ASCII

ASCII may refer to any of the following:

1. Short for American Standard Code for Information Interexchange, ASCII is a

standard that assigns letters, numbers, and other characters in the 256 slots
available in the 8-bit code. The ASCII decimal (Dec) number is created from binary,
which is the language of all computers. As shown in the table below, the lowercase
"h" character (Char) has a decimal value of 104, which is "01101000" in binary.

ASCII was first developed and published in 1963 by the X3 committee, a part of the
ASA (American Standards Association). The ASCII standard was first published as
ASA X3.4-1963, with ten revisions of the standard being published
between 1967 and 1986.

 ASCII sections.
 How do you pronounce ASCII?
 Convert text into ASCII.

ASCII sections
The ASCII table is divided into three different sections.

 Non-printable, system codes between 0 and 31.

 Lower ASCII, between 32 and 127. This table originates from the
older, American systems, which worked on 7-bit character tables.
 Higher ASCII, between 128 and 255. This portion is programmable;
characters are based on the language of your operating system or
program you are using. Foreign letters are also placed in this section.

 Standard or lower ASCII characters and codes.

 Extended ASCII characters and codes.

 Convert text into ASCII.

How do you pronounce ASCII?

ASCII is pronounced as as-key.

Limitations of ASCII
Only having the ability to support 256 characters is limiting for many languages and
impossible for Asia languages like Chinese. To help overcome this
limitation, Unicode was created and adopted by all countries
Standard or lower ASCII characters and codes
Extended ASCII characters and codes
Extended ASCII uses eight instead of seven bits, which adds 128 additional
characters. This gives extended ASCII the ability for extra characters, such
as special symbols, foreign language letters, and drawing characters as
shown below.

Octal Number System

Octal Number System has a base of eight and uses the numbers from 0 to 7. The octal numbers, in
the number system, are usually represented by binary numbers when they are grouped in pairs of three.
For example, an octal number 128 is expressed as 0010102 in the binary system, where 1 is equivalent to
001 and 2 is equivalent to 010.

Definition

A number system which has its base as ‘eight’ is called an Octal number system. It uses numbers from 0
to 7. Let us take an example, to understand the concept. As we said, any number with base 8 is an octal
number like 248, 1098, 558, etc.

Like Octal number is represented with base 8, in the same way, a binary number is represented with
base 2, a decimal number with base 10 and the hexadecimal number is represented with base 16.

Note: Octal number system supports digits from 0 to 7. Beyond 7, such as 8 and 9 are not octal
digits. For example, 19 is not an octal number.

Decimal to Octal Number

To convert decimal to octal numbers, the octal dabble method is used. In this method, the decimal
number is divided by 8 each time, it yields or gives a remainder. The first remainder we get is the
least significant digit(LSD) and the last remainder is the most significant digit(MSD). Let us
understand the conversion with the help example

What is an octal number system?

A number system expressed with base-8 and whose range is from 0 to 8 only, is called an octal
number system. It is represented as N8.

What is the use of octal numbers?

The octal Number system is widely used in computer application sectors. All the modern
generation computing system uses 16-bit, 32-bit or 64-bit word which is further divided into 8-
bit words. Also in the aviation sector, the octal numbers are used in the form of code.

What is the importance of the octal number system?

Since the octal numbers use less number of digits as compared to decimal numbers and
hexadecimal numbers, therefore it is easy to do computations in fewer steps and also less
chances of occurrence of error.

What is the octal form of decimal number 19?

To convert a decimal number into an octal number, we need to divide the given decimal number
by 8 until the output is 0. At last, we need to write the remainder from LSD to MSD in reverse
order.
19/8 = 2, Remainder = 3
2/8 = 0, Remainder = 2
Therefore, 19  = 23
10 8

What are the 4 types of number systems?

Binary number system
Octal Number system
Decimal number system
Hexadecimal number system

What is 138 in binary?

