1(QUESTION): Although there may be other reasons for using calcium tungstate screens in industrial radiography,they

are most usually used to:

(Answer): Decreases exposure time.

2(QUESTION): Low voltage X-ray tubes are generally fitted with windows made of:

(Answer): beryllium. THE REASON WHY IS: Beryllium allows all but the longest wavelength x- rays to pass through it.

3(QUESTION): A monochromatic X-ray beam:

(Answer): is a beam consisting of a single wavelength. THE REASON WHY IS: Mono means one or single and chromatic
refers to the color or wavelength.

4(QUESTION): The general method of producing X-rays involves the sudden deceleration of high velocity electrons in a
solid body called a:

(Answer): target. THE REASON WHY IS: The focusing cup, filament, and cathode produce and direct the electron beam.

5(QUESTION): If it were necessary to radiograph a 7-inch thick steel product, which of the following gamma-ray sources
would most likely be used?

(Answer): Cobalt-60 THE REASON WHY IS: Cobalt is suitable for radiographing steel above 3-4 inches thick and has a
rated penetrating power of 1.17 and 1.33 MeV respectively.

6(QUESTION): A Cobalt-60 gamma ray source has an approximate practical thickness limit of:

(Answer): 9 inches of steel or its equivalent.

7(QUESTION): The absorption of gamma rays from a given source when passing through matter depends on:

(Answer): the atomic number, density, and thickness of the matter. THE REASON WHY IS: The thickness, atomic number,
and material density all effect the absorption of both gamma and X-rays.

8(QUESTION): The fact that gases, when bombarded by radiation, ionize and become electrical conductors make them
useful in:

(Answer): radiation detection equipment.

9(QUESTION): The velocity of electrons striking the target in an X-ray tube is a function of:

(Answer): the voltage difference between the cathode and anode. THE REASON WHY IS: The voltage potential between
the cathode and anode is responsible for electron velocity.

10(QUESTION): The uneven distribution of developed grains within the emulsion of a processed X-ray film causes the
subjective impression of:

(Answer): graininess. THE REASON WHY IS: Also note the faster the film the larger the individual silver salts (grains). Thus
fast film tends to be grainier.

11(QUESTION): Of the following, the source providing the most penetrating radiation is:

(Answer): 15 MeV x-ray betatron. THE REASON WHY IS: A 15MeV X-ray betatron is a linear accelerator whose beam
strength is 12 times that of Cobalt the next most penetrating source on this list.

12(QUESTION): The gamma-ray intensity at one foot from a one curie source of radioactive cobalt-60 is nearest:

(Answer): 15 roentgens per hour.

13(QUESTION): The focal spot in an X-ray tube:

(Answer): should be as small as possible without unduly shortening the life of the tube. THE REASON WHY IS: A smaller
focal spot creates a narrower beam of X- radiation and raises the definition of the radiograph.

14(QUESTION): In an X-ray tube, the filament and focusing cup are the two essential parts of the:

(Answer): cathode. THE REASON WHY IS: The filament is the source of the electrons and the focusing cup aims them
onto the target anode.

15(QUESTION): The quantity of radiation which will produce, by means of ionization, one electrostatic unit of electricity
in 0.001293 grams of dry air is known as:

(Answer): a roentgen. THE REASON WHY IS:0.001293 grams of dry air is equivalent to one cubic centimeter of dry air at
sea level.

16(QUESTION): The specific activity of an isotopic source is usually measured in:

(Answer): curies per gram. THE REASON WHY IS: The curies per gram is the measure of specific activity. One curie equals
37,000,000 disintegrations per second

17(QUESTION): Which of the following isotopes has the longest half-life?

(Answer): Cesium-137 THE REASON WHY IS: Cesium-137 with a half-life of 30 years in the longest of this group.

18(QUESTION): The primary form of energy conversion when electrons strike a target in an X-ray tube results in the
production of:

(Answer): heat. THE REASON WHY IS: For example: only 3% of a 300 Kev X-ray tube's total energy is converted to X-rays.
The other 97% is released as heat.

19(QUESTION): The slope of a straight line joining two points of specified densities on a characteristic curve of a film is
known as the:

(Answer): average gradient.

