The Nature

and Inquiry
of Research

Practical Research 2 – C. Gliane MNVHS

Describes characteristics,
strengths and weaknesses,
and kinds of quantitative
research
Learning Outcomes:
A. Describe the characteristics, strengths and weaknesses,
and kinds of quantitative research.
B. Examine real life situations/scenarios that show the
characteristics, strengths and weaknesses, and kinds of
quantitative research; and
C. Determine a situation (personal experience, observed
experience, etc.) that causes problem/s and how to apply
quantitative research to solve it.
Practical Research 2 – C. Gliane MNVHS
Directions: Below are sample scenarios/situations where the different kinds of quantitative
research can be employed. Choose the appropriate quantitative research design to be used for
each situation.

Causal Comparative Research Experimental Research

Correlational Research Descriptive Research

Survey Research

Practical Research 2 – C. Gliane MNVHS

 Causal-Comparative Research Experimental Research
Correlational Research Descriptive Research
Survey Research

A. Opinion polls about the positive and

negative effects of Covid-19 pandemic
to the Grade 12 learners of Faith
School.

B. Effectiveness of Teaching
Mathematics Using Conventional and
Modern Methods.
4
Practical Research 2 – C. Gliane MNVHS
 Causal-Comparative Research Experimental Research
Correlational Research Descriptive Research
Survey Research

C. Describing the relationship between

the incomes of the employees with
their work performance.

D. Determining whether a computer-

based ACT program has a positive
effect on ACT test scores.

Practical Research 2 – C. Gliane MNVHS

 Causal-Comparative Research Experimental Research
Correlational Research Descriptive Research
Survey Research

E. Proving that marriage has a negative

correlation with cancer. It means that
married people are less likely to
develop cancer.

Practical Research 2 – C. Gliane MNVHS

 Causal-Comparative Research Experimental Research
Correlational Research Descriptive Research
Survey Research

A. Opinion polls about the positive and

negative effects of Covid-19 pandemic to the
Grade 12 learners of Faith School.
Survey Research

B. Effectiveness of Teaching Mathematics

Using Conventional and Modern Methods.
Experimental Research

Practical Research 2 – C. Gliane MNVHS

 Causal-Comparative Research Experimental Research
Correlational Research Descriptive Research
Survey Research

C. Describing the relationship between the

incomes of the employees with their work
performance.
Descriptive Research
D. Determining whether a computer-based ACT
program has a positive effect on ACT test
scores.
Causal-Comparative Research

Practical Research 2 – C. Gliane MNVHS

 Causal-Comparative Research Experimental Research
Correlational Research Descriptive Research
Survey Research

E. Proving that marriage has a negative

correlation with cancer. It means that
married people are less likely to
develop cancer.
Correlational Research

Practical Research 2 – C. Gliane MNVHS

Quantitative Research
Quantitative Research is an objective, systematic, empirical
investigation of observable phenomena with computational
techniques. It highlights numerical analysis of data hoping
that the numbers yield unbiased results that can be
generalized to some larger population and explain an
observation. (Practical Research 2;pp 1-2;Lorimar Pub,
c2016)
Practical Research 2 – C. Gliane MNVHS
OBJECTIVE
▸ Quantitative research seeks
accurate measurement and analysis
of target concepts. It is not based
on mere intuitions and guesses.
Data are gathered before
proposing a conclusion or solution
to a problem.

Practical Research 2 – C. Gliane MNVHS

STRUCTURED RESEARCH
INSTRUMENTS
▸ Data are normally gathered using
structured research tools such as
questionnaires to collect
measurable characteristics of the
population.

Practical Research 2 – C. Gliane MNVHS

CLEARLY DEFINED
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
▸ In quantitative research, the
researchers know in advance what
they are looking for. The research
questions are well-defined for which
objective answers are sought. All
aspects of the study are carefully
designed before data are gathered.

Practical Research 2 – C. Gliane MNVHS

NUMERICAL DATA
▸ Data are in the form of numbers and
statistics, often organized and
presented using tables, charts,
graphs and figures that consolidate
large numbers of data to show
relationship among variables.