For octal number 13,
1 → 001
3 → 011
Therefore, clubbing both the numbers we get:
13  = 001011
8 2

Or 13  = 1011
8 2

What is the binary number 1111 equivalent to in the octal number system?
1111 can be written in groups of three digits by adding 0’s, such as;
001111 → 001 111 → 17
(1111)  → (17)
2 2
Octal to Hexadecimal Number

Hexadecimal numbers consist of numbers and alphabets. It is represented with base 16. The
numbers from 0-9 are represented in the usual form, but from 10 to 15, it is denoted as A, B, C,
D, E, F. Conversion of the octal number to hexadecimal requires two steps.

 First, convert octal numbers to decimal numbers.

 Then, convert decimal numbers to hexadecimal numbers.

Applications
The octal Number system is widely used in computer application sectors and also in the aviation
sector to use the number in the form of code.

Based on octal number system applications, several computing systems are developed. All the
modern generation computing system uses 16-bit, 32-bit or 64-bit word which is further divided into
8-bit words. Similarly, for various programming languages, octal numbers are used to do coding or to
write the encrypted language, which is only understood by the computing machine.

Also in the aviation sector or field or say aviation industry, Transponders used in the aircraft transmit
a code which is expressed as four octal digit number. These codes are interrogated by ground radar.

Importance
The octal number system uses less digits (3-bits) than hexadecimal numbers (4-bits), which is one
of the advantages. It is therefore, there will be less computations and the possibility of the
occurrence of error will degrade.

Because of less digits, it is also easy to convert octal to any other number system and vice-versa. 

One of the disadvantages is that computers do not understand the octal numbers in a direct way and
hence it has to be converted into binary numbers first.

Binary Number System

A binary number system is one of the four types of number system. In computer applications, where
binary numbers are represented by only two symbols or digits, i.e. 0 (zero) and 1(one). The binary
numbers here are expressed in the base-2 numeral system. For example, (101) 2 is a binary number.
Each digit in this system is said to be a bit. Learn about the number system here.

Number System is a way to represent numbers in computer architecture. There are four different
types of the number system, such as:

1. Binary number system (base 2)

2. Octal number system (base 8) 
3. Decimal number system (base 10)
4. Hexadecimal number system (base 16). 

In this article, let us discuss what is a binary number system, conversion from one system to other
systems,  table, positions, binary operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
division, uses and solved examples in detail.

What is a Binary Number System?

Binary Number System: According to digital electronics and mathematics, a binary number is
defined as a number that is expressed in the binary system or base 2 numeral system. It describes
numeric values by two separate symbols; 1 (one) and 0 (zero). The base-2 system is the positional
notation with 2 as a radix.
The binary system is applied internally by almost all latest computers and computer-based devices
because of its direct implementation in electronic circuits using logic gates. Every digit is referred to
as a bit. 

Example: Convert 4 in binary.

Solution: 

4 in binary is (100)2.

Here, 4 is represented in the decimal number system, where we can represent the number using the
digits from 0-9. However, in a binary number system, we use only two digits, such as 0 and 1.

Now, let’s discuss how to convert 4 in binary number system. The following steps help to convert 4
in binary.

Step 1: First, divide the number 4 by 2. Use the integer quotient obtained in this step as the dividend
for the next step. Continue this step, until the quotient becomes 0.

Step 2: Now, write the remainder in reverse chronological order. (i.e from bottom to top).

Here, the Least Significant Bit (LSB) is 0 and the Most Significant Bit (MSB) is 1.

Hence, the decimal number 4 in binary is 100 2

So, if we want to find how many bits does 4 in binary have? we have to count the number of zeros
and ones. 

So, 4 in binary is 1002. Here, there are 2 zeroes and 1 one. Hence, we have 3 bits.

Therefore, the number of bits does 4 in binary have is 3.

What is Bit in Binary Number?