20(QUESTION): An X-ray film having wide latitude also has, by definition:

(Answer): low contrast. THE REASON WHY IS:X-ray films with a narrow latitude by definitions are high contrast.

21(QUESTION): The purpose for circulating oil in some types of X-ray tubes is:

(Answer): to dissipate heat. THE REASON WHY IS: Because 97% or more of the energy of an X-ray tube is given off as
heat circulating oil is used for cooling.

22(QUESTION): An X-ray tube with a small focal spot is considered better than one with a large focal spot when it is
defined to obtain:

(Answer): better definition. THE REASON WHY IS: The smaller the focal spot the better the definition.

23(QUESTION): One method of reducing radiographic contrast is to:

(Answer): decrease the wavelength of the radiation use(Answer): THE REASON WHY IS: Shorter wavelength X-rays are
more penetrating, but less photographically active and produce high contrast radiographs.

24(QUESTION): Thin sheets of lead foil in intimate contact with X-ray film during exposure increase film density because:

(Answer): they emit electrons when exposed to X- and gamma radiation which help darken the film. THE REASON WHY
IS: These electrons are photographically active and intensify the exposure and increase the darkening of the film.

25(QUESTION): X-ray tubes are often enclosed in a shockproof casing in order to:
(Answer): protect the operator from high-voltage shock. THE REASON WHY IS: Do to the high voltages involved an
electrically insulated casing is required to protect the operator.

26(QUESTION): An X-ray tube is rated for a maximum of 250 kVp. This tube may be operated at a maximum of:

(Answer): 250,000 volts peak voltage. Effective voltage! Not conventional radiographic term. What does the "p" stand
for?

27(QUESTION): A voltage selector consisting of an iron core transformer with a single winding having a series of taps at
various points on the winding is called:

(Answer): an autotransformer.

28(QUESTION): In X-ray radiography, alternating current must be changed to pulsating direct current in order to satisfy
the need for unidirectional current. This change may be accomplished by:

(Answer): rectifiers. THE REASON WHY IS: The half wave rectifier converts the AC to pulsing DC current.

29(QUESTION): When radiographing to the 2-2T quality level, an ASTM penetrameter for 2.5-inch steel has a thickness
of:

(Answer): 50 mils. THE REASON WHY IS:50 mils. equals .05 inches or 2 percent of 2.5 inches, computed as 2.5 x .05 or 50
mils., or 50 thousandths of an inch.

30(QUESTION): Valve tubes are used in X-ray equipment to:

(Answer): provide necessary rectification. THE REASON WHY IS: yes, the valve tubes are used to convert ac to pulsing dc
current.

31(QUESTION): A good cobalt-60 radiograph is made on a 3-inch steel casting using an exposure time of 10 minutes and
a source-to-film distance of 36 inches. It is necessary to change the source-to-film distance to 24 inches; what
exposure31 time would produce a similar radiograph if all other conditions remain the same?

(Answer): 4.4 minutes. THE REASON WHY IS:3 ft. squared equals 9, and 2 ft. squared equals 4. 4 /9 = 4/9 x 10 = 4.444...

32(QUESTION): When sharp, black bird-foot shaped marks which are known not to correspond with any discontinuities
appear at random on radiographs, they are probably caused by:

(Answer): static charges caused by friction. THE REASON WHY IS: The electrical discharge of static electricity exposes
crystals.

33(QUESTION): The adjustment of tube current in conventional X-ray tube circuits is made by:

(Answer): adjusting the filament heating current. THE REASON WHY IS: This increases the number of electrons produced
and is a function of amperage.

34(QUESTION): In comparison with lower-voltage radiographs, high-energy radiographs show:

(Answer): greater latitude. THE REASON WHY IS: High penetrating short wavelength X-rays are less photographically
active.

35(QUESTION): Filters used at the port of the X-ray tube:

(Answer): filter out "soft" radiation to provide a more homogeneous X-ray beam. THE REASON WHY IS: The short
wavelengths pass through with minimal attenuation. The longer wavelengths "softer" X-rays create scatter radiation and
film fog.

36(QUESTION): An ASTM penetrameter for use when inspecting a one-half inch thick steel plate to the 2-2T quality level
using a 15-inch source-to-film distance would be made of:
(Answer): 10 mils thick steel. THE REASON WHY IS:10 mils. is the equivalent to .01 inches or 2 percent of .5 inches.

