Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • TOC

    Uploaded by

    Aravindhan R
    17 views47 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    17 views47 pages

    TOC

    Uploaded by

    Aravindhan R

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 47
    t Unit V_UNDec ABILITY acid Non Reunite. Fnamersble (Re) language — Undectabl Palen sof RE- Undetdable Problems abae Tm- Bills Covouepundance protlem, The Chie P and NP, 7 Undecioneie PRoeiem wir RE Z ‘fe eee em Re “Frecursive ano RECURSIVELY ENULMERABLE LANGUAGES ee ORD _RECURBIVELY _ENUME RABLE _LANGIUAGES “Resnstvaly Enumerable longue A shanguage 62" & seaotvaly enumetable ff thew. extst a 1 mrachtne, M that. arcepte every Shing , wel and des not cccpt shige tat ome net fab 2D the inpul ching is accaplad , M hall vstlh tre anawet ,"Yes” she cht & vol an clamint of L, thee M may ool hald and enters flo infinite Poop he Languag Lis Tering Accoplable. wel Ai Yes we x T—? Loops Fostever Reawisive 2 A gael oie recite than exch of Toy rrecina » M Heel accopls hing, we L and osjacle these ; ssbirgo ee ia q “4 ‘ Dy the Input & aceaphed , M1 halls wtly He ansuet ," Yes” F marty Machine doesnot accept the. ia A w¢ L then Malls with newer .*No”.” This is alte Called a6 “Tatty Dectdable laguege “FRoPeRTics oF Recuraive AND RE LANGUAGES! | The Union ob tivo oxcuidvaly onumorable as 16 recursively an g “et ; | 2 Te L ond th complement L oe sauontiely enumerable, thn Land TL. owe secutive. 3 he Cormplamant qe poussfvn Jang woe io mauwsfve. + he union of, dive rwurtive arg 6 reawiste | 5. the inbensockon 4 Sioo sacurtstve danguogs ey bist a 6. The tntercaction of, tro soauretvaly aur at recursion anurretable . | “Teor Any “Peorerrics : TRoverry 4: “the Bite share sumac lapege & muntaly | Best : J brand La be feo owcunsfialy enumetabh langue bj the, Tateg machtnas My and a Ba sity we ls than M, aatoins Yes”, aceplteg the inpd Flee loops Pout. Simisenly fo shy Wwe Le , ton “yes”, alee leaps over. o | oo Ms thet prfowre fo unton of Ly ard bats gh ws acl ae we s* fie} we ls Lv} Yes be Hee the aiput Mtn ct. sa pag of Me. The tuntng machine , Ms vwbonno *Yes’, ff at Least one of the adpus of Miand Ma t& * yes’. The Ms doctdes on LiULa thot hale with He ane, ‘yes’ f wel, or wele . Flea Ms loops foment ef both Mi ard Ma lop qastever Hence tro unton of tuo yowsetvoly onumerable lang ages fs alee Pecusstvoly Hert q “Prorerty—2 : ee ak tt on sears valy gnumpable tet Lark L be ton seaurstily anumetable es accapbarl by the “Ttng machines Mi and Ma . Ya shty , weL te aceaged by Mi ard Mi halls with ansinct “Yes*. Elsa My enka tabs icfithe lop. Ba sty, wel (wl), than A & aceaplad by Ms ard Mz vith, ies arewet "Yes", Othowle M, doe free! iilice Firm tre dasa of TM, F wel sf wel, then Mi accepls w and halle with “Yes" ; B wi , thon Ma ocayp vo [we L] and hale with “Yes”, Sires Mi and Ma eye acaplty tra compliers o| sk oth, om of tram tS guevanleed + hal fr avon) tape we 2”. Hore Mf “Teitgg emachtne Hoal habe gor all she “The tre Language and AS Gmpleerd oe sucurotvaly enumerable , Han they ate securete. “Pererry- 5. The Gomplamant of a rauusttve lengua Je mouuneive Eels Lh L be a secwsie language accapled by the “Tantg roche. let TL bea sinupctve Jarpege accapbad by tha “Tsing machfrak “The Cneliucton ef Mii ard Ma are given as, = Tt a” | Yes a