A single binary digit is called a “Bit”. A binary number consists of several bits. Examples are:

 10101 is a five-bit binary number

 101 is a three-bit binary number
 100001 is a six-bit binary number

Facts to Remember:

 Binary numbers are made up of only 0’s and 1’s.

 A binary number is represented with a base-2
 A bit is a single binary digit.
We place the digits in columns 100, 101 and so on in base 10. When there is a need to put a value
higher than 9 in the form of 10(n+1) for instance, to add 10 to column 100, you need to add 1 to the
column 101.

We place the digits in columns 20, 21 and so on in base 2. To place a value that is higher than 1 in 2 n,
you need to add 2(n+1). For instance, to add 3 to column 20, you need to add 1 to column 21.
Position in Binary Number System
In the Binary system, we have ones, twos, fours etc…

For example 1011.110

It is shown like this:

1 × 8 + 0 × 4 + 1 × 2 + 1 + 1 × ½ + 1 × ¼ + 0 × 1⁄8

= 11.75 in Decimal

To show the values greater than or less than one, the numbers can be placed to the left or right of the
point.

For 10.1, 10 is a whole number on the left side of the decimal, and as we move more left, the number
place gets bigger (Twice).

The first digit on the right is always Halves ½ and as we move more right, the number gets smaller (half
as big).

In the example given above:

 “10” shows ‘2’ in decimal.

 “.1” shows ‘half’.
 So, “10.1” in binary is 2.5 in decimal.

Binary Arithmetic Operations

Like we perform the arithmetic operations in numerals, in the same way, we can perform addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division operations on Binary numbers. Let us learn them one by one.
Binary Addition
Adding two binary numbers will give us a binary number itself. It is the simplest method. Addition of two

single-digit binary number is given in the table below

Uses of Binary Number System
Binary numbers are commonly used in computer applications. All the coding and languages in
computers such as C, C++, Java, etc. use binary digits 0 and 1 to write a program or encode any
digital data. The computer understands only the coded language. Therefore these 2-digit number
system is used to represent a set of data or information in discrete bits of information.
What is a binary number system?
A number system where a number is represented by using only two digits (0 and 1) with a base 2 is
called a binary number system. For example, 1001 2 is a binary number.

What is a bit?
A bit is a single digit in the binary number. For example, 101 is three-bit binary numbers, where 1, 0 and
1 are the bits.

How to convert a decimal number into a binary number? Give an example.

To convert a decimal number into its equivalent binary number, we divide the decimal number by 2
each time, till we get 0 as a dividend. Let us take an example to convert 13 10 into a binary number.
13 ÷ 2: 6 and remainder 1
6 ÷ 2: 3 and remainder 0
3 ÷ 2: 1 and remainder 1
1 ÷ 2: 0 and remainder 1
Now we take the bits from the last remainder to first remainder, i.e.(MSB to LSB). Hence,
1310 = 11012

What is the use of binary numbers?

Binary numbers are commonly used in computer architecture. Since the computer understands only the
language of two digits 0’s and 1’s, therefore the programming is done using a binary number system.

What is the value of 163 in binary?

The value of 163 in binary is 10100011.

How is 200 represented in binary?

200 is the decimal number. The binary form of 200 is 11001000 2.

Decimal Number System

In the number system, each number is represented by its base. If the base is 2 it is a binary number, if the base is 8 it
is an octal number, if the base is 10, then it is called decimal number system and if the base is 16, it is part of the
hexadecimal number system. The conversion of decimal numbers to any other number system is an easy method.
But to convert other base number systems into decimal numbers requires practice. In this article, let us learn more on
the decimal number system and the conversion from a decimal number system to other systems here in detail.

What is the Decimal Number System?