37(QUESTION): The kilo voltage applied to an x-ray tube affects:

(Answer): the quality of the beam. AND the intensity of the beam. THE REASON WHY IS: Kilovoltage controls the
wavelength of the X-rays produced which affects both the quality and intensity or penetrating power.

38(QUESTION): Filters placed between the x-ray tube and specimen tend to reduce scatter radiation undercutting the
specimen:

(Answer): by absorbing the longer wavelength components of the primary beam. THE REASON WHY IS: The longer
wavelength "soft" X-rays increase scatter radiation and can fog the resulting radiograph.

39(QUESTION): Besides serving as a filter, screens of high atomic number, such as lead and lead antimony, also:

(Answer): provide some image intensifying action. THE REASON WHY IS: By releasing electrons that photography reacts
with the film.

40(QUESTION): The range of thickness over which densities are obtained that are satisfactory for interpretation is a
measure of the:

(Answer): latitude of a radiograph. THE REASON WHY IS: The range of thickness over which densities are satisfactory for
interpretation is known as latitude.

41(QUESTION): Almost all gamma radiography is performed with:

(Answer): iridium-192 or cobalt-60. THE REASON WHY IS: Thulium-170 and radium are rarely use

42(QUESTION): The amount of unsharpness or blurring of a radiograph is:

(Answer): directly proportional to the size of the focal spot and inversely proportional to the source-to-object distance.

43(QUESTION): Images of discontinuities close to the source side of the specimen become less clearly defined as:

(Answer): the thickness of the specimen increases. THE REASON WHY IS: The increase in material between the
discontinuity and the film reduces the definition.

44(QUESTION): The inherent filtration of an x-ray tube is a function of:

(Answer): the thickness and composition of the x-ray tube port.

45(QUESTION): X-ray films with large grain size:

(Answer): have higher speeds than those with a relatively small grain size.

46(QUESTION): As the effective energy of the radiation increases up to about 250kV:

(Answer): film graininess increases.

47(QUESTION): The specific activity of cobalt-60 depends on:

(Answer): the time the material has been in the reactor. THE REASON WHY IS: More Cobalt-59 is converted to Cobalt-60.

48(QUESTION): The most commonly used target material in an x-ray tube is:

(Answer): tungsten. THE REASON WHY IS: Tungsten is commonly used because of its density and high melting point.

49(QUESTION): The purpose for including a disc-shaped target that rotates rapidly during operation in some x-ray tubes
is to:
(Answer): increase the permissible load THE REASON WHY IS: By cooling the target anode rotation allows higher voltages
or loads to be used without overheating and melting the target.

50(QUESTION): A device which is basically a combination of magnet and transformer designed to guide and accelerate
electrons in a circular orbit to very high energies is called a:

(Answer): betatron.

51(QUESTION): Two isotopic sources of a given strength have two different specific activity values. The source with the
higher specific activity value will:

(Answer): be of smaller physical size than the source with a lower specific activity. THE REASON WHY IS: Specific activity
is measured by curies per gram, thus, if source strength is equal the higher specific activity source will be smaller and
weigh less.

52(QUESTION): A gas-filled region located in an electrical field created by electrodes across which a potential difference
is applied forms the major portion of:

(Answer): an ionization chamber. BECAUSE X-ray tubes contain a vacuum.

53(QUESTION): Two serious obstacles to high-sensitivity fluoroscopy are:

(Answer): the limited brightness and large grain size of fluoroscopic screens. THE REASON WHY IS: The limited brightness
and grainy image make fluoroscopy less sensitive.

54(QUESTION): In general, the quality of fluoroscopic equipment is best determined by:

(Answer): penetrameter sensitivity measurements.

55(QUESTION): In fluoroscopic testing, a fundamental difficulty is the relative low brightness level of the images. One
method for increasing brightness utilizes one of the following which converts light energy from the initial phosphor
surface to electrons which are accelerated and focused onto a smaller fluorescent screen.

(Answer): Image amplifier or intensifier.

