Roller Cone Bit Product Knowledge

Chapter 3
Roller Cone Bit

Product Knowledge
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to:
• Describe the basic principles of journal angle and cone offset
• List the basic parameters of roller cone bit geometry
• Describe the different types of roller cone cutting structures
• Classify the different bearings used on roller cone bits
• Identify the three basic heat treating processes
• Describe the different fluid circulation systems
• Describe the latest developments on Security DBS roller cone

bits
• Describe the distinctions between standard bit features and

“after-market” options
• Select the correct roller cone nomenclature for the different

product lines
• Identify correct bit types by manufacturer based upon IADC

codes
• List the appropriate IADC codes to specific Security DBS bit

types
Roller Cone Bit Product Knowledge page 1

Introduction:
Cutting Structure, Bearings & Seals

Bit designers have to balance competing interests to develop the
best bit for a given formation. These interests are the
requirements of a reliable cutting structure contour, bearing
capacity and cone strength. Hole size dictates the space
available.
Cutting Structure
Cone Contour
The designer’s primary concerns are rate of penetration and

durability. He works with journal angle, cone angle, oversize
angle, offset, intermesh, projection and pitch to achieve a
successful design. These variables will define the cone contour
or cone profile which is the outline of the cone. The basic
principles of roller cone bit design are the same for both steel
tooth and tungsten carbide insert bits.
Figure 3.1 - Cone Contour
Journal Angle
The basic element in the design of cone contour is determining

journal angle. This is the angle formed between a line
perpendicular to the axis of the bit and the axis of the journal.
The journal angle determines the outside contour of the cones,

since each cone is designed to fill its allotted space. Soft
formation bits have small journal angles (30 to 36 degrees),
while hard formation bits have large journal angles (36 to 39
degrees).
Figure 3.2 - Journal Angle
Cone Angle
The cones designed for soft to medium-hard formations have two

or more basic cone angles, creating an irregular rolling action on
bottom. The heel row rotates about one center point, while the
middle row rotates about its own theoretical center. Since the
cones are set to rotate about the bit centerline, they slip as they
rotate, and produce a gouging, scraping action effective for
drilling soft formations. Cones designed for harder formations
tend toward a single angle and a truer rolling action, which is
better suited for the required crushing action.
Figure 3.3 - Cone Angle

Oversize Angle
The oversized angle is used on soft formation bits to increase the

diameter of the cone and thus increase the tooth length. This
design requires the gage tip moved toward the center of the bit to
prevent an overgage condition.
Offset
By offsetting cone centerlines away from the center of bit

rotation, increased penetration rates are obtained in soft
formations. The key is more action on the bottom. Soft
formation bits are designed with more offset to increase gouging
and scraping action. Designs for medium formation have less
offset, combining twisting and tearing with crushing and
chipping. Bits for hard formations use little or no cone offset,
breaking rock primarily by a crushing action.
See “ROLLER BIT MODEL” etc. (SPE 16696) at end of this chapter
Figure 3.4 - Offset
Intermesh
This is the distance that the crests of the teeth of one cone extend
into the grooves of adjacent cones. Intermesh prevents a packing
of formation between the rows of teeth and provides a better use
of space for the cutting structure. It allows more space for

greater cone shell thickness, extended tooth length and larger
bearing size. For medium and hard formation bits, intermesh
will correspondingly decrease as tooth projection and pitch
decreases.
Figure 3.5 - Intermesh
Projection and Pitch
“Projection” refers to the length of

teeth, and “pitch” to the number and
related spacing of teeth. A bit with
long and widely spaced teeth will
perform best in soft formations. Figure 3.6
In harder formations, shorter, more

closely spaced teeth are needed for
added strength.
Figure 3.7
Steel Tooth Design
Steel tooth bits are generally used with relatively high rotary
speeds in tophole formations where tungsten carbide insert bits,
with their slower penetration rates, are uneconomical.
+ S T E E L T O O T H E R B I T S CUTTING ACTION
ROCK BIT BIT FORMATION CUTTING STRUCTURE OFFSET & PIN ANGLE BEARING SIZE & CONE CHIPPING GOUGING
CRUSHING SCRAPING
CLASSIFICATION TYPE SHELL THICKNESS
Soft Formation S3S Soft formations having low Wide-spread long teeth for Maximum offset; pin Geneally smaller bearings,
S3 compressive strength and high deep penetration; use of angle designed for thinner cone shell to allow
S3T drillability (soft shales, clays, red removal and interuption design twisting, tearing, for longer teeth that result
beds, salt, soft limestone, for efficient cleaning and less gouging action, and fast in faster penetration rates.
unconsolidated formations, etc.) steel on bottom resulting in penetration in soft
fast penetration rates. formations.
Medium Soft Formation S4 Soft to medium formations or soft
S4T interspersed with hard streaks (firm,
S4TG unconsolidated, or sandy shales, red
beds, salt, anhydride, soft limestone,
etc.)

Medium Hard Formation M4N Medium to medium hard formations Maximum length teeth, closer Medium offset and pin Medium bearings and
M4NG (harder shales, snady shales, shales spacing for combined tooth angles for combined cone-shell thickness, for
alternating with streaks of sand and penetration, greater strength,. scraping and gouging medium heavy weights
limestone, etc.) And resistance to breakage. action and chipping- with medium length teeth.
Some types with removals and crushing action.
interuptions for less steel on
bottom and faster penetration
rates.
Hard Formation H7 Medium hard abrasive to hard Short, stubby teeth closely True rolling for Large bearings and thick
H7SG formation (high compressive spaced for crushing action chipping-crushing action cone shells, for heavy
strength rock, dolomite, hard with maximum resistance to with no scraping on hard weights, necessary to
limestone, hard slaty shale, etc.) breakage. formation or formations overcome harder
with high compressive formations.
strength.
Figure 3.8
Three basic formation classifications - soft, medium and hard -

are associated with corresponding steel tooth bit types.
Soft
Soft formation bits are characterized by their long, widely spaced

teeth. They easily penetrate the formation and maintain a high
drilling rate because of the gouging and scraping action
generated by the cone contour and offset. The design is based on
a small bearing, but the aggressive cutting structure ensures the
highest rates of penetration. Generally, bit loads are kept low,
while rotary speeds are high. Tooth hardfacing is required to
improve wear-resistance and extend cutting structure life.
Figure 3.9 - Soft Steel Tooth Design
Medium
In order to be effective in firmer rock, medium formation bits use