Ne ! wéL = |_fle _| i |_Yes R fet we) , tron Mi acenpts ward halls wth "Yes * Mi oupcl wo ff vod L and halls with “No* Mat ocl@vedal once Mi: halts ee aL and Rance f Mi aulitin “Yes”, Ma hall a oe sie ow wel 7 Ms halts with a | | “Frorenty = 4 + Whe umton of bee otecuraive bngucge & irourtel ve. Pek let Ly and Le be two reuwtetve Languages ha: com acopld bythe “Way maine Mi and Ma. given by LOM=h L (Ma) =bo lok Me ba Ha Tearing machina conabiuckad by He union xf Mi ard Maj(Ms ts consturchad “ao fellas, Th Tani machina Mg git simulates My witty inp staty.10 Ty we |, then 14 xccqpts and thus Ms algo accepts face. LcMs) = LCM) vu LC M2) Mi aefed abttg (vod Li) than Ms Simulds Ma. Mls habs with yes’ ff Ma amp “10, dee arctains er Hen Ms,M2,M) hall veflh offer Yes at No on all posible at men ge mvt La and Le be tuo seuntstve Vargueges accapled Mi al Me oa soaplagiggeen d machtna. thal f% consbucted By he Totersechion of Mi and Ma, Ma fs donsltuclad as ppllews, R we JM) : |” Ne wes? ie Ne Mo Yes | WEL Yes Ne SRT Weaigiiechine’ Meats 1) wih se "pid, v0 Bh wd Ly thn Mi halts along with Ma with ansioa ‘No*, site E (Ma) = LOM) 9 Leta). 2 tran Mi actepts with the acon “ys” and Ma Simulates Me Dy Me the. » then te onswaref Maad Mz ow “Y5" and halts. Else, Ma and Ms hath vith ansioot Na’ Thus , the indanezclton of bo omeustatve boguages is oecutet ve. “Preorerty-6 : Trtercactton of See seustaly soumertle Lamers is seasretvely enumenabte. “Fehe pf Tay mn ocd bagel ch py ge my foe fe gs ohem + The Tog machine , Ma = M)0Ma ib ganas) RE w weed , we Rade and Hav hal Yer] ee 1s Leon ayes RE + Me LooP Forever Yes _| wels | Me |} Rajocks and Neves halle 0 Hew the ouput of Mi ard Ma co vontHen the inpul taje of Ms “fa machfraM,zctaans “Yes" ef beth tha ectpts Mi and Ma & ‘yes D4 ab Mest ove ef Mi or Ma ts “No! * oupecls ‘ard never halls: thus Ma deetles om Li fla that halls fy and only if wedi and welo. Ebe Ms Boop i along wth M) or Ma or both Hora ho tntereoctfon 4 Am ooussatvaly enumerable languages b soars erumetable * wes Non Recuréwe Enumerable Language A }ANGUAKE “TAT _1S_NoT RECURSIVELY ENUMERAGLE = A \ tb recotstvaly enumerabh tf tow astra “ing Macnee sep ome song Tee ont cee wk acopt chtnge thal aoe cob To the Language M ee es a Trgnite bop Pal swuge golf prtig to undadabily contetg of pave owe threat wm Mis a laving Machine encoded th binary. ‘iy w tsa abitrys ef ols and i's ai) M accep ingot w. | | Pe ee ee ee ee Ye problem with te bi Inpuls 5 undeetdable then as an with any ae te urdectlabie.. | ‘Ts Topas van dy the Titeg Mashina chad be tha selena Pepresenlabton wsttg Yee whine. Angee Spe Lh fot hm dy Sud Hak the TM sepazeentead by ws dees vol accnyl the faye Neil, oo Tekin Maine ra acap th Enurnen te Bi SE fe recestsany bo ate fn icbser values te the bi nani tgs eo net ead hing Cooves Tips each. ie Cozrrathords +o ore shiny let 0 be the binary 9 Take, tw 96 & bioany. 3 et “This implies wo a6 the, 1 shit Like Had we can 62y 6,06 he inst che 12 the Secor 1 the third 00 te fath “and ao on ng aw ordered by fen cod hing ee mid t “He Inher | can be pte bh CPaphcally Ton Ge fr Ta lachine e dou}, H g.4 asa tlhe ope sprit E ; Ard droudions be eroded as L—Di =o R—Da +00 And tro trartters cx anced as ae ob 6640") = (TE) C = 3 107103 10' jo% ODS (43.0) = (41,8) C2 => 03 10'10' lot 10% iy 8 (48) = C42,0R) 3 = 07 107107 10' 1o* i¥) (4898) = (4311009 G& > 107103107 10! hen the com plete cde & hee y Cy Ca WN Cg Cy M= 0100 1000] 0}0011 000 10101001001| 000] 00} 00} 0100 11000 | 000! cool oo10 Code for Ems to), is gien by Birt 9100100} 0100 11 000 to 10 100/004) ss _ 00212910010] 0011 0001 0001 o001 00. 