56(QUESTION): A general rule governing the application of the geometric principles of shadow formation states that:

(Answer): the central ray should be as nearly perpendicular to the film as possible, to preserve spatial relationships. THE
REASON WHY IS: Any other angle increases the geometric distortion of the object being radiograph

57(QUESTION): In order to utilize the principles of geometric enlargement (placing the film at a distance from the
specimen):

(Answer): the source of radiation must be extremely small. THE REASON WHY IS: This would increase definition.

58(QUESTION): The x-ray absorption of a specimen depends on:

(Answer): the thickness and density of the material. AND the atomic number of the material.

59(QUESTION): The radiographic absorption of a material will tend to become less dependent upon the composition of
the material when:

(Answer): the kilovoltage is increased THE REASON WHY IS: Shorter wavelength X-rays are produced and their
alternation is more dependent upon material thickness.

60(QUESTION): The formula (milliamperes X times)/ (distance squared is:

(Answer): the exposure factor.

61(QUESTION): The load that can be handled by an x-ray tube focal spot is governed by:
(Answer): the size of the focal spot and the efficiency of the cooling system of the anode.

62(QUESTION): X-ray exposure holders and cassettes often incorporate a sheet of lead foil in the back which is not in
intimate contact with the film. The purpose of this sheet of lead foil is:

(Answer): to protect the film from backscatter.

63(QUESTION): A lead sheet containing a pinhole may be placed halfway between the X-ray tube and the film in order
to:

(Answer): determine the approximate size of the focal spot.

64(QUESTION): The most common way of cooling the anode of a high-power X-ray tube is:

(Answer): cooling by circulation of water or oil in the anode.

65(QUESTION): In certain cases, it may be advantageous to pack lead shot around a specimen. The purpose for doing
this is:

(Answer): to decrease the effect of scattered radiation undercutting the specimen.

66(QUESTION): The mottling caused by diffraction when radiographing fairly large-grained metallic specimens can be
reduced and in some cases eliminated by:

(Answer): raising the kilovoltage and using lead foil screens. THE REASON WHY IS: Raising KV produces shorter
wavelength X-rays and the lead screens filter out the less penetrating shorter wavelengths.

67(QUESTION): When radiographing steel with a thickness less than one inch:

(Answer): a 250 kV X-ray machine would give greater radiographic sensitivity than cobalt-60.

68(QUESTION): A radiograph made with an exposure of 12mA per minute has a density of 0.8 in the region of maximum
interest. It is desired to increase the density to 2.0 in this area By reference to a characteristic curve of the film, it is
found that the difference in log E between a density of 0.8 and 2.0 is 0.76. The antilogarithm of log 0.76 is 5.8. What
must the new exposure time be to produce a radiograph with a density of 2.0?

(Answer): 69.6 mA per minute

69(QUESTION): The absorption of radiation by a material varies:

(Answer): in an approximately exponential manner with the thickness of the material.

70(QUESTION): In order for a radiograph to have a penetrameter sensitivity of 2-2T or better:

(Answer): the radiographic procedure must be able to define the 2T hole in a penetrameter which is 2 percent of the
thickness of the specimen.

71(QUESTION): For practical purposes, the shape of the characteristic curve of an X-ray film:

(Answer): is independent of the quality of X- or gamma radiation.

72(QUESTION): The term which describes the total absorption of the useful beam caused by the X-ray tube wall, the wall
of the tube housing, and any material between the tube and housing is:

(Answer): inherent filtration.

73(QUESTION): The interval between the time a film is placed in a fixer solution and the time when the original diffuse,
yellow milkiness disappears is known as:

(Answer): clearing time. THE REASON WHY IS: This is followed by an equal amount of time for hardening.
74(QUESTION): Excessive subject contrast caused when the thickness range in the test specimen is too great for the
radiation quality used may be corrected by:

(Answer): increasing the kilovoltage. AND using a filter at the X-ray tube and increasing the exposure time.

75(QUESTION): Improper geometric factors, poor contact between film and lead foil screens, and graininess of film are
possible causes of:

(Answer): poor definition.

76(QUESTION): In fluoroscopy the most common means for minimizing operator fatigue is to:

(Answer): change operators periodically.

77(QUESTION): Which of the following X-ray generators would produce the narrowest cone of X-radiation?