shorter, more numerous, and more closely spaced teeth. The

shorter teeth offer more resistance to the increased forces that are
a direct result of higher WOB in a harder and more abrasive
environment. Tooth hardfacing improves wear-resistance, but
reduces the tooth’s resistance to chipping and breaking, because
the small impact resistance of the hardfacing in relation to the
tooth steel.
Figure 3.10 Medium Steel Tooth Design
Hard
Hard formations require even shorter, more closely spaced teeth

for the added strength necessary for crushing hard rock. Tooth
hardfacing is minimized to prevent breakage, while gage
hardfacing is maximized to prevent excessive gage wear.
Typically, bit loads are high, while rotary speeds are low. These
energy levels ensure adequate time for the tooth to contact and
crush the formation. The true rolling action of the non-offset
cones minimizes abrasive wear to the cutting structure.

Figure 3.11 - Hard Steel Tooth Design

Tungsten Carbide Insert Design
The insert bit was initially designed to drill extremely hard,

abrasive cherts and quartzite that had been very costly to drill
due to the relatively short life of steel tooth bits. Today,
however, with developments in tungsten carbide metallurgy and
insert shapes, bits of this type can economically drill virtually
every formation.
+ C A R B I D E I N S E R T B I T S CUTTING ACTION
ROCK BIT BIT FORMATION CUTTING STRUCTURE OFFSET & PIN ANGLE BEARING SIZE & CONE CHIPPING GOUGING
CRUSHING SCRAPING
CLASSIFICATION TYPE SHELL THICKNESS
Soft Formation S80F Soft formations having low Wide-spread long teeth for Maximum offset; pin Generally smaller bearings, Primarily gouging,
S81F compressive strength and high deep penetration. angle designed for thinner cone shell to allow scraping.
S82F drillability (soft shales, clays, red twisting, tearing, for longer teeth that result
S83F beds, salt, soft limestone, gouging action and faster in faster penetration rates.
unconsolidated formations, etc.) penetration in soft
formations.
Medium Soft Formation S84F Soft, unconsolidated, low Soft insert; Maximum Soft insert provides Soft insert type provides Primarily gouging,
S85F compressive strength, high extension of soft toothed scraping, crushing action thinner shell section and scraping - with a
S86F drillability, clays, shales, salts, etc. inserts. smaller bearing. minimal chipping,
S88F of considerable interval. crushing requirement.
Medium Formation M84F Softer segment of hard formations Medium insert; Medium Medium insert - slight Medium insert type Mostly chipping,
M88F (lime dolomite, and hard sandy extension of Wedge Shaped scraping and crushing provides thicker shell gouging, with some
M89TF shale) insert. action. extension for greater scrushing action.
strength.
Medium Hard Formation M89F Medium segment of hard formations Primarily crushing
(chert, granite, basalt, quartzitic with some scraping
formations) action.
Hard Formation H89F Hardest of hard abrasive formations Hard insert; medium Hard insert - crushing Hard insert type provides Crushing and
H99F (quartzite and hard quartzite sands) extenstion, Conical shaped action. large bearings with thick fracturting action only.
H100F inserts with maxiumum shell section.
strength.
Figure 3.12
To form the inserts, compacts of cylindrical sintered tungsten

carbide with various end shapes are pressed into precisely
machined holes in forged alloy steel cones. This combination
results in a cutting structure with high resistance to abrasive wear
and compressive loads.
Insert Shapes
The sharp tooth shape insert has proven most effective for faster
and deeper penetration in relatively soft formations. These large
diameter, long extension inserts are coupled with maximum
offset cones to lift the cuttings mechanically for improved
drilling rates.

Figure 3.13 - Insert Shapes
The chisel tooth shape insert is used in medium formation bits

designed with a moderate gouging and scraping action. Specific
tooth and chisel insert shapes are selected based on the formation
and the geometrical properties of the bit.
Conical shape inserts are available in a variety of extensions to

match the formation type more closely. The conical shape
increases the load-bearing capacity of the insert, and therefore
makes the conical cutting structure ideal for drilling through
broken formations containing hard stringers.
The 90-degree and 120-degree double conical shape inserts are

designed specifically for the crushing and chipping action
required for drilling hard formations. These inserts feature a
somewhat pointed tip, which concentrates the unit loading on the
formation and increases the penetration rate. As this tip wears
away, the insert takes on a spherical shape.
Spherical is the most durable shape and is utilized in step gage

inserts for increased gage protection.

Step Gage
The step gage feature is the most effective means of developing

and maintaining full gage hole. Step gage inserts are designed
with less extension than the longer inner row inserts. This added
strength is needed in the gage or heel to prevent problems which
can lead to under gage hole.
Figure 3.14 - Step Gauge
Figure 3.15 - Square Corner
The step gage design ensures a proper balance of bearing load

forces in the direction and magnitude dictated by good design
principles.
See “Selecting The Proper Rotary Rock Bit” at end of this

chapter.

Bearings
Two basic types of bearings are used with roller cone bits: roller
bearings and journal bearings.
Roller Bearings
Because of the tremendous forces involved, roller bearings are

engineered for optimum strength in limited space. The number
and size of rollers must allow for a roller race of sufficient size to
prevent early fatigue failure. The maximum number of roller
bearings is used to reduce the unit loading and limit the
likelihood of spalling. In addition, the diameter of each roller
must be large enough to prevent breakage. These concerns
compete with tooth length and cone thickness for space.
The major portion of the radial load of the cutter is carried by the
roller race. The nose bearing and pilot pin stabilize the bearing
and carry a lesser amount of the radial load.
The thrust surface adjacent to the pilot pin and the thrust button
are designed to take outward thrust. The ball bearings keep the
cone in place and take inward thrust.
Non-Sealed Bearings
For many years, roller cone bits were produced only with non-
sealed bearings. Drilling fluid provides bearing lubrication.
This type of bearing has a relatively short life, because abrasive
drilling fluid enters it and causes spalling and abrasive wear of
all bearing elements, especially the journal roller race.
Non-sealed, non-lubricated roller bearings are now used

