. (a) Ca(OH). HTPO4 J H2o-Car(Por)-
1. C onrt lcte the milsing compoDcnGluriables gil en
'As
1 an d (b) Na2Oz+H2O - ) NaOH+HzOz
I in thc 1o11o\\ing rcactions (c) BF3 +rLO HF +H3BO3
{a) Pb(Nor)r (iq) +lKl(aq)- rPbli(r)r lr'\oroJ -+
(d) NH3+CuO - + Or+N2+H2O
(b) ft(s),l,A.-qNor(aq) + cu(NOJ.(aq) +J(n 11. Balance the foilowing equations.
(c) Zn(s)r H.SOr(xq) J Znso.,(r) - IIztlt)
(a) Cr+ 02 Cr2Ol
tl) CaCOr(, j> CaoG) (or(g) FI2 +
I1r rhe rcll mg ofsilver. therecoreryof\ilrer fionr siher
(b) Co2Sl + -) Co+H2S

nirrale solulion in\ol\ed disPltcemenl by copper mclal.

\\tite do$m the reaction irvolvcd.
Tr.tnslate th c lollo\\ ing slateme! ts
andthen baLance them.
(a)
Ilr-drogen gas combines
(ct crl{s+02 + co2 +I{2o
12. RepreseDl c,rch ol lhe lollowing word eqLalions
i chemical equations balaDcedchemical equatioD
o
(a) Djsilanc gas (SjrHr,) undersocq combuslior to
$ith nilrogcr ro fonn solid \ilicolr dioxidc and u'alc..
(b) Solid ahmirium hldridc is lbrmcd bv a

rcacrion ol11s r\\'o clcmenls

IY Chemicat Reactions and Equations I;l
L_J
nd (c) \l1en solid ca]cium bisultite is healed. itdecornposes 3. Wlat are different t}?es ofcombination .eactions ?
to solid calciun oxide, sulturdioxidc gxs, ardwarer. 4. A solution ofNa2CO3 is mixed with a solution ofCaCI2.
1-1. ,L largepiece ofzinc metal is placcd in a copper (IIJ sulfale, Predict what happens.
CuSOr. solution. Ttre blue solulxn become colourlcss as 5. Balatce the following equations
copper mctals falls 1(r thc borlorn of r]rc conramer. The
(i)
resrlliig solurim conrains zinc sullirrc. 7nSO, Write CaC(]3 -5Cao+Co2
balaDced chemical equation for thereaction (ii) H2SO4+NaOH + Na2SO4 + H2O
1.1. Asolution ofAgNOr is nixedx,ilh a solutionolK.S. \\irire (ii0 H2O2 J H2O + 02
rhe mole, J dr. r, r:l r.ric dnd rcr ,r r. eq,r ror" rl.r..r- rr; (iv) AI+HrPO4 J AlPOl +I{'
(r) Ca(OH)2+HCI + Cacl2 +H2O
15. Wiilc decomposition reactions tbr th e lbllowrng compounds. (u) Mg+N2 J Mg3Ni
(a) ca(Hcor2 (b) AsrO (.'iD Mg3Nz + Hzo ------) Mg(oID2 + N'H3
(c) N2o3 (lni) Si2lk +H2O ) Si(OlD4 +H2
16. \V.it. one equation cach fordecomposrLion rcactjons $herc
(ir) c2H6 + cl2 czHcl5 + HCl
.r, rr\ i. lorm or 1.d,. lr- \r ,. (.e. rflc,..
,r,oplr. d L rl .
1?. Shoq thaloxidallon aDdreducrion goside b_v side b] laking G) -)
BFI +NaH --- + B2H6 +NaF
The oxidalion oliron !o rusr is a probl.m hurdreoxidalion
18. \\hat docs onc mean by c\othcrnric and cndorhcrmic ofalumiDium 1o alumnriunr oxideis nol wh),1

:G) reactions? Gi! e exampLes

7. l\l ite balanced cquations bvpredi.ring the producls ()1-rhc
19. Erplain thcfouowing in rcm!olgainor Los\otox)-!:en \!irh lbllowing r.actions. lnclude the physlcal statc of each
elcnlcnt orcompound.
(i) Oxidation (ii) Red',crion
(a) the Ieutralizarxlr of aqueous rubidMn hldroxide w,rh

10. ( ar orrdrlrcn or reduclion t.tk. place alone? \\rhy or rvh) hydrobro]nica.id

notl What arc such reactiorrs c.llcd:r (b) asnreleiisdaccmcnt reaclion olcrlciurnmeral xirh a

(c) the conrbuslion of solid n.tphthalere (UroIl!)

)TRECTIONS: Gr,co,.$r,erii /o t.to lite sente (d) a prccipitation reaction ii \ ol\ ing aq u.ou\ xnlnonium
ces.
chrolnate and aqucous barium lronrd.
l. Why arc decomposltlon rcactions called rhe opposite ol'
(e) the decomposrtion ofsolid alumi. nr h!dro\ide r.r(l
c flbi,dri,nrcJ.l'on.'\\ rr..qL.,rion..J tl,.\.-ea.riu1..
solid alumnrun oxide and sascous Narer.
L What do ),ou lncaD byprecipitarion reaorjons? Explain by
gi\ingexamples.
 EX ERCISE
bumins 1' Which of the slatements aboltt the reaction below
1. Wly should a magnesim ribbon be cleaned before

in air?
2PbO(s) + C(r) - + 2PUr) +COrG)
2. write the balanced equaiion for lhe following chemicai (a) Leld rs getting reduced.
Ol Carbondioxrdets gettrngo\idised'
(i) Hydrosen + Chlorine -- ) H-vdrogen chloride (c) Carbon is getling oxidised.
(d) Lead oxide is geiting reduced
(ii) Barium chloride+ Aluminium sulphate ) Barium (i) (a) and (b) G) (a)andc)
(iii) (a), (b) and (c) (1v) an
suhht€ + Aluminium chloride
2. Fe2Or+2A1-,Al2O3+2Fe
(ii, Sodiun+['arer -) The above reaction is an example ofa
Sodium hY&oxide + Hydrcgen (a) combinationreaction
l. $'rite a blanced chemical equation with state slmbols
for (b) double displacement reaction
the following re3ciions. (c) decomposilionreaction
(i) solutions ofbarium chloride ard sodium sulphate in
(d) displacementreaction.
3. Wllat happens when dilute hy&ochloric acid is
waler roact to glve insolublebarium sulphare and the
iron fillings? tick the correct answer.
solution olsodiilm chloridc'
(a) H)dl osen gas aDd non chloide arc produced
(ii) Sodium hydroxidc solulion (in Naler) reacts with (b) Chlorinc gas and non hldroxide are pruluced
hldrcchloric acid solution (in water) io producc sodium (c) No reactior takes Place
chloride solution and l.t€ter. (d) Iron salt and warer.tre prodxced
4. A solution ofa substance'X'is used for white washing' 4. Whrtis abalanccd cbcnical cquation l Wh) should
(i) Name the subslance 'X' and$dte its lormrrla equations be bala ced?
Tran sl.rte thc follo\\'iog statemcnts in to chclnical
(ii) Write the reaction of the subslancc'X'named in (i)
aDd then balaDcc lhem.
above with water'
(a) Hydroge. gas combines with nitrogcn to
\Vhy is the amount oigits collccted ir one ofthe test tube in
activity 1.7 oflour ncert tcxt book double olthe amount (t) Hydrogen sulphide gas burns in air to give *ater
collected in tbe other? N ame lhis gas. sulphur dioxide.
\lhy does thc colour ofcoppcr sulphate solutioD cha'ges (c) Biriunr chlorid.reacts wilh alunnn ulr su\rhatc to
$hen an ironnail isdippcd in il? aluinin rrda pr€cipirrleofb.trirnn
nr chloridc

Givc an examplc ofa double displacemcnt rerction other (d) Potasslunr nretal rcacls with ivaEr to givc
7.
texl book' hydtr)xide aDd hy&ogen gas.
than the one given in aclivilv 1 10 of vour ncert
d the substances 6. Balancc ihe followin g chemrcal cquations'
8. ldentiry the substances that areoxidiscd aD
(a) HNor'Ca(iH), + Ca(Nor).+H.O
thaiarcreduced in the follo\\ing rerclions'
(b) NaOIt+H,Sor > Na.Soa I HrO
0 aNio+o.(g) - +lNaro(r) '.' \!\L, \ r' ' ' Air'l \_\L)
(ii) t]uo(s)+ H)(8) -) Culs)+Hro(4 (d) BaCl., H.S0r ) l:lasor+llcL
tY Chemical Reactions and Equations
Write the balanced chemical equarions ior ihe fouowmg