10, 1011 ) re r ; i were “Definition: — ee The diagenaltzalis denpunge aera of shtrys V9} hase | Wr ®& nok in LOmiy conetak of all ckergs © ouch Hel THM ohesa cate i wo clas nok accept the Input wo nen yoy £ Diagonal Fem He tabh, A show sohethe te tin ‘npat hing vy or rol. & C1) 21, shad te encaple 5 Cigdeo- Nest The tae be ill os the choclerhe veclor for the Lneuege LEM), where 16 ti thes sow Comresbond to He ram bane gf ths ay ; Th eon ly find Ld, toe read Comphinanl the disgenal . Tr tre toutes thet Itagenad value be 00) Ard theo the Gm diagonal = (No Thorajor, la Gonlatns Ws Wa =0 Was) ard cess rel, Gonlatn Wh =00 ard so on. f F f pee acs Frve tooo pretbilities, | wo) 3 ae oe “Diagenalteabton = ieee 3 t Pi Sor Ye lenguge Het appans th anj aa & called Di alization Then He Grpfoment 4 ee camot be He chetact oxtsle vedo of a a fave hal Reeweiely Buriable : }4 & mol & securely anumestabl. language. Thee fe rei Machina tal aces La. , ‘Sogpa |e soap by sme 4 M dered by LCm). Since 4 ee Q oe alphabet fond ,M woul) be in the let | ring maditees Gorobiclel ,vohee ak indades ait hivira machin wate impel alphabsl for So thee may be clleash one. cob Br OM, Gey tthe ts M2 Mi Han vohother wi ts in ly By defi bien, ee § [Mi ches nel acct vo; ¢ a wb wth “Thte tres Het Ci i) enby “1 ard so Mi ames wi Bal by defotton of La Mit dass nol ann orsiSer theme ten ee GontaBdtichton Ths th ts claoy Hot Ld te rot oewrutaly cnumorable and |d & rot Rasursive tio. ()Reaem: Whi the Cab der the Teng Machi Mz ( ft 9498,93,444. fords for, x,¥, 87, bs 40s By f4q4) hea § aS by ENG acne mays a) Bonnet “.¢ tems $ C40, (43,% RD § C4-X) > CR) 8 (4%): C4,0RD $042,» C42,¥ b> 80412 C42,¥b) 5(48,* C48) S(uyd= CALE $043,B)* C94.8/R) Asoue the tape raymbols and shale be onoded a8 o—x; O59 ea 41 =00 ee 42 = 000 y TX 43 =0000 B—xs % = 00000 And diredions be encoded a5 ene) R— Da ——— ray a rae a er er ee ee Ard the Fvctltre x areal ae falows | wt 84,0): (2% R) Ci = 010} 00} 000100 UW) SC 4,9): (48-¥) RD G = 010000 | 0000 | 0000 |00 W $(4%.0) = (40RD C3 = 0010]00|0/00 vy 8C%1)= Ca¥ G = ©0100\00010000|° D $(4.y) = Coy) Cy = 000000 100| 0000|00 % $420) = (45004) = ©00}0| 0001010 sil §(425x)= C4o.XaR) Cy = 0001000] 01000|00 S(42,9)2 (HY bd i Ce = 000] 001 } 000! OO@OIO ee. 201 ooe0lo0 _ i#£+;*- an the Complete cae © en by CMCatlcs Call Cs I Coll Cyl Cg tl C4 IN Cio 120010000! 0011001010010! 00 0| 00001001 0000100! ! el 610] 001 000| 001101 0000} O} 9000)0001000010 {1001 01 0001 oo0olollo 00101000 [0101100010 110000100001 0000100001 0101 00010011 000 | ‘9011 0900 1000001 000001 000001 00 y UNDECIDABLE “PROBLEMS _ABouT DRING MacHINE Undecdable problame om all abet —THtrg Machtnas. trom dha ‘Ree's theoswm. * Any non-bevtall peopty of “Tasfng Mashtre that daperds only on the language the Taitog Mackrne Actes must be undetdablo. : Redudton: PB seduces bB D) tow ts an mused 4 convert nstance of a problim + tndane oa prblam TR vot the ine arson, Yon hte 608d Pet Ro owls b Pe | nas PR & no saawista then Pa Cannol be roousfve Ty Pe fe nem-RE then R annol ke ke Pedudien oom P 4s