MISR2017 Volume2

Measuring
the Information
Society Report 2017
Volume 2. ICT country profiles
Measuring the Information
Society Report
Volume 2. ICT Country profiles
2017
© 2017 ITU
International Telecommunication Union
Place des Nations
CH-1211 Geneva Switzerland
Original language of publication: English
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the
International Telecommunication Union.
ISBN:
978-92-61-24511-5 (Paper version)

978-92-61-24521-4 (Electronic version)
978-92-61-24531-3 (EPUB version)
978-92-61-24541-2 (Mobi version)
ii Measuring the Information Society Report 2017 - Volume 2

Introduction
The country profiles presented in this second volume of the Measuring the Information Society Report
2017 represent a comprehensive effort by ITU to provide a snapshot of the status of the information
and communication technology (ICT) markets in 192 economies, including significant infrastructure
developments, and government policy and initiatives to improve the access and use of ICTs for households
and individuals. Each profile is structured around three key areas: mobile services, fixed services, and
government policy. The profiles are supported by a table showing key indicators of mobile and fixed
subscription penetration rates, prices of ICT services, and data on access and use of ICTs by households and
individuals. The tables present 2016 ITU data that were collected in the spring of 2017 through the short
World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators (WTI) questionnaire and the short questionnaire on ICT Access
and Use by Households and Individuals. The data on ICT prices were collected in the last quarter of 2016
by means of the ICT Price Basket Questionnaire. The tables also include regional and global averages as
references. The indicator definitions are presented in Annex 1.
The qualitative information provided in the country profiles is based on research conducted during
May-June 2017. The research took into consideration information provided in official documents and
other information provided on websites of relevant ministries, regulatory authorities, national statistical
offices, and telecommunication operators. The country profiles also include information provided in
reports published by international organizations and news announcements reported through reputable
telecommunication media sources. The draft country profiles were shared with the official country
statistical focal points for final verification in October 2017. It is, however, important to recognize the
rapid developments that often take place in the ICT sector. This being the case, new information may
have become available during the final stages of the production cycle of this report, and more recent ICT
developments can therefore be reflected only in future editions.
The second volume of the Measuring the Information Society Report 2017 was prepared by the ICT Data
and Statistics Division within the Telecommunication Development Bureau of ITU. The following consultants
to ITU provided substantive contributions to the country profiles: Abdelfattah Abuqayyas (Arab States), Lisa
Kreuzenbeck (Europe), Michael Minges (Africa, Asia and the Pacific), Chelsea Mori Clark (the Americas) and
Ihar Shchetko (CIS). Insightful comments on the country profiles were also made by colleagues from the
ITU Regional Offices. ITU also appreciates the cooperation of countries for providing data and information
included in this volume.
Measuring the Information Society Report 2017 - Volume 2 iii

Table of contents
Introduction�� iii
Table of contents�� v
Volume 2. ICT country profiles��1

Afghanistan��3
Albania��4
Algeria��5
Andorra��6
Angola��7
Antigua and Barbuda��8
Argentina��9
Armenia��10
Australia��12
Austria��13
Azerbaijan��14
Bahamas ��16
Bahrain��17
Bangladesh��18
Barbados��20
Belarus��21
Belgium��22
Belize��23
Benin��24
Bhutan��25
Bolivia (Plurinational State of)��26
Bosnia and Herzegovina��27
Botswana��28
Brazil��29
Brunei Darussalam��30
Bulgaria��31
Burkina Faso��32
Burundi��33
Cambodia��34
Cameroon��35
Canada��36
Cape Verde��37
Central African Republic��38
Chad��39
Chile��40
China��41
Colombia��42
Comoros��43
Congo (Democratic Republic of the)��44
Congo (Republic of the)��45
Costa Rica��46
Côte d’Ivoire��47
Croatia��48
Cuba��49
Measuring the Information Society Report 2017 - Volume 2 v

Cyprus��50
Czech Republic��51
Denmark��52
Djibouti��53
Dominica��54
Dominican Republic��55
Ecuador��56
Egypt��57
El Salvador��58
Equatorial Guinea ��59
Estonia��60
Ethiopia��61
Fiji��62
Finland��63
France��64
Gabon��65
Gambia��66
Georgia��67
Germany��68
Ghana��69
Greece��70
Grenada��71
Guatemala��72
Guinea��73
Guinea-Bissau��74
Guyana��75
Haiti��76
Honduras��77
Hungary��78
Iceland��79
India��80
Indonesia��81
Iran (Islamic Republic of)��82
Iraq��83
Ireland��84
Israel��85
Italy��86
Jamaica��87
Japan��88
Jordan��89
Kazakhstan��90
Kenya��92
Kiribati��94
Korea (Republic of)��95
Kuwait��97
Kyrgyzstan��98
Lao People’s Democratic Republic�� 100
Latvia�� 101
Lebanon�� 102
Lesotho�� 103
Liberia�� 105
Libya�� 106
Liechtenstein�� 107
Lithuania�� 108
vi Measuring the Information Society Report 2017 - Volume 2

Luxembourg��109
Madagascar��110
Malawi��111
Malaysia��112
Maldives��113
Mali��114
Malta��115
Marshall Islands��116
Mauritania��117
Mauritius��118
Mexico��120
Micronesia (Federated States of)��121
Moldova��122
Monaco��124
Mongolia��125
Montenegro��126
Morocco��127
Mozambique��128
Myanmar��129
Namibia��131
Nauru��132
Nepal��133
Netherlands��134
New Zealand��135
Nicaragua��136
Niger��137
Nigeria��138
Norway��140
Oman��141
Pakistan��142
Panama��144
Papua New Guinea��145
Paraguay��146
Peru��147
Philippines��148
Poland��149
Portugal��150
Qatar��151
Romania��152
Russian Federation��153
Rwanda��154
Saint Kitts and Nevis��156
Saint Lucia��157
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines��158
Samoa��159
São Tomé and Principe��161
Saudi Arabia��162
Senegal��163
Serbia��165
Seychelles��166
Sierra Leone��167
Singapore��168
Slovakia��169
Slovenia��170
Measuring the Information Society Report 2017 - Volume 2 vii

Solomon Islands�� 171
Somalia�� 172
South Africa�� 173
South Sudan�� 175
Spain�� 176
Sri Lanka�� 177
Sudan�� 178
Suriname�� 179
Swaziland�� 180
Sweden�� 181
Switzerland�� 182
Syria�� 183
Tajikistan�� 184
Tanzania�� 185
TFYR Macedonia�� 186
Thailand�� 188
Timor-Leste�� 189
Togo�� 190
Tonga�� 191
Trinidad and Tobago�� 193
Tunisia�� 194
Turkey�� 195
Turkmenistan�� 196
Tuvalu�� 197
Uganda�� 198
Ukraine�� 199
United Arab Emirates�� 200
United Kingdom�� 202
United States�� 203
Uruguay�� 204
Uzbekistan�� 205
Vanuatu�� 207
Venezuela�� 209
Viet Nam�� 211
Yemen�� 212
Zambia�� 213
Zimbabwe�� 215
Other economies�� 217

Hong Kong (China)�� 218
Macao (China)�� 219
Palestine*�� 220
References�� 241
Annex 1�� 249
*Note: Palestine is not an ITU member State; the status of Palestine in ITU is the subject of Resolution 99 (rev. Busan, 2014) of
the ITU Plenipotentiary Conference.
viii Measuring the Information Society Report 2017 - Volume 2

 6.8
 6.9
 9.5
Chapter 1
Volume 2.Current
ICT country
Stateprofiles
of ICTs
Afghanistan Key indicators for Afghanistan (2016)
Asia &
Pacific
World
Fixed-telephone sub. per 100 inhab. 0.3 10.0 13.6

Despite a challenging economic, social, Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 66.0 98.9 101.5
geographic and security environment, Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.0 11.3 12.4
Afghanistan has a competitive mobile market Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 14.3 47.4 52.2
with a relatively high level of GSM coverage. 3G coverage (% of population) 40.0 87.6 85.0
LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 0.0 73.6 66.5
Mobile services: The mobile market is highly Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 9.4 3.2 5.2
competitive, with five operators. The country’s Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 29.0 14.5 13.9
first mobile operator was the Afghan Wireless Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 10.1 2.7 3.7
Communication Company launched in 2002. A Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 10.1 5.4 6.8
second operator, Roshan, majority owned by Percentage of households with computer 3.4 37.8 46.6
the Aga Khan Fund for Economic Development, Percentage of households with Internet access 4.8 45.5 51.5
was launched in 2003. The two companies were Percentage of individuals using the Internet 10.6 41.5 45.9
awarded exclusivity for a period of three years. Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 12.0 48.0 74.5
In 2006, a third operator, Areeba, entered the Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
marketplace and was subsequently purchased
by the South Africa-based MTN Group. United Government policy: The Telecommunications
Arab Emirates-based Etisalat became the county’s Services Regulation Act became law in 2005,
fourth mobile operator in 2007. Afghan Telecom resulting in the formation of the Afghan
(AFTEL), the incumbent state-owned fixed-line Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (ATRA)
operator, was awarded a mobile licence and in 2006. The Ministry of Communications and
launched its mobile service in 2014 under the Information Technology (MCIT) is responsible
Salaam brand. This steady increase in competition for policy making and implementing the ICT
has boosted mobile access with 87 per cent of Policy (2015-2024). The policy is aligned with the
Afghan homes had a mobile phone (94 per cent country's Vision 2024 and has four high-level goals:
in urban areas and 85 per cent in rural locations).1 i) maximizing penetration and diffusion of ICT;
3G mobile broadband was launched in March ii) developing and promoting ICT as an enabler
2012 and uptake has been growing. Some of of increased efficiency and productivity in all
the operators have piloted LTE, and frequency economic and social sectors and industry domains;
allocations are expected in the near future. iii) optimizing use of ICT for management of
government operations and as a tool for enhanced
Fixed services: AFTEL was established under efficiency, effectiveness and transparency in
presidential decree in 2005 and awarded a 25- public governance, and in service delivery; and
year operating licence. Landline telephones are iv) encouraging and promoting the ICT sector in
limited and most investment, particularly in rural the country as an important contributor to the
areas, has been in fixed wireless CDMA. Afghan national economy and as a venue for employment.
Telecom is the main fixed-line provider, while
Wasel Telecom, backed by UAE-based investors, Conclusion: Despite security, economic and
was launched in 2008 to provide wireless fixed geographical challenges, Afghanistan has
lines in several northern provinces. There are few made notable progress in extending access
broadband fixed subscriptions owing to limited to the population, primarily through mobile
availability and high costs. ADSL is offered in urban communications, which have spread rapidly owing
areas as well as fixed wireless broadband provided to a vibrant and competitive market.
by Afghan Telecom, Wasel and several Wi-Max
providers.
Construction of a national fibre-optic backbone

began in 2007. Afghanistan is landlocked, so
international connectivity relies on terrestrial
systems, with cross-border links to the Islamic
Republic of Iran, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan
and Uzbekistan.
Measuring the Information Society Report 2017 - Volume 2 3