(a) Calcium h)&oxide + Cafton dioxide - , Calcium 1. Completethemissing componentv.Eriablesgiven as., and
carbonate + water l, in the following reactions
O) Zinc + Silver nitrate --, O Pb(NO3), (da) + 2KI(aq) -+
Zinc nitrate + Sil.ver Pbrl(.r) t KNOr(1)
(c) Alunriniml + Coppe( chlorlde --+ (r, Lu(s) + 2AgNOr(a{) )
At uminiun chloride + Copper (l(Nor),(a./) r r(r)
(d) Barium chioride + potassium sulphate Bariurx -+ (iii) Zn(r) - H:So1(dq) + ZnSO.(_r) + HrLr)
sulphare + Porassium chtoride
(U Cacor(r) :) cao(, - coi(s)
8. Write thebalanced chenical equation 1br the tbllowrngand
2- Grapcs hanging on the plant do not fermcnt but alier
idenlii, rhe r),tr e ofreaction in each case.
benrg plucked ll.om tbc planr can be lcrmenlcd Undcr
(a) Potassiun bromide(ar) + Bariutn iodide(aq) -) wh!t conditions do these grapes tcrment.t Is it a chcmical
or a phlsical change?
Porrssium iodide(d4) + Barium bromide(r) l. Dudng the reaction of sornemelats wirlr dilutehldrochtoric
(b) zinc carbonatc(, + icid, lbllowing observariolls lvcre mndc
Zjnc oxidc(s) + Crrbon dioxide({) (i) Silvcr mer.tl does not shos an),.hange
(c) Hydrogen(s) + Chlorine(g) r (ii) Thc temperature ofthe rcacrion rni{ture rises whcn
Hldrogcn chtoridc(g) aluninrum (Al) is added.
(d) MaencsiLlIIl(!)-HrdrochLoricacid(,q) fiii) Thc rcaction of sodiu,n mdat is tirund ro b. hiqht!,
) Magnesium chloride(rr)+ Hydrogen (!,)
Whal does one mean by exothermic and eDdothernric (iv) Some bLrbbles ot a 8as ar. seen {hen lcad (pb) js
rea!1ed rriLh rhe acid.
reaorion'l Give eiamples.
lxplam these ohsenalions gi!ing suitable rcasors.
10. \\r}t is rcspiraiion considered xn exolhcrmic rcactiont,
1. Fcrrous sulphate dccomposes \(ith rhe evoluiion of a sxs
tixplain.
\Vh), are decomposition reactions called the opposite of
ld\ inp J.lrrhr,ri..i..Jou... bun.n!.LtftL". \\ .(
the chcmicai rcactlon in\ol\cd ard idenlil_\, rhe r\,rc of
! ombrn rron red(lio1.. \\ - e (\dJ.ror). ror rh..{.-<aL I .,
r.
I. Ulrite one equation aach for dcconrposition rca.rions \here 5. \bu a.e provided wirh tu,o conhincrs madc up ol .opper
errrL) ,. ,Jttl,etl L rh< t;rr ot t-(i.. ..p t <tJ.I rr r.). ltnd aluminium. \'ou are rtso provided sirh soturions of
^r
What is the dillerencc betweL'n displacemenl and double dilute HCl. dilurc HNOr. Znctr and II,O. ln which thc
mical
displacemenl reactions? Write equalions for these abo\'c corlainers rhcse solutions can be kept,l

,1 In the rcfining ofsihcy. the rc'colery ofsiher liom silver

nilrate solution invoh€d disptaccmenr by coppe netat.
A substance X. which is an oxide ot a group 2 elemcnt. is
\\iite do\m the reacrion invoh,ed.
u\cd inlensively in the c.'meDt rndustry This elcment is
\\'hal do)ou mcan bya precipitalion rcactionl, Explain by
and prcsent in bones lrlso. On treatmcnr with water it forms a
giungcxamplcs.
solution qhich tums rcd tihlus b1ue. Identili X and also
Explaintlcfollo ng in rennsofgain or toss oiox],gc. wirh
give wril.the chern ical reactions in ! o1ved
Balance the folloxing equarion.
(a) oxidation (b) Reducrion
B,H6(g)+H2O(l) ---+HrBOr(aq)+ Hr(g)
\ .l-r,\ or,{\ (oluued .r.1ne r \ or \<r .nE I i I

bccomes blackin colour. Narne the elemcnt.X,and the black 3. A solution of KBr is mixed wilh a sotulion ofsr (Cloal).
colourcd compoun d tbLmed. l-eJi. s\:I \-ppt r.
\\r}], do wc applypaint on iron articles:) 4. rJeIr I' ,e red, . ir.r rfcnr I r,,..to .\\I g r(ac.r()1
Oil and far conrainlng taod iten! are ttushedwlrh ntrroqen. (a) .lNHr r.5Or ,+,lNO + 6Hrt)
\\ihy l (b) Hro+F, =' HF . rrol-
Fxplain the lbllowing lcnn s \iilh one example each. (c) Fe,Or-3CO rlFe-lCO,
(b) Rancidity (d) 2H. rO. +2H,o
Chemical Reactions and Equations

EXE RCISE
Zn + HrSOa(dil). -- )Znsor + Hr 1

DIRtrCTIO\S : i'rd !.{ / i,l ontdins nnlt|le (hoi.e qucstians

Edch que:tion htrs 1 Lhoites tt), lh), lc) akd td) o,t ol \:hnh (a) dccompolitionreacti
oNLl'ONE is 1n-ett (bl slrglc displacement reac1ion
(c) combinationr*ction
*hichol fliclallownrgreactionsinvolveslheconrbinallon (d) s),rrtlrcsis rcaction
9. Thereaction inwhlchtwocompoundsexchangetheirions
(a) CaO+CO: JCaCOT (b) .lNa+()2 +2Na,O to lbrm n\o nelvcompounds is
(a) r displacement reaciion
(c) so)+ l ()2+sor (d) NH,+HCIJNHTCL (b) adeconposition reaction
When h]drogen sulphidc gas is passed through a bLuc (c) an iso,nerizaiion reaclion
solution ol .opp.r sulphate, a black prccipiralc ofcopper (d) a double displacemenr rcaction
sulphide is oblained and thc sulphuric acid so tbrmed 10. When thc gascs sulphur dioxide and hydrogcn sulphide
renrains iD thc n)lution. The reacrion is an.aamtlcof rnix in the presenceoiwatet the rcaction is
(al acoolbinrtioDrcacrion SO. + 2HrS + 2H.O + lS . Ilcrc hldrogen sulphide ls
O) displaccmcnr r.rcrion
a
(c) a decornposiri.,n rcactx,r
(d) a doublc dccompositio| reaction (a) an oxidisingagent (b) areducingasenr
3. Uhat happers $he| coppcr rod is dippcd jn iron sulphare
(c) a dehldrating agent (d) a catalysl
ll. CUO+II. r H.O-Cu,reaction isanc\amplcof
(a) Copper displaces rron (a) r,ior rcaclion (b) s)nlhesis rcaction
(b) Bhe coloxr oicoppcr sulphitc solution is obtained (c) nculralisarion (d) anal).\ls rcactjoD
(c) No rcaclion takes place 12. A subslance which oxidises ilselfand red uces ofter is knolr
(d) Reactionisero$omic
1. \ ,r.'JL,r .'lJeddl,eH( r,,dr.\r , \r . . n - ' r n ; /
r r I .
.r
c (a) oxldismsagent (b) reducing agcnl
j dnLle J.'d , d... r. ll.\\ r ! u \e.al r, L
(a) thezincsurr'accbecarnedull andbl.tck. I3. A redox reaction isone in rrhich
(b) a gas clollcd which bunr wirh a por s(rnd. (a) both thc subltance are reduced
(cl the soluiion remuncd .o l{run ess (b) both the substance arc oxidiscd
(dl thc solution becomes greel i colour. (c) an acid is neulrallscd by the base
A dilure soluridr ol sodium carbonate ${rs idd.d to r\o (d) onc substance is oxidiscd uhilc thc other is reduced
resttubcs one co|tuinil)g dil IICI (a) aiJ $e other 14. ]n the tbllowing .quatrons :
virrJ.Ir.!L.r'..\.rrirlLo, ll e.ofl e.. ub.. r .i,, ,,r, Na.COr +x HCI+ 2 NaCl r CO2 rII)O,lhe\alueofxis
(a) a bro{n colotrrcd gas liberated in test rubc.\ (a) 1 (b) 2
{b) a LroM coloured gas libcr ed in tcst trLb.ll (c) 3 (d) I
(c) a coloLrrless ghs libcraled in rest tube A 15. In the cquation.NaOH + HNOj + NaNO3 + U2O
rd) a colourless gas liberaled in rcsr rubc il nitric acid is acting as
A balanced chcmi.al cquation is inaccordance wirh (a) anoxidisins agcnt (b) anacid
ra) Avogadro s la$, (c) a nitrating agent (d) a dchldrating agent
rb) lawof multipleproportron 16. I_elalr - 2Ai+ Al.Or + 2Fe
lcl la\r ol cons.rvalion olmass Thc abo!€ .eaction is an examplcola
1d) law of gaseous \olurncs. (r) combinationreaction
The equ.uion
O) double displaccncnt reactiou
(u- XHNO, +Cx(No.). +\NO, -:TI.O (c) decompositionreaction
The lalucs of x and v are (d) displacemenrrcaclion
1a) 3 and 5 (b) 8and 6 17. \\rlite silr er chloridc m sunlighl turns to
1c) land2 (d) Tand l (a) gre_v (b) yellorv
(d) red
 _CHEMISTRY
tr
18. Black and white Pholo$aphy uses
(o A cbemical equalion tells us aboul the alom- or
molect es otrhe reaclaDls atrd prodLcrs in\olved in a
(a) decomposition of silver chloride
(t) deconposition of silver bromide
(d) A €hemical equation represents energv changes
(c) both
dutins a reaction
19. Wlrcn copper po$der is herred rl gels coa'ed r'rllr - 2. Wlich oflhe following is lare)a decomposirion reao on?
(a) btackcopper oxide (b) yellow copper oxide (a) 2Hco- q91+2l{c+ o,
fct 'ed coppeL oride
(d) None of these
2t. bombination ofphosphoms and oxygen is an example of (b) caco3-4+cao+co2
(a) oxidarion (t) reduction
(c) 2H2o --94!ELr H2 + 02
(c) rancidit) (d) None of these
of iron is an example of
(d) N2 +3H2' --+2NH3
21. Rusdng
(al rrduction rbr ioni/,iriotr 3. AeNOr(aq)+Nacl(aq) ----)AgCIG)+NaNOr(aq)
rc, oxidation (d) dissociation Ahove reaction is -
22, W}i. h olrhe lollo$rng does roL corrode wher exposed tu (a) precipitationreaction
(b) double displacement reaction
(a) Iron (b) Copper (c) combinationreaction
(c) Gold (d) silver (d) redox reaction
23. Take aboui 09 CaCO3 in, a test tube. Heal it over a flame,
1 1. In the reaction PbO + C + Pb + CO
\hen i colourLess gts comcs out. Th.reaclion is.alLed { (a) PbO is reduced
(a) dccornposilion react'on (b) C acls ac a oxidising agenl
(b) displncemen(realtion (c) C acts as a reducing agent
(c) double decomposirion reaction (d) tli. reacrron does nol repre'eol redox reaclion
(d) double displacemert rcactlon 5. Lead nitrate on decomposition gives
Hydrogen 'ulplide ltLS) i", 'trong redtrc'og rger
\rhtcl'
21. (a) leadoxide O) nitrogen dioxide
oirhe iollo.'rg reaction' 'hoq' irs reducrng acrron
(c) oxyeen (d) ninogen
rar cdr\or' i H.s_ -(d\-2HNO H*ting limesione Pr oduces
Q) cusoa +H2s- )cus+ H2soa (a) quicklime (t) carbon dioxide