Pe design 9, (uN a 8) ee) ?, PR | Op liege Aan We e e ‘hwsnad fel an tolance oh Bh with a ‘Yes’ answer and tran oh % lth “No” craves cn bs fend file on atre with ‘No’ ansunas Te dou tat only a sémall acon of Re a beget of the casluctton A sludton can ba delted as © A wedutltm Bom % te B te Taatng MachMe thal tates on Trolance of P wattten on fe a and halls with an thslana i 4B om fe bee? HEOREM | Dy tre tsa stedudon From > 4s Po than aby 44 P fs undectdabh , then S ts B city Dy P & non-RE, thon So ts BR Beg: dy Th Pt urdecrlabl , then & 18 Arsuma. “Pt undectlable let A be tre algorithm which covers Yo tnclara of PR Inaba of PB Alpi AL > You » Yes Pias hys ek oN — No From Ateg sim , ips be the Inslares of gin ot alpen A Ht convors w tly an insane x of BR (_ Algatthn oxtpe Tifeece | es xfe tm Bly we in BR ) No x fs no) B [we net Wm PR] This ts the conbodtchon ty eet arsumption test RB ts urdatlable The DR te unlacthabts. thin R& also undactdalle. ci) Ty RB 6 non RE , tan & ts Pe. Aroume that Rts ron Re, bd B te RE. She B is Re, have an algoaithm to salus Pi Te tht & thew isa “hing Machine givs "Yes" oulpl if th inp & ip B bal may not halt ff thr inpud ts rob in Pa. | Agen A] x et R vw Bin Bten x 0s in BS the TH will amp w. not fn Fs than x ts ct in |S ta TM iui ila ili mal TRING MOCHINE THAT Ace PT The eMPTy” LANGUAGE : athe oe toilvig Terirg Machinas call Le an tee ,idhee Le 15 the emply Eee re te the nan aenply 2 Bs a =4., Mi dons vol eccpl any inp za wo 6 io Ie oo “ils chase lage, fs aly 's ne Umiydg, Be beguage te alld non-senply langeage Iu Lae = $mluemyed f lne = {mM jiemoees Tthaceem !~ tne fs vecunshaly enumeniole . Get We condbadin fs bead ona nen -debrminsstee Tesi Machine. Unive | — fos Ye Mi U Lae oo eam at laze, > Tt oc kt Met giana inp te tre TH 528 < Se gts 8 Thaw Mi cage ony cht so: td sill be gue mg by | 4 7 fo ba in fe Mocking M. SM docs ro aaapl “Thus 0M )= Ln fo rok vecuristie | | ates Eshethn te Iriozam ehould le des tet 4 Convene an Input that te bineny Feiring Machine M such Hr Limiade y a hu | th tuck a vaay | pa (M10) ink a ! ais M aceap inp | Te Toiig Mudie M! & dg fe potter the below opts. > MU francs HE mem inp x sehr th ouplacs th top by vo, te foput Tetng Machtra MM ts + acmpa spite ose one one oie Ure. Go.4.. 9q whore qe ts the hate. a) Fer icons neigh te Macktra & at She 99, M! vontles Ci4idal be of the cade fe (Msi0) and apes fe shake 9141 " Jo, M' moms opt by soplcig any fn lea baby a bank tn slab 9p, 74 = end oh the ape a 3) MI aroublis a unfvoeat “Titig Machine U on ih present +p U accople', Hren M) acuple ; 8) U deat not actapt , MI! raver accgple ‘he ulatin onde how to by auction oh a te dre, Asourne dee f vecwiste , Thon the algontth fen lu a3 plows, 1. Convert (v0) by tha “Tiring Machina M! by the suductton of Ju do ne 2 By te hypoth alyeithon ef Jom Th tb LEM) gM does rok. accapl vo. ui) Lem = 4 M aceaphi 0 3 the abortion oh ae this is mothe. Cuor axsurophion Contraco dtd dnclude that bra fs nok sowrtetie. Ra's theorem and Ry RE tai All nontvival properties 4 the Re ae Et ok protth & carn Ihe. prepay bya aoe Madetna. Fy TR pepely 4 the Re langue ich ts te. lay eo OT AH © byes A. pecrer as) Beat fm guar the Dd Corker! fom. ~ Th all CFLS ‘oa iy Empty = the cenatcing amy A poopy t batveal ff t6 ot they an vohach ts ssl by ne dangrege a1 f a all RE lengua» or aie