(Answer): 25MeV

78(QUESTION): A radiograph is taken at a voltage of 500 kV. If the voltage is increased with a resultant increase in the
energy of radiation while all other conditions remain the same:

(Answer): there will be little significant change in the graininess of the film.

79(QUESTION): A radiograph of a steel weldment is made using a 15 MeV betatron. When the radiograph is developed,
there is an overall film mottling. A possible cause for such mottling is:

(Answer): failure to use a lead screen during exposure.

80(QUESTION): A basic difference between a radiograph and a fluoroscopic image is:

(Answer): the fluoroscopic image is a positive whereas the radiograph is a negative transparency. THE REASON WHY IS: It
is also less sensitive.

81(QUESTION): The quantity of radiation striking a unit area of film:

(Answer): is the product of radiation intensity and time.

82(QUESTION): Which of the following factors will not materially influence the image density of a radiograph?

(Answer): The size of the film THE REASON WHY IS: The size of the film is not a factor influencing film density.

83(QUESTION): A 1,000 kVp X-ray machine used in conjunction with a lead foil screen has an approximate practical
thickness limit of:

(Answer): 5 inches of steel or its equivalent.

84(QUESTION): Because of geometrical factors such as source size, source-to-specimen distance and specimen-to-film
distance, there can be a lack of perfect sharpness at the edges of indications. The unsharpness caused by geometrical
factors may be referred to as the:

(Answer): penumbral shadow.

85(QUESTION): Two factors which greatly affect the suitability of the target material in an X-ray tube are:

(Answer): atomic number and melting point. THE REASON WHY IS: Targets made from elements with high atonic
numbers are more efficient and high operating temperatures require a high melting point.

86(QUESTION): The reason the exposure time must be increased by a factor of four when the source-to-film distance is
doubled is:
(Answer): the intensity of radiation is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source to the film.
THE REASON WHY IS: This is known as the inverse square law.

87(QUESTION): The approximate radiographic equivalence factors for steel and copper at 220kV are 1.0 and 1.4
respectively. If it is desirable to radiograph a 0.5-inch plate of copper, what thickness of steel would require about the
same exposure characteristics?

(Answer): 0.7 inches of steel THE REASON WHY IS: Or .5 x 1.4 x 1.0

88(QUESTION): Which of the following technique variables is most commonly used to adjust subject contrast?

(Answer): Kilovoltage THE REASON WHY IS: Adjusting the KV increases or decreases the penetrating power of the X-rays
produced and thus the resulting image contrast.

89(QUESTION): Films that are left between lead screens too long in a high-temperature and high-humidity atmosphere
may:

(Answer): become fogged THE REASON WHY IS: Fogging occurs because of a chemical change in the silver bromide
crystals.

90(QUESTION): The quantitative measure of film blackening is referred to as:

(Answer): photographic density. THE REASON WHY IS: The instrument used to measure film density is called a
densitometer.

91(QUESTION): A curve relating density with the logarithm of exposure or of relative exposure is called:

(Answer): an H & D curve.

92(QUESTION): Subject contrast is affected by:

(Answer): thickness differences in specimen. AND radiation quality. AND scattered radiation.

93(QUESTION): The Code of Federal Regulations requires that all shipping containers for radioisotopes:

(Answer): be fire resistant.

94(QUESTION): Which of the following instruments would exhibit the best sensitivity and most likely be used to detect
small leaks in a radiation barrier?

(Answer): A Geiger counter THE REASON WHY IS: A Geiger counter is more sensitive and gives an immediate indication
of radiation.

95(QUESTION): At voltages above 400 kV, the use of lead to provide protection may present serious problems. If this
should be a serious problem, which of the following materials would most likely be used as a substitute?

(Answer): Concrete THE REASON WHY IS: Concrete is not only effective, but inexpensive as well.

96(QUESTION): A qualitative term often used to indicate the size of the smallest detail which can be seen in a radiograph
is:

(Answer): radiographic sensitivity.

97(QUESTION): The slope (steepness) of a characteristic curve is a measure of:

(Answer): film contrast.

98(QUESTION): A special radiographic method requiring two radiographs taken during separate exposures from two
different positions to give the visual impression of a three-dimensional display when viewed in an optical device
simultaneously is referred to as:
(Answer): stereo radiography. THE REASON WHY IS: Stereo means two.