(c) 2Feclr + H2S ---+2FeC12 + 2HCl + S (c) carbonmonoxide (d) slakedlime

(d) Pb(No3)' +Hrs- JPbs + 2CHrCOOH 1. Ferrous sulphaie on heatiilg produc€s -

(a) fenicoxide (t)
sulphur dioxide
2r ul 'Cu- Cul,.thereacLion,' (c) oxysen (d) water
(a) redox O) neutralisation
8. Rancidity can be Prevented bY -
(c) oxidation (d) reducrion
(a) addinganti-oidaDts
26. When copper tumings are added to silver nirr're soluiion a
lt O) p3ckagins oily food in nitrogen gas
blue coioureal solution is formed aftet some time is
(c) packaging oily food in argon gas
because, copper - (d) use of spices
(a) displacessrl\'er&omthesolurion
-
9. Which ofthe foilowing are endofiermic process
rbt fonns a blLe coloued comple\ Mrh AgNOr
(c) is oYrdisedroCu ' (a) boiling ofrvater
(d) is reduced ro cur'' (b) disolving salts in water
(c) dissolviilg conc. HrSOa in water
27. Zn1'(aq)+2e -+ Zn(s) Thisis (d) evaporation ofwater
(a) oxidation O) reduction 10. Which ofthe hllowing is(are) an exa pleofa'displacemenf
(c) redox reaction (d) none of these

ra) .aO CO +CaCO.

(b) caco3 - +cao+co2
DIRECTIONS: &,s se.1bn co"tains nnttiple choice quettio s' (c) Cu + 2AgNo3 + 2Ag
Edch quesli.) hds 1 choices (a), (b) (c) and tA o* ofwhich
(d) c"soa + H2s--)CuNor
+cus+H2soa
O\L OR UORL, oY IP ' afrc r-
ffi.rtl . tulnting 'Lrle.rcnls i! nol crnrc.ll 11. The process ofoxidation involves -
1
(a) A chemicaL equarion tclls us aboul the slrhstanccs (a) dre addition ofoxygen atoms
involved in a reaction
(b) the acceptance ofhydrogen atoms
(b, A chen.crl equaLiol inlorns L: aboJ_ lhe \ynrbol'
(c) the release ofhldrogen atorns
(dr re rher zcceprdlce ror relcase of hvd ogen aton"
in.l lormula olsub.t2lce' 'nvol\ed in a reac i^r
IY :hemical Reactions and Equalions
12- Following reaction describes the rusting ol Copper displaces !r'hich ofthe following metals from its salt
4Fe+ 30, -+ Ferol solntion
Wlich one ofthe following statomellt is (are) correcl - (a.) ZnSOa 6) FeSOa
(dr lhis rsdr e\arrpleola oxrdalion reac ol (c) AgNO3 (d) NiSO4

O) metailic iron is oxidised to Fe3 04 2. Which of the following oxides can be decomposed with
(c) Fe is reduced to FerO3. -
(d) meralic iron in this is an example ofreduction reaction. (a) CUO (b) Zno
Potassium chlorate on decomposition gives. (c) Aco (o ao
(a) polassium chloride O) oxygen gas 3. which ofthe following statement is co.rect?
rcr gas
.hlonfe rdr potassum oxrdc (a) Elements near the top ofthe series are never fomd liee
2Mg + 02 + 2MgO the abovereaction is ar example of in nature.
{ar de\orpos.r'or reaLr,or (b) Elements near the bottom ofthe series are often found

O) displacementreaction . free in natule.

(c.) combinationrcaction ' (c) Elements near the top ofthe series are found ftee in
(d) oxidation reaction nature.
Anmoo id gas t lormed by r l" e com bin c r :on oln iroge! and (d) bolh G) and (b)
hydrogen
N,+ 3II, + 2NIl3
In the above equaiion DIRECTIONS : Ea.I o/these que.stions contains an Assertion
(a) nitrogen and hydrogen are rcaclzints by rcason. Read them carefully and anst'vr the question
folavEd
.(b) one molecule ofnitrogen combine with 3 molecule of on the basis offollowing options. You haye to selectthe one th,lt
hydrosen and torm. r\\o molecule olarnmonia
be't dc, r,he. thc \o.to,rn, ats.
(c) one volume ofnitrogen and three volume ofhydrogen
combine and sive 2 volume ofamdonia sas (a) Ifboth Assertion and Roason are correct and Reason is the
(d) reactants and products are not saseous. correct er?lanatiotr of Asseftion.
Double decomposirion reactions are (b) Ifboth Assertion and Reason are conect. but Reason is not
fa) Ms+CUSO. r MgSO- +Cu the correct erTlanation ofAsse ion.
r'bt KoH I HNOI . q20 KNOI G) IfAssertion is correcthrl Reason is incorect
(c) Na2S+2HCl + 2NaCl + H2S (d) IfAssertion is incorrectbut Reason is correct.
rd) BaCl, Ir.soa )HC t. A.serlion : Sunoou, Ll.lmide i, apowe-tuI o).idi.rog dgert
2so2 +02 -----) 2So3 -B,SO4
- 42 k Ca1. The above reactior is which oxidise,s mercxric chloride to mercury.
(,r) endorhcrnic reacrion (b) e).or l,er m ic reaciion Reason : Stannous chloide gives grey precipitate with
(c) combinalionreaclion (d) displacementreaclion mercuric chloride, but stannic chloride does not do so.
2. Assertion i Corosion ofiron is commonly loloxtl as rusting.
Reason : Corrosion ofiron occurs in presence ofwarer and
DIRECTIONS : Std] rre giren palaqraph(s) atuJ nnswer the
,bllo||ing questions. 3. Assertion : In a reaclion
Passage-l zn(s) + Cuso4 (aq) ------.> znsoa (aq) + CUG),
\n element piaced above in rhe activity series will replace the Zn is a reductant but itselfget oxidized.
.lement placed below it iom its aqueous solutior. Reactivio,of Reasotr: lnd redox -m.non. ox daxnsredu,ed bya.ceprirg
:netals towards other elements decreases as you go doirn the electrons and reductant is oxidized by losing elechons.
\eries. The stability oftheir compounds also decreases. 1. Assertiotr : A reducing agent is a substance which can either
.\n) n eral above l)droger -eaL,. wirn dcids. replac rg hydrosei.
Ihe I ore d.fi\ e a redl..he,no-e snolg y i. hold( oD,o o\'ee] rn Reason : A subsrance which helps in oxidalion is knowr as
an oxide and therefore, the more strongly rhe oxide resisls reducing agent.
Je.ompo.irio.1 inro enen'c dpon hear;np.
rs e Assertion : Tlebalancing ofchemical equalions is based
The most active merals are not likely 1() remain uncombined with on law of conservation ofmass.
other substances for very long, Sorne are so activc thai they musl Reason : Toral mass ofreactants is equal to total mass of
be isolaled Aom air whe11 they are stored. products.
RY
E$,.tio*
! Chemical Reactions and

II IADVANCEDEXERCISE
El

.I r BAsED oN coNNEcrNG ToPrcs

DIRICTIONS (Qs. r-ro
t Ihis sectio co tains muhiple choice (a) H2o2 (b) coz
quesnons. Each question has a choices (o), (b), (c) and (d) out (c) H2o (d) F2o
det'ich ONLY ON E is cofteL r.
13. In which ofthe folowing rcactions, H2O2 acts as a reduciDg
{:o l. The loss ofelectron is termed as
agent?
la) oxidation
(a)
(d) ncutr alizatlon 2KI +H2o2 -------r 2KoH +12

ia) loss ol clcct.ons (b) :r"sor*n2so+ruror +Fcr(sor)r+2rll)

(b) gain oleLectrons
1.) increase in ihe valenc)'. ofposltlve part (c) Pbs +.+H2or )Pbsoa+4Hro
1d) decreale in the valency ofnegatile part
(d) -\cto + Ht0: ----r 2,\g + tl2(J + o,
znrr(aq.) 2e JZnG). This is
+
i!) Oxidation (b) Reduction 1.1. In a batance equation H.SOrr rHl +H2S+tl"+:HrO,the
1.) Rcdox rcaclioi (d) Nonc ol thc abolc
The oxidation nLrmber of sxLphur in S| S-I.. H.\ (a) -r=3. r=s.;=2 (b) ir=a,]=8,2=5
respectively, are (c) r:8. r,:4.?:,r (d) t=s,t=3,2=4
(a) 0,+1 and 2 (b) +1.-r aDd 2 15. Consider the following rcaction :
(c) 0, +1 and+2 (dl 2. I and 2 xc2H6(g)+)o2(g) +mco2(g)+nH2o0)
I O\idation nulnbi]l ol carh in CII.all- is wtich of the folowing set of coefficients balanced the
(a) a (6) +4 above redox reaction?

(c) (d) \y
o 2
The o:iidation sraleolosmnrn (O, in OsOris
(a)1322
(!)2746
(") ! (b) +6
(c)2322
(c) r4 (d) +8 (d)t123
\\hich oflhefollowingtransitionmetaLhaszerooxidatior I0 Wlat will be the value ofx,
y and z in following equation?
tl2C2O4 + xllzo2 + +
]CO2 zH2O
(a) tFe(co)rl (b) Nrr,.Mr.