primarily in top hole bits, where trip time is short, and in
situations where high rotary speeds are desired. Non-sealed bits
are also used with air, gas or mist as the drilling fluid.
Sealed Bearings
The first sealed bearing bits were introduced to the oil field in
the early 1960s. Sealed bearing technology allows the bearing to
operate in a clean, lubricated environment. In addition to the
bearing, the primary components of a sealed bearing include the
seal, reservoir and pressure compensator.
The seal keeps the lubricant inside and the mud outside the
bearing, while the reservoir provides the lubricant that is fed into

the bearing to replace what is used. The pressure compensator
maintains equal pressure inside and outside the bearing.
Venting to the drilling fluid is through the reservoir cap, which

allows hydrostatic pressure to act on the flexible diaphragm.
Movement of the diaphragm results in a pressure equalization of
the entire system, and ensures that lubricant is fed to the
bearings.
Special lubricants have been developed for use with either roller
bearing or journal bearing bits. This grease is a multipurpose,
heavy-duty lubricant with low wear properties even at
temperatures in excess of 300 degrees Fahrenheit.
Journal Bearings
Instead of the standard roller bearing assembly, the friction or

journal bearing system uses solid bushings or direct cone-to-
journal contact. The journal bearing offers a distinct mechanical
advantage over roller bearings in that it presents a larger contact
area at the load-bearing point. The journal bearing’s increased
load capacity has greatly expanded bearing life. Use of the
journal bearing has now more evenly balanced the life of the
bearing system to the extended life of the tungsten carbide
cutting structure. The journal bearing has even found an
application in many premium steel tooth designs.

Figure 3.16 - Journal Bearings
The journal bearing features a patented silver-infiltrated

powdered metal bushing, which has been press-fitted into the
cone. The bushing surface contacts a hardmetal surface, which
has been applied to the journal. The infiltrated silver acts as a
solid lubricant for maximum resistance to galling under high
energy conditions.
Thrust surfaces, or thrust bushings, are utilized in the journal’s

nose area and operate effectively under high load conditions.
The thrust bushing helps prevent inner bearing wear, which can
be caused by gage wear, and rounding.
The seal is designed to prevent abrasive cuttings from getting

into the bearings, and to maintain the lubricant within the bit.
Seal design and effectiveness is of primary importance to the
success of the journal bearing design.

Rock Bit Metallurgy
In addition to design characteristics, the primary requirements

for good rock bit performance are proper metallurgical
properties. The severe conditions rock bits are subjected to,
require all parts to be resistant to wear and shock loading.
Material and heat treatment have the most metallurgical

importance. Hard-facing and insert composition are also
important.
Materials
Steel manufacturers produce a number of basic steel types,

varying greatly in composition. Each is intended for a specific
application. In rock bit manufacturing, material requirements for
the various bit components are quite exacting.

The alloy steel selection of above table in combination with the
heat treatment process satisfy the specific use requirement of the
rock bit components. With cone material, steel properties should
include good fatigue strength and toughness of the cone shell and
teeth. The bit’s arms and journals should exhibit good spalling
and abrasion-resistance, as well as high impact strength. The
ball and roller bearings must have very high fatigue and impact
strength.
Heat Treatment
Once the proper materials are selected, the steel forgings and
machined components must undergo three distinct heat treatment
processes: carburizing, heating and quenching, and tempering.
Carburizing
This is a process in which the carbon content of steel surfaces is

increased to provide a tough, wear-resistant, case-hardened skin.
The part is heated in a carbon atmosphere, and the carbon is
absorbed into the steel. The depth and amount of penetration
depend on the processing time.
Heating and Quenching
Heating and quenching follow carburizing, and involve

subjecting the part to a heating and cooling process which
increases its hardness to a maximum. Again, the processing time
controls the desired characteristics.
Tempering
This is the final operation and consists of reheating the hardened

steels to relieve any high residual stresses. Without tempering, a
hardened part will be extremely brittle and have a low impact
strength.
Hardfacing
To further improve the life of the cutting structure, tungsten

carbide particles are applied to specific areas of the teeth, gage
and shirttail. These hardfaced areas are much more resistant to
abrasive wear than the steel to which they are applied.

Tooth Hardfacing
Hardfacing the cutting structure reduces tooth wear and increases

life. As a result, overall rates of penetration are raised.
Application of hardfacing to the entire tooth area on soft
formation bits helps maintain tooth sharpness and length,
providing faster cutting action for a greater period of time. In
medium and hard formation bits, the application of tooth
hardfacing is reduced to prevent excessive tooth chipping and
breakage in hard rock.
Gage Hardfacing
The cutting structure’s gage area usually exhibits the most wear,
due to its greater speed and reaming. As a result, gage surfaces
are designed to provide as much area as possible for hardfacing.
(Another method of protecting the gage area is by pressing flat
surface compacts into the cone backface. These tungsten carbide
surface compacts are extremely wear-resistant.)
Shirttail Hardfacing
This area can be hardfaced to prevent abrasive wear from

exposing and possibly damaging the seal. Applying both gage
and shirttail hardfacing has become extremely important on bits
used in directional or horizontal wells, where gage wear from
hole angles or high operating speeds can be heavy.
Tungsten Carbide
This material, in the form of granules for hardfacing or as inserts,

is subject to very rigid specifications and quality standards.
Tungsten carbide inserts are formed from carburized tungsten

powder mixed with a cobalt binder and then sintered to the
desired size and shape. Basically, the higher the cobalt content,
the tougher and less brittle the insert becomes. The lower that
content, the more wear-resistant the insert. There is a tradeoff
between toughness and wear-resistance when designing inserts
for soft and hard formation bits. The increased extension in soft
formation inserts requires the toughness of the insert with a
higher cobalt content; the shorter, hard formation inserts require
wear-resistance over toughness.