99(QUESTION): The depth of a discontinuity may be estimated by making two exposures on a single film from two
different positions of the X-ray tube. The depth of the discontinuity is computed from the shift in the shadow of the
discontinuity with respect to the images of fixed markers on the front and back of the specimen. The method is referred
to as:

(Answer): the parallax method of depth location.

100(QUESTION): Constant agitation of the developer during the development process by means of mechanical stirrers or
circulating pumps may:

(Answer): cause undesirable, preferential flow of developer along certain paths.

101(QUESTION): The activity of the fixer diminishes after being used for a period of time because:

(Answer): the fixer solution accumulates soluble silver salts. THE REASON WHY IS: This contamination results in the
diminishing activity of the solution.

102(QUESTION): In processing radiographs, the hourly flow of water in the wash tank should be:

(Answer): four to eight times the volume to of the tank.

103(QUESTION): Attenuation of gamma rays in the energy range commonly used for testing takes place through:

(Answer): photoelectric absorption. AND Compton absorption.

104(QUESTION): A zinc cadmium sulfide fluoroscopic screen which is continually exposed to bright daylight, sunlight, or
other sources of ultraviolet radiation will:

(Answer): become discolored and lose some of its brilliance.

105(QUESTION): Increasing the X-ray or gamma-ray energy will:

(Answer): have little effect on the shape of a characteristic curve.

106(QUESTION): As the development time increases:

(Answer): the characteristic curve grows steeper and moves to the left.

107(QUESTION): A distinctive characteristic of high-voltage radiography is:

(Answer): it is applicable to comparatively thick or highly absorbing specimens. THE REASON WHY IS: High voltages are
necessary to accelerate the electrons fast enough in order to produce the shortest wavelength most penetrating X-ray
possible.

108(QUESTION): Lead screens are used for almost all exposures when using:

(Answer): high-voltage radiography. THE REASON WHY IS: This eliminates most of the shorter less penetrating
wavelengths that are produced when using high-kilovoltage.

109(QUESTION): The fact that each solid crystalline substance produces its own characteristic X-ray pattern is the basis
for:

(Answer): X-ray powder diffraction examination.

110(QUESTION): Which of the following glasses would most likely be used as an X-ray barrier window on fluoroscopic
equipment?

(Answer): Lead glass THE REASON WHY IS: The attenuation properties of lead give the glass shielding features.
111(QUESTION): The maximum practical speed of scanning a test object for conventional fluoroscopic inspection has
been estimated to be:

(Answer): about 3 inches per second

112(QUESTION): When other operating conditions are held constant, a change in tube current causes a change in
radiation intensity emitted from an X-ray tube, the intensity being approximately proportional to tube current. What is
the primary factor that prevents this from being exactly proportional?

(Answer): The voltage and voltage waveform of an X-ray machine transformer varies with load

113(QUESTION): When viewing a radiograph, an image of the back of the cassette superimposed on the image of the
specimen is note(Answer): This is most likely due to:

(Answer): Backscatter. THE REASON WHY IS: Radiation scattered onto the back of the film cassette causes this, a lead "B"
is placed on the back of the film to measure back scatter radiation.

114(QUESTION): A special form of scatter due to X-ray diffraction effects in a specimen with large grains will result in:

(Answer): a radiograph of mottled appearance.

115(QUESTION): The half-value layer of lead for cobalt-60 is approximately 0.5inch. If the radiation level on the source
side of a 1.5-inch lead plate is 64 R/hr., the radiation level on the opposite sides:

(Answer): 8 R/hr. THE REASON WHY IS: Calculated as 64 x 1/2 x 1/2 x 1/2 = 8

116(QUESTION): Which of the following is not a factor in determining subject contrast?

(Answer): Type of film used THE REASON WHY IS: The type of film used has inherent contrast qualities known as "film
contrast" which has no relation to subject contrast.

117(QUESTION): If an exposure time of 60 seconds and a source-to-film distance of 4 feet is necessary for a particular
exposure, what exposure time would be needed for an equivalent exposure if the source-to-film distance is changed to 5
feet?

(Answer): 94 seconds THE REASON WHY IS: According to the inverse square law 5 squared/4squared = 1.5625 x 60 =
93.75 or 94 seconds.