G) Noclq (d) c(.), (c) x=2,y=2,2=l

r)\ aiion nun1bcY of S in S ris (d\ x=1,y=2,2:4
(a) -2 (b) 0
(c) 6 (d) +6 DTRtrCTIONS (Qs. 17-22) |Ihiss?itionca lainm lthlechoice
Thc oxidllion numberofMn in KMnOris
questiotls. Each question has a choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out
(:^) +7 7 (b) olwhich ONE OR MORE nay be co'aect.
(c) +1 (d) -1 17. In which ofthe foflowing pans, there is zero difterence in
Oxidalion nunber ofox)g.'n atom in Or moloul. i\ the oxidalim numhs olthe xndtrlinedelementsl
(a) o (b) -2 (a) No, a,d N.o4 (b) P"oj and tro,,)
(c) N.OandNO (d) 5(1, andS(lr
(c) +2 (d) 18. which olthe folLowing reactions is/ are not redox reactionl'
:
(a) Ca(OII)r +2Iicl ) CaCl, + zII.O
(a) +l (t) +: (b) BaCLr +MgSOa + tsaSOl + VgCl.
rc) l (d) 0 (c) 2srol +zH:o+4so; rlH-
: Ox].gen h$an olidalion stale of+2 in thccompound l
(d) CurS+ lFeO + 2Cu + 2r'e + SOI
E
t9. The oxidation nxrnber ol xn elc crt Lr a .ompound is T]
evdtuated on the basls ol.crlian rulcs. Which of thc
Iollo$,ingrules islarc correct in lhis rcspcctl
(al The oxidatior numbcr ofbldrogen is al$a)s + l '
(b) Tlre alseb!aic sum ol alL dlc oxidation nrmbcls jr a
comPound is zcr). (a) Ilboth Asle ion dd lleason arecorrectandRcasorr'-
(c) An ciernenl in rhe licc or the Nrcombirc.L state bcars correct e\planati0n ol Assc!1ior.
oxid.uio! nunnrcr zero RelsD isnot
(d) h all its compounds.lhe oridarion nunrber offluoru1e (b) Il:both Assertion and Rersor arc colrect. bLrr

isL thc correct cxplan ation ofAssertion.

20. \rhich one ol lhe followin-g rcaclioD(!) volvc elrher (c) lfAssertion is corrcctbuL Rcffon is intorrect'
oxidation or reduciion (d) IlAsscrtion is incorrectbur Rc.son iscorre'f
(a) voj. + Vzo: (b) Na + Na+ 23. Assertion: Ir a rctcrion
zn(s)+cusor (d4) J Znsq(da) aru(t
(c) croi--+ cr:o?- (d) Znz+ -+zn
Zn isa redu.lintbrLr itsellget oridized
21. wlich ofthe foiiowing
iyare not redox reaction(s)?
Rcrson : ln a rcdox reaclion, oxidant is reduced bvdcccptD:
(a) BaCl2+ H2SO4 + BaSOa + 21191
-- clectrons andreducrarlt is oxidized b losing elccro|s
(t) H2SOa + 2NaOH Na2SOa + 2H2O
2,1. Assertion: Mg(s) + ir.(, r,MgF.(r,
-r
(c) CH3COOH+C2H5OH
- ) magnesium loses electrons and acts as a reducing agent.
cHtcooc2H5+ H2o Reason : Reduction in general means acceptance
(d) 2F€c13 + sncl2 ) 2Fec12 + sncl,l clcclron(s) by a reactinr.
22. Choose the conect option(s) for the following statement: 25. Assertion: h aredox rcaction. ihcoxidadoir numLer ofll:.
When Sn?* changes to Sua+ in a reaction then ol i.ixnL decreascs- $hile that olreductanL increases.
(a) Sn'?+ loses two electrons (,
(b) Sn'z+ gains two electrons Rrrson : Oxidanl gams clccLro rcductanr lorE!
(c) Sna+ loses two electuons
(d) Tltis is an example of oidation reaction-

DIRECTIONS (Qs, 26-271 : Each question cohrains stqtemehts given il t'^'o columns be
U, B. C. D in colunn I have to be natched with statements (p, q, a s) in colunn IL

26. Columnl Colunn I

(A) Zn(r+Cusor(aq) +Znsoa(aq)'(lL(sl (p) Reduction rcaction
(B) Mg'----+ Mg2+ + 2t (q) displacementreaction
(c) Sn4+.+2a-+ Sn2* (r) Redox reaction
(D) c + 02 -----+ co2 (s) Oxidation reaction
ABC D
aa) r,qpq
(h) lqsp
G) !q
(d)
"P'tq
s,qrq p,s

21- Columnl Colulnltr

(Cornpoud) (Oxidation state)
(A) I&Go)51 (p) +2
(B) FeO.F%o" i.l) +6
(O QE,
(r) 0
@) LrMnO4 (n +3
ABC D
(a) r p,s p q
(b)pqs
(c) q .s p
(d)rq p
.RY
Ch€mical Reactions and Equations

DIRECTIONS (Qs. 28-30t I Study the siyen parugraph(s) and

29. Oxygen has an oxidation srale of+2 in the compound :

antuet the lo owing questions. (a) FI2O2 (t) co:

Passage- I (c) H2O (d) Fro
Oxidatior number is defined as the charge which an atom ofthe
element has in its ion or appears to have when present in the 30. What is the correct increasing order of oxidation state of
the
combined state with other atoms nitrogen in following compounds :
There are certain ru1es fff assigning oxidation number. Some of
\H . \_. \%OH. \O]
these ru1es are given below- (a) NHr<NO,<Nr<NHTOH
. The oxidation number ofall lhe
aloms ofdifferent elements
(t) Nor<NH3 <NIIOH<Nlrr
in their respective elementary slates and allotropic forms is (c) NH3<NH,OH<NOr<N,
ra(er lo be rero. (d) NH3<NHTOH<\<NO,
. The O.N. ofa monoatomic ion is the same as the charge on DIRECTIONS (Qs. 31-33) : Fol.lowins sre inteser based
it.
questiots. Each questioi, when *orked out will result in o e
' The ON. ofhydrogen is+l when combined with non-metals inleserfrom 0 ,o 9 (both i clusive).
and ii -1 when combined with active meials called metal
ring
hydrides 31. Anrong\Hj. HNOr lrnd MgrN. hoii ,nary moiecules ha!c
nitrogLr m nclliti\,e oxrdation slalc)s
' TheO.N. ofalkali metals (Li, Na, K, etc.) isalw")s+ l and
32. \he K,Cr.O- is co.\eted x]lo K.CiO-- rhen u hal is thc
that ofalbiine eartb metais @e, Me, Ca, erc.) is + 2.
. The algebaic sum ofthe O.N. ofall the atoms in a compound
clangc in o\i.iation nunber ofchrunnrn1?
musl be zero. In pollatomic ion, the algebraic sum of all the 33. Collsidcr rh. tinlo$,mg reactjon
O-N.'s ofatoms ofthe ion must equal the charge on the ion. PbS r nII-O, t I,bSOr 4H:O
28. Wlat is the oxidation number ofP in POa3 and S in SO42 1 what is rhe \aluc ol cocllicicnt .' dbove equatior l
tuIe
(a) P=+5,S=+3 (b) P=+3. S=+5
(c) P=+5, S=--6 (d) P=+6, S=+6
 CHEMISTRY

Brief Explanations
,of
Seleqte( questrons

7. Sodiutn belng more reactive dran hydrogen. displaces

1 EXERCISE hydrogen tom$ater.

zNa(s) + IIrO(l) r 2NaOH(aq)- H: (g)

l. 2. 8, Nlcl(lrq) I AgNOr (aq) r Agala - Na\Or(aq)
3. erdothermic ,1. sodiunr cbloridc \ilrcrnitra(e silltr drload. sodiunr nitrale
5. do blc displacement 6. insolubLe (whitc prt l
1- 8. Dcconposum reaction Thc rcaclion in roh,es the exchange ofradical! and i\ knorm
9. 10. Cao (, and Co. (g) as doublc decomposirion reactjon.
ll. Copper sulphate soLution isbluewhen an nrD ndil is dipped
True / Folse in ll, ils blue colour changes. This happens duc lo the
1. True 2. True 3. True lallo$ing displacernenl reaction.
4. True 6. False Fc(s) + Cusoi(aq) J IeSOr(aq) +Cu(s)
7. True 8. Tlue 9. True

10. PhdosFthcsisis an endothen icreaciion. Ihis is bc.duse

A+(q) B J(r) C+(p) D+G) lisht cnergy irlhe lbrm ofsun Lighr is absorbcddu ngtle
ptoces. nt I r' t.,.t ,",.'.:. \) Fr.r' , I :rrr.

l. Mg(s) + 2 HCI (aq) -)MgCl. (aq)+IIr (g) ll. 2Kclor(s) J2Kall(,+3O2(g)

2. Yes. acombiration reaction can be a redox reaction.
12. The chemicalreaction bctwecn quicklme aDd lo lorm
'vater
oxidation slaked lime is characterisedbya ch{Dgc in rcmpcrature (rise

J J_.
2Ca(s) - O,(s) --+ 2Ca 'O (s) r3.
in temperoture).
(a) Decomposition (b) CoDrbindttun

L reduction
J (c) Decomposition
(c) Decomposnion
(d)comblDadon

3. Paintkeeps air awayfrom the metal surfhce. Heirce, rustirg 14_ No, wc cannot change the chemical lbmulae ofreactants or
ol iron arlicles can bc prcvcntcd bynol alloring molst rlr to producls to bxlan.c a chctnical rcaclion.
come in contact with iron. 15. MagDcsium ribbon shouldbcclcaned so that fie oxide layer
4. (i) Combinalionrcacrion ovcy it isrcDrolcd and magnesiun metal is a\a11abLe torthe
(ii) Decompositronreaction
(ni) Displacenenlreaclion 16.
(i!) Double decomposition reaction
(b) Ee+ 2H + !cr- + H.
5. The conversion ol a single compound inro 1wo or morc (c) Cu+2Ag* +Cu2+ + 2Ag
simpler substances is called adecomposition reactions. For

17. Ni(s)+ 2\-:Oa(l) + Ni(NOr )r G) + zNO(s)

rHgo(s) I3!r 2lrg(r) + o.(g) 18. lr is because $ater is lbr ed \rhen hydrogen and ox,vgen
Nrctrry(ll) nEctrrJ- orrs.. combinein theraliool2 r l byvolume. The gas with double
volume is hldrogen.
6. h\r. h.n r'^ n.r g i { | or oror.1\ frc.cn' rn a
A rcdc ron rn
19. (i) Bacli (aq) + Na)Sor (!q) )
molecule is displaced b] another arom is known as
displacement reaction. For example, Basor I +lNacl(aq)
Vld II Sot - \lpsot 'Il (r) NaoH(aq) + IICI(aq) J NaCl(aq) + H2o(1)
Y Chemical Reactlons arld Equations

