Q1) Using Holland’s formula calculate the rainfall intensity at the following

conditions:

1- T = 18 minutes and N = 5 years.

2- T = 12 minutes and N = 10 years.

Solution

1)

1524 TN 0.318
I= ( )
T 600

1524 18 ×5 0.318
I= ×( ) =84.67 ×(0.15)0.318=46.315 mm /hr
18 600
2)

1524 TN 0.318
I= ( )
T 600

1524 12× 10 0.318

I= ×( ) =127 ×(0. 2)0.599 =76.125 mm/ hr
12 600

Q2) How many recommendations were listed in Pitt Review –Learning Lessons from the 2007
Floods, and what are the main goals for this review?

The report contained 92 recommendations for the Government to reduce effects and speed up the
recovery for the next event of a similar scale.

Q3) define:

1- Infiltration
It is the process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil. The water enters the
soil through the pores by the forces of gravity and capillary action.
2- Detention basins
Detention basins (or ponds) are normally dry, areas of grass that can be flooded
following a major storm event. In heavy rainfall they are used to store water for a short
time and so they can fill with water.
3- Retention ponds
Retention ponds are also designed to provide temporary storage for excess water but,
unlike detention basins, a permanent pool of water remains once the water level
subsides. They are similar to wetlands, but they are more useful for storing excess
water.