Albania Key indicators for Albania (2016) Europe World
This small market of just under three million Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 105.1 118.0 101.5
inhabitants has a competitive mobile market Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 8.3 30.2 12.4
with a high mobile-cellular penetration rate. Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 52.6 80.1 52.2
Fixed services are less commonplace in Albania 3G coverage (% of population) 99.0 98.5 85.0
and fixed-broadband is scarcely available,
Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 1.8 1.0 5.2
especially in rural areas of the country.
Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 2.7 1.2 13.9
Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 1.2 0.6 3.7
Mobile services: AMC, the former state-owned
Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 1.2 0.6 6.8
mobile operator was privatized in 2000. Vodafone Percentage of households with computer 27.7 79.6 46.6
Albania entered the market in 2001, followed by Percentage of households with Internet access 37.0 82.5 51.5
ALBTelecom subsidiary Eagle Mobile in 2008.2,3 Percentage of individuals using the Internet 66.4 77.9 45.9
When Mobile 4 Al became operational in 2010 Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 57.0 178.0 74.5
under the brand name Plus communications,
Albania became the first country in the Balkans Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
with four mobile operators. Three of the four

focused on improving access to ICT services
mobile operators are offering mobile-broadband
but also stimulating demand for ICTs. This was
services. Vodafone Albania was the first operator
continued with the 2009-2015 National Strategy
to introduce 3G services in 2010, followed by AMC
on Information Society (NSIS) and the Digital
(since July 2015, named Telekom Albania), which
Agenda of Albania 2015-2020, which puts ICTs at
was granted an authorization in 2011 (ITU, 2012),
the heart of Albania development. The Albania
and Eagle Mobile started 3G services in 2013.4 The
digital agenda aims at increasing investments in
number of active mobile-broadband subscribers,
ICT infrastructure and boosting policies to provide
however, remains below the European average.
new digital services. Furthermore, the government
While 3G coverage is almost complete in terms of
is working to improve ICT education and support
population, LTE coverage is significantly lower.
to outside actors in the ICT sector. In 2016, an
ITU-D report examined the dynamics of the ICT
Fixed services: Albania fixed-telephone and fixed-
centric innovation ecosystem in Albania and
broadband penetration is low for the region, and
made recommendations to strengthen Albania’s
also at a global level. The Digital Agenda Strategy
ability to integrate ICT innovation in its national
2015-2020 and the National Broadband Plan
development agenda, and leverage the economic
identified the development of ICT infrastructure
and social opportunities provided by innovative
as a strategic objective. Furthermore the
technologies (ITU, 2016).
development of ICT infrastructure is identified
as an important priority in the Business and
Conclusion: Albania’s ICT ecosystem has seen
Investment Development Strategy for 2014-
a positive development over the past decade.
2020 (Republic of Albania, Ministry of Economic
Innovation strategies brought forward by the
Development, Trade & Entrepreneurship, 2014).
government and the European Union (EU)
Fixed infrastructure is relatively good around
enlargement process have fostered policy
urban centres, but much less so in rural areas. The
reform, in particular in the ICT sector (European
pattern is similar in terms of soft infrastructure
Commission, 2014). Access to and use of ICTs have
including training and incubation programmes,
grown due to the government strategic vision
which public and private players are developing in
and liberalization of the ICT market. While ICT
and around the capital Tirana. A 2016 ITU country
infrastructure is well developed in urban centres,
review of Albania found that “while availability is
rural connectivity remains a challenge. In some,
sporadic, usage is strong where available, leading
especially rural, regions costs can be high and
to a point (…) that distribution is a major issue in
penetration low. The lack of rural connectivity is
terms of infrastructure” (ITU, 2016).
“one of the major gaps” and hampers growth in
the country (ITU, 2016).
Government policy: In 2003, the country
published its first National ICT Policy Strategy,
recognizing the potential of ICTs to enhance
economic and social development. The strategy
4 Measuring the Information Society Report 2017 - Volume 2

ICT country profiles
Algeria Key indicators for Algeria (2016)
Arab
States
World

Algeria has been witnessing widespread Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 113.9 107.1 101.5
change and development in its Internet and Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 6.9 4.7 12.4
telecommunication markets. With three Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 64.6 45.2 52.2
competing operators, Algeria offers affordable 3G coverage (% of population) 83.4 81.9 85.0
prices for fixed and fixed-broadband services and LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 3.6 33.8 66.5
lower than the average prices in the region. Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 2.5 4.3 5.2
Mobile services: The Algeria cellular and mobile- Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 2.6 4.5 3.7
broadband markets are served by three operators, Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 5.4 5.5 6.8
Algerie Telecom Mobile (Mobilis), launched in Percentage of households with computer 38.4 43.3 46.6
1999, and was the first cellular operator to start Percentage of households with Internet access 34.7 45.3 51.5
its services in the Algeria market; Optimum Percentage of individuals using the Internet 42.9 41.8 45.9
Telecom Algérie (OTA, trading as Djezzy) entered Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 40.0 39.0 74.5
the telecommunication market in 2002; and Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
Ooredoo (formerly Nedjma) followed in 2004. The
fixed telecommunication and Internet market is telecommunication market. The main tasks and
served by Algerie Telecom. The deployment of 3G mission of the ARPT include ensuring effective
and LTE services by all operators increased the competition and regulating the framework in
level of competition between mobile operators, the telecommunication and postal market.
which increased the mobile-cellular and mobile- Furthermore the regulator guarantees the
broadband penetration. In 2013, Algerian sharing of telecommunication infrastructure, and
Telecoms and Post Regulator (ARPT) issued 3G oversees the planning, management, assignment
concessions to Mobilis, Ooredoo, and Djezzy in and control of the band frequencies. The Algeria
the 1900 and 2100 MHz bands. Initially and in a Government passed a new telecommunication
transitional phase, the ARPT imposed a 3G dual law in 2017, the Code of Posts and Electronic
numbering license on mobile operators. This dual Communications, which includes an obligation for
numbering system required that every citizen fixed line incumbent Algerie Telecom to open its
wishing to benefit from a 3G service have two local loops to alternative operators, in addition
separate 2G and 3G phone numbers. Today, this to granting extra powers to telecommunication
method has been abandoned since the use of operators to undertake widespread monitoring
both 2G and 3G networks is possible by means of of all international phone calls. The Council of
the same telephone number. In September 2016, Ministers has endorsed: (a) to strengthen the
ARPT awarded the executive decrees authorizing regulatory authority for postal and electronic
the deployment of LTE networks in the 1800 MHz communications in order to enable it to fulfil its
band to Mobilis, Djezzy, and Ooredoo Algeria. tasks in the commercial field in order to ensure the
effective exercise of fair competition; (b) to put the
Fixed services: With a fixed-line penetration spectrum management regulation and planning
of around 8 per cent, Algeria has one of the as a high priority of the National Radio Frequency
highest penetration levels in the Middle East. Agency.
The infrastructure in Algeria includes a national
fibre backbone and one of Africa’s first FttP Conclusion: The efforts made by the Government
deployments. Algerie Telecom has invested in of Algeria over the past 15 years, and in particular
expanding and upgrading its ADSL, WiMAX, and during the last 5 years, have resulted in high
fixed LTE networks. Algerie Telecom is investing in levels of mobile penetration, indicating how
the expansion of its national fibre infrastructure, wide mobile-broadband and fibre optic network
while the operator has also become a major coverage is in the country, and how well mobile
shareholder in a four-company national fibre operators and Algerie Telecom have managed to
project. By the end of 2016, Algerie Telecom had roll this out. Algeria has a fast growth in term of
laid more than 76 500 km of fibre. infrastructures deployment, not only at national
level but also as a regional actor that could insure
Government policy: ARPT was created as connectivity within remote areas of neighbouring
part of the liberalization of the postal and countries.