Fluid Circulation
The principle function of the drilling fluid, whether liquid

(water-or oil-based), air or natural gas, is to keep the cutting
structure clean and remove formation cuttings as they are
generated. Drilling fluids also cool the bit and stabilize the
borehole wall.
Figure 3.18 - Fluid Circulation Examples
Regular Circulation
Regular circulation water-courses originated with the earliest

concept of rolling cone type bits, and are still in limited demand
today. They direct drilling fluid onto the cutters to keep them
clean; the fluid then goes on to clean the hole.
Regular circulation bits can have either a single passageway or

multiple fluid courses. The hydraulic pressure drop through

these passages is usually relatively low, and the drilling fluid
does little to enhance drilling rates.
Jet Circulation
Regular circulation systems have been largely replaced by jet

systems using erosion-resistant tungsten carbide jet nozzles.
With high pressure drop across the nozzles, high velocity fluid
flows past the cones and impacts against the formation, flushing
out cuttings in the hole. The stream of drilling fluid can be
controlled by changing nozzle size. This jetting action also
improves the rate of penetration in soft formations by eroding the
rock.
The addition of a center jet can enhance cone cleaning in soft

rock. The center jet helps prevent bit balling problems when
drilling at high rates of penetration.
Extended nozzle bits are typically used to move the nozzle closer
to the bottom of the hole. Doing so usually results in improved
rates of penetration.
Air Circulation
Special air circulation systems have been incorporated into bits

designed specifically for use with air or gas as a circulating
medium. These designs feature air passages which conduct a
portion of the air through the bearing assemblies to help keep the
bearing areas cool and clear of cuttings.
See “FULL-SCALE EXPERIMENTS ON JETS IN IMPERMEABLE ROCK

DRILLING” at end of this chapter.
Innovative Technology
The industry has seen significant changes in drilling practices

and procedures during the past decade. For example,
improvements in drilling methods have allowed the operator to
drill in more remote and hostile environments, such as offshore
and in Arctic areas. The ability to drill directionally or even
horizontally for extended lengths has been accomplished and is
becoming standard practice. Interest in deep hard rock projects
for geothermal or strictly scientific purposes has grown.
Improvements in “state of the art” rock bit technology have
paralleled these new drilling practices and, in many cases, the
improvements have been largely responsible for the continued
success of these projects.

Rock bit manufacturers have been compelled to improve, modify
and introduce new technology on a continuing basis. This
technology is related to all aspects of typical roller cone design,
such as cutting structures, bearings, hydraulic systems,
gage/shirttail protection and special application.
Cutting Structures
Recent developments being applied to steel tooth cutting

structures center around tooth shape and hardfacing. In soft
formation bits, tooth length and durability of the hardfacing
materials are of primary importance. New, more wear-resistant
hardfacing materials are now applied on all tooth surfaces,
including the crests, to keep the teeth sharper and longer, and
maintain a faster cutting action.
HF161
Security DBS’ new HF161 is the target for all tooth bits, except
the premium PSF and MPSF. This new hardfacing is proving to
have better and thicker deposit using the standard atomic
hydrogen application and has improved wear resistance and
better metallurgical soundness than any previous atomic
hydrogen application. This hardfacing includes a combination of
cemented tungsten carbide pellets, crushed sintered carbide and
cast carbide particles.
TECH2000 Diamond
Premium sealed friction bits with Diamond TECH2000

hardfacing is the new revolution in hardfacing technology that
has emerged from Security DBS’ tooth bit development
program. This new Diamond TECH2000 hardfacing (patent
pending) consist of pure sintered tungsten carbide nuggets with
properties key to the exceptional wear resistance of the
hardfacing deposit. Security DBS “nuggets” produce a
significant improvement in wear measured by the ASTM G65
wear test method, this test consists in dry sand between the test
part and the rotating rubber wheel. The results gives weight and
volume lost comparision.
See Figure 3.26

Figure 3.19 - TECH2000 Diamond
Encrusted pellets of high grade natural diamonds are combined

to the new pure sintered tungsten carbide nuggets forming the
components of Diamond TECH2000 hardfacing.
Lab tests evaluating wear and toughness have shown the

improvements of this new hardfacing and the results are
supported by bit run data. The PSF and MPSF line of bits are
designed with 50% more hardfacing on the crest flange and the
excellent gage protection has produced bits with significant
benefit in the drilling operations by maintaining proper tooth
configurations through most of the bit life.
Double Surf Rows
Surf rows of inserts help in maintaining bit gage, preventing

wear and early bearing failure. Security DBS is furnishing
specific bits with a double row of surf inserts, augmenting
substantially the wear resistance of the gage area, enhancing
overall cutting structure integrity.

Figure 3.20 - Double Surf Rows
Diamond Claw Surf Inserts
With the additions of diamond claw surf inserts Security DBS is

developing a new line of enhanced products that helps in
maintaining bit gage for most of the bit life by the cutting action
of the sharp edge of the claws. For drilling operations where
maintaining gage is a problem, this feature will help in
improving durability and bit life.

Bearing/Seal Designs
Improved bearing and seal systems are continually being

developed for both roller bearing and journal bearing bits.
Designs that may be used effectively in high speed applications
or with increased bit weights are now on the market.
Security’s premium journal bearing insert bit features the

patented PM (powdered metal) bushing that provides direct
cone-to-journal contact, allowing bearings to withstand increased
loads. These bushings are silver-infiltrated, and the silver acts as
a solid lubricant to prevent the seizure of the cone onto the
journal. Silver has a low coefficient of friction, which helps
prevents seizure and also minimizes the amount of friction
induced heat.
Double Seal
Using roller cone bits for directional work and/or with downhole
motors and turbines has resulted in the development of an
improved roller bearing design. Security DBS’ double seal bits
utilize two seals instead of one to ensure roller bearing
protection. The outer seal prevents abrasive material from
reaching the inner seal, which is positioned in a protective
groove in the cone and effectively maintains lubricant within the
bit. The outer seal is set to seal axially, while the inner one is
positioned to seal radially. The HydroDynamic Seal (HDS) is
used for the inner seal. This seal features a patented wave design
that lubricates the interface between the seal and journal. The
configuration forces lubricant across the sealing surface at a
controlled rate, allowing the seal to run smoother and cooler, and
last longer. The outer side of the seal features an exclusion lip to
protect the sealing area. This double sealing ability ensures that
an effective seal is maintained at all times, even when the bit is
being run in a high angle hole with a downhole motor.

Outer Seal
Inner Seal
Figure 3.21 - Double Seal
See Figure 3.35
Other manufacturers have also introduced rock bits with special

seal designs. For example, Reed has the texturized seal for use
with motor bits. This seal has a textured surface designed to trap
grease. Hughes has the so-called “Metal Seal," which features
rubber energizers pressing two metal rings into contact.
New Heavy Duty Seal
Security DBS is developing a single cavity seal with optimized

cross section area and squeeze that will enhance standard seal
performance. The overall seal stability is improved and in
combination with the stronger compression, large latitude on
bearing tolerances are possible without compromise on seal
effectiveness.

