6 keyboards

Keyboards are complex things that can be found in both inputs and outputs. It has a buffer so
each time it is pulsed it will take one input(the first keyboard input) from the left and will send
it out to the pin on the right side of the keyboard which is the output.

We need a clock and different logic gates which are called controlled buffer. The controlled
buffer works a bit like a transistor that it tests one of the inputs coming from the left side is true
and if it is true it will allow the input coming from the back to through.

We connect the clock to the control buffer and we connect the output to a TTY then connect
the TTY back to the clock. If we press the keyboard and enter some value it will be printed to
the screen.

7 ROM
The read only memory as the name suggests we cannot write to this memory we can only read
from the. It is often known as the f;ash memory.

We use addresses which each and every are different. We also use a random generator
attached to the address , so it picks a random address for the data that will go out and will be
printed with the address connected to a bit extender with the bit width in 4 and bit width out 7
with extension type 1 because we use 4 bit address in the input and put the bit extender next
to the TTY. We also need a clock to pulse connected to the TTY and random generator.

When the random generator picks a random number which is the address with each of the cells
with different address each and every number is picking a different address each time and then
front so there are much bigger ASCII numbers instead of having all non central characters. And
the clock will update the random number generator and check our trigger. ROM will be very
helpful if we don’t want to change it.

The difference between ROM and RAM is that RAM can be edited and RAM we can write into it
which is not the case for ROM.

8 counters
Counters can be found under memory and they are similar to registers only they differ in the
way that they counts. When it triggered it will increment or decrement by one.

We will have a button connected to the counter. When we press the button the number in the
counter gets bigger. And also we connect another button and a pin connected to the counter.
When the pin is true and we press the button it subtract the value in the counter by one. If we
connect a clock instead of one of the buttons.this demonstration also uses ROM connected to
the address ATTY clock and screen button.

Then we will have a typed in random numbers in the address and when we click at home at all
of the addresses(we can use a curt+k short key) the clock pules will scroll through all of the
numbers.whatever is at A or address it will go through the wire to the date; to ASCII the value
of the next character to wright when it pulses it will print that character which is in ROM.
Counter is a very useful item.

9 Multiplexers and comparator

Multiplexers are useful items that have a shape of odd looking trapezium.we will have
Multiplexers with each of different pins (in our case study)placed on the left side each pin
representing a different number.and next we need a select bit connected with big pin holding
the data bits(in our case three bit)and an output LED connected to Multiplexers .as we
observed from the video the pins 1,3,5 and 7are turned on and the left are turned off.at the
moment we have a 000 in our select bit and the list will going to think our select bit is pointing
000 and that is what output is.if we change our select bit to 001 it finds that 001 is off so our
output is going to be off because output equal the input number that is the same as the
selected bit the same goes for all the pins.

Multiplexers can be used in many ways although it can only go to five bit.it can be used if we
want many inputs.

Comparator is like an if statement in program.referring videos a full comparator is used with

two data bits before it each holding a four bit and connected to the comparator.in LED matrix
with tree columns connected to is on the right side as shown in the figure below.

As we see in the figure above it is showing that the two number are equal and hence it is true
and the equal sign will be turned on.I the same way if we put a greater number in the data bit
the greater sign will be turned on.

So,it is basically doing a comparison between the two numbers and whichever is on is the
output.

10 RAM
RAM is the most complex thing.it has a few more bit inside than ROM. We will have a RAM
address connected to a counter and the counter connected to the controlled buffer facing
north and connected to the clock. Data will be printed out to the TTY. And the TTY connected to
the wires that connect the counter and controlled buffer. Also the address connected to the
11 CPU

Figure

The above figure is a CPU example which has quality features in the way that it turns 4 bit numbers into
a 7 bit ASCII. It has many different outputs like hexadecimal , 5bit output of ASCII , a probe which is used
to output a decimal.

If the clock is turned on it can write a message. The machine works as stated below:-

 First it takes in a zero which is the operation and two parameters 44 then it adds them together
and we will get a result which is 8.
 H which is the first letter is the eighth letter in the alphabet. It will get that number and prints it
on the screen
 Another operation is a subtract. There is letter E , lets subtract 1 from 6 which is 5. Remember
This a hexadecimal we cannot have a number greater than 9;so when we are doing “o” its 3*5
which is 15 and it prints “o” the 15 th letter.
Figure
In CPU we have input address connected to the checker . checker divides the address by 4 and
if it is “00” we know we are on the first number of the block, if it is “01”on the second,”02” on
the third, “ 03” on the fourth.
Counter will store a number on a register and it will allow a clock trigger to allow the numbers
which is going to update all their data on registers and the number basically what is up in the
address.
We have a decoder which is much similar to multiplexer although this just shows if the selected
bit is on or off.
The third operation is comparison; so when it is on it will compare and check depending o the
bit it will choose.