Andorra Key indicators for Andorra (2016) Europe World
Andorra Telecom is the only telecommunication Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 87.2 118.0 101.5
service provider in the Principality of Andorra. Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 39.8 30.2 12.4
The country stands out as a forerunner of optical Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 47.8 80.1 52.2
fibre deployments, having achieved complete 3G coverage (% of population) 97.0 98.5 85.0
optical fibre coverage in 2012 and switched off
its copper network in 2016.5
Mobile services: Andorra Telecom is the only
mobile operator offering services in the country. Percentage of households with computer 85.1 79.6 46.6
3G services were launched in 2005 and 3G Percentage of households with Internet access 83.3 82.5 51.5
population coverage is almost complete. LTE Percentage of individuals using the Internet 97.9 77.9 45.9
services were launched in 2014 and LTE coverage Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 106.4 178.0 74.5
has significantly increased in the country since its
launch, reaching 90 per cent of the population in Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
2017.6 Moreover, LTE remains an important area of

Mbit/s to all households at the same price, and
investment for Andorra Telecom.7 Mobile-cellular
retail prices are regulated by the government.9
and mobile-broadband subscription rates are
below the European average.
Conclusion: Despite its mountainous geography,
Andorra is a highly connected country with
Fixed services: The country has very high fixed-
optical fibre cables to all households. Government
telephone and fixed-broadband penetration
policy implemented by Andorra Telecom ensures
rates which are well above the European
universal access to telecommunication services.
average. In 2006, Andorra Telecom started the
The country has completed a very ambitious roll-
implementation of its strategy to provide all
out of fibre infrastructure and continues to invest
households in the Principality with optical fibre
in ICT infrastructure.
broadband access. Complete optical fibre coverage
was achieved in 2012, ADSL services were switched
off in 2014 and fixed-telephone over copper wire
was discontinued in 2016. Thus, copper-wire
connections have been phased out in favour of
fibre.8 Today, all fixed Internet connections in
Andorra are at speeds equal or above 10 Mbit/s.
Furthermore, Andorra Telecom is investing in
the replacement of the active equipment of the
optical fibre network, which should be finalized
by the end 2017. This will allow broadband speeds
to be upgraded from 100 Mbit/s symmetric to
300 Mbit/s symmetric. International connectivity
is ensured by eight cross-border cables with a
capacity of 10 Gbit/s each connecting the country
with Spain and France.
Government policy: Andorra Telecom holds a

monopoly in the telecommunication market. The
operator is 100 per cent government-owned and
the head of the operator acts as the head of the
regulator. The public operator implements directly
Andorra ICT policies, such as, for instance, the
decision to provide universal access to optical
fibre broadband. Andorra Telecom has the legal
obligation to provide optical fibre access at 100

Angola Key indicators for Angola (2016) Africa World
This oil-rich country is aiming to shift from ICTs Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 55.3 74.6 101.5
led by economic growth to ICTs being a leading Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.5 0.4 12.4
engine of the economy. Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 17.1 22.9 52.2
3G coverage (% of population) 62.0 59.3 85.0
Mobile services: The market is a duopoly
between UNITEL and MOVICEL. UNITEL is 25 per
cent owned by Angolan investors, 50 per cent
by State-run oil company SONANGOL and 25 per
cent by Oi of Brazil. MOVICEL was originally a Percentage of households with computer 10.5 9.6 46.6
subsidiary of the State-owned incumbent Angola Percentage of households with Internet access 10.0 16.3 51.5
Telecom. In 2010, a majority of shares were sold to Percentage of individuals using the Internet 13.0 19.9 45.9
several Angolan companies, with Angola Telecom Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 8.8 51.0 74.5
retaining a small share. One factor that affected
the competitiveness of the mobile market is the Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
fact that MOVICEL’S network was based on Code

consortium of the country’s telecom operators.
Division Multiple Access (CDMA) technology,
Angola Cables also manages the ANGONIX Internet
while UNITEL has used Global System for Mobile
exchange point (IXP). The country’s first satellite,
Communications (GSM) from the start. In 2010,
Angosat1, is slated for launch in 2017.
MOVICEL shifted to GSM. Despite Angola’s above-
average per capita income in the region, only
Government policy: The Ministry of
around two-thirds of households (63 per cent)
Telecommunications and Information Technology
had mobile phones with a wide variation between
is the authority for electronic communications in
urban (83 per cent) and rural areas (31 per cent).10
Angola, and is responsible for defining the sector’s
Operators have been moving to widen access and
development policies. The National Plan for the
deploy mobile-broadband. MOVICEL introduced
Information Society 2013–2017 is aligned with
3G in 2010, when it converted its network, some
Angola’s national development plan and sector
two years after the introduction of the technology
strategies. It aims at bridging current gaps by
by UNITEL. Both operators introduced LTE in
strengthening the impact of ICTs on economic
2012, one of the earliest launches of this mobile-
and social development to promote an inclusive
broadband technology in sub-Saharan Africa.
country whose citizens are linked to the world,
and have access to education and health and
Fixed services: Angola Telecom is the State-owned
opportunities to develop their personal and
incumbent. Unlike most other countries in sub-
professional ideas and skills. The Angolan Institute
Saharan Africa, there are more fixed-telephone
for Communications, created in 1999, is the sector
operators (four) than mobile operators (two).
regulator responsible for telecommunications and
Nevertheless, Angola Telecom dominates the
posts.
market. All of the fixed-telephone operators
also compete in the fixed-broadband market,
Conclusion: ICT growth has largely been driven
along with several fixed wireless Internet service
by economic growth from the country’s large
providers (ISPs). Fixed technologies in use include
oil reserves. There is now a push to widen and
ADSL, optical fibre and cable modem. Angola
deepen access, infrastructure, human resources,
Telecom has been building out the national fibre
content and e-services, so that ICT plays a major
backbone and it now reaches all provincial capitals.
role in the country’s economic development
Angola is well provisioned with undersea fibre-
strategies.
optic cables. It was one of the original countries
in sub-Saharan Africa to have a submarine cable
link when it connected to SAT-3 in 2002. However,
it was not until the arrival of the Africa Coast
to Europe (ACE) and, in particular, the West
African Cable System (WACS) a decade later that
international bandwidth prices were significantly
lowered. WACS is owned by Angola Cables, a

Antigua and Barbuda Key indicators for Antigua and Barbuda (2016) The
Americas World
Antigua and Barbuda has made substantial Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 194.1 114.2 101.5
progress in the market for ICT services. Increased Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 10.0 19.1 12.4
competition has fostered both the expansion Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 44.2 82.7 52.2
of services provision and viable pricing when 3G coverage (% of population) 99.0 93.6 85.0
compared not only with the regional levels but LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 100.0 77.4 66.5
also worldwide, resulting in a high share of the Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 2.7 3.6 5.2
population regularly using the Internet. Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 4.8 6.4 13.9
Mobile services: The country’s mobile-cellular Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 5.3 5.7 6.8
penetration rates surpass both regional and Percentage of households with computer 59.1 64.9 46.6
worldwide levels. This sector’s segment hosts Percentage of households with Internet access 58.6 63.3 51.5
Percentage of individuals using the Internet 73.0 64.0 45.9
three operators: LIME, Digicel and the Antigua
Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 88.6 91.0 74.5
Public Utilities Authority, provider of the national
telecommunications infrastructure.11 Competition Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
was first introduced in 1997, and the partially
competitive environment has experienced which aims to restructure the telecommunications
extensive growth during the beginning of the industry, moving the sector towards liberalization,
twenty-first century, expanding more than 90 per bringing the regulation up to date, including
cent between 2005 and 2010.12 Mobile-broadband measures on consumer protection.15,16,17 Efforts
penetration levels, however, have failed to keep are being made by the Government to further
the regional pace despite prices being considerably develop the nation’s telecommunications sector
lower than the regional and global averages. Unlike by partnering with the Eastern Caribbean
the mobile-cellular segment, mobile-broadband Telecommunications Authority (ECTEL), with a
is a fully competitive market and has considerable principal objective of increasing liberalization.
potential for expansion as almost the entire Furthermore, the Government has focused for
population is currently covered by long-term over a decade on increasing ICT accessibility,
evolution (LTE)-based services, a long way from particularly regarding ICT in education, through
the introduction of 2G networks, introduced in the Connect Antigua and Barbuda Initiative,
1992.13 The LTE market was introduced in 2014 launched in 2006.18 The all-encompassing
as part of LIME’s strategy to upgrade the service programme promotes computer literacy from
offering in the country, investing EC$ 37 million in early childhood education through to higher
the process.14 education, also focusing on technology for
empowerment. These efforts to bridge the digital
Fixed services: The fixed-broadband market has divide are also pronounced in other initiatives, for
been partially competitive since 2000 and not instance the Government-Assisted Technology
only is pricing lower than the world’s average, but Endeavour, which aims at improving connectivity
bandwidth per Internet user is largely above it, and increasing the availability of ICT training
being on par with the region’s average. Whereas facilities.
international gateways have experienced a
partially competitive environment since 2000, Conclusion: Antigua and Barbuda’s steps towards
the domestic and international long distance, as industry development have resulted in remarkable
well as the local fixed-line services, remain under progress over the years, noteworthy both with
monopoly. respect to service take-up and its competitive
pricing levels and Internet speed.
Government policy: The national ICT regulatory
body is the Ministry of Telecommunications,
Science and Technology, which is responsible for
the sector’s policy and legislation, although it is
not autonomous in its decision-making, and the
entirety of its budget stems from government
appropriation. Public consultation opened in
August 2016 for a new Telecommunications Bill,

Argentina Key indicators for Argentina (2016) The
Americas World
Argentina fosters one of the most dynamic Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 149.9 114.2 101.5
mobile markets in the Americas, with above- Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 17.0 19.1 12.4
average penetration rates and competitive Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 80.5 82.7 52.2
pricing, not only at the regional level, 3G coverage (% of population) 95.0 93.6 85.0
but globally. The country has advanced LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 85.0 77.4 66.5
telecommunications infrastructure and boasts Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 2.0 3.6 5.2
a higher-than-average ratio of individuals using Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 3.3 6.4 13.9
the Internet. Its current challenges revolve Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 0.7 2.5 3.7
around improving broadband speed and Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 1.0 5.7 6.8
extending the service reach to the more remote Percentage of households with computer 67.6 64.9 46.6
areas. Percentage of households with Internet access 63.8 63.3 51.5