Answdr Questions : (aj N2 + 3H2 -----+ 2 NH3

l. (a)-r+Gl (b) 2H2 +CO '------+ CH3OH
G) cao+ 3c ---+ co+ cac2
.r +(aq)
(d) 2C2H1+O2+4HC1 ---+ 2C2H4C\+ 2H20
(b) ! J2As
10. (a) 3 Ca(OH)2 + 2 H3PO4 ------) 6 H2O + Cajeor2
(c) -r+Gq)
(b) Na2O2 + 2 H2O -----+ 2NaOH+H2O2
.r, r(c) (o BF3+3H2O ---+ 3Ir +H3BOr
(d) r +He (d) 2NH3 +3 CuO --+ 3Cu+N2+3H2O
:. lAgNOr(aq)+Cu(s) )Cu(NOr)r - lAg(s) 11. (a) 4Ct+302-- ) 2Ct2O3
lhe J ,nbcenen, rcJcuonoc,.I.beldr,.i\uI,per r. n..r
(b) Co2S3 +3H2 + 2Co + 3II2S
r)
reacti!e than sihcr. Shrning uhiledepostofsilver is lbnncd (o c3II8 +5O2 --+ 3CO2 +4H2O
on lhc copper mclal and thc loturion bccomes btxe duc to
12. (a) 2Si2H6(g)+ 7O2(g)-+4sior(s) +6H2o(l)
drc lblJnation oI copper niLratc.
l. (a) 3H2(c) + Nr(g) 'r 2\Hr(g) (b) 2A1(s) + 3H2 (g) -------+ 2AlH3 G)
(b) 2II.S(s) + 3.). (g) +:HrO(/) + 2So)(g)
(c) caGso3)2G)-- )cao(s) + 2so2(s) +H2o(l)
(c) 3BaC12 + Al2(SOr )r ) 2AtCIl + 3BaSOa
13. The balanced chemical equation is
(d) 2K+2H.o + zKoII + H, In this displacement rcaction, fie more active metal, zinc,
displaces the ions ofthe less active meia1, copper, fiom ils
r. (a) 2HNor +Ca(OH), )Ca(Nol).+2Hrn
(b) 2NaOH + H2SO] + NarSO4 +2H2O
11. 2AsNO3 (aq) + K2S(aq)-- )Ag2s(s) + 2KNor (aq)
(c) NaCl+AgNOr +AgCl+ NaNOI
(d) BaCl, + H.SO] +BiSOr+2HCl 2Agr(aqr{ 2\O.raq, 2K raqr rSz
' raql -
: Rice, poratoes and bread conrain carbotrydrates. During Ag,SG)+ 2K+(aq) +2Nol (aq)
digestion. these carbohydrates arc broker down inrosnnpter
substanccs called gtLtcose. Thi, glucose combincs u,ith 2eg+(aq) + 52 (aq)---+Agrs(s)
oxygen m the cells of our bodt, and prolid.s ener$r The t5. (a) ca(Hco3)r(s) rcao(s)+2co2(g)+Hro(t)
special nrme of tl is rcaction is rcsp irarion. Thus respn ation
is an exothcrmic proccss becausc cnergy is
troduced durjng
(b) 2As2o(s)+ 4AgG) + (]2 G)
(c) Nrorlg; +Norlgy+No1gl
c6Hrro6(aq) + 6t)1(g) ) a,cor (g) + 6II:0(1) - Encfg_v -
16. (i) caco3 G) --Ier+ caoG) + cor(s)
1. When l)ls and oils are orddiscd. ttrry bcco,ne rancid and
sucli oxra.ttion is knoui as rancidirr: Rancid oits and tats (r4 :,qec(.t @)tAg1s)+cl.(g)
.l:,rg( rl ( rr rJL. d d j,,.tt,ru Jre urnr,or c..r.Lr1f.r..l
(iii) 2rr.O(,)- 9!!!91r r2H:(g) - or(g)
'. l 2Krr -Bal, +2Kr Batsrr t7- 1n a chemic! I reacrion. rhc lpecics whlch loose clectrons is
(Double dispLac..meni) saidrobe o\idizcd and the spccics Nlrich gam clecirons is
(ii) zDcor (s) 5 zno(r rco. (g) said to be rcduced. Since thcre is no nel toss or cain ot
clcctrons in a chcmical r.actron. ir m*ns thal a subsrance
lDecomposition Leaction) cln gain cleclron onh jt another subslancc which tooses
(lii) Ms (r - 2 HCl (!q) - + MsCt) (aq) -H. (e) eleclrons isalso present in rhe s$tem. Similart]. a lubsrancc
(Displacemenr reacdon) can loosc clectrors onl) il anoilcr subslan.c is prcs$i ro
(a) NHa){Or '- r N.O+ 2 H,O acccpt il.. This nlerns thar oxidahor can takc ptacc onty if
(bJ 6Ii,O + 4H1pOr
PIOLo + reduclion occu.s and\']cc versa.In other words. oxidation

q)
(c) 2 HIO^ r I2O\+II,O rcducrion rcaction goes sidc b sidc. For example
(d) 2As , s Cl, ) 21\sc1r Zn+Uur +Znz*-Ct
In th e abole example Zn ls oxidizcdwhite t,u is reduccd.
 CHEMISTBY

1{t. The chemical reactions which occur with the evolution of (t) Combination ofrs o or more compounds to form a
heat are called ercthermic reactiol]s.
For example, C(s) + O2(s) )CO2G)+Heat MsOG)+Co:(g)- +MgCOrG)
2Hzrer + O2r!r + 2H.O(t)+ Heat
lhechemica rca"riorswhichoccrr{ thrheabsorprionol (c) The combination ofone elemeni 3nd one compound
heat are called endothemtic eactioDs. For example,
I form a new compound.
N2("r+ O2tq) +Hert + 2NO(e)
2co(s) + o, (s) -------+ 2cor (s)
2NHr,"r+ lleat
-N:rnr+ 3H:r"r orgain
19. lil O\idarioD is-r readio| rhic[irrolwiado tror +. The foul. jons ,nvolved are Nan, Co32-, ca2+ and C1 .
ofoxyg€n. For example, combinations ofthe Na+ ard Cl and the Ca2+ and COI
4\a-o, ,2Na,O; 2r rr rO) !!!- 2CuO troduce ihe comNunds Nacl ard CaCor. ll both of
Lur Red.rcrio"n rs a -earon qhich in\oli/e..oss or remorJl colnfoMd\ are solilbLe. no .clcLior occurs. In this
ofoxygen, For example, howcver. CaCOr is insolLrire. Thxs a rcactjo. occurs
we can illustl3te with a balanced rcaction written in
CuO H. Hear , Cu rH2O: ZnO -.-/n CO
fo1m.
20. Oxidation or reduction cannoi take place alone. This is
because if one substance loses oxygen, i.e., undergoes Na2Co3(aq) + CaCi2(aq)-tCaCO3(s) +2NaCl(
reduction, there must be another substance to take up this
The equatior written in total ionic forln is
oxygen, i.e., undergo oxidation. Similarly ifone substance
Ioses hydogen, i.e., undergoes oxidatior, there must be 2Na+(aq) + Co3-(aq) + Ca'?* (aq)+ zcl-(aq)
anoiher substance to lake up this bydrogen, i.e., undergo
reduction. Hence, oxidation and reduction alwa)5 take place
+CaCo3(s) + 2Na+ (aq) +2C1-(aq)
iogether. That js why, these reactions are called redox
rcactions. The net ionic equalion wiU be

ca'?+(aq)+Co] (aq)- +CacorG)

In combinalion reactior two or more substances (elements
or conlpounds) combine to folm a single new product or (i) caco3 -------+ cao + co2
(D 4Na + 02 -----+ 2Na2O
Exanple: 2H2 + 02 --!!E!ll4jla+ 2H2o (iii) H2so4+2NaoH ) N%soa + 2FI2O
(i, 2H2O2 -------+ 2H2O + 02
These reactions in which a compound splits np into two or
more simpier subslarces are known as decomposition
(v) 2Al+2H3POa ) 2AIPO4 + 3I{2
reaction. Example, (vi) ca(oIDr+2HCl ) CaCI2+2I{2O
'-'( (vii) 3Mg+N2 + Mg3N2
'-' _---
CaCOi hear decomDosilon ^ aO
^ | (^-c)2
(viii) 2C2H6 + 7O2 -------+ 4CO2 + 6H2O
Thus it is clear thatdecomposition and combinatior
reactions are opposite ftoln each oiher.
(rx) Mg3N2+6H2O ) 3Mg(O}D2+2NH3
2. On nixing the clear solutions oftwo ionic compounds, a (x) 2HrS+02 - + 25+2H2O
subsrance which is insoluble in water, is fomed. This (O SizH6+8H2O -------' 2S(OH)4 + 7H2
insoluble substance folmed is knowr as precipitate. Any (xii) C2H6+5CI2 ) C2HC15 +5HCl
reacrion that produces a precipitate can be called a
precipitation reaction. (xO 2B4Hr0+ 1lO2 -------) 4B2Or + 10ll2o
wlen sodium sulphate solution is mixed with barium (xiv) CS2+3O2 -- + CO2+2SO2
chloide solution, a white substance precipilate ofBaSO4 is (xv) 2BF3 + 61\traH - ---) B2H6+ 6liaF
formed 6. lron o\idizcs m trcsc|cc oiatrnospheric o\)gm.rnd
Na?SOa (aq) + BaCl, (aq) -+ BaSOa(s) + 2 NaCI (aq) ro lbnn roroxidelr hrdnrc(Fc.o.. ill,O), known as
The whiie precipitate ofBaSOa is formed by the reaction of It peeis offexposing fresh iron surface for flnther
.
SO] and Ba" Tie other product fonned is sodium milq alumhium onidized in prescnce of
chloride $hich rerndin. di.'ol\eo in r l'c soludon. o\yge. to fonn r thin. transparerll altd non Nttcr $l
3. There are three different t pes of combinaiion reactions : layer of aluminum oxide (Alror,
which shield the
(a) Combination ofone element with another elemenl to ftom further oxidation and maintains its metallic
fonn a conpound. Hence, rhe oxidation ofiron io nLSl is a problem fot
2H,(g)+ or(s) +2H,O0) en glneers but the oxidatioll olahminum oxide is ool.
IRY Chemical Reactions and Equations