tL ts nombfvial. Rice's Theorem Ee —— Evey Tne Ppely of the Re homage & undeePdatle, le @ be @ non-trivel, Property ob the Re | Awure that > 5 nek Na Siva | One nonttvial , thee must be some ronemphy lapmae 1 thal to P. Hem Me be a TH ac Lis 6 the sodudtn bu to bp stole La ts cateaiaat The design oh M' ts we 1M!) #4» M cess nel aceph is DW bow) <1, "SM acaph w pe ei Pee osu oes nea M en wo ard another bape fe ual fe stimula Mi on input x fs ya! he TM om! 6 consburcha} 26 fpllaes, eel pet els Input ard stmulazs M on w, tM docs rot: accept a M! deas nok acrapt x. Ty M accepts wo, than M! simulates Mi on iS accepts x, Thus M! aither accepts $ or x aceapling x ff and only fh Me ep : ey the hypotte Heal Mp to determin L(m') s uéa ; oe Lm!) & in 0 and only fh (M,10) fs fh Lu, we hae. ree fpr lua cortadtclon thas @ must be uncele, an al ie Consequarces, o, the FRte's theosan -lclls that @ te ‘plowing ppattes Re ale aw nok decfdable i amples ty, Ragulily i) firtlenas i Context -foraadon We slouirg prope of re als aw RE wb veg a) w 6h L a some fired werd w. Fes _omesroinevce Promen 7 TR this the urdatdable prebbms obacd “Tig Machine ca suc te urdetdatle probleme aad sal things. “tha qual Ste 4 ptm aad ching be unde ihre bes tag la Ree MPCP ae Ub seluce Ju tp mobetted PEP then PEP tog alert Dearlton: An foshane of Resk's comes pordlene problem (PCP) consid of lise \tste of chirp ow 2. A = Wy ,Wa--. Wk B= x1 )Xa.0- Xe fpr Sora itp fe. he inclance of EP asa .éolutin sh thaw Feany Saquarce of folagere iista,.. fm with met auch tat Wy» Wt , Wiarbbin = Xo Xia, Xin... Xim is a edutin 4 thts thslance qd RP. lek > fog lat A ard B be ohfge ad the trance of PEP Ist AN | ied B f wr xt u we 2 Jor iB 3 10 O Gdlution: Take = M=4 Take this combination § 2, 1,3 & cncatenatfrg shings fr. this sertas Wo2 Wo) Woybo3 = Xa Xi xix LOND = loli incslance of, FOP = 2415103. Examgh 2) let Se fond. Leb Aard B be lish tae sting ech, Rid +e instance bet A do _B it wor Xt 1 10 lol 2 oll Mw 3 Jol oll Suppese te dinglance fas a a agian eee shig begtont eg with instances 4 makh with instance ob x. Viv F XXS 1 Thus Hets taslance of REP has no lichbon lotol & lolol! Tov bs ply tre voducltin oh lu te PEP.an Interrndidh Vetsfon of, FP alld Mostfied Pet's Gromas pordence jpoblam ts used, i ae Med a? ts He follwing : Gian lide Aard Bo} k obiras gach fom 2 A = Wt) Wa Ww Bos Xt, x2 Xk R has the Sdudtm i, i2,... ir Such rab WV 4 Wiy, Wins Wiss. Wir = XUX XtaXis--- Xie The diftpere Inkman the Méecp and PCP te Ht fo the MCP a aldisn 6 soputrad tb be oval wth the nel Shing om each lest Examgl : lat 2s fori3. Jeb A and lo athe lek of Strings deltnal as : lish 4 lil B i wi xi I | 10 2 No ° Find the fnstance of Z ° 7] MPcP lahon : MRCP fs given by Wie Wir, Wiae Wy = AUX Xin os) Xig loo = jotlo t rane - wher the fretance A ren 13 Let the Itets 5 ek MRP le A= Voli Wal... vow Be Mo. xe Astana ¥* ard 4 am aa aa Qyrtels ook pmsanl to the alphabet = biel a ae ee rs, : tye ee Yat D* Ys Zs. Fer | Fe feta. i, lel ys be wi with a a each Suenbel ud ines enaaseee de ae a = *Y, ard 2o2z fa oth pas looks Ine path |, exayph that tree fs an axlta ® af the beginning of the titra rom dick tak. Arce wa am seductng from MRCP ha oth pats vel Le He ody pats tn che TCP indhres woken lth | Going Len with tha aia Synbel. & ony slubtento thio FP tooharce begins with index 0 5. Yu <4 