Mobile services: The Argentine mobile-cellular
market has shown exponential growth in the Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
past 20 years. The mobile-cellular services are
under full competition and there are three access. In terms of fixed-broadband penetration,
main operators: Claro (America Móvil), Personal the Argentine market is yet to attain the regional
(Telecom Argentina) and Movistar (Telefónica). rate. Progress is also sought in terms of speed,
A fourth player, Nextel Argentina, from Grupo since it demonstrates significant lower bandwidth
Clarin, is gaining strength and entering the market than regional and worldwide levels.
by leveraging a varied service offering that stems
from broadband and cable television.19 The recent Government policy: The Ministerio de
resolution 38/2016 of the Argentine Ministry Modernización is the independent regulator
of Communications is expected to increase in charge of telecommunications.24 At the end
competition levels even further by enabling mobile of the 1990s, the Government of Argentina
virtual network operators (MVNOs) to access liberalized its telecommunications market and
the market. The mobile-broadband penetration the country currently has one of the most
is close to the regional average and noticeably advanced telecommunications infrastructures in
ahead of the global level. In 2007, 3G technology Latin America.25 The State-owned infrastructure
was launched, and LTE became available in 2014.20 operator, ARSAT (Empresa Argentina de Soluciones
Argentina’s LTE adoption rates were the fastest Satelitales S.A.), has announced considerable
growing in Latin America during the first six investment to increase the broadband reach
months after the launch, with approximately six to the rural areas. Within the same scope, that
new users per minute. Mobile operators alone of the national plan Argentina Conectada, the
generate close to 1 per cent of the country’s GDP, Government aims to supply free digital television
and the mobile market in its entirety contributed to the most remote and underserved regions.
with more than 3.5 per cent. Spectrum auctions ARSAT is also responsible for deploying the
are expected to take place in the short term after national broadband plan, which aims to connect
the recent auction of the 700 MHz and 1 700–2 1 200 remote locations and provide universal
100MHz bands.21 broadband access. Another ICT programme, the
Plan País Digital, administered by the Ministerio
Fixed services: The national fixed-telephone de Modernización, also aims at developing ICT
penetration rates are similar to the regional infrastructure, bridging the digital gap and
average and higher than the global average. As supplying public Wi-Fi in more than 1 000
it stands, long distance services benefit from a municipalities across the country.26
competitive market, whereas the same cannot
be said about local telephony.22 Telefónica Conclusion: Argentina’s approach to the
de Argentina and Telecom Argentina hold telecommunications sector is multifaceted,
approximately 68 per cent of the DSL market employing national plans that focus on both
share, the remainder being divided among several infrastructure development and computer literacy,
smaller operators.23 Recently, a third significant but also allowing for and incentivizing competition
market player, FiberTel, was able to gain market in the different market segments.

Armenia Key indicators for Armenia (2016) CIS World
Armenia was one of the first countries to Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 114.8 141.2 101.5
launch LTE in the CIS region. It has a high level Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 10.0 15.8 12.4
of mobile-broadband coverage: 3G is available Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 51.7 59.7 52.2
for almost 100 per cent of the population, LTE 3G coverage (% of population) 100.0 77.1 85.0
coverage is above the CIS region average.
Mobile services: There are three mobile-cellular
telecommunication operators in Armenia:
Vivacell-MTS, Ucom, and Beeline/Armentel. Percentage of households with computer 64.7 67.4 46.6
3G-services have been provided since 2008. The Percentage of households with Internet access 60.5 68.0 51.5
first commercial LTE network was launched in Percentage of individuals using the Internet 62.0 65.1 45.9
2011, and since 2016, all mobile-cellular operators Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 59.9 59.0 74.5
provide LTE services.27 Mobile number portability
was introduced in 2014. As of the end of 2016, Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
3.4 per cent of localities were covered by one

infrastructure and e-government development,
operator, 16.3 per cent by two, and 80.3 per cent
ICT-education quality improvement, financial
by all three operators and. It is estimated that 80
tools implementation to stimulate start-
per cent will be covered by LTE in 2017. In 2016,
ups in the IT sphere, etc. According to this
the number of broadband Internet subscribers is
strategy Armenia aims to supply 70 per cent of
increasing steadily, with 84 per cent accessing the
households and 100 per cent of educational and
Internet via mobile networks.28
governmental establishments with computers,
and provide Internet access to 90 per cent of
Fixed services: Operators continue modernization
households by 2018.34 Regulation authorities
of fixed-telephone networks in Armenia. By
maintain a competitive environment in the
the end of 2016 around 89 per cent of fixed-
telecommunication sector. One of the first steps to
telephone networks were digital. At the same
market liberalization was to end the international
time, the number of fixed-broadband connections
Internet gateway monopoly of ArmenTel in 2007.35
increases annually. Regulation authorities facilitate
The monopoly on VoIP (voice over IP) services
regional infrastructure development by imposing
was cancelled in the same year.36 Although,
obligations on telecommunication operators.
there is an obligation to use ’digital dividend’
According to the last licensing requirements,
frequencies of 800 MHz band for wireless-
Armentel shall provide 440 remote localities with
broadband services, in the majority of cases,
broadband access in 2017.29 Besides Armentel,
telecommunication operators are able to use their
Ucom, and GNC-Alfa companies are also among
radio-frequency resources with no limitations on
the largest fixed-broadband market players. The
offered services or implemented technology.37
majority of users have ADSL-Internet access,
Some operators compete with each other both
although their number is decreasing while FTTx
in fixed and mobile market segments.38 Dominant
networks are being actively deployed.30 The
telecommunication operators shall provide
number of FTTx subscribers increased by 14
interconnection capabilities to small operators.39
per cent from 2015 to 2017.31 In remote areas,
Armenian legislation provides for mechanisms to
fixed-telephone and Internet access services are
access the infrastructure of dominant operators,
offered with CDMA networks.32 In order to attract
non-discriminatory terms of telecommunication
subscribers, operators bundle services together.
operators' networks interconnection and
Some services bundles contain both fixed and
consumer protection measures including tariff
mobile services.
regulation.40
Government policy: The Ministry of Transport,
Conclusion: In its policy, the Armenia Government
Communication and Information Technologies
incentivizes ICT-infrastructure development
is in charge for the policy making in ICT and
for further introduction of e-government. ICT-
telecommunications.33 The government
related activities penetrated into many sectoral
policy is stated in the “Concept paper on IT
programme documents. Armenia is heading
development for 2008-2018”. It focuses on ICT-

towards affordable, secure access to e-government
services across the country.

Australia Key indicators for Australia (2016)
Asia &
Pacific
World

Australia has achieved a high level of mobile Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 109.6 98.9 101.5
and Internet access. Government emphasis is Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 30.4 11.3 12.4
on steps to promote the widespread availability Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 130.2 47.4 52.2
of universal high-speed fixed broadband access 3G coverage (% of population) 98.8 87.6 85.0
through a wholesale/retail model. LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 98.0 73.6 66.5
Mobile services: The market consists of three Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 1.1 14.5 13.9
facilities-based operators: the incumbent Telstra; Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 0.4 2.7 3.7
Optus, a subsidiary of Singapore Telecom; and Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 0.2 5.4 6.8
Vodafone, a subsidiary of the United Kingdom Percentage of households with computer 85.9 37.8 46.6
mobile group of the same name. There are also Percentage of households with Internet access 88.5 45.5 51.5
a number of mobile virtual network operators Percentage of individuals using the Internet 88.2 41.5 45.9
(MVNOs). Mobile services are increasingly higher Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 88.3 48.0 74.5
speed and 2G networks will be shut down by Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
the end of 2017.41 In June 2016, an estimated 14
million adults (76 per cent of the total) used a premises that were able to order a service over
smartphone.42 LTE networks were launched in the NBN (out of a total 11.6 million premises).
2011 and now cover most of the population. A The network is on track to be completed by 2020.
fourth operator TPG has purchased spectrum All major fixed-line broadband providers, and
and announced plans for building a network. many smaller providers, offer services on the
The commercial rollout of 5G mobile networks is NBN. Australia has eight international submarine
expected to commence in 2020. cables which are built in response to commercial
activities. Several more planned in the coming
Fixed services: Fixed-line broadband is dominated years. There are over a dozen Internet Exchange
by ADSL, followed by cable modem and high speed Points, all in major cities. Exchange Points are
connections such as fiber. There are four major located in all but one of the eight state or territory
fixed-line broadband and retail providers. The capital cities.
incumbent, Telstra, was fully privatised in 2011.
Telstra supplies services over its legacy copper Government policy: The Department of
networks and over HFC and fiber networks. The Communications and the Arts is the ministry
other three major providers TPG, Optus and Vocus, responsible for industry policy covering
supply services on Telstra’s copper network and broadcasting, telecommunications and postal
on their own networks. In major capital cities, TPG services. Its 2017-18 Corporate Plan outlines
has deployed a fiber-to-the-basement network strategic priorities: consumer; advancing the
whilst Optus has deployed its own HFC network. A sector; and content and culture. The Australian
number of small fiber providers also service new Communications and Media Authority (ACMA)
developments. Some carriers also operate fixed is responsible for technical regulation of
wireless networks. Most of these are small scale telecommunications and broadcasting guided
and localized, but several cover multiple states. by the Telecommunications Act of 1997. The
The federal government is rolling out the National Australian Competition and Consumer Commission
Broadband Network (NBN), where NBN Co (a (ACCC) is responsible for economic regulation
Government owned wholesaler) is rolling out high including telecommunications and the NBN,
speed broadband to every premises in Australia. broadcasting and content. The ACMA and ACCC
The rollout of the NBN aims to foster productivity share responsibility for consumer protection.
and provide a platform for innovation in order
to deliver economic and social benefits for all Conclusion: Australia has achieved a high level of
Australians. The NBN is being designed to provide ICT access that is typical of a developed nation.
peak wholesale download data rates of at least 25 The Government is now promoting the availability
megabits per second to all premises, and at least of affordable high-speed infrastructure to every
50 megabits per second to 90 percent of the fixed premises in the nation to support a knowledge-
line premises. The flexible rollout approach has based, innovative economy.
meant that by October 2017 there were 6 million