(a) HBr(aq) + RbOH(aq) -,RbBr(aq)

H,O(i) +
O) CaG)+2HNo3(aq.) Hr(g)
--+ Ca(No:r)r(aq) + Reduction (rcmoval of oxygen)
(c) CroHsG)+12O,(e) )10CO2(g)+4H2O(l) (n) CUO+H, ---+ Cu+HrO
fd, (vHa,2 Croa {dq r - BJBLraqr+ Oxidation (addition of oxygen)
BaCrOa(s)+ 2NHaBr(aq)
(e) 2A(oH)3(s) Therefore the substance:
,) Al2o3(s) +3H?o(s)
&idised:H" Reduced=Cuo
The
)r, - Book Exercise :
1. The statements (a) and (b) arc incofiecr because pbo is
Ten - Book Question. geltingreduced, notPb, similarlyC is gening oxidizednor
:
fiat CO,
The magnesium ribbon which we use has a coating of.,basic
magnesium carbonate" on its surface, x,hich is li)Ined by a (d) The gi\'€n reaction is an example ofdisptacernent reaciiol
slow action ofmoist air on it. Thereine beforc burning i1 in as in this re3clion Aldisplaces, Fe ftom Fe2Or.
ait rt is cleaned by a sand paper which remove rhe protective 3. (a) Fe(s) + 2Hcl(aq) FeCt, (a4) + H, (s)
layer of basic magnesilull carbonate Som the surface of 1. -+
Balanced chemical equition: -Achenical equation is said
magnesiun ribbon, sc that ir can easily bum. to be balanced if the number of atoms of each elemenr
O HrG)+ ClrG) --)
2HCIG) paticipating in the ieacdon are equal on both
rii rBr( lrrr, {:,SOorr,aq,_ . dide ofthe
lBasq{., r2Alclrrr4,
(ii1) 2Na(s )+ 2H,orn .. 2NaOH(aa) + Ei.Lq) The chemical reaction should be balanced because taw of
(i) BaClr(aq)+NqSo.(aq) -, conser\ar on oJ ma* \old, good which .r. es rt-d, -i , a
BaSOa(s) + 2NaC(a4) chemical reaction iotal mass ofthe reaciart must be equal
G) NaoH("4)+HC(dq) ) to fie total mass ofdre producr',.
Nacl(aq) + Hro(aa) s. (a) Nr(s) +3H,(8) +2NHI(s.)
(i) Quicklime CaO.
(ii) rLo(0
O) 2HrS(s)+3Or(s)- )2Hro(/)+2So2(s)
Cao(s)+ -----+ Ca(ollr(aa) rc) JBa(lrra4r -Al.rSOJ,rrr
The gases fomed at two electrodes are produced due to
3BaSOo(s)+ 2,A1C1.(aa)
decomposition ofwater on passing eleclliciry Since rhe
electrolysis ofwater prodLrces 2 volume ofhydrogen gas (d) 2KG)+ 2Hro(i)+2KoH(aq)+s2(s)
and 1 volume ofoxygen gas, thus we can say that lhe ratio 6. (a) 2HNol +Ca(oro, ) Cao{Or, + 2Hro
of hydrogen and oxygen in water is 2:l by votume and (b) 2NaOH+HrSOa - ) NarSO, +2HrO
(c) AgNO:r +NaCl- -+ AgCl+NaNO..
hence the amount ofgas collected in one test tube will be
douolc ol,he drounr colle.reo ,n o]ler.
As iron is morc reaciive than copper flrus it displaces copper (d) BaCl2+HrSOa --+ BaSO4+2HC1
fiom copper sulphate solution. 7. ral (arOH).+(Or _ CaCOr, H2O
Ie(r) +CUSO4(dq) -)FeSOa(d4) + Cu(s) (b) Zn + 2AgNOj _-----+ Zi(NO1), + 2Ag
(Bruo (cresn) ac) 2Al - lcu( 12 _
)A1(lr-J(u
In this way concentmtion ofcopper sulphate deoeases while (d) BaCl,+IqSOr ) BaSO4+2KCI.
concentation of ferrous sulphate increases. As a res lt
colour changes from blue to green:
8. (a) 2l<Bdad+Bat2fu.O -,2KI(aq) +BaBr r(ai)
(b) Znco3(s) - + ZnO(s) +CorG)
Alclr (aq) +lNHaOH(a4) ) (c) HzG) + ClrG) -----+ 2HCl G)
Alumirium A,ubniun
chlodde hrdrorlne (d) MeG) + 2Hcl(aq) MEC\(aq\+\@)
A1(OH)3(s)+3NHaC1(a4) 9. Exotherifc reaction : --)
- Tbose reactions which occur with
Aul.1. h Amnonilh lhe evolution ofheat are exothennic reactions_ e.g.
hy.,roaide clnoride 2NaOH(aq) + HrSOa(dq)

[ble lJ (i) Oxidation (addiiion ofoxygen) -, NarSOa(d4) + 2HrO(0 - heat

trndothermic reaction Those rcactions which rcquire
: -
4Na+ O, ------r 2Naro(.r)
heat to occur are endothermic reactions. e.g.

Therefore the substance .

2Pbn\Iol)2fr) 2PbO,", 4NOrGr -O/(gr
Oxidised=Na Reduced = Or -rYr
TRY - hemical Reaclions and Equations
-. (a) HBr(aq) + RboH(aq) + RbBr(aq) + H,O(i)
(b) CaG)+2HNoj(aq) ) Ca(Nor)r(aq) + Hr(g) Reduction (removal of oxygen)
(c) CtoHsG)+l2or(c) +10Co2(g) + 4Hro(l) (ii) CILO ', H, -----+ Cu + H, O
(d) (NHa ), CrOa (aq) + BaBr2 (aq) - ) Oxidation (addition of oxygen)
BaCrOa G) + zNHaBr(aq)
(e) 2Ar(oH)3(s) Therefore the substance:
+Al2o3(s) + 3H2o(s)
Oxidised=H, Reduced:CuO
Th.
'Oa
2G ls The statements (a) and (b) are incoffect because pbo is
gening reduced, not Pb, similarly C is gening oxidized nor

The magnesium ribbon which we use has a coating of.,basic

CO,
magnesiun carbonate" on its surface. which is fomed bva 2. (d) Ihe given reaction is an example ofdisplacement reacrior
jlou ,cnon olmor.r zir.on rr. Ttereror," betorebwnms ritn as in this reaction A1 displaces, Fe iom Fe2Or.
air. ir rs L e?ned b) a cand paperutrch remole-t-e pro.;ri\ e 3. (a) Fe(s) + 2HCl(d4) ---) Fec\(aq\ +\t€)
Liiq) layer of basic magnesium carbonate Fom the surface ot 4. Balanced chemical equition: - A clanical equation is said
magnesium ribbon sc dut it can easily bum.
to be balanced if the nmber of atoms ol each element
(i) HrG)+ClrG) + 2HCIG) participatirg in the reaction are equal on both dide ofthe
li) 3BaCJrr"r- +)_rsO.,5ra41
equation.
- lBaSO,f.)-'AlClr,a,,,
lin ) 2Nrir l+ 2H,Ot,) - 2NaOH(,4I + H.(s) The chemical reaction should be batanced because law of
(i) Baclr(dq) + Na2SO4(aq) _- ) (on.er\rlion of mass ho d) good $hich ..are. ,iar ..n a

BaSOd()- 2\a( lra4, chemical reacrion total mass ofthe reaclantmuslbe equal
(ii) NaOH(rqt+HCllaq) lo
--- d1e total mass ofthe producfr.
Nacl(aa) + I!o(aa) s. (a) Nr(8) + 3Hr(s)-- +2NH3(s)
rr) Qnick linre CaO.
(l) 2H:s(s)+3o2(s) --)2H2o(/)+2so,(s)
@ Cao(r)+Ilro(0 ) Ca(oiD?(a4) rc) JBaCtJas, AlrrSO.rr,s r
Tbe gasc" forneo ar l$o elecrode5 de produced dLc ro
decomDo.l,on ot uatcr on possrng eleclricr\ >ince fie - 3Basoa(r) + 2Alcir(aa)
elecrol)sis olwarer produLes 2 \otume ot hldrogen sds (d) 2K(s)+2Hro(/)+2KoH(dq)+lIr(s)
and 1 volume ofoxygen gas, rhus we can say that rhe ratio 6. (a) 2HNOr+Ca(OlD, + Ca0.{O)r+2HrO
of lrydrogen and oxyeen in $"rer is 2:1 by votume and
hence the amount ofgas collected in one rest rube will be
O) 2NaOH+ H2SOa ---) NarSO, + 2H,O
dor ole ol.ne d_nounl Lollecleo :r olher. (c) AgNO3 +NaCl -'r AgCl +NaNOr.
As iron is more reactive than copper thus it displaces copper (d) BaCl, +HrSOa -- ) BaSO4+2HC1
ftom copper sulphate solution. 7. (a) Ca(OID,+CO, r CaCO3 +HrO
Fe(r) +CxSOa(aq)-, )FeSOa(dA) + CuG) (b) Zn+2AgNO3 , ZnCNO3), + 2Ag
(Bhe) (cEm) (c) 2Al+3CuCi, ) 2AlClr+3Cu
In this way concentration ofcopper sdphate deoeases while (d) BaCl, +K2SOa __ ) BaSO4+2KCI.
concentratior of fe ous sulphate incleases. As a result (a) 2l<tsdaq) +BAIz@q) -- )2t<l(aq)+BaBr2@q)
colo changes llom blue to green.
AlClj (aq) + 3NHaOH(a4)-+ O) znco3(s) '+ Zno(r) + Cork)
Aluniniun Almontuh
(c) Hrk)+ClrG) - + 2HC]G)
c ondc lydronde (d) Mg(s)+2HC(a4) -) MgCl, (a4) + HrG)
Ar(OH)3(s) +3NHaCl(da) 9. Exotheniic reaction :
Those reactions which occur with

nln! ari r ioiu. the evolution ofheat are exoihermic rcactions. e.g.
.h.ii. hydroxide c onde 2Naor(aa) + H,Sod(aq) -,
rltrblc (i) Oxidation (addition ofoxygen) Narsoa(dq) + 2HiO(0 + heat
Endothermic reaction : - Those reacliolrs wlich require
4Na + O, --+ 2Na,O(s)
hea, o o(Lur a cendorhe,,r.rcreacrion:. e s
Therefme the substance
Oxidised-Na 2Pbtl{O])rt, r - 11 - 2pbo,sr_4No.€r o,Gl
Reduced = 02
 CHEMISTRY