Floating Thin Wall Bushing and Thrust Washer
This combination of features allows Security DBS’ premium

floating bearings to be run with heavy loads and or high bit
revolutions, This allows the bushing to find its own speed
between journal and cone bore and cone thrust area and arm
flange. When high revolutions are present, the floating bushing,
and washers are rotating at a lower speed than on standard
bearings.
Heavy Duty Seal
Floating Bushing
Thrust Washer
Figure 3.21 - Floating Thin Wall Bushing and Thrust Washer
Maximized Bearing Capacity
Due to continued demand to improve drilling efficiency many

operators try to improve penetration by increasing WOB and
RPM, Security DBS is periodically testing new maximum
capacity bearings on specific sizes and types of bits to handle
these new requirements.
The focus is to augment the bearing capacity by increasing the

journal diameter at the expense of bushing thickness, as well as
maximizing ball bearings size to obtain an increased thrust
flange area and pin diameter to support the extreme loads used in
particular applications.

Hydraulic System
With the introduction of the first jet bits in the late 1940s,
hydraulics was recognized as having a tremendous effect on bit
performance. Rock bit hydraulics has since become a science in
itself. There have been several basic developments in the bit’s
hydraulic design which have improved performance.
Center Jets
These are fitted into the bit’s dome area to help prevent bit
balling problems in soft formations or at high rates of
penetration. Center jets are most often placed in standard or
sealed bearing soft formation steel tooth bits, and also are
recommended in all extended nozzle bits.
Center Jet Diffuser
This feature enhances the cleaning of the cutting structure

without loss of hydraulic crossflow. It drastically reduces
spearpoint washing and erosion of it. The center jet nozzle, by
using a conical exit, allows the jet to stream, rushing through the
nozzle orifice to spread out over the cutting structure nose area.
New ERA
This product offers Enhanced Return Area for the cuttings

removal. The open area between the cones and The dome area in
combination with the fitted bit body, dramatically increases flow
circulation areas, thus reducing fluid stagnation. Shirttail ramps
provide a lifting action to cuttings upward from hole bottom.
Excellent flow geometry is achieved with larger diameter nozzle
bores and straight flow passages.
See figure 3.27 and “Enhanced Return Areas”, etc. at end of this chapter
Mini Extended Jets
These place the nozzle orifice closer to the bottom of the hole.
The hydraulic effect, enhances jet speed, and hydraulic
horsepower. The result is an improved cleaning of the bottom of
the bore hole.

Special Application Designs
Many special application roller cone rock bits have been

developed and improved over the years. For example, the
following designs are currently being run in a variety of special
drilling applications.
Stabilizer Pads
Arm stabilizer pads were developed to provide additional bit

stability and shirttail protection in all drilling applications. The
stabilizer pads are most effective in directional and horizontal
holes, where side-loading forces on the bit can result in
premature bit failure due to increased shirttail wear.
Horizontal Drilling Bits
Security DBS has developed specific cutting structure designs

and arm protection that provides solutions for stabilizing the side
loading of the bit when drilling directional or horizontal holes.
The combination of better cone surf area hardfacing and insert
protection on arm shirttails plus the addition of lug pads
protection in combination with a large ratio of bore section area
to bit section area makes these bits very suitable for
directional/horizontal drilling.

References:
1. SPE Paper 16696, “Roller Bit Model With Rock Ductility

and Cone Offset”, 1987, Dallas, TX, W.J. Winters, T.M.
Warren, and E.C. Onyia, Amoco Production Co.
2. SPE/AIME Paper 3717, “Selecting the Proper Rotary Rock
Bit”, 1971, Jack C. Estes, Amoco Production Co.
3. SPE Paper, “Full-Scale Experiments on Jets in Impermeable
Rock Drilling”, 1963, New Orleans, LA, R. Feenstra and
J.J.M. Van Leeuwen
4. ASME Paper “Enhanced Return Areas Improve Dynamics
and Rock Bit Performance”, 1995, Dallas, TX, Alan
Huffstutler

Chapter Review
1. The primary concerns of the bit designer when dealing with

cutting structures are ____________, ____________ and
____________.
2. Cone offset makes the bit ____________ and ____________

the formation rather than chip and crush.
3. For medium and hard formation bits, as teeth become shorter,

____________ decreases and ____________ decreases.
4. The ____________ ____________ feature is a very

effective method of developing and maintaining full gage
hole.
5. Instead of roller bearings, the journal or friction bearing bit

uses solid ________________ or direct cone to journal
contact.
6. In journal bearing bits, _______________ in the bushings

acts as a solid lubricant to prevent galling.
7. The three basic heat treat processes are _____________,

____________ and ______________, and _____________.

Introduction:
IADC Code System, Nomenclature,
Features and Benefits
In 1987, the International Association of Drilling Contractors
(IADC) adopted a new classification system for roller cone rock
bits based upon the existing code system. This new
classification called for single letter codes to be appended to the
standard three-character IADC code. The resulting four-
character codes better described the bit and any added optional
features.
Roller Cone IADC Code System
In the standard IADC code, the first three characters are numeric,
and are used to place or find the bit type by manufacturer on the
classification chart. These first three characters represent the
bit’s series, type and bearing/gage design. For example, for the
first character series’ 1-3 are steel tooth bits, while series’ 4-8
are insert bits. The second character of the code is the type, and
ranges from 1-4, indicating increasing hardness within the series.
The third character of the code denotes the bearing/gage designs
and are coded from 1-7 based upon the following:
1 - Standard Non-Sealed Roller Bearing

2 - Roller Bearing Air-cooled
3 - Non-Sealed Roller Bearing Gage-protected
4 - Sealed Roller Bearing
5 - Sealed Roller Bearing Gage-protected
6 - Sealed Friction Bearing
7 - Sealed Friction Bearing Gage-protected
The following single letter codes are used as the fourth character,
to indicate additional design features. If the bit has more than
one additional feature, then either use the letter code designating
the major feature or use two or more letter codes.
A - Air Application
B - Special Bearing Seal
C - Center Jet
D - Deviation Control
E - Extended Nozzle Tubes
G - Extra Gage/Body Protection
H - Horizontal/Steering Application
J - Jet Deflection