118(QUESTION): In order to increase latitude so that thick and thin portions may be radiographed at reasonable viewing
densities simultaneously:

(Answer): the film cassette may be loaded with two films of different speeds. THE REASON WHY IS: Since latitude is an
inherent property, as is film contrast, the only way to increase it is to use two films with different speeds.

119(QUESTION): Developer solution should be discarded when the quantity of replenisher added equals:

(Answer): two to three times the original quantity of developer. THE REASON WHY IS: Once two or three replenisher
supplements have exhausted the developer it becomes too contaminated to revive.

120(QUESTION): If a specimen were radiographed at 40 kV and again at 50 kV with time compensation to give the
radiographs the same density, which of the following statements would be true?

(Answer): The 50 kV exposure would have a lower contrast and a greater latitude than the 40 kV exposure THE REASON
WHY IS: Because the kV X-rays are harder and have less photoactive capabilities.

121(QUESTION): A 250 kVp X-ray machine used in conjunction with a lead foil screen has an approximate practical
thickness limit of:

(Answer): 2 inches of steel or its equivalent.

122(QUESTION): The degree of concentration of the radioactive material in a gamma-ray source is referred to as:

(Answer): the specific activity of the source. THE REASON WHY IS: And it's measured as curies per gram.

123(QUESTION): In million-volt radiography, filtration at the tube:

(Answer): offers no improvement in radiographic quality. THE REASON WHY IS: Filtration of such a powerful X-ray beam
at the tube offers no improvement in the radiographic quality.

124(QUESTION): The energy of gamma rays is expressed by which of the following units of measurement?

(Answer): Kilo electron volt (keV) or million electron volt (MeV) THE REASON WHY IS: Kev and MeV are measurements of
gamma ray energy.

125(QUESTION): Film selection for an X-ray exposure depends on:

(Answer): thickness of the part. AND the material of the specimen. AND the voltage range of the X-ray machine. THE
REASON WHY IS: Part thickness, material, and voltage range of the X-ray machine all influence film selection.

126(QUESTION): While using an X-ray tube for radiography, the operator wishes to increase the radiation intensity. To
do so, the:

(Answer): tube current should be increased THE REASON WHY IS: Raising tube current or milliamperage increases X- ray
intensity.

127(QUESTION): Lead screens are put in direct contact with the film to:

(Answer): increase the photographic action on the film. AND absorb the longer wavelength scattered radiation. AND
intensify the photographic effect of the primary more than the scattered radiation.

128(QUESTION): Mottling due to diffraction can be reduced and in some cases eliminated by:

(Answer): raising the kilovoltage. AND using lead foil screens. THE REASON WHY IS: Both will reduce mottling by
decreasing the amount of diffraction.

129(QUESTION): Because of geometrical factors such as source size, source-to-specimen distance, and specimen-to-film
distance, there can be a lack of perfect sharpness at the edges of indications. The unsharpness caused by these factors
may be referred to as the:

(Answer): penumbral shadow. THE REASON WHY IS: By controlling these factors the penumbral shadow can be reduced
and sharpness increase(Answer):

130(QUESTION): The main purpose of the X-ray generator controls on the equipment is:

(Answer): to enable the operator to obtain the intensity, quality, and duration of exposure desired THE REASON WHY IS:
Intensity is controlled by milliamperage, quality by kilovoltage, and exposure duration by a timer or switch.

131(QUESTION): Fluoroscopic screens, as mounted and used, are easily damaged by which of the following?

(Answer): Exposure to ultraviolet radiation or sunlight THE REASON WHY IS: Sunlight and ultraviolet light drain the
amount of fluorescent material available for visible light production during radiography.

132(QUESTION): When X rays, gamma rays, light, or electrons strike the photographic emulsion, a change takes place in
the silver halide crystals. This change is referred to as:

(Answer): latent image. THE REASON WHY IS: This is a chemical change which is not apparent until the film is processed

133(QUESTION): If one curie of iridium-192 produces a dose rate of 5900 mR per hour at one foot, how may mR will ten
curies produce at the same distance?
(Answer): 59,000 THE REASON WHY IS: Since the distance is equal a ten curie source is exactly ten times as intense as a
one curie source.