In the decimal number system, the numbers are represented with base 10. The way of denoting the decimal numbers
with base 10 is also termed as decimal notation. This number system is widely used in computer applications. It is
also called the base-10 number system which consists of 10 digits, such as, 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. Each digit in the
decimal system has a position and every digit is ten times more significant than the previous digit. Suppose, 25 is a
decimal number, then 2 is ten times more than 5. Some examples of decimal numbers are:-
(12)10, (345)10, (119)10, (200)10, (313.9)10

A number system which uses digits from 0 to 9 to represent a number with base 10 is the decimal system number.
The number is expressed in base-10 where each value is denoted by 0 or first nine positive integers. Each value in this
number system has the place value of power 10. It means the digit at the tens place is ten times greater than the digit
at the unit place. Let us see some more examples:

(92)10 = 9×101+2×100

(200)10 = 2×102+0x101+0x100

The decimal numbers which have digits present on the right side of the decimal (.) denote each digit with decreasing
power of 10. Some examples are:

(30.2)10= 30×101+0x100+2×10-1

(212.367)10 = 2×102+1×101+2×100+3×10-1+6×10-2+7×10-3

Also, read:

Conversion From Other Bases to Decimal Number System

Let us see here how in number system conversion, we can convert any other base system such as binary,
octal and hexadecimal to the equivalent decimal number.

Binary to Decimal
In this conversion, a number with base 2 is converted into number with base 10. Each binary digit here is
multiplied by decreasing power of 2. 

Example: Convert (11011)2 to decimal number.

Solution: Given (11011)2 a binary number.

We need to multiply each binary digit with the decreasing power of 2. That is;

1×24+1×23+0x22+1×21+1×20

=16+8+0+2+1

=27

Therefore, (11011)2 = (27)10

Octal to Decimal
In this conversion, a number with base 8 is converted into number with base 10. Each digit of octal
number here is multiplied by decreasing power of 8. Let us see one example:

Example: Convert 1218 into the equivalent decimal number.

Solution: Given (121)8 is an octal number

Here, we have to multiply each octal digit with the decreasing power of 8, such as;
1×82+2×81+1×80
=64+16+1
=81
Hexadecimal to Decimal
In this conversion, a number with base 16 is converted into number with base 10. Each digit of hex
number here is multiplied by decreasing power of 16. Let us understand with the help of an example:

Example: Convert 1216 into a decimal number.

Solution: Given 1216

Multiply each digit with decreasing power of 16 to obtain an equivalent decimal number.
1×161+2×160
=16+2
=18

Decimal Number System to Other Bases

Earlier we learned about converting other base number systems into a decimal number, Here we will learn
how to convert a decimal number into different base numbers. Let us see one by one.

Decimal to Binary
To convert a decimal number into an equivalent binary number we have to divide the original number
system by 2 until the quotient is 0, when no more division is possible. The remainder so obtained is
counted for the required number in the order of LSB (Least significant bit) to MSB (most significant bit).
Let us go through the example.
Example: Convert 2610 into a binary number.

Solution: Given 2610 is a decimal number.

Divide 26 by 2
26/2 = 13 Remainder →0 (MSB)
13/2 = 6 Remainder →1
6/2 = 3 Remainder →0
3/2 = 1 Remainder →1
½ = 0 Remainder →1 (LSB)
Hence, the equivalent binary number is (11010)2
Decimal to Octal
Here the decimal number is required to be divided by 8 until the quotient is 0. Then, in the same way,
we count the remainder from LSB to MSB to get the equivalent octal number.
 Example: Convert 6510 into an octal number.
Solution: Given 6510 is a decimal number.
Divide by 8
65/8 = 8 Remainder →1 (MSB)
8/8 = 1 Remainder →0
⅛ = 0 Remainder →1 (LSB)
Hence, the equivalent octal number is (101) 8

Decimal to Hexadecimal
The given decimal number here is divided by 16 to get the equivalent hex. The division of the number
continues until we get the quotient 0.

Example: Convert 12710 to a hexadecimal number.