L - Lug Pads
M - Motor Application
S - Standard Steel Tooth Model
T - Two Cone Bits
W - Enhanced Cutting Structure
X - Chisel Inserts
Y - Conical Inserts
Z - Other Insert Shapes
IADC Code Examples
One of Security DBS’ sealed friction steel tooth bits designed for
soft formations is the S33SF. The IADC code for this bit is
116S.
1 - Series 1
1 - Type 1
6 - Sealed Friction Bearing
S - Standard Steel Tooth Model
If this S33SF is fitted with extended nozzles, then the IADC

code becomes 116E.
One of Security DBS’ soft formation journal bearing insert bits

with tooth-shaped inserts is the S82F. The IADC code for the
S82F is 437X.
4 - Series 4
3 - Type 3
7 - Sealed Friction Bearing Gage-protected
X - Chisel Inserts
If this S82F is fitted with extended nozzle tubes and gage

stabilizer pads, then the IADC code becomes 437E or 437EL.
The extended nozzles are the major feature.
Bit Availability
All bit types are not necessarily available in all sizes. The
attached classification chart gives general type comparisons
between the four major rock bit manufacturers.

Security DBS Nomenclature
Security DBS’ standard rock bit nomenclature has historically

begun with a single letter to indicate the particular formation
group. These three formation groups are soft, medium and hard.
Both steel tooth and insert bits (non-ERA) nomenclatures always
begin with S, M or H.
Steel Tooth Bits
Following the initial letter indicating formation groups, a number

or set of numbers is used to indicate cutting structure type and
bearing system. Steel tooth cutting structures use numbers from
3 to 7 or from 33 to 77.
Single numbers indicate non-sealed bits, while double numbers

indicate sealed bearing bits.
For example, “S3SJ” indicates a soft formation steel tooth design

with a non-sealed standard bearing. “M44N” indicates a
medium formation steel tooth bit with a sealed roller bearing.
Insert Bits
Security DBS’ nomenclature system for insert bits uses numbers

from 8 to 10 and from 80 to 100. Non-sealed insert bits are
indicated by numbers from 8 to 10, while sealed insert bits use
numbers from 80 to 100.
For example, “S8JA” indicates a soft formation insert bit with a

non-sealed bearing. “H100F” indicated a hard formation insert
bit with a sealed bearing.
Security DBS’ newest line of higher technology rock bits has a

distinctly new nomenclature.
Premium Journal Bearing Steel Tooth Bits
With the development of Tech 2000 and Diamond Tech 2000

tooth hardfacing, a unique rock bit name was created from field
sales force input:
PSF - IADC 116 W - Premium sealed friction bit
MPSF - IADC 117M - Motor premium sealed friction bit

With the New ERA™ rock bit line came a radical departure
away from Security DBS’ historical nomenclature to one that
correlates back to the original -1, -2, -3 type bit nomenclature.
For insert type journal bearing ERA bits, cutting structures can
use two digit numbers from 00 to 99 i.e. ERA03. For tooth type
ERA bits, the premium journal bearing IADC 117W bit is
classified ERA MPSF.
All roller bearing ERA tooth bit would use single digit numbers
for 1 to 7, with an R suffix to denote roller bearing (i.e. ERA 3R
is a IADC 1-3-5 type.)
New ERA Old Type IADC Code
ERA MPSF S33SGF/SS33SGF 117W

ERA 03 SS80F 417M
ERA 03D SS80FD 417M
ERA 07 S81F 427X
ERA 13 S82F/SS82F 437X/437M
ERA 13D SS82FD 437M
ERA 13C S82CF 437Y
EAR 14C S82CF 437Y
ERA 17 S83F/SS83F 447X/447M
ERA 17D SS83FD 447M
ERA 22 S84F/SS84F 517X/517M
ERA 22D SS84FD 517M
ERA 22C S84CF 517Y
ERA 25 S85F 527X
ERA 25C S85CF 527Y
ERA 33 S86F/SS86F 537X/537M
ERA 33C S86CF/SS86CF 537Y/537M
Figure 3.22

Additional Features
The following list of prefixes and suffixes signifies other

standard and special bit features:
Deviation Control/or Diamond Enhanced Gage

Prefix D Insert (or ERA Bits)
Prefix ERA Enhanced Return Area Bit Frame
Prefix G Extra Heavy Arm Hardfacing/Compact placement
Prefix HZ Horizontal Bit
Prefix SS or MM Double Seal Bit
Prefix 2 Two Cone
Suffix C Conical Shaped Inserts on Bit
Suffix D Diamond Enhanced Cones
Suffix F Sealed Journal Bearing
Suffix G Surf Compacts in Cone Backface
Suffix SG Step Gage Feature
Suffix J Jet Bit
Suffix J4 Center Circulation
Suffix EJ4 Extended Nozzle with Center Circulation
Suffix JD Jet Directional with Big Eye Nozzle
Suffix JA Jet Air/Air Circulation to the Bearings
Suffix L Arm Stabilizer Pads
Suffix P Plasma Coated Cones for erosion reduction
Suffix R Roller Bearing ERA Bit
Suffix T T-shaped Gage Teeth
Suffix TF Tooth-shaped Inserts on Journal Bearing Bit
Figure 3.23

Features And Benefits of Security DBS Roller Cone
Bits
Security DBS’ complete line of roller cone rock bits offer a wide
variety of features & benefits which are detailed below:
• Standard steel tooth rock bit
Full tooth hardfacing coverage to maintain

tooth form integrity for longer bit life
Maximum tooth extension for increased

ROP and reduced cost/ft
Groove-in-cone seal design for maximum

seal protection and extended bit life
Maximum cone offset for increased ROP
Full shirttail hardfacing for optimum seal

protection
Pressure compensating lubrication reservoir
Tungsten carbide jet nozzles direct high

velocity fluid past the cones and against the
formation to improve the ROP
Reliable nail-lock retention system
Figure 3.24