Practical Research 2 – C. Gliane MNVHS

LARGE SAMPLE SIZE
▸ To arrive at a more reliable data
analysis, a normal population
distribution curve is preferred. This
requires a large sample size,
depending on how the
characteristics of the population
vary.

Practical Research 2 – C. Gliane MNVHS

REPLICATION
▸ Reliable quantitative studies can be
repeated to verify or confirm the
correctness of the results in another
setting. This strengthens the validity
of the findings thus eliminating the
possibility of spurious conclusions

Practical Research 2 – C. Gliane MNVHS

FUTURE OUTCOMES
▸ By using complex mathematical
calculations and with the aid of
computers, if-then scenarios may be
formulated thus predicting future
results.

Practical Research 2 – C. Gliane MNVHS

Strengths and
Weaknesses of
Quantitative Research

Practical Research 2 – C. Gliane MNVHS

“
STRENGTHS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

❑ Provides estimates of population at large.

❑ Indicates the extensiveness of attitude held by people.
❑ Provides results which could be condensed to statistics.
❑ Allows statistical comparison between various groups.
❑ Has precision, is definitive and standardized.
❑ Measures the level of occurrence, actions, trends etc.
❑ Can answer the questions, “How many?” and “How often?”
❑ It is objective.
❑ Since it provides numerical data, it cannot be easily misinterpreted.
Practical Research 2 – C. Gliane MNVHS
“
WEAKNESS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

❑ It may be time consuming considering a large sample.

❑ Exact answers may not be properly presented because they are quantitatively
expressed.
❑ Statistical computations are complex for some.
❑ Too much methodology may dismay researchers, especially on randomization in
the selection sample.
❑ Not all quantitative data are extensively discussed and interpreted.
❑ It is costly. Since it has large population size, the expenses will be greater in
reaching out to the respondents.
Practical Research 2 – C. Gliane MNVHS
Kinds of Quantitative
Research

Practical Research 2 – C. Gliane MNVHS

DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
▸ This design is concerned with
describing the nature,
characteristics and components of
the population or a phenomenon.

Practical Research 2 – C. Gliane MNVHS

 DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
▸ Example:
1. The hours senior high school
students spend in social media.
2. The condition of No back-riding
Policy of motorcycles in the town of
Pag-asa
3. The effect of the shifting of classes
to students and parents

Practical Research 2 – C. Gliane MNVHS

CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
▸ It is the systematic investigation of
the nature of relationships, or
associations between and among
variables without necessarily
investigating into causal reasons
underlying them.

Practical Research 2 – C. Gliane MNVHS

CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
▸ Example:
You want to research about the
relationship of the following:
1. sex and mathematical ability
2. marriage and cancer recovery
3. occupation, and life span.

Practical Research 2 – C. Gliane MNVHS

EVALUATION RESEARCH
▸ This kind of research aims to assess
the effects, impacts or outcomes of
practices, policies, or programs.

Practical Research 2 – C. Gliane MNVHS

EVALUATION RESEARCH
▸ Example:
1. Determining the impact of a new
treatment procedure to patients.
2. Evaluating the attitude of the
students in learning to the new
technology used in teaching
3. The effectiveness of wearing of
facemask in the town of Pag-asa.

Practical Research 2 – C. Gliane MNVHS

SURVEY RESEARCH
▸ A survey research is used to gather
information from groups of people
by selecting and studying samples
chosen from a population. It may be
done in various ways like face-to-
face, phone, email, and online.

Practical Research 2 – C. Gliane MNVHS

SURVEY RESEARCH
▸ Example:
1. Determining the rate of promotion of
doctorate degree holders five years
after earning the degree.
2. Sanitary practices of the student at
home
3. Preferable track of the senior high
school students

Practical Research 2 – C. Gliane MNVHS

CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE
RESEARCH
▸ It is also known as ex post facto
(after the fact) research. This kind of
research derives conclusion from
observations and manifestations
that already occurred in the past
and now compared to some
dependent variables.

Practical Research 2 – C. Gliane MNVHS

 CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE
RESEARCH
▸ Example:
1. You want to know why the people in Pag-
asa has higher of incidents of cancer than
its neighboring town (cancer cases are the
pre-existing fact that makes it ex post
facto)
2. The increase of fatal vehicular accidents
in a town (vehicular accident is the pre-
existing fact that makes it ex post facto)
Practical Research 2 – C. Gliane MNVHS
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
▸ This research utilizes scientific
method to test cause-and-effect
relationships under conditions
controlled by the researcher. In this
case an effort is made to determine
and impose control over all other
variables except one.

Practical Research 2 – C. Gliane MNVHS

 EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
▸ Example:
1. A teacher would like to know if a new
teaching strategy is effective or not so he/she
teaches one section using the new strategy and
teaches another comparable section without
the new strategy, then an achievement test was
given to the two sections. The manipulated
independent variable is the new teaching
strategy and all other variables are controlled
by the teacher.
Practical Research 2 – C. Gliane MNVHS
 EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
▸ Example:
2. An agriculturist wants to know which is more
effective, organic fertilizer or synthetic
inorganic fertilizer in sweet potato crops.

3. A dietician wants to recommend ampalaya

ice cream to his patients. He wants to know
how much ratio of ampalaya and milk would be
acceptable to the taste of his patients.

Practical Research 2 – C. Gliane MNVHS

 Scenario 1: Miko is conducting a
research on how healthy the food is
served during recess in their
school canteen. As he does his
initial research, he found out that
the number of customers would
reach approximately 2000
Group
including the teachers and some
parents. The result of his research
1
will be used during planning for
improvement of the school canteen
that would be in three weeks’ time.

Practical Research 2 – C. Gliane MNVHS

 Scenario 2: Dina is a constant academic
awardee since grade school. She is now in
college and wants to know if there is a
relationship between academic
performance and sports engagement since
she is a varsity volleyball player. As she
gathers more information about her
research, she found another research
Group
about the relationship between academic
performance and working part-time and 2
used it as her reference. But as she goes
through her research, she had difficulty in
her statistical computations, so she hired
experts to help her out.

Practical Research 2 – C. Gliane MNVHS

 Scenario 3: Robi is one of the million
citizens in the Philippines whose life got
affected by COVID-19. Since there are a lot
of new protocols and rules imposed by the
government, Robi wants to know its
impact to the people in his community. He
carefully crafted his questionnaires so that
it would be easily understood by his target
Group
respondents. He knows it would take a
long time to finish his research since he is 3
targeting more than 40% of the population
of his community and his only means of
collecting data is through social media. But
he knows that the result of his research
would be a great help to his community.
Practical Research 2 – C. Gliane MNVHS
 Scenario 4: Mika is a Grade 12- learner
taking TVL track in Masaganang
Pamantasan National High School in a
remote area in the Philippines. She
belongs to a family of farmers and would
like to experiment on new and affordable
dishes. She wanted to prove if ampalaya
and malunggay could be good ingredients
Group
for cakes. So she will bake two sets of
cakes, one with ampalaya and malunggay 4
and one without. She knows it will need
quite a lot of money but she is determined
to do it for favorable future outcomes.

Practical Research 2 – C. Gliane MNVHS

 Scenario 5: In this Covid-19 pandemic, the
world is in an uproar. As a Psychology
major in college, Miko knows the
importance of putting mental health as a
top priority concern. So he wanted to
conduct a study to know how many of his
fellow students are still in good mental
health. Because of recent restrictions, he
Group
decided to create a google form
questionnaire to save paper and to reach 5
out faster to his respondents. He made
sure that the questions were specific and
clear but respectful.

Practical Research 2 – C. Gliane MNVHS

 SAMPLE OUTLINE

Scenarios/ Characteristics Strengths Weaknesses Kinds of

Situations Quantitative
Research
Scenario 1