ond Ze = #4 a Titeorem : parce caducs + PEP | Assure tad thy tay. im & a dolutom b dha gen MRCP indlana with \es A and B We knaw-thal , accondirg 4 Mcp Wy Wi, Wig -- Wim = KiKi, Xia ine Place ple by yo and xb by xb Than um hme ste hy Ite Ui Hip Bins Yim ard 2) 2h Fas Zi The erly bffenna ts Hat the vould be enfsstog a # at the beginning and Ihe Gocond rae atest # at tre. ond . bang £ UY Yiaee Yin 7 22h Zao Zim ing tha Constudton sive, een foe Hee ital by oeflceg Yo Yin Yin * ZoZi Zp --> Zin™ a Append the trex kel. le Yun =4 ard Ze = #4 Yo Yin Yin Yer = 20% Fa, «+ Zn Zit Orin. stm pKe a pdluben ty the fretlance 4 Fea MRP, i, fa... fm (6a olutton . Tusa varnove tha #75 ond the eal Fp tre shy bil Jin Yin are get He hing WW) Wi, Win ©. Winn Ty ve wmoe #1 ant 4 fom te stehg , ZoZ, Zis-- Zim Zar We Xt Xi Xin + Xi < dp Fee 2° Yi, Sia « ine Yr = 20 Zi, Zig--. Zien Zee which Jolicus tat ONS OIRO iitar ead ieee. od \bion ide RP lnstene implies a Adubim + the MRP inshore. Tas the & a solution o| MnP te Pep, which confirms Hat Th PEP wore dacfdable , MPCP would also be dactlalle. Urclactd alt oh RP Given a yato (Miy10), Grabuck on trelne (A,B) 4 MCP ach Heel TM M1 accep mpd w Af and only th (418) hao soluttn “The idea & ek MRP inshne (AB) simulales to ts purltel Aildeens , tha compulabton sf M on fret wo. fiat 5 prota! aalutions sill consist of sbiigs thet oe lta of the Seq ueres 4 tp's of M. Ho Hoa Ht dat... Whew x, ts the initial TD of M with input ward er all: The shing fom the B let wil a oe TD ahad of He tty 4mm tha A ltl sankas Mentor an accepting shbe. “fa Couto of Mer thleres & dated by wstig. the Ham ob Barat foginthe ‘apes which fap thal He acta neva petrts a blank ard raver tres lib yom ft Shad patlton. San da Turing machtre will aioap laa al of “the pom «4B ee bale are hing’ Sac bch a a dale. 6 allnne) thal pb be amply tf the hand © the bt madly th oof oath Han flacty a Hanks Hote age the Ach - | ll Mz (Q/, Fr 540:8,F) bea TH and lt win 2% bem faped chttg An tance of MPCP ES cordiicled ae lls (4, The pol pa list A dst B a # dow # Te sematotng pie oe grouped ot fess 2. Tage -syrbele ant tra saparaton a Can be apparel le bn sels. ids List B A X dyrasch x mF oa ae 3 Ber ath tm Q-F. Pp nQank Ky.z th ig SC4.K)= Cpe) pzy $ 6(4x) - CP Ys L) nae Yee 8 CB)? CPD payee th (8 (4B) (Pb) — gas 4 Fer mch gt F and Xant y in F | xy eh ay 1 > abe rat Complete the shen, ww [is ee ae ae de | dt * ) ence - Frarge: |b wsconatl ta TM Me $9u9e434, $0119) 40,18.) B = 58 son by 8) 143) Ne atanoy $419 SCar,B) | % (4atR) (40.4) C4210 b> | a (43,01) (4,0,R) 42,0) ) 13, = = BS ore the fopat ding be wo=ol. id te Soluhon, Saton fe — Frm 8(408)= Guid om (41 30)= (93/04l) 4, 04, | Grom 84451) + GOR dat | 09,4 Geom §(42,8)= (490 4 0420 ds } 04a) qs |. 4s | \4al 43 Os 43 I43 4a 4,0 | | 431 4a 5 | att # M accepts the input ol by Pre Sequence of moves 4,0) fF lqatf logy F 14.01 F 43 lol + juosi compuetion of M oads '» the pacttal slutron “fe gia pa gi A B: #dOl# she onl voay fo extard tha pevttal solulten 0s pr the shy fom fe A Jel 4 bea prafte of the remainder 4 0) # From suile (2) use te pat (9,0, 142) ts the frst past. Ten he partinl —Zalution ts gpm y A: #40 | B: #4OF I a “Res pair can be further oxterdal 4 pfn4 plow fom stile (29) unhl gcking Hho pluto fn te Sound Ip A: # 4,01 Bt Wow 4s LHe “To” sirnal abe an another mow, the appropatad