134(QUESTION): With respect to quality, what three factors must be considered in selecting a source-to-film distance?

(Answer): Source size, specimen thickness, geometric unsharpness THE REASON WHY IS: All three are important quality
factors.

135(QUESTION): On a radiograph of a pipe weld there is a very light irregularly-shaped small image in the weld This
image would most likely be due to the presence of:

(Answer): tungsten inclusion. THE REASON WHY IS: Tungsten is denser and attenuates the beam more than the
surrounding material resulting in a very light image, and is irregular in shape.

136(QUESTION): A larger physical size source may produce an equivalent quality radiograph if:

(Answer): the source-to-film distance is increase(Answer): THE REASON WHY IS: This in essence reduces its physical size
as it appears from the viewpoint of the specimen.

137(QUESTION): A light image of a backing "B" on a processed radiograph is probably caused by:

(Answer): backscatter. THE REASON WHY IS: A lead backscatter is attached to the back of the film to measure
backscatter and when exposed results in a light image.

138(QUESTION): Cobalt-59 becomes cobalt-60 when it is placed in a nuclear reactor where it captures:

(Answer): a neutron. THE REASON WHY IS: And thus increases the atomic weight by one.

139(QUESTION): When a faster speed film is substituted for a slower one to improve the economics of the exposure,
which of the following conditions occur?

(Answer): The image resolution will be reduced THE REASON WHY IS: The resulting image is grainier.

140(QUESTION): For a given change in the radiation exposure, film contrast is the inherent ability to show:

(Answer): a difference in density. THE REASON WHY IS: It has nothing to do with graininess although faster (large grain)
films usually have lower contrast than slower (fine grain) films.

141(QUESTION): The ability of a material to block or partially block the passage of X rays and gamma rays is referred to
as:

(Answer): absorption. THE REASON WHY IS: Also referred to as attenuation.

142(QUESTION): Source size, specimen thickness, and source-to-specimen distance are the three factors that determine
the:

(Answer): unsharpness recorded on the radiograph. THE REASON WHY IS: All three are factors directly related to image
sharpness.

143(QUESTION): The range of specimen thicknesses that can be adequately recorded on the radiograph is referred to as
the:

(Answer): latitude of the radiograph. THE REASON WHY IS: Latitude is the range of thicknesses that can be adequately
recorded on the radiograph.

144(QUESTION): Approximately how long would it take for a 10 curie cobalt-60 source to decay to 2 1/2 curies?

(Answer): 10.6 years THE REASON WHY IS: Since the half-life of Cobalt-600 is 5.3 years it would take two half-lives to
reduce a 10 curies source to a 2.5 curie source.
145(QUESTION): The "photoelectric" effect involves:

(Answer): complete absorption of a photon. THE REASON WHY IS: Part of the photon energy is used in ejecting an
electron and the remainder imparts velocity to the ejected electron.

146(QUESTION): Radiographic undercutting is caused by:

(Answer): side scatter. THE REASON WHY IS: It is also caused by internal scatter and can present problems when
radiographing irregularly shaped objects.

147(QUESTION): The developer solution is:

(Answer): alkaline. THE REASON WHY IS: The stop bath is acid

148(QUESTION): A general rule governing the application of the geometric principles of shadow formation states that:

(Answer): the central ray should be a nearly perpendicular to the film as possible, to preserve spatial relationships. THE
REASON WHY IS: Any angel other than 90 degrees increases geometric distortion of the images on the radiograph.

149(QUESTION): An iridium-192 gamma-ray source has an approximate practical thickness limit of:

(Answer): 3 inches of steel or its equivalent.

150(QUESTION): The half-life of radioactive cesium-137 is nearest:

(Answer): 30 years. THE REASON WHY IS: Its rays have an average penetration power of 664 keV.

151(QUESTION): The slope of the H & D curve of a radiographic film is called:

(Answer): gamma or gradient.

152(QUESTION): An X-ray film having wide latitude also has, by definition:

(Answer): low contrast. THE REASON WHY IS: Narrow latitude films have high contrast.

153(QUESTION): The projected area of the target of an X-ray tube is called:

(Answer): effective focal spot. THE REASON WHY IS: The effective focal spot is either equal to or less than the actual
focal spot.