TYPE OF CELLS IN THE HUMAN BODY

Stem cells - are the body's raw materials , cells from which all other cells with specialized
functions are generated. Under the right conditions in the body or a laboratory, stem cells divide
to form more cells called daughter cells.

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Embryonic stem cells - These are pluripotent (ploo-RIP-uh-tunt) stem cells, meaning they
can divide into more stem cells or can become any type of cell in the body. This versatility
allows embryonic stem cells to be used to regenerate or repair diseased tissue and organs.
Adult stem cells – ASCs are undifferentiated cells found living within specific differentiated
tissues in our bodies that can renew themselves or generate new cells that can replenish
dead or damaged tissue. You may also see the term “somatic stem cell” used to refer to adult
stem cells.

Red blood cells/erythrocytes - carry oxygen from our lungs to the rest of our bodies. Then
they make the return trip, taking carbon dioxide back to our lungs to be exhaled. Red blood cells
bring oxygen to the tissues in your body and release carbon dioxide to your lungs for you to
exhale. a red blood cell that (in humans) is typically a biconcave disc without a nucleus.
Erythrocytes contain the pigment hemoglobin, which imparts the red color to blood, and
transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the tissues.

What does it mean when your red blood cells are low?
A low RBC count, also known as anemia, can affect the body's ability to transport
oxygen and nutrients around the cardiovascular system. It can cause fatigue, dizziness, and
heart palpitations. The most common form of anemia is iron deficiency anemia. This can result
from blood loss, malnutrition, or kidney problems.

Treatment ranges from:

 Taking vitamins.
 Eating a well-balanced diet.
 Treating existing medical conditions.
 Getting a blood transfusion.
White blood cells - are part of the body's immune system. They help the body fight infection
and other diseases. Types of white blood cells are granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and
basophils), monocytes, and lymphocytes (T cells and B cells). Agranulocytes (monocytes,
lymphocytes) .

Granulocytes - work together to rid your body of infection or allergens. Each type of
granulocyte has its own combination of chemicals and enzymes in its granules.
Agranulocytes - are white blood cells that hove no distinct granules in their cytoplasm.
Lymphocytes have large single nuclei that occupy most of the cells. They are an important part
of the body's immune system. Lymphocyte (left) Monocytes are the largest of the white blood
cells.

Neutrophils - are the most abundant type of granulocytes and make up 40% to 70% of all white
blood cells in humans. They form an essential part of the innate immune system, with their
functions varying in different animals.
Eosinophils - play two roles in your immune system: Destroying foreign substances.
Eosinophils can consume foreign substances. For example, they fight substances related to
parasitic infection that have been flagged for destruction by your immune system.
Basophils - are a type of white blood cell that works closely with your immune system to defend
your body from allergens, pathogens and parasites. Basophils release enzymes to improve
blood flow and prevent blood clots.
T cells - or T lymphocytes, are a major part of the immune system. They are cells specifically
designed to fight infections they have not yet encountered. As part of any research, there may
be a time when you need T cells for isolation. They mature in the thymus until released into the
bloodstream as naïve T cells.
B cells – or B lymphocytes, also called B cells, create a type of protein called an antibody. These
antibodies bind to pathogens or to foreign substances, such as toxins, to neutralize them. For
example, an antibody can bind to a virus, which prevents it from entering a normal cell and
causing infection.

Monocytes - are a type of white blood cell (leukocytes) that reside in your blood and tissues
to find and destroy germs (viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa) and eliminate infected
cells. Monocytes call on other white blood cells to help treat injury and prevent infection.
Lymphocytes - s a type of white blood cell in the immune system of most vertebrates.
Lymphocytes include natural killer cells, T cells, and B cells. They are the main type of cell
found in lymph, which prompted the name "lymphocyte". Lymphocytes make up between 18%
and 42% of circulating white blood cells. 
What happen if white blood cells are high?
Produced in your bone marrow, they defend your body against infections and disease.
But, when there are too many white blood cells, it usually means you have infection or
inflammation in your body. Less commonly, a high white blood cell count could indicate
certain blood cancers or bone marrow disorders.

What does it mean when white blood cells are low?

A low white blood cell count in adults is less than 4,000 cells per microliter of blood. A
low white blood cell count can be an indicator of certain conditions, including lupus,
rheumatoid arthritis, vitamin deficiencies, or a side effect of cancer treatment.

Platelets - or thrombocytes, are small, colorless cell fragments in our blood that form clots
and stop or prevent bleeding. Platelets are made in our bone marrow, the sponge-like tissue
inside our bones. Bone marrow contains stem cells that develop into red blood cells, white blood
cells, and platelets.

Neuroglial cells - are a large class of neural cells of ectodermal (astroglia, oligodendroglia,
and peripheral glial cells) and mesodermal (microglia) origin. Neuroglial cells provide
homeostatic support, protection, and defense to the nervous tissue.
Cartilage cells - made up of specialized cells called chondrocytes. These chondrocytes produce
large amounts of extracellular matrix composed of collagen fibers, proteoglycan, and elastin
fibers. There are no blood vessels in cartilage to supply the chondrocytes with nutrients.
What are the cells of cartilage called?
Cells: Chondrocytes and the precusor forms of chondrocytes known as chondroblasts are
the only cells found in cartilage. Chondrocytes make up “cell nests,” groups of chondrocytes
within lacunae. Chondroblasts are responsible for the secretion and maintenance of the matrix.

Bone cells - is composed of four different cell types; osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts and

bone lining cells. Osteoblasts, bone lining cells and osteoclasts are present on bone surfaces and
are derived from local mesenchymal cells called progenitor cells.
Skin cells - The epidermis also hosts different types of cells: keratinocytes, melanocytes and
Langerhans cells. Keratinocytes produce the protein known as keratin, the main component of
the epidermis. Melanocytes produce your skin pigment, known as melanin. Langerhans cells
prevent foreign substances from getting into your skin.
What are skin cells made of?
Keratin, a protein inside skin cells, makes up the skin cells and, along with other proteins,
sticks together to form this layer.

Keratinocytes - As the most dominant cell type constituting the epidermis, keratinocytes play
multiple roles essential for skin repair. They are the executors of the re-epithelialization
process, whereby keratinocytes migrate, proliferate, and differentiate to restore the
epidermal barrier.
Melanocytes - are cells of neural crest origin. In the human epidermis, they form a close
association with keratinocytes via their dendrites. Melanocytes are well known for their role
in skin pigmentation, and their ability to produce and distribute melanin has been studied
extensively.

Merkel cells – A special type of cell found right below the epidermis (top layer of skin). These
cells are very close to the nerve endings that receive the sensation of touch and may be
involved in touch. The cells also contain substances that may act as hormones.
Langerhan cells - (LCs) originate from the bone marrow and then migrate into the
epithelium to perform the function of antigen recognition and presentation. Studies have
shown that the dendritic cells (DCs) are developmentally similar.