pews fe talected fom owe (3) ie, C4a1504,) As 4,01 #1401 # 01 #19, LF 104, Next ue oude (4) pet to Cop) the nest trv ‘ymbol: #110. Bat 4 Op that pr would boa mtslake. . Since We next move rl M moves + Dread felt and the 0 fist bole he hale ts acled! tn. 4, ae oul (3) pat. Nee COPA tha ext tun Ayal, bavfng she pantie) dion, Ae ULF Lat py ead TO # 19,1 #109, #1 Nhe wea the Po (04,4 > 4a01x4) from oul Cay A: #Loly 14314 104, 4 Bi F401 4 '9a1 #109, #19, o1 Next ute anotia sue Ca) '4, 05 Falo) which 4 ks #4.01 19.1 4 104, #49, 0° capi egaales lak ca Be # Lol #1931 Ht 109, # 14.01 4# 9310 wee pats from aul) 4 climinate all lnc! 9a fom=ite, ID Next use otule (9) 4 Cony bols as ‘ As #01 # t4al# 109, # 19301 Hf Fall # 9301 # 9g 1 4 B: #4 loe "9201 # 931014 4301 4 4 +) from ule (5) 4 Tew Ra's Com pancace prooblm & unde tdable | | Ue ey 4 tnt lt Joo b edu Lb MPP | ) Bkatement- Sia Only Ba: M acupls w. Dy vets in Lem) then aot with the pads from aule Cy) al Sola the comspulpion Men w. And uci the cule (3) pat Copy the hake Jom each 1D and simalabe aes Mme using cule (2) sto symbols ard the mori 6 z Wie pce the pare from ou (4) art sur alle the A ting {calc wo the B ashing cod ym «elation, Thus thither 6 a bolition M must enter an acaplg “Bate ord & | acapts wo. ‘Feosem: Find the @hilton fe tre fPliweing Rep protlens. 3 let the trolaros be 13,2 Ai, s Ais. Ala = BB, Bi, 0110001 + O110010 (not equal’) <> Thaw & no Sdluhion fe 4 hfs pradlem be ab ca. as UNIVERSAL UI eel alee Nac ine: ae ns ge le ea See a which can be modeled by a Tring Machine. hes unlyeuat epee, nie anaes by a pain (Mr). UAe M> isa TM that cops Ts wr isa dinanty aving in (oty", weEL(M) Thus any ol Aring beet to a universal fanquage. The univeuatl ae can be represented 4 Juz LWW) whe uw is te universal Tusing machine Inga UL isin abing: This ere aiming rlepresents Wastiols woes af WANG Teoulng Machines - Thus a untversag Tung machine ig a Twung machine which access many Turing machines - The ™, & ig a multitap, tong maclane whith tan be Ahown a5 jleurs; ne Ww INPUT “Tape “00010000101 0001 * The Universal Tan Machine U ceceptt the TM mM | ¥ “The tensions of Mane steved iniHiatly on the tt waype otong with “the ahing 0 | * On he Bewond tape, te amutatect fang AM fg - Here. the pre Agmbal xi of M Usill be seeproy and tane Aymbols ane genuated by Aingle i On the thimd tape. Various Atates Dh Mathine M ae | Atored . The ginte xy is represented by 0. | Operotions on Tring Machine: Plateot a G) The Mt fane is obsercol He code for M is valid or nat he a 1S not Valid . then u aus wolthout [i accent nae j 4 As Dnyalicl Codts Om anumed tp susouerent the ™M wit no Moves , Auth TM acces no innett anol alts | ; (» Qnifialize te aewna tone for placing the type vata mm in enwdiol jrmie for zack O db the ipa w pace lo on the Aeond bre and fer each |, te checl ushethe pace too. The blank letiers of the tone are rmeprosentect by 000. () fe the thirh tane atorer stater BE Machine M, (4) Now, the Move GM can eee om & for B~ aled optim matton probem a Oh algor tt rn jer apttrfrpatfon probur & called Opttmin atfon algowttar DEFINITLON OF Pp? REEAELON OF P: i: > Peoblurns that can be soled th petynowtal es WP atondy for poly wowta) "> DEEINITION OF NP: } a NP" stands for non- datrmf nfs the pe wowla ffir CNDTE: NP doenot stand for ‘oon pe vowaral ”) a ne P — z2archh Ce reaaactcrs >a ps horns, all pore shortest pa colo cul prob. Enapsack problem, Mamfltontan chrwht probome x The NP ¢loss probs can be purthoy Categ ovtrpe a fola NP-wmptke and NP-hard) probleme COMPUTATIONAL COMPLEXITY EMS —_— oe ee Pecan ec a |? 