10. Rcspiration is th. mo( i porrant bioclemical rctclion 19. Wlen the oil and ht containing food is suromded by
rvhich releascs energy in thc celL \\rhcf $. br dre air unreactive gas dtogeL there is no oxygd to cause its
(oxr-gcn) cnters inlo our hrngs and this ox!gen hindr ilself oxidatior and to make it mrcid.
10 hae oglobiD prcseri in rcd blood cells (RIl(l). It lr then
20. Conosion It is a process in which metals are eaten [p
:
sadially by the adion ofair, mdtue aa ch€mical on their
carlied to million of.clls presenl in our bod]i Respirttror
occursinlhesec.llsa d is accompanied b-v th. co b'rstion
Ratrcidity - Wllen fits aEd oil cmtaining food oxidised
olglucose (C6IIL.06) producnr-q carbon dioride (L O,)and
wittr air or o4gen, theb smells aod tastes changes This
$,ater (Il.O). A larg..tmounr ofencrgy is rele,s.d ll1 thls
procers is called raDcidity.
.hdnicalreacti(nr.
at6lIl.L)6(!) + 60:(r./) +
(i) jr -+ (s)
chr.osc l.ir) t 'tuq\
6( or (8) + 6H2o(/) + lE2oKJ (ii) , -+ 2Ag
(erergy) Gi) r -) (da), ] -+ G)
(iv) r + Heat
Smcethe proccss 1s accompan icd by releasc o l cnerS-v so it
2. Grapes when attached to ihe plants are living and
is considered as an exothermic r.'aclion
therefore their own inmune system Fevents fennentatior.
ll. I)uring decompositnm reaction a s inglc rc'a ctant dcconrpose The microbes can grow in the plucked gapes and under
1o forn lwoor morcproducls. whcrcasir corrbinitior nro
aDaerobic corditions these can be fermented. This is a
ormorc rcactanrsreact t(,lbnn a siDglc producl. c g.
3H, J 2NHr (C omhinarlon reacrbn. )
N. F
3. Ilint -
2H,O !) 2H.. Or (Decompsitioo reactn,r. )
(i) Silver metal does not react with dilute HCI
(ii) The temperature ofthe reaction mixtue rises when
12. (,) Pb(NO,),(r) |)2PbO(!) .l:'l(lr(r) ' or(s) aluminium is added because it is an exothermic
(ii) 2AgBr(s) 2Arr(r+Br.(a) (iii) Rcacdon of sodium melal is lbund to be
-!*rinht )
explosivc because . rs an exodrermic reaction
(1] !llllrj!q\+ 2H.(-s) * or(s)
(liL) 2H.o (i, \\h.'n lead is trcr ,cd with h]drcclrloric acid.
13. Displacement reiction : h this rctcrior an elemcnr {hich oI hldrogen gas ar. cloL\ed
is nturc aciive distlaccs ihe odr.r clcment ivhich is less Pb r2HCL+PbC12+H:
!cti!c lio rts sall $lu1ior. 2lrcsoa(s) !!5 Fcror(r) + Sor(s) + sork)
e.g. Fe(!)+Cusor(/41 Fcsoa(d4)+ (\(.,
It is a thermal decomposition rea.lion.
Double displacemcnt rerction: ln th is ro-tction exchangc
-> 5. ( \l $ hcr. .o'-',. 1. . rc keDr io r^npe conrJil.-
ofjoDS bcl{een n\o r.actanls lakes llacc e.g (i) DilutcIICl
Bacl.(d4) Na.Soj(a./) ' Basor(, - 2Naclt,a) Copper does nor rcact *'ilh dilutc HCl. Thcrclbre.
r,l. Cu(s) ' 2AsNO,(./q) r
G(Nor).(.?{) 2Ag(s)
15. Thosc reactions trhich producc tn insoLuble prodLrci or (ii) DiluleHNol
t.\rr rareJretr. \nd pr<ciardri{ rel(r,.1 Nitric acld acis as, slr(n]g oxidising agcnl and
e.g. AgNO:(dr) + NaCI(t, ' wilh copper vessel. therefore cannot be kept
AgCl(J)J +NaNOr(aql fiii) ZnCl.
Zinc is more reactive rhan copper (Cu) therefore,
16. (r) O dation : Oxidalion inlolve additn,r ot oxr-gen
dlsplacement rcaclion occurs and hence can be
(,9 Hzo
C+or ) alo..Cisoxidiscdtoto. Copper does not react with water. Therefore, can
N.+O, , 2NO, N. isoxrdlsed toNO kept.
0) ncduction : nedrictnrn inrolve rcmovaloloxlgen. c.g. (B) Whcn solutions are kepi in aluminium containers
a -ILO r CO Hr.H.OisrcducedtoH.. (i) Dilute HCI
CuO+ Hr + Cu+ H.O. CuOis reducdtro (''r ,A lumini um reacts ililh di1$e HClto lbrm its salr

hldrogen is clohed. lh.rclbre. cannot bc kept

I ? 1(- + O. 1, lcuo
,;r 2Al+6HCl+2Alclr+3H2
r."",n rion Cu|rcu\ Orldc
(ii) Dilure HNo3
lBLck)
Aiuminium gets oxidised by dilute HNOr to form
18. Toprc\ert iron aiicles fronr rusling, $e applr- paint on it.
la)€r ofA12O3 and cannot be kePt.
by$hlch iron docs nol come in cortacrwith air and mois$rc
which caLrse rusting.
 Chemical Reactions and Equations
IY
(ii, zt1ct. Nos Dolethallh.r.are l0oxyg.nson theriglt. O. theleli.
by AluminiuDr belng mor. reacd ve lhan 7i.c can dlspla.c oneoxlgcn i\ in C,HrO so nine are lec'dcd liom O.. Togcl
its !
"r io., I url rl.. sol .
i ll ere,ore. rl .. ,.1.r -or.
'jr an odd numbd ol oxy:tens liom O. ile need ro usc a
up
i ,:. 9,),.....
2,\l F lzncl. + lAIClr - -lZIr c. ^.'. .,,.. ) " ,
rn
(iv) Hro
)
()
Alummrum does nol rcxcr \!idr c.iLd or hor \!arer. alrIIsO(l)+ ' O.(g) ) l(lOr G) + 4Hr{l(1)
ed
Therelbre larcr can be kcpr
ris
\l L i,,r'n i d. atlcJ 1.. n(d.i, | .{n Jl .ir.r.n tinalt). $c Dccd tocLelrr thc liaction so that al1 cocfiicienrs
oridc xnd h)drogcD arc whole nunbds. VLrlriply the wholc cquation throush
T 2A1(r) r 3II)OG) ) Al,or(s) + 3Hr(s) by2 ard do a quick check.
HOTS 2CrHio(l)-9O2(g) )6CO2 (g) + 8HrO(l)
l. 7. (a) Becausc alurnmum oxidc is the oxidc ol a lneral, ive
cao(\)+Hro(l) +a]a(oHj. , rr. lroLllderpeci itto bc nn ionr'csolid. tndeed rtis. andir
2. Iirst considcr the B.H6nmlecule srnceir haslhe mostrrl,ns has a veryhish melting poini. 2072.C.
of,n c,cDr.,r orhs rn.,IldrDge, or of,)g., B,)n@thcB (b) ID ils .ompounds. ,lurrjrDrn hrs a 3+ cl flgc. Al l .fie
by adding a coefiicicnt of 2 itl li.ont ol rhe H.BO. on rh. orideion isOr,ConsequcDltytheLtmulaofatuminum
right. \cxt. \ e rol ice rhal ,rtvg", j"i,, rl* t"rvi, oaidc ls A1.Or. \,tclal oxidcs tend lo be basic and
";;".;;
(. .r'r.{r d. s. {e ba,dn. e;. r.J\r s:n.(rr.ered,(,r\o\,e.1.
ihcrclirre roreacr with acidslo form Jalis and warer In
in zIIrBOr. place a 6 beforc the II,O on the leit. Iinall],.
th is casc the salt tbrmed is atuminum nihale.,^tOiOr)r.
hrlancch)drogcn Thcrearc l8on;clefi rhararc,.hcked
The batanccd ciemical equarion is
ln. Thus s,c needa 6 in liont olthe Hr toha\e I8 h)dr)gens
rrn tire righl. Aquick check conhrns that ile have abahnced Al)Or(s) - 6l{NOr (!.tl + 2A11\or )rtaql + 3H.O )
rquation
Ir lhe acriviryso ies thal Sn is higher in rhe scrjes rhaD \g
Br H6(g) + 61120(]) - J2HrBOr(aq)+6H.
thercfore S replacc!Ag, ions liom solution.
The \iur ions in\otved are K-. Tl.. S;, and Clor . An (a) sn(sJ + IAENOl(q) - J f\g1:) + sn(NOr ):\aq)
cxchangc of lons prcduccs ihe conpouDds KCIOa .ind (molccular)
srBr. B^r1u. 1J\.onpuund.-re.^t rb (b) ]i) rhe aclivityserics. H2 is in higher posirion rhanAg.
Tler...{e. lI rertJ... \, bu.rfrre\. (r(d.rur
(:,) Amrnonia(^rHr)
the rcplaccmenr of H+ by Ag. does nor occur. No
,b, UalerIfr.Lr,r., I re ,r)C red,r..,l oIn
- rcaction occ,,rs
tc) ( atbdl nonoxide (CO)
(d) Hydrogen 9. (a) Ba(s)r H. (c)-+ BaH. (t
Hint-Rcducing agcnls arc dxrse subsranccs which have (b)
rhc abiliryoiadding hld(,gen orremoving oxlscn
8Ba(s) + sr (gl + sBas(s)
trom the
(c) Ba(s)+Br:0) + LtaBt(s)
(a) LirO .lI)O ) tLiOH (d) lBa(s)+
lb) Cao -Hro r Ca(oH),
^-,(s)- JBarN.(s)
10. In dlsplacem.nl r*ction, morercacri\e metal crn disptace
(c) sor ,H,o + Il)sor less reaclive meral tiom its salr solulion.
First. reprcserl rhe names ofthc specic! inloi\ed as Zn(s)+ CaCL (q) -- +ZICI2(aq)+Cu(s)
rcacrants and products $,ith ibrmLrlas and indicalc rheir
ln double displa.cmen r reacr()n. tlvo compounds cxchange
lheir ions to larn 1$o res,co poundscg.
CrHsO(l)+O2(s) H.O(l)
od
Next. balaDce carbon phce
-Co2(g)- NaOII r Hal + NaCl+ HrO
a lio.rotcOr
coefilcicnt ol :t in
ll. X is copper.
:ubd,.l.. le(.,bor . r( Hu R.td..,. ,:
,')dios.r,.rn( H"ob\ auJ npa..,efiiLr, Iol tr! ror r., Copper g.1s oxidised io copper oxide \rhich isbhck itr coloLr:

Hro. 2cu(s) +o2(s) heat ,2CuoG)

CrHsO(l)r Or(g) tCOr (g) -:1ll rO(l) - 9lPPer o\)aen oppero3rde
> red. sh broMl (btak)
 CHEMISTRY

(..4. - :

1. (b) Except (b) all other reactiors involve compounds'

2. (d)

3. (c) ,li. ,.

!Idrnin
occlr reaclion is redox'
so the

4. (b) :o. (c) Cu is more readi\e rhan Ag

( u+ 2Ag\O_ r)Ag re'crion occurs

r.l -CJ\Or
0
21- bt Zt\aq) 'e- reduc'ion'
-Znlsr
6. (c) 1. (a,b,c,d) 2. (.t,b.c)

7. (c)

8. (t) a. (a,b) Pbo. a. _+ Pb+co

e. (d)
bebave as a
10. o) Here H2S is oxidising in to H2O, hence
since C oxiilizes itself and reduces PbO
hen'n act as
reducing agent.
reduchg ageDt.

5. (a.b.cr 2Pbt\Ol12 a-:PtO at'*O' rO-

11. (a) CuO+II. --> Cu F tl,O
l-l 6. {a.b, LaCOr 1.CdO, CO2
Reduclion

12. (b) , 1. (a,b,c) 4IeSO4 +4SO2 + 02

r3. Id) -)2Ie2O3
8. (a,b,d)
11. (r) Na)COr + 2HCl +2Nacl+ CO2 + H2()
9. o' ai.s"r"i"g *"c. tlrsoa In waLer heal liberalfd'
ls. (in The rcaction represents a neutralisation reaction
iir 'r.i-a, hmceiiis an exoth erm ic Process'
wticn base (t{atjtD reacs with an acid (!No3) to
form
10. rc.dr (ar iscomb,nation. (b) is decomposition
(NaNO, and\rater (H2O)' rcmovalofH or addrdon olO' e'9"
salt 11. ia,cr oxidaLion ,n'olt es

16. (d) 12. (a b)

17. (a) White silver chloride in sunlight turns to $ev 13. (a, b) 2KC1O3 - +2KC1+3O2
18. (, l,l. (c, d)
t5. (a, b, c) .
19. (a) 2Cu + o,_--! + zcuo
Biack 16. rb. c. d)
11. (b, o
20. (d) ,lP+3o2 - ) 2P2O3

-+ iopper .an dr.place ftom rssa-r solulon srncecopper

4P+5O2- 2P2Qs "itver
(Oxidation)

DuriDgrusring,ron getso\idised to lorm rust

Cu+AgNOr +CuNO3+Ag
21. (c)
2.
"uoove
,1,, Or1a."-of,r".tt iron resrct Lon\crsion lo rhe
(Fe.O,.xrLO) q
bmce doe' not corrode ar fice Ireral ihen heared 'rh lvdrogen'
22. (c) c"ii i. r.ri i.r,r ,.ucr''. unrercl ve
3. rdl because clemenls near lbe boflom Zre so
all.
thar usuall] rhe) remain ftee innature'
 Chernical Reactioos :md Equaf iorE

7. (x) Fe(CO)5 is netal carbonyl, hence O.N. ofFe is zero.

8. (a) Chargeon arrd,om iscatled ilso\iddDon numbel
,is
(c) socr,*z,gf[sn[l{,61, t). (a)
So,
1+x +4
oxidation no.
x (-2)
ofs 2.
= 0;x =+ 7
10. (a) Ox. No. ofan elenent in unconbined state: 0.
2. (t) Corosion occurs due to oxidation ofiron. lt. (c) Let oxidation number ofN in NH3 = r
3. (a)
... ,+(+1x3)=0 or
4. (d) A reducing agent is a subsrance whieh oxidizes irself 'I=_3
but reduces others i.e., looses electrons.
12. (d) InHrOr::+2x(+1)+2xr=0 >r= I
5. (a) lnCO2: -4+2r=O=,x=)
In ILO: +2x(+1)-r=0>1= 2
In F2O:
=2x( 1)+r=0=,jr=+2
13. (d, ln ra,. I b, and tc) H2Lr.2 aos as oxidi.ing agenr.
14. (€) The value ofr, _f, z are 8, 4, 4 respectively hence the
reaction is
After balancing, the equatio. wiil be Na2CO3 + 2HCl
- )
H2SOa +8HI r H2S+4I2 + 4H2O
2NaCl+ CO2 +H2O
4 ,bl 2C HoGr 7o_,gr 6H?O(tr
16. (a) Balanced eqrarj ofl is: -4CO2,s
15.
2N2O5 +02 H2C2O4+H2O2- 2CO)+2H,O
2 -)4NO2 I7. t4 b)O.N. ofN in NO, and \On rs+a-
(C) and (D) are decomposirion and redox reactions, d ifference i. 7ero.

respectively. O.N. ofP in PrO5 and paoro is +5

J. I ... differmce rs 4ro
In (B) reaction, heat is absorbed and therefore it is an O.N ofN inNp is +t andinNois+2. Thediffelgrceis i
endothermic reaction. O.N ofs in Sq is +4 andin SO. is +6. The diftrcnceis+2.
18. (a, b, c) In redox reactions oxidaiion and reducrion
take place
side by side.
4 CurS+ 2FeO + 2Cu + 2Fe +SOr.

1. (a) Losing of elecron is cal1ed oxidetion. O.N. of Cu changes from +1 to 0 (reduction)

2. o) It is the process in which elecrrons are gained
and O.N. of S changes ftom _2 to +4
(oxidalion). Hence (d) is redox reaction.
(elecronation).
l. (b) +2p -;2n1'1
19. (t,c,4
Zn2*
Here electrons are reducin gfromznz* to Zn- -
20. (a b d)
.. +5
{. (a) (i) Oxidation ofelement in its ftee stare is zero.
stare
vo2+ _ v;or(Reduction )
(ii) .Srm ofoxidation srales ofall aroms in compound
is
zerc. Na
-+Na+(oxidation)
ON.dSin q-
0r O.\.orSrn S,Fr.--':
Zn
O.\. olS in H2S- 2r -TnlReducbol

Hn i.i cr2o1'
I (c) i- c i;-cL ro N. orc is ze.o
x+[(-2)\41= 2 2++( 2)x7=-2
I x= 8-2=+ 6 2x= 14-2=12,
ct I

12
6. (d) OsO!
2
LelO.\. otOrbe, dren | .llr-r\ 2)-0 In this reaction oxidation and reduction are nor inyolved
,.. :r=8
because there ls no ehange iD oxidation number.
 CHEMISTRY

29. (O x (+r)-l r \=0

i],...0..,''.,.-,,'" r.'\'cl'oorr'o''Jd r' "r Jrcrrtr i'i' n1H,Or:
=2
rcacn on'
redix
lacc silnultancouslr- is called
trr CO..= l
.l\= - =
ttke p

2c lnHa:=:'(-lr ]'= -'-:

lD F"O =2'1 L I \= -
I o',1'n,l v
rl 30.
x= 3
F'Clr + SnCl: IFcCI' * rnClr
x+2+] (,)+ I =0
2

-
N[!OH:
x+1=0
Thcrefote onl-v (d) is redox rerction' x=-1
Nr:o
22. (a. d) Snr- -rc )SDa+
Nb, I x+2(l)=0
ln Lhis reaction changcs to Sna' rnd this
Snr
reEes.nrs f{rd/l ron rerrtion 31. 2
BurhA.'sertron and Rer\on rre huednd in given
23. rar Calculating the oxidalion statc ofnitrogen
Reason isthc correct explanation olstalemenl
l' molecules;
Oxidation state ofNin NHr is
Oxidation loss of 2e r+3r(+1)=0or-{: i
Oxidalion slate onN in |n.iOr is
zn(sr + Cu'z*(rq ) ---+ Zn'?* (d'll+ Cu( ) I +r+ (- 2)= 0 or'I=+ 5
3x
'
Oxidation state ofN iir MgrN2 is
3\2+Lx=0o1"-=-j
Rc.iucrion gain of 2c Thus 2 molecules (i.e. NHr and Mg3N2
have

is not in negative oxidation state

21. (b) Bolh assertion and rcasur arc lluc bul relson
thccorrccll) explanation olasseltiolr'
32 0

h scneral. oxidalion is th. io(s ofcieclrons m(l llre O.N. ofcr iir K2Cr2O? :2+2x-14:0
tcts as a
Leaitmt like magresium thai loses clectron 2x=12, r=6
reductant or rcducirg tgetrl'
BoIh asscrtid and reison are rrue and r'Json
is the oN.ofc;iD K2Cro4 :2+.I 8=0
2s. (a)
corrcct exf lanrtion of .ssenion x=6
26. (b) .r Charge inON. ofcr=6-6 = 0
27. (r) 33. 4
28. (c) Po+'- - x+4(-2): 3
Balanced equation is
x 8= 3 Pbs + 4rLO,
x=+5 -tPbSO4+4HP
SO,r2' ,- x+4())=-2
x-8=-2
x=+6