Austria Key indicators for Austria (2016) Europe World
Austria has a competitive telecommunication Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 166.1 118.0 101.5
market with high penetration rates for fixed and Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 29.4 30.2 12.4
mobile services and relatively affordable prices. Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 88.3 80.1 52.2
Mobile services: A1 Telekom Austria, the
incumbent operator, leads the Austria mobile
market. The incumbent is however facing
increased competition from the two other mobile
network operators, Hutchinson and T-Mobile, Percentage of households with computer 83.2 79.6 46.6
as well as from several mobile virtual network Percentage of households with Internet access 85.1 82.5 51.5
operators (MVNOs). Hutchinson’s takeover of Percentage of individuals using the Internet 84.3 77.9 45.9
Orange in 2013 allowed the operator to close in Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 150.0 178.0 74.5
on its rival T-Mobile. At the end of 2015, T-Mobile
(28 per cent) and Hutchinson/3 Austria (27.9 Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
per cent) were separated by just 0.1 percentage

order to provide higher broadband speeds to its
points in terms of market share (RTR, 2015).
customers.43
Since the market consolidation, more and more
MVNOs have entered the market and contributed
Government policy: The liberalization of Austria’s
to building competitive pressure in the sector.
telecommunication market was triggered by the
Numerous discount brands continue to stir up
accession to the European Economic Area (EEA)
the market with highly attracted offers. Part of
in 1993 and European Union (EU) in 1995. ICT
this increase in the MVNO sector has been driven
development is considered a national priority by
by a regulatory concession imposed on 3 Austria
the Austrian government. In 2010, the Austria
following the Orange takeover to provide a third
Government founded the Kompetenzzentrum
of its network capacity to up to 16 MVNOs. This
Internetgesellschaft, an Internet competence
high level of competition in the mobile market
centre. The centre coordinates measures to
leads to very low prices for mobile services as well
strengthen the information society in Austria
as relatively low ARPU levels for operators (RTR,
(OECD, 2012). The Austria national broadband
2015). Heavy competition in the mobile sector as
strategy for 2020 was adopted in 2012 and aims
well as an obligation to provide complete mobile-
at achieving 70 per cent coverage of broadband
broadband coverage as part of the multiband
at speeds of 100 Mbit/s in metropolitan areas by
auction in 2013 prompted operators to invest in
2018 and 99 per cent coverage of all households
their networks even in rural areas of the country.
by 2020. The government follows a market-based
Furthermore, operators were allowed to refarm
approach, and only steps in to provide access in
existing 2G and 3G spectrum for LTE, and spectrum
areas underserved by private operators.44
in the 700 MHz band – once it is released from
broadcasters - has been earmarked for mobile
Conclusion: Austria is among the leading countries
broadband. As a result, LTE networks are available
for ICT development. The government prioritizes
to almost the entire population.
ICT development and has created the framework
to support roll-out driven by private players.
Fixed services: Austria has a very high fixed-
telephone penetration that is even above the
European average. Fixed-broadband penetration
is close to the European average and very
affordable in international comparison. The
incumbent A1 holds the largest market share in
the fixed telecommunication sector and is the
only Austrian operator with a nationwide network
infrastructure. A1 continues to restructure its
access networks and is rolling out FTTx as well
as implementing VDSL vectoring technology in

Azerbaijan Key indicators for Azerbaijan (2016) CIS World
For mobile-broadband penetration and Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 105.0 141.2 101.5
coverage Azerbaijan is among the leaders in Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 18.6 15.8 12.4
the CIS region. The penetration rate in the Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 56.3 59.7 52.2
fixed-broadband market is also above the 3G coverage (% of population) 95.5 77.1 85.0
CIS average. The prices for mobile and fixed
telecommunication services are relatively low
and continue to decline.
Mobile services: The mobile-cellular market Percentage of households with computer 64.3 67.4 46.6
of Azerbaijan is represented by three Percentage of households with Internet access 77.4 68.0 51.5
telecommunication operators: Bakcell, Azercell Percentage of individuals using the Internet 78.2 65.1 45.9
and Azerfon. The companies started to provide Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 34.3 59.0 74.5
commercial services in 1994, 1996, and 2007
correspondingly.45,46,47 Azercell is the largest mobile Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
telecommunication operator in the country with

project, e-Azerbaijan, focused on modern
more than four million subscribers.48 The first 3G
telecommunication infrastructure construction.
network was deployed in 2009 by Azerfon.49 This
The second aimed at information society
was followed by years of rapid development of
development and ICT use. The strategy pursued
mobile broadband networks. LTE was launched
development of information society legal
in 2015.50 The IMEI code registration system
framework, creation of favourable conditions
was introduced in 2011, while mobile number
for information distribution, e-government
portability (MNP) was introduced in the beginning
and e-trade development, ICT-infrastructure
of 2014.
deployment, new ICT-services launch, etc. As
a result, in 2003-2009 around 500 ICT related
Fixed services: From 1993 to 2003, telephone
companies emerged. In 2010-2015, fixed-
networks were actively deployed, Azerbaijan
telephone network penetration increased by 45
was connected to the Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE)
per cent, and mobile-cellular network penetration
international fibre-optic cable line and Internet
increased by 38 per cent. In 2008, the government
access services became available all over the
of Azerbaijan approved a national programme
country. Nowadays, more than 90 per cent of
aimed at developing a space industry and
regional centres are connected to high-speed
launched its first telecommunication satellite and
fibre-optic cable lines.51 By 2008, all of the
earth observation satellite in 2013. It plans to
settlements were provided by fixed telephone
launch the second telecommunication satellite
services. By 2010, analogue private branch
in 2018. In 2008, Azerbaijan initiated the Trans-
exchanges (PBX) were replaced by digital systems.
Eurasian Information Super Highway (TASIM)
CDMA technology is heavily used in wireless
project that is a major regional initiative aimed
local loop (WLL) systems. The largest national
at creation of transnational fibre-optic backbone
telecommunication operator Aztelecom covers 80
targeting primarily the countries of Eurasia
per cent of the population with CDMA networks.
from Western Europe to Eastern Asia.55 Another
Commercial broadband Internet services have
significant infrastructural project is “AzDATACOM”
been offered to the population since 2006.
implemented in partnership with the United
Today, there are about 40 Internet providers
Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The
in Azerbaijan. Three of them (Aztelekomnet,
“AzDATACOM” project is a network infrastructure
Bakinternet, and Azdatakom) are state owned.52
for data transmission covering almost all regions
Under the Public Wi-Fi project, free Wi-Fi hotspots
of the country.56 In 2014, the government adopted
are being deployed in the capital of Azerbaijan
a national programme based on The National
since May 2017.53 Two private companies provide
Strategy of Information Society Development
international Internet connections.54
in the Republic of Azerbaijan 2014-2020.57 The
strategy targets the following issues: renovation
Government policy: Two programmes in ICT
of ICT-infrastructure, effective regulation, creation
were implemented under the National ICT
of competitive ICT-products, e-government
Strategy 2003-2012 in recent years. The first
enhancement, ICT-education, information security,

etc. In 2016, the government adopted the State
Program to use this National Strategy.
Conclusion: The ICT sector in the country is one

of the most developed in the CIS region. The
Azerbaijan Government has a clear understanding
of ICT policy significance in the development
process. According to national plans, the focus
will be on high-speed optical fibre and wireless
access network construction, deployment of an
IMS (IP multimedia subsystem)58, increasing transit
capacity, and the development of data-centres and
satellite communications.59

Bahamas Key indicators for Bahamas (2016) The
Americas World
Notwithstanding the late introduction of Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 91.8 114.2 101.5
competition in the mobile segment, the Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 22.0 19.1 12.4
penetration rates in Bahamas are not far Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 51.2 82.7 52.2
from the average in the region. The country 3G coverage (% of population) 98.0 93.6 85.0
stands out in regard to its higher percentage LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 95.0 77.4 66.5
of individuals using the Internet as well as its Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 1.1 3.6 5.2
mobile-broadband coverage, relative to the Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 1.7 6.4 13.9
other countries in the region. Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 0.6 2.5 3.7
Mobile services: There is a strong presence of Percentage of households with computer 70.7 64.9 46.6
both the partially government-owned operator (49 Percentage of households with Internet access 66.0 63.3 51.5
per cent of the company’s shares), the Bahamas
Telecommunications Company (BTC), which has
majority market shares in fixed telephony and Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
mobile services, and Cable Bahamas Limited
(CBL) a 100 per cent locally owned operator work to implement price caps is in train, various
with majority market shares in cable television other measures to regulate the operators with
and fixed broadband services, and a controlling significant market power (SMP) have already been
interest in the second mobile operator, Be Aliv put in place (for instance regulated interconnect
Limited (Aliv). The Bahamian mobile market was offers, national roaming, and additional regulatory
a monopoly of BTC until October 2016, when obligations).64 URCA determined that BTC has SMP
Aliv entered the market with a fully LTE network in fixed-voice services, mobile voice and mobile
covering more than 75 per cent of the population, data services and fixed broadband services (BTC’s
having received its licence in July 2016. Aliv’s SMP in fixed broadband is limited to Geographic
licences require its network to cover all populated Market 2, which comprises all but the four most
islands of The Bahamas within two years. Mobile is heavily populated populous islands); CBL, on the
the segment with the highest penetration level in other hand, has SMP in paid television services
Bahamas, though overall mobile voice penetration and fixed broadband services (CBL has SMP in
is lower than regional and global averages. In 2016, fixed broadband services in Geographic Market
BTC was in the process of rolling out LTE.60 Both 1 which comprises the most heavily populated
mobile-cellular and mobile-broadband prices are islands of New Providence, Grand Bahama, Abaco
well below the regional average in terms of GNI and Eleuthera). Still within the scope of fostering
per capita. competition, the regulator commenced net
neutrality discussions in 2016 but has not yet
Fixed services: Fixed-telephone services are finalized any regulatory intervention.
provided by BTC and Cable Bahamas Limited
(CBL).61 In an effort to enhance the array of choices Conclusion: As with many small countries, the
to the consumer, the national telecommunications Bahamas’ various telecommunications segments
regulator introduced fixed number portability are susceptible to a concentrated market but the
in 2013. Bahamas has a higher penetration rate regulator is committed to adopting the various
for fixed services, both telephony and fixed measures necessary to move towards broader
broadband, than the regional and global average. market liberalization. The country’s infrastructure
already allows for a more intense usage uptake of
Government policy: The telecommunications the various telecommunications services.
sector is regulated by the Utilities Regulation and
Competition Authority (URCA), a separate and
independent regulator created in 2009. Among
URCA’s main objectives are the promotion of
sustainable competition, investment and optimal
usage of resources.62 While mobile number
portability is currently being implemented by the
regulator (with expected launch in April 2017), and