4 prebum © & caled np- vompurte Ff 1 CA SH belongs to class NP iu Eugey probuum th NP can also be bo tuaa! on pa vswofal tre #St an NP-hard! prob om Can be wot om peyrom| #frar, Hin all NP compte procum can also sourced th poly nom fal trv * At NP- wmplite probit ax np-hand buf all np-hord Problums cannot be NP- Wm (gte 7 : 4SM NP class problims anc eurbsPon problem that Can be soled by non - daderminfes He potynowural a gsetnn EXAMPLE OF P eHASS PrRORLEMS |- ERUS ALS Ap orORITHM : * So exuskal © algorttim, tia minfmum Oat a ae) Obtafned. vlgo cfrturt should not be x Eath Poo, He relaa OF roinP mum wally haa +d be atluted from tu graph PR & not neues the edgus os matofmum aie! to ke adpaunt ley\< Consfolet tte ” ee ee to haus. | i E belongs to NP- hawd closes. 3 12 . * ae Yb 5 (wet Git =5) EXAMPLE OF NB-cyass PROBLEM: TRAVELING: SALESMAN PROBLEM: a GRIN A aah os eftPes anol wst to brows) betusis eaun pate os ches determine: whittur the & a para that vPsPts auoyg effy enw and xtuans to ba aka | [chy suek drat fs “vant hawiled & lose. pen che tour path wil) be AEWIEION—e'= «A ow toll wet of tour will be 1b, < é ach preblm & NP problem as there ray ante 4ome parr wht shortest arstanu betwen Yeftfer a OF yor ger th soluffon Pa oe and €> Qf and only f4 > ut Boowan ula & ch wojunetfur Nowma pfoetn CONF FETE a A as w on Of pc axpreestore esneae subsmpres Oils peta taal clauses . Fox 69: CR brdagd (ered Chad +54 nD Coseresh >. TW formula evaluates to |, ms bed onl. Sh CNF- gat & a problem wrth takes Bolan torrnula ENE form and chivks wtuttur ct Fc a ra Benet & thre fo toplan volur that foemula ucoluate, to |, |-=neorEM: CNE- @as ee D | stHEOREM (NE SAT Rh NP ~ vworopubs . @) PROOF: Ht 8 be HR Eoovan tormula tor wcareh wW can wrshrult a sfrople non - dL Hotmin f4 He | on ager io whfch can Ge on Values OF yorta bus wo Bvolvan formula and thon evaluates sath clause oF Sf all the clauses evatuate sto! ther sh saHaped Shus one sav & NP wompuUbe » 4 3st. PROBLEM ' % 88AT « Probtim Ba problum whic tales a | ebm ort Booban fermuta 9B cnr Wh jad clause fave wxoetep 5 eee wnatiiss & h aatfeffed or rob. va Caaib4 BG cee (bedago Cane wns THeopem: ssax & hh NP wmplte Peope : wut c be dtu Soolan som ulor seine 3 tfterals vA rach claw fow venroh ua Can toystruta atmple non— oe Ath ay boo uAnren eae an mete os | vatug to s, Sf 98 waluated to\, tho < & | Bo trapred F Shin ssAT Buh NP- wmplle . DO/LIENAP SACK PROBLEM © Can be prousd NP tornp tbe 3 riductfon Jjrom SUM OF UBSET proton 2 MAMILTONIAN CYCLE: Can be prourd NP ompute | ty sedation from Vaotte (Unt , eDT8P- can be proud) NP womplhe, by xduct?on from Hamittontan ale | HAMILTONIAN Gacters Sha dt a probbr fn uchroh proph or 6 aonpted as Yep and 10 find a 4fmpll wy ve | A oF that vfePhs eath yeortue of oF entat eau and xttuwns to peti point. ae B coiled tamfltonfan eyels. THeore M: ftamtttonfon cyole fn np PBeopr * jot A be some non- ole trminekPe alporettim | townFon qraph 61 i Gun a dnput, +The Vertes are oumbeud from ene * call ¥y seetsSe a to get 2 wll home gil 'erthes i + OM Vertes from wfirth tha

    You might also like