Solution: Given 12710 is a decimal number.
Divide by 16
127/16 = 7 Remainder →15
7/16 = 0 Remainder → 7
In the hexadecimal number system, alphabet F is considered as 15.
Hence, 12710 is equivalent to 7F16

Hexadecimal Number System

The hexadecimal number system is a type of number system, that has a base value equal to 16.
It is also pronounced sometimes as ‘hex’. Hexadecimal numbers are represented by only 16
symbols. These symbols or values are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E and F. Each digit
represents a decimal value. For example, D is equal to base-10 13.
Hexadecimal number systems can be converted to other number systems such as binary number
(base-2), octal number (base-8) and decimal number systems (base-10).  The concept of
the number system is widely explained in the syllabus of Class 9.
The list of 16 hexadecimal digits with their equivalent decimal, octal and binary representation
is given here in the form of a table, which will help in number system conversion. This list can
be used as a translator or converter also.

Hexadecimal Number System Conversions

As we know, there are 16 digits in the hexadecimal number system, represented from 0 to 9 same as
decimals, but after that, it starts with an alphabetical representation of preceding numbers such as A, B,
C, D and E. Let us see the conversion of ‘hex’ into other number systems.

Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion

Here, you will see the representation of a hexadecimal number into decimal form.
 Hexadecimal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F

Decimal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion

You have learned how to convert hexadecimal numbers to decimal numbers. Now let us find out how we
can convert a decimal number into a hexadecimal number system. Follow the below steps:

 Firstly divide the number by 16

 Take the quotient and divide again by 16
 The remainder left will produce the hex value
 Repeats the steps until the quotient has become 0
Example: Convert (242)10 into hexadecimal.

Solution: Divide 242 by 16 and repeat the steps, till the quotient is left as 0.

Therefore, (242)10 = (F2)16

Hexadecimal to Octal Conversion

Here, you will see the representation of a hexadecimal number into octal number form.

Hexadecimal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F

Octal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Octal to Hexadecimal Conversion

To convert octal to hex, we have to first convert octal number to decimal and then decimal to
hexadecimal. Let us understand it with the help of an example;

Example: Convert (121)8 into hexadecimal.

Solution: First convert 121 into decimal number.

⇒ 1 × 82 + 2 × 81 + 1 × 80

⇒ 1 × 64 + 2 × 8 + 1 × 1
 ⇒ 64 + 16 + 1
⇒ 81

(121)8 = 8110

Now converting 8110 into a hexadecimal number.

Therefore, 8110 = 5116

Hexadecimal to Binary Conversion

Here, you will see the representation of a hexadecimal number into binary form. We can use only 4
digits to represent each hexadecimal number, where each group has a distinct value from 0000 (for
0) and 1111 (for F= 15 =8 + 4 + 2 + 1).

Hexadecimal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F

Binary 0 1 10 11 100 101 110 111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111

Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion

Binary to hexadecimal conversion is a simple method to do. You just have to put the values of the
binary number to the relevant hexadecimal number.

Example: Convert (11100011)2 to hexadecimal.

Solution: From the table, we can write, 11100011 as E3.

Therefore, (11100011)2 = (E3)16

Facts of Hexadecimal Number System

 Out of many types of number representation techniques, the Hexadecimal number system is
one having a value of base 16.
 So Hexadecimal numbers have 16 symbols or digital values, i.e 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B,
C, D, E, F.
 A, B, C, D, E, F are single bit representations of 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15 respectively.
 The addition of either an o  prefix or an  h  prefix indicates Hexadecimal.
 A power of 16 is the weight of the position of every digit.
What is a hexadecimal number system?
The hexadecimal number system is a number system with base-16. It is represented by only 16
digits or values.

What are the 16 digits of the hexadecimal number system?

The 16 digits of the hexadecimal number system are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F.

What is the use of the hexadecimal number system?

Hexadecimal number systems are used for computer programming and designing. Since the
computer understands only binary digits (0 and 1), thus each hexadecimal digit represents four
binary digits.

What is 3CD (hexadecimal)?

3CD is a hexadecimal number that is equivalent to decimal number 973.