Bahrain Key indicators for Bahrain (2016)
Arab
States
World

Bahrain has a vibrant and advanced market for Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 216.9 107.1 101.5
ICT services, with low prices and high usage of Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 16.8 4.7 12.4
fixed and mobile-broadband services. With three Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 162.4 45.2 52.2
competing mobile operators and 14 Internet 3G coverage (% of population) 100.0 81.9 85.0
operators, the country offers some of the lowest LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 100.0 33.8 66.5
prices of fixed and mobile-broadband services in Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 0.6 4.3 5.2
the Arab States region. Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 0.8 10.1 13.9
Mobile services: Mobile-cellular penetration is Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 1.6 5.5 6.8
well above the average penetration in Arab States Percentage of households with computer 94.8 43.3 46.6
region and globally. The same applies to mobile- Percentage of households with Internet access 98.0 45.3 51.5
broadband penetration, which has grown fast and Percentage of individuals using the Internet 98.0 41.8 45.9
is three times as high as the global and regional Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 112.8 39.0 74.5
averages. This can be attributed to the strong Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
competition between its three telecommunication
operators. The Bahrain Telecommunications to introduce and foster competition as well as
Company (Batelco), the partially private incumbent protect the interests of consumers. The second
operator, began facing competition when Zain National Telecommunication Plan released in
(MTC-Vodafone prior to 2007) that was granted 2008, recognized the need to nurture competition,
the second licence in the country. At the end to create an environment conducive to investment
of 2003, Bahrain was the first country in the and to enhance the use of broadband and Internet
Arab States to launch commercial 3G services. services. The third National Telecommunication
In 2009, the third licence was granted to Viva Plan, released in 2012, identifies measures to
in an effort to reduce prices for consumers. strengthen ICT competitiveness and readiness to
Spectrum licences were granted in 2013 in the support the fast-growing digital economy. In 2016,
900MHz/1800MHz/2100MHz bands to the three the fourth National Telecommunication Plan for
mobile operators to increase the capacities of the coming three years was approved. The plan
mobile networks, and commercial services were aims to develop high-speed optical fibre networks
launched the same year based on LTE networks. across the country with a downstream data rate
Today, 100 per cent of the population is covered of at least 100 Mbit/s for households and 1 Gbit/s
by LTE networks. for businesses, in an effort to strengthen Bahrain
as a leading regional hub for Internet businesses,
Fixed services: Bahrain has also the highest content and applications.
penetration of fixed-broadband among the
Arab States countries with speeds exceeding 2 Conclusion: The efforts made by the Government
Mbit/s for the majority of its subscribers. Full of Bahrain over the past 15 years have resulted
competition was introduced in fixed domestic in making Bahrain one of the world’s most
and international, international gateways, satellite connected countries. Nearly all of its households
and Internet services in 2004. Number portability have Internet access and most of its citizens use
for fixed and mobile services was introduced in the Internet on a regular basis. Recent plans to
2011, and investors face no restrictions to foreign further develop countrywide high-speed networks
ownership in ICTs. Additionally, fixed-wireless reinforce its high ambition to maintain and further
broadband is popular in Bahrain representing 43 strengthen Bahrain as a global high-tech hub.
per cent of all fixed-broadband subscriptions.
Government policy: The independent

Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (TRA)
was established in 2002 through the adoption
of the Telecommunications Law of 2002 and the
first Telecommunication National Plan released
in 2003, as part of the reform process launched
by the government that focused on measures

Bangladesh Key indicators for Bangladesh (2016)
Asia &
Pacific
World

Bangladesh has achieved widespread Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 83.8 98.9 101.5
telecommunications coverage through wireless Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 4.1 11.3 12.4
solutions and is now moving towards greater Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 27.2 47.4 52.2
mobile-broadband coverage. 3G coverage (% of population) 91.4 87.6 85.0
Mobile services: There are five mobile operators, Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 1.8 3.2 5.2
the top three controls 90 per cent of the market. Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 4.4 14.5 13.9
GRAMEENPHONE, a subsidiary of the Telenor Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 2.3 2.7 3.7
Norwegian mobile group, is the largest. The other Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 5.2 5.4 6.8
two are BANGLALINK a subsidiary of the Global Percentage of households with computer 9.6 37.8 46.6
Telecom Holding and ROBI, a subsidiary of the Percentage of households with Internet access 14.5 45.5 51.5
Malaysian mobile group AXIATA. Currently, the Percentage of individuals using the Internet 18.2 41.5 45.9
2G population coverage is more than 99 per cent. Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 9.2 48.0 74.5
Mobile broadband using 3G technologies was Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
deployed in 2013 and with government active
initiatives the 3G network expanded countrywide Besides this, two National Internet Exchanges (NIX)
very rapidly which impacted the mobile broadband are in operation to provide local peering.
subscriptions (28.7 million 3G data users in
December,2016). The government is in the process Government policy: Bangladesh
to award spectrum for mobile LTE with tech Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (BTRC)
neutrality. Existing Broadband Wireless Access was established in 2002, under the Bangladesh
(BWA) or WiMAX operators BANGLALION, BIEL and Telecommunication Regulation Act 2001 as
QUBEE are in process to deploy LTE technology. telecom regulator. BTRC works independently.
However, there are certain areas where BTRC
Fixed services: Bangladesh Telecommunications performs its function under the supervision of
Company Limited (BTCL) is the incumbent, state- the Ministry of Posts, Telecommunications and
owned fixed telephone service operator, tracing Information Technology (MoPTIT). The National
its roots back to the formation of the Posts and Broadband Policy was formulated in 2009. The
Telegraph Department in 1853. Besides the policy called for ensuring the availability of
incumbent, there are few fixed line operators but affordable, advanced and secure broadband
their penetration is very low like the world trend. services with a target of 30 per cent broadband
Fixed broadband Internet penetration is also low penetration by 2015. ‘Digital Bangladesh’ is the
comparing to mobile broadband Internet service. ICT vision set out by the present Government
Various fixed Internet services like ADSL, FTTH of Bangladesh in its 2008 election manifesto. Its
etc. are available. There is an extensive network goal is to turn the country into a fully digitized
of Union Digital Centers (UDC) which is around nation by 2021. The spirit of Digital Bangladesh
4500 throughout the country. To provide seamless has been enshrined in the country's Seventh Five
telecommunication services, the Government Year Plan (FY2016 – FY2020), which devotes an
has issued Nationwide Telecommunication entire chapter to ICT. The plan features detailed
Transmission Network (NTTN) license in 2009 strategies for applying ICT across ten areas:
to lay optical fiber throughout the country. At i) Economic growth; ii) Education; iii) Youth
present, around 79,000 km optical fiber has been empowerment; iv) Equity; v) Governance; vi) Civil
laid by the two private NTTN operators (Fiber @ service; vii) Judiciary; viii) Law enforcement; ix)
home Ltd. and Summit Communications Ltd) and Parliament and x) Environment.
three incumbent NTTN operators (BTCL, Power
Grid Company of Bangladesh and Bangladesh Conclusion: Bangladesh has witnessed rapid
Railway). Bangladesh is connected with two expansion of 3G networks which is significantly
submarine cables: SEA-ME-WE-4 in 2005 and SEA- impacting the growth of mobile-broadband
ME-WE-5 is going to start its commercial operation users and it is looking forward to introduce LTE
in 2017. It has also Six (06) International Terrestrial technology. However, fixed Internet penetration
Cable (ITC) operators which are linked to India. is increasing day by day as several initiatives and
policies have been formulated and implemented

by the Government of Bangladesh to successfully
achieve the vision of ‘Digital Bangladesh’.

Barbados Key indicators for Barbados (2016) The
Americas World
Barbados has made considerable progress since Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 115.0 114.2 101.5
the end of the operator LIME’s monopoly in Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 30.1 19.1 12.4
the early 2000s, both in terms of infrastructure Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 44.7 82.7 52.2
and service pricing. Within the first five years, 3G coverage (% of population) 100.0 93.6 85.0
both the wireless and long distance segments of LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 20.0 77.4 66.5
the market were competitive. The Government Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 2.3 3.6 5.2
has also made efforts to train and educate its Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 2.7 6.4 13.9
population for capacity building and technology Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 1.2 2.5 3.7
transfer. The National Strategic Plan of Barbados Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 1.7 5.7 6.8
2005–2025 recognizes in multiple instances the Percentage of households with computer 71.7 64.9 46.6
positive impact brought by ICT development in Percentage of households with Internet access 67.7 63.3 51.5
all areas of the society. Percentage of individuals using the Internet 79.5 64.0 45.9
Mobile services: Following the merger of LIME Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
and FLOW, two of the mobile operators present
in the market, there are now three main players Commission Act and the Utilities Regulation Act.
competing for market share, the other two being The Commission is responsible for standards
Digicel and Sunbeach.65 The mobile market has of service, tariff control and implementing the
been in the process of liberalization since 2003, policies established by the Telecommunications
when the first Reference Interconnection Offer Unit; this arm of the Ministry is also responsible
was issued, and in 2015 Barbados surpassed the for licensing in the industry.68 The regulator issued
Americas’ regional mobile-cellular penetration its first price cap in 2005 with respect to the
levels. Mobile-broadband has been steadily national incumbent, and has kept this practice
spreading in recent years and the operators over the years, more recently imposing a ban on
are committed to heavily investing in LTE, first price increases of more than 3 per cent on non-
launched by Digicel towards the end of 2016. The competitive services until 2019.69 The Commission
incumbent, Flow, has also made LTE available and also reviews and publishes annual reports on the
plans to continue investments in order to increase standards of customer service, first released in
the service availability.66 2006.
Fixed services: Competition was first introduced Conclusion: The national Government considers
to the national market for fixed-telephony in the the telecommunications sector to be paramount
early 2000s, its penetration rates being above for the country’s development, along with regional
the regional and global levels and maintaining an integration, the latter a constant subject for the
upward trend, whereas there is a decline in the Caribbean in order to leverage the resources of
percentage of users for this service regionally the different islands. The Telecommunications Unit
and globally. Fixed-broadband penetration is has recently embarked on a series of projects,
higher than average for Barbados, and since the namely the National Computer Incident Response
establishment of the Barbados Internet Exchange Team, the revision of the Telecommunications Act
in 2015, the service quality and network capacity and the preparation for the introduction of IPv6.70
are expected to increase while also anticipating
lower costs.67
Government policy: The Ministry for

Telecommunications is responsible for
management and regulation of the
telecommunications sector, especially
concerning licensing and legislation. It delegates
certain regulatory functions to Barbados’
telecommunications regulatory body, the Fair
Trading Commission, in accordance with the
Telecommunications Act of 2001, the Fair Trading

Belarus Key indicators for Belarus (2016) CIS World
Belarus systematically develops ICT Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 124.2 141.2 101.5
infrastructure and makes it affordable for Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 33.3 15.8 12.4
the population, which creates a favorable Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 69.5 59.7 52.2
environment for new ICT-services and ICT-usage 3G coverage (% of population) 98.7 77.1 85.0
growth. As a result Belarus is one of the regional
leaders in ICT development.
Mobile services: Mobile-broadband penetration in
Belarus is one of the highest in the CIS region. The Percentage of households with computer 67.0 67.4 46.6
first commercial mobile services were launched Percentage of households with Internet access 62.5 68.0 51.5
in 1993. GSM telecommunication operators Percentage of individuals using the Internet 71.1 65.1 45.9
received their licences in 1999, 2002 and 2005.71,72 Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 168.5 59.0 74.5
Government and foreign investment in the mobile
cellular market resulted in fast infrastructure Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
development and competition growth in the

connected to the Internet via xDSL, and over
following years. In the beginning of 2012 mobile
15 per cent of them use fibre-optics.81 Belarus
number portability was launched.73 The first
has a high level of local competition among
3G licence was issued in 2009 in 2100 MHz
telecommunication operators. More than 150 of
frequency band.74 In the beginning of 2016, as
them have licences to provide data transmission
a result of spectrum refarming, UMTS-900 was
services.82 Over 75 per cent of subscribers are
introduced.75 This technology aims to increase
clients of the national operator Beltelecom.83
mobile broadband coverage and enhance signal
Along with beCloud, Beltelecom is responsible
quality. In the end of 2015, LTE-A was launched
for many national ICT development activities. It
in 1800 MHz frequency band.76 It is also planned
deploys GPON access networks and public Wi-Fi,
to use 2600 MHz band in the future. Today,
extends core network and gateway capacity, and
there are three telecommunication operators
develops IMS-based services.84
offering mobile services to the population:
Velcom, MTS, and BeST/Life. Each of them has
its own 2G/3G network. However, LTE-A network
Communications and Informatization is responsible
is currently being deployed by a separate state
for the national development programmes.85
owned infrastructure operator beCloud, which
The previous national programme covered 2011
was created in 2012 to facilitate infrastructure
to 2015.86 It aimed at developing broadband
deployment on a national scale.77,78 Recently, it
infrastructure to maximize the population
provides fixed and mobile infrastructure for other
coverage and introduce modern e-services. The
telecommunication operators and government
National programme of digital economy and
bodies across the country. It is also in charge
information society development 2016-2020 is in
for the republican data-center development
action now.87 It focuses on further enhancements
to support the national e-services platform.79
of fibre-optic networks, 3G/LTE coverage, satellite
Mobile telecommunication operators are able to
communications, digital television, and cloud-
provide their services over the LTE-A network,
based technologies.
but cannot build their own. In the beginning of
2017, two mobile telecommunication operators
Conclusion: Efforts made in ICT development on a
(MTS and BeST/Life) offered their services over the
national scale resulted in the high level of mobile
LTE-A infrastructure. It is planned to provide LTE
and fixed services penetration. Implementation
coverage for all of the regional centers by the end
of existing plans allows the country to steadily
of 2017.80
enhance people’s quality of life through e-services
integration into various spheres of society.
Fixed services: Belarus has the highest
penetration of fixed-broadband services in the
region. At the beginning of 2016, download speeds
of 2-10 Mbit/s were provided for more than 70 per
cent of subscribers. Sixty per cent of subscribers

Belgium Key indicators for Belgium (2016) Europe World
Belgium’s mobile market, which is served by Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 111.8 118.0 101.5
three MNOs, has gone through numerous Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 38.1 30.2 12.4
mergers and acquisitions in recent years. The Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 66.7 80.1 52.2
fixed network is very advanced and widely 3G coverage (% of population) 100.0 98.5 85.0
available. Penetration rates for both fixed
and mobile services are high and prices very
affordable.
Mobile services: Three licensed mobile network Percentage of households with computer 82.2 79.6 46.6
operators provide services in Belgium: Proximus, Percentage of households with Internet access 84.8 82.5 51.5
Orange and BASE. Proximus leads the mobile Percentage of individuals using the Internet 86.5 77.9 45.9
market with a postpaid market share of close to 50 Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 189.3 178.0 74.5
per cent.88 In addition, there are an ever growing
number of mobile virtual network operators active Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
in the market. The Belgium market has witnessed

providing a stable, reliable regulatory regime.
numerous mergers and acquisitions. Most notably,
Belgium incumbent operator Proximus announced
the third largest operator BASE was bought by
plans to roll out FTTC in the coming decade and
Telenet in 2016.89 Mobile-broadband services are
operator Telenet continues to invest in its cable
offered by all three MNOs and almost complete
network.91
population coverage has been reached for 3G
and LTE signals thanks to extensive investment
Conclusion: Belgium developed into an advanced
made by the Belgian operators. Mobile offers,
ICT market with a high ICT household penetration
in particular for prepaid and postpaid mobile-
and proportion of the population that is online.
broadband services, are very affordable.
The government supports technology-neutral,
market-based broadband development and
Fixed services: Belgium has a very well developed
aims to provide the appropriate framework for
fixed infrastructure and fixed-broadband
investments by private players.
penetration is high. Virtually all households in
Belgium, including in rural areas, have access
to fixed broadband. Moreover, broadband
connections over next-generation access (NGA)
networks with speeds over 30 Mbit/s are
commonplace and 99 per cent of all households in
the country are covered. Cable networks continue
to be most popular and fibre connections only
make up a very small percentage of connections.90
Fixed-telephony continues to have penetration
rates higher than the European average, but is
declining in line with the global trend towards
fixed-to-mobile substitution.
Government policy: In April 2015, the Belgium

Federal Government launched "Digital Belgium"
a policy strategy that aims at achieving faster
connectivity and improved digital skills. The
government takes a market-based approach to
ICT development and aims to increase broadband
connectivity by promoting investments in NGA
and non-NGA connections by private operators.
To support this development, the government is
committed to reducing administrative burdens
and infrastructure deployment costs as well as

Belize Key indicators for Belize (2016) The
Americas World
Belize was one of the pioneers in privatizing the Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 63.9 114.2 101.5
incumbent among Latin American countries. Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 6.2 19.1 12.4
Following its privatization in the late 1980s, Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 13.8 82.7 52.2
Belize Telecommunications Ltd. (BTL) was 3G coverage (% of population) 95.0 93.6 85.0
granted a monopoly concession that lasted for LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 46.9 77.4 66.5
15 years for both mobile and fixed services. 92 Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 7.4 3.6 5.2
The lack of a competitive environment caused Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 3.3 6.4 13.9
underinvestment in the industry, but this is Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 4.0 2.5 3.7
beginning to change as new service providers Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 3.3 5.7 6.8
enter the market, in particular over-the-top Percentage of households with computer 36.0 64.9 46.6
players, and triggering a switch in the existing Percentage of households with Internet access 30.2 63.3 51.5
operators’ strategy, involving more investment Percentage of individuals using the Internet 44.6 64.0 45.9
and better pricing.93
Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
Mobile services: Mobile-cellular penetration is
below the regional and global levels, which can be reach the market development levels of the region.
attributed to the concentrated market dominated The Government’s efforts to liberalise the market
by the two main players: Digicel, owned by BLT, and the roll-out of LTE networks are expected to
and SMART.94 Similarly, mobile-broadband uptake increase the uptake of ICT services.
has been lagging behind the regional average, the
operators having launched LTE coverage during
2016. The mobile segment, however, accounts
for more than 90 per cent of all subscriptions and
therefore holds the potential for more significant
development and impact.95
Fixed services: Despite the liberalization over a

decade ago, BTL remains the dominant operator
for fixed-telephony and broadband. With
penetration levels for both segments well under
the regional and global averages, the Government
of Belize has been working on introducing more
competition and facilitating access by other
providers: for example, in 2013, the obligatory
opening of its networks to VoIP services.
Government policy: The Telecommunications

Act of 2002 made the Public Utilities Commission
the telecommunications industry’s regulator. The
Commission oversees the industry’s licensing, and
is in charge of stimulating the national industry
and promoting investment and innovation.96 The
privatization of the incumbent, BTL, was reverted
in 2009, when the Government regained the
stakes in the company.97 Progress is being made
on the Internet service front, as the first Internet
exchange point was launched in 2016 and is
expected to decrease the costs for local Internet
service providers and improve reliability.98
Conclusion: Belize is in the process to overcome a

variety of hurdles within its ICT market in order to

Benin Key indicators for Benin (2016) Africa World
This West African country looks forward to Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 79.6 74.6 101.5
higher ICT uptake with the arrival of a new Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.2 0.4 12.4
undersea fibre-optic cable. The Government aims Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 7.9 22.9 52.2
to leverage this to develop a digital economy. 3G coverage (% of population) 45.0 59.3 85.0
Mobile services: There are four mobile operators
in the country: MTN, a subsidiary of the South
African mobile group; MOOV, a subsidiary of
Maroc Telecom; GLO, a subsidiary of the Nigerian Percentage of households with computer 5.8 9.6 46.6
mobile company Globalcom; and Benin Telecoms, Percentage of households with Internet access 6.6 16.3 51.5
the State-owned incumbent operating under Percentage of individuals using the Internet 12.0 19.9 45.9
the brand LIBERCOM. The first two account for Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 1.7 51.0 74.5
around 90 per cent of the market and have been
at the forefront of introducing new services such Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
as mobile-broadband and mobile money. In 2013,

as executive arm l’Agence d’Exécution du
78 per cent of households had mobile phones,
Numérique (ADN). Supervision for the sector is the
86 per cent in urban areas and 69 per cent in
responsibility of the Ministry of Digital Economy
rural locations.99 Following the award of universal
and Communications. This includes oversight
licenses, MTN launched 3G in 2012, followed by
over Benin Telecoms and the national posts and
MOOV in 2014. MTN launched LTE using 1 800
radio and television services. It also oversees the
MHz in 2016.
universal service agency and ICT agency, and is
responsible for e-government. The government
Fixed services: Benin Telecoms, the State-
has adopted a Sector Policy Declaration (DPS
owned incumbent operator, is the only fixed line
2016 -2021) whose strategic orientations for
telephone provider using both copper wire and
2021 are: "Transforming Benin into West Africa's
wireless local loop lines. Fixed-broadband offered
digital services platform for the acceleration
by Benin Telecoms includes CDMA, WiMAX and
of growth and social inclusion'. The six flagship
LTE fixed wireless, as well as fixed ADSL and fibre-
projects identified in the DPS are the deployment
optic connections for businesses. The maximum
of high- and very high-speed Internet throughout
speed on offer for ADSL is 2 Mbit/s. In addition to
the territory; the transition to Digital Terrestrial
the mobile-broadband operators, there are ten
Television (DTT); the implementation of intelligent
fixed wireless ISPs. Benin Telecoms’ infrastructure
administration (Smart Gouv); the widespread use
manages the national backbone. The five-year
of e-commerce; the widespread use of digital
project to develop telecommunications and ICT
technology through education and training; and
infrastructure, financed by a Chinese loan, will
the promotion and development of digital content.
significantly extend the backbone, including fibre-
optic links to all of the country’s 77 communes.
Conclusion: The arrival of a second undersea
The country has been connected to the SAT-3
cable ended the monopoly the incumbent had on
undersea fibre-optic cable since 2002, with Benin
international fibre Internet bandwidth, resulting in
Telecoms (then called OPT) owning the landing
greatly expanded capacity at much lower prices.
rights for Benin. However, it was only with the
The Government now aims to seize on this by
arrival of ACE cable over a decade later that
more tightly integrating ICTs into the country’s
there was a substantial increase in international
social and economic development strategies.
bandwidth with lower prices. A joint venture of
local mobile operators and ISPs called Benin ACE
GIE manages the ACE connection. Benin-IX (Benin
Internet eXchange Point), launched in 2013, has six
participants.
Government policy: The strategy of the sector

is elaborated by the Conseil du Numérique
chaired by the President of the Republic, with

Bhutan Key indicators for Bhutan (2016)
Asia &
Pacific
World

Despite being remote, landlocked and a least Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 88.8 98.9 101.5
developed country, the mountain Kingdom Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 2.1 11.3 12.4
has achieved a high level of ICT access. Mobile Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 69.4 47.4 52.2
population coverage is high and the fibre-optic 3G coverage (% of population) 85.0 87.6 85.0
backbone reaches most parts of the country. LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 53.0 73.6 66.5
Mobile services: There are two mobile operators. Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 3.9 14.5 13.9
The state-owned incumbent Bhutan Telecom Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 0.8 2.7 3.7
Limited launched its GSM network in 2003, Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 2.4 5.4 6.8
operating under the brand B-Mobile. Tashi Percentage of households with computer 26.0 37.8 46.6
InfoComm Limited, operating under the brand, Percentage of households with Internet access 33.0 45.5 51.5
TashiCell, a locally owned company, entered Percentage of individuals using the Internet 41.8 41.5 45.9
the market in 2008. Population coverage by 2G Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 18.1 48.0 74.5
mobile is extensive and by 2012, 93 per cent of Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
households had a mobile phone, with a slight
difference in coverage between urban (97 per National Happiness.” The Roadmap identifies
cent) and rural (91 per cent) areas.100 Mobile 15 specific strategies to achieve the three main
broadband has become popular since the outcomes: ICT for Good Governance; ICT for a
introduction of 3G by Bhutan Telecom in 2008 and Shared National Consciousness; and ICT as a Key
by TashiCellin 2013. Growth in mobile broadband Enabler for Sustainable Economic Development.
coverage has been aided by the deployment of The Bhutan Telecommunications and Broadband
3G using 850 MHz and 700 MHz, which has a long Policy was adopted in 2014 with the chief aims
wider signal range. Bhutan Telecom launched of connectivity for all, bolstering the regulatory
LTE in 2013, with TashiCellfollowing in 2016. LTE environment, creating an enabling environment
services are now available in all 20 districts. for private investment, and competition resulting
in affordable broadband services. The Bhutan
Fixed services: Bhutan Telecom is the sole InfoComm and Media Authority (BICMA) is the
provider of fixed-line telephone services. The independent agency established in 2007 to
number of fixed line subscriptions has been promote and regulate the telecommunications,
declining owing to the popularity of mobile media and broadcasting sectors. The Bhutan
services. Bhutan Telecom and DrukCom use ADSL Information, Communications and Media Act 2006
and FTTH/FTTC to provide fixed broadband access is the key regulatory legislation for the sector. In
for premises in selected areas. There are several 2010, Thimphu TechPark was inaugurated in the
other ISPs offering fixed wireless broadband. The capital. It houses the government data centre
country has an extensive fibre-optic backbone. The and offices for companies providing ICT-enabled
National Broadband Master Plan Implementation services.
Project (NBMP) led to the connection of all
Dzongkhags (second level administrative unit in Conclusion: The country has witnessed impressive
Bhutan equivalent to a district) and 201 out of 205 progress in ICT in the past decade, with high
Gewogs (blocks of villages). The Government owns mobile cellular coverage and growing Internet
the network spanning some 3 300 kilometres and usage. Forward-thinking policies and strategies,
leases fibre to telecommunication operators and including a predictable regulatory environment
ISPs free of charge. The network extends to the and a reasonable level of competition for a country
Indian border, where Bhutan's Internet traffic is of Bhutan’s size, have facilitated this progress.
routed to undersea fibre-optic cables. There are
plans to establish an Internet Exchange Point.
Government policy: The Ministry of Information

and Communications (MIS) is the policy maker.
The 2015 ICT Roadmap guides policy for the
sector with the vision of “An ICT-Enabled,
Knowledge Society as a Foundation for Gross

Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Key indicators for Bolivia (2016) The
Americas World
The Bolivia’s ICT industry has been slow to Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 90.2 114.2 101.5
flourish, with the services’ uptake at a moderate Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 2.6 19.1 12.4
rate when compared with the regional and Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 55.0 82.7 52.2
global levels. The operator Entel was privatized 3G coverage (% of population) 74.5 93.6 85.0
in 1995, only to be renationalized in 2007. Since LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 60.7 77.4 66.5
then, it is a state-owned company. Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 4.1 3.6 5.2
Mobile services: The predominance of mobile Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 2.3 2.5 3.7
over fixed services is evident in the Plurinational Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 2.9 5.7 6.8
State of Bolivia, with mobile phones accounting Percentage of households with computer 33.9 64.9 46.6
for more than ten times the amount of fixed lines. Percentage of households with Internet access 26.6 63.3 51.5
There are three mobile operators in the country:
Entel, Telecel and NuevaTel. In 2015, Entel’s
market share represented more than 40 per Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
cent of the mobile subscriptions, with the other
two companies sharing the rest of the market. and nine international links to the Internet with a
All companies offer mobile-broadband services bandwidth of 200 Gbit/s.
and have had increasing success, especially
given the poor quality and lack of availability of Government policy: The body responsible for
fixed broadband. During the last eleven years, regulating the Plurinational State of Bolivia’s
more than 11000 radio base stations have been telecommunication sector, Autoridad de
deployed allowing 3G and LTE technologies to Regulación y Fiscalización de Telecomunicaciones
sharply increase their coverage. Moreover, the y Transportes (ATT), was created in 2009.
three mobile network operators have recently The regulator recognizes the importance of
made efforts in LTE technology roll-out, amounting telecommunications for national social and
to close to US$ 500 million for 2015.101 In 2017, economic development, further stating that, by
the Government will implement mobile number itself, the sector contributed to 6 per cent of the
portability, which aims at increasing the dynamics country’s GDP. The Plurinational State of Bolivia’s
and competition in the mobile market.102 Central Bank announced in 2015 that mobile
money transactions grew by more than 900
Fixed services: The Plurinational State of Bolivia’s per cent in volume compared with the previous
fixed-telephone penetration levels have remained year, one more example of the strong presence
stable over recent years, despite being at a of the mobile segment in the country.103 Mobile
much lower level than those of its neighbouring operators have also joined forces with GSMA
countries. The Bolivian local fixed services are and ATT within the scope of “We Care Bolivia”,
supplied by multiple telecom cooperatives that a campaign committed to leveraging mobile
are controlled by their users. In many cases, communications to increase online safety and data
those cooperatives also offer broadband services. protection.104 In recent years, the Government
The non-profit character of such cooperatives has implemented policies on digital signature,
could also explain the low uptake in the fixed broadband planning, free software development,
services, as there are few competitive related digital terrestrial television and electronic
incentives to improve the service quality. Entel government, among others.
offers long distance services as well as DSL. Entel’s
broadband prices are influenced by the fact that Conclusion: The Bolivia’s mobile services
the Plurinational State of Bolivia is a landlocked uptake has great potential, as the penetration
country with no direct access to submarine rates continue to grow. Government incentives
cable networks. Nevertheless, the country has along with operators’ investment and strategic
made remarkable progress in terms of fixed partnerships, such as the one for “We Care