• Standard tungsten carbide insert rock bit
Unique insert shapes for maximizing the bits
drilling action and gage holding ability to
accomplish longer drilling intervals.
Proprietary carbide grade for optimum

abrasion and impact resistance to extend the
drilling life of each insert
Optional diamond enhancement for

increased gage protection.
Premium bearing package incorporates

patented HDS™ Hydrodynamic Seal, silver
plated journal bushing, and silver plated
L-shaped thrust bushings.
Sealed, pressure-compensating lubrication

system for longer bearing/seal life.
Full shirttail hardfacing to maximize

abrasion resistance to protect the cone seal.
Tungsten carbide jet nozzles held in place by

the nail-lock retention system for optimizing
hydraulic horsepower and ROP.
Precise arm alignment coupled with electron

bean welding for maximum strength and
integrity.
Figure 3.25

• Diamond Tech2000™ premium steel tooth rock bit
Full tooth or self-sharpening hardfacing
available with Diamond Tech2000 for
longer life/faster penetration rates
50% more hardfacing on tooth crests for

improved wear resistance
Maximum tooth extension and increased

crest length for increased ROP
Maximum cone offset for increased ROP
Redesigned gage teeth to double

hardfacing deposit thickness dramatically
reduces gage rounding
Tungsten carbide inserts on gage provide

better gage holding ability maintaining
the gage profile longer which is critical to
longer bit runs at high ROP’s
Groove-in-cone seal design for maximum

seal protection
Full shirttail hardfacing for optimum seal

protection combined with tungsten
carbide inserts to minimize arm wear in
motor applications
Only rockbit company that can offer a

patented diamond enhanced hardfacing
application for unequaled wear resistance
Oxyacetalene application allows for

thicker hardfacing deposits on all sides of
each tooth
High grade natural diamonds coated by a

proprietary process forms metallurgical
bonds within each pellet to protect the
diamond against thermal degradation and
keep them evenly distributed throughout
the hardfacing deposit
Pressure compensating lubrication Figure 3.26

reservoir

• New ERA™ rock bit series
Improved cone height and runout through
integrated design/manufacturing practices
for better product consistency and
performance
Proprietary carbide technology resists

impact damage and abrasive wear
Extensive shirttail hardfacing application

combined with tungsten carbide inserts to
give optimum arm wear protection
Uniform shirttail thickness achieved from

simplified machining operations
maximizes hardfacing protection
Premium bearing package incorporates

silver plated and silver infiltrated bushings
for extending bearing life with single or
double seal configurations for critical
drilling applications
Spherical dome design helps maintain

higher fluid velocity for better bit cleaning
characteristics and decreased balling
tendencies
Increased clearance minimizes trapping of

fine drilled solids in the critical seal area
and reduces fluid stagnation
Streamlined arms taper away from bore

hole wall
Repositioned nozzles eliminate protruding

nozzle bosses and redirects flow at the
bottom of the hole to continually wash
new cuttings away from the bottom and up
the side of the bit
Figure 3.27
Larger, straight drilled flow channel is
machined through the bit body reducing
internal turbulence, pressure losses and
minimize erosion
Smaller bit body diameter for increased

annular space to enhance cuttings flow Angled ramp provides an Standard arm pad feature for
past the bit and up the borehole more accelerated lifting action to move increased stabilization totally
effectively cuttings upward and away from eliminates the weld build-up
the bottom of the hole to reduce technique to maintain the highest
re-drilling effects internal quality standards

• Motor rock bit product line
L-Shaped Trust Bushing Resists

Multi-Directional Loads
The unique L-shaped thrust bushing
resists both radial and axial loads
encountered while drilling in severe
service. This water resistant feature
outperforms by far conventional thrust Figure 3.28
bearing designs which use only
anti-galling inserts.
Contained Roller Race

Lateral movement of the cone is reduced by
containment of the rollers within a roller channel.
This describes beam-type failure of the rollers.
Rollers that are not located in flanged channels, or Figure 3.29
too long, have a greater possibility of failure from
skewing and bending.
Complete Encapsulation with Hardfacing Complete

Encapsulation
with Hardfacing
All SS/MM steel tooth bits are hardfaced on all Material
four sides and across the crest of the tooth. For

maximum resistance to wear, the hardfacing is
composed of a proprietary mix of tungsten carbide
sizes, shapes and compositions.. In addition, carbide
inserts are pressed into the gage backface of the outer
Figure 3.30
row cutting structure, minimizing wear in this critical
area. The G gage is standard on all Security DBS Motor bits.
Proprietary Insert Shapes Mean

Greater Resistance To Wear
Insert cutting structures use

proprietary shapes and carbide grades to
insure greater resistance to wear and Figure 3.31
high compressive loads. On all Motor
Bits,
Security DBS evaluates the relationships of
insert count, extension, and shape for best
bit life and ROP. Ultra-soft insert designs
have replaced marginal steel tooth bit applications.

Enhanced Shirttail Durability Increases
Seal Protection
All SS/MM Series Bits have shirttails reinforced

with tungsten carbide hardfacing and pressed-in
inserts. A wider, thicker application of proprietary
hardfacing is applied to the leading and trailing
sides of the shirttail. This provides maximum
protection against abrasive wear from drilled Figure 3.32
solids, increasing seal life.
Double Seal System
Contained Roller Race
L-Shaped Silver Thrust Bushing
Thrust Button
Inner Radial Seal
Outer Axial Seal

Figure 3.33
All SS/MM Series bits are designed and built
to withstand the damaging forces of today’s drilling.
For example, modern drilling can require build-drop
assemblies, bent subs, and steerable systems, all of
which place tremendous lateral forces on rock bit
sealing and bearing systems, while loading the gage
heavily. Security DBS’ proprietary features work
together in a dynamic defense system.

Patented HDS™ inner seal,
outer axial seal.
Figure 3.34
Synergistic Sealing Provides

Ultimate Protection
Dual seals provide complete
protection to both journal and roller
bearing designs. The outer axial
seal minimizes intrusion of abrasive
particles. The inner Hydrodynamic Figure 3.35
Seal HDS™ contains lubricant in the
bearings while its wave action constantly pumps grease between the seal and
arm. Furthermore, the inner seal’s exclusion lip, on the mud side of the seal,
acts as a wiper, preventing drilled solids from penetrating the bearing system.
The two seals maintain continuous sealing action, under both radial and axial
loads.
Silver Provides Premium Lubrication

and Anti-Galling
Only Security DBS provides patented silver
impregnation throughout the critical load
bearing surface on the main journal bearings.
Silver provides a back-up, protective coating if
the primary lubricant is squeezed out at higher
bearing loads. All Security DBS high rpm
journal and roller bearing bits have selective Figure 3.36
silver plating on the thrust bushing and journal
bearing surfaces. This is in addition to silver
infiltration throughout the bushings.

Special Application Design Features
There are many roller cone rock bit features that have been
developed and improved over the years. Some of these items are
listed below:
Center Jets
These are fitted into the bit’s dome area to help prevent bit
balling problems in soft formations or at high rates of
penetration.
Plasma Coated Cones
A plasma application process coats the cone shell to harden it

against erosion. Bits with this coating on their cones can endure
faster rates of penetration and extended drilling intervals.
Extend Nozzle Tubes
These were introduced as an extension that would be welded on

the end of the existing nozzle port. This moves the nozzle and
corresponding fluid impact closer to the hole bottom to improve
cleaning and the rate of penetration.
Figure 3.37

Cone Surf Row Configuration
Numerous variation of placing flat tungsten carbide or diamond

enhanced surf row compacts in the backface of the cone are done
to improve gage strength. This maintains hole diameter and rock
bit seal integrity for extended periods. In very hard formation
bit types, double surf rows have been utilized to slow down the
gage rounding effects experienced in very abrasive intervals.
Figure 3.38
Arm hardfacing/Compact Protection
Welded tungsten carbide deposits (hardfacing) and/or carbide

inserts are added to the shirttail arm section to protect the seal
and/or body in special applications such as geothermal horizontal
and directional drilling.
Figure 3.39

Stabilizer Pads
Arm stabilizer pads were developed to provide additional bit

stability and shirttail protection in all drilling applications. The
stabilizer pads are most effective in directional and horizontal
wells, where side loading forces on the bit can result in
premature bit failure due to increased shirttail wear. Either
tungsten carbide or diamond compacts can be added to the
surface of the pad to further retard wear.
Figure 3.40

References:
1. IADC/SPE Paper 23937, “The IADC Roller Cone Bit

Classification Systems”
2. IADC Comparison Charts, Marketing Services Group,
Dallas, TX, Order Code no. 6332-6
3. Security DBS’ “Company / Product Capabilities Catalog”,
Marketing Services Group, Dallas, TX, Order Code no.
10M/4/95
4. Security DBS’ “PSF/MPSF with Diamond TECH2000
Hardfacing” Brochure, Marketing Services Group, Dallas,
TX, Order Code no. 7.5 JE1008-WL
5. Security DBS’ “New ERA Bits” Brochure, Marketing
Services Group, Dallas, TX, Order Code no. AF 1010-WM
6. ASME Paper “Enhanced Return Areas Improve Dynamics
and Rock Bit Performance”, 1995, Dallas, TX, Alan
Huffstutler
7. Security DBS’ “Motor Bits” Brochure, Marketing Services
Group, Dallas, TX, Order Code no. 5M/2/95-WM

Chapter Review
1. When the IADC code fourth character is a “T” it signifies

that the bit has extended nozzle tubes.
True or False
2. The IADC code for Security DBS’ S33SFJ4 is?

____________
3. ERA™ stands for:

E___________
R___________
A___________
4. The New ERA nomenclature 7 7/8 ERA 22C relates back to

the standard bit nomenclature:
S__________F
5. The premium ERA (117M) tooth bit is labeled:

ERA___________
6. Only the standard frame MPSF has Diamond Tech2000

hardfacing applied to the teeth.
True or False

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Chapter 3

Roller Cone Bit

• Describe the basic principles of journal angle and cone offset

• List the basic parameters of roller cone bit geometry

• Describe the different types of roller cone cutting structures

• Classify the different bearings used on roller cone bits

• Identify the three basic heat treating processes

• Describe the different fluid circulation systems

• Describe the latest developments on Security DBS roller cone

• Describe the distinctions between standard bit features and

• Select the correct roller cone nomenclature for the different

• Identify correct bit types by manufacturer based upon IADC

• List the appropriate IADC codes to specific Security DBS bit

Roller Cone Bit Product Knowledge page 1

Cutting Structure, Bearings & Seals

The designer’s primary concerns are rate of penetration and

Figure 3.1 - Cone Contour

The basic element in the design of cone contour is determining

Roller Cone Bit Product Knowledge page 2

Figure 3.2 - Journal Angle

The cones designed for soft to medium-hard formations have two

Figure 3.3 - Cone Angle

Roller Cone Bit Product Knowledge page 3

The oversized angle is used on soft formation bits to increase the

By offsetting cone centerlines away from the center of bit

Figure 3.4 - Offset

Roller Cone Bit Product Knowledge page 4

Figure 3.5 - Intermesh

Projection and Pitch

“Projection” refers to the length of

In harder formations, shorter, more

Steel Tooth Design

Roller Cone Bit Product Knowledge page 5

Three basic formation classifications - soft, medium and hard -

Soft formation bits are characterized by their long, widely spaced

Figure 3.9 - Soft Steel Tooth Design

In order to be effective in firmer rock, medium formation bits use

Roller Cone Bit Product Knowledge page 6

Figure 3.10 Medium Steel Tooth Design

Hard formations require even shorter, more closely spaced teeth

Roller Cone Bit Product Knowledge page 7

Roller Cone Bit Product Knowledge page 8

The insert bit was initially designed to drill extremely hard,

To form the inserts, compacts of cylindrical sintered tungsten

Roller Cone Bit Product Knowledge page 9

The chisel tooth shape insert is used in medium formation bits

Conical shape inserts are available in a variety of extensions to

The 90-degree and 120-degree double conical shape inserts are

Spherical is the most durable shape and is utilized in step gage

Roller Cone Bit Product Knowledge page 10

The step gage feature is the most effective means of developing

Figure 3.14 - Step Gauge

Figure 3.15 - Square Corner

The step gage design ensures a proper balance of bearing load

See “Selecting The Proper Rotary Rock Bit” at end of this

Roller Cone Bit Product Knowledge page 11

Because of the tremendous forces involved, roller bearings are

Non-sealed, non-lubricated roller bearings are now used

Roller Cone Bit Product Knowledge page 12

Venting to the drilling fluid is through the reservoir cap, which

Instead of the standard roller bearing assembly, the friction or

Roller Cone Bit Product Knowledge page 13

The journal bearing features a patented silver-infiltrated

Thrust surfaces, or thrust bushings, are utilized in the journal’s

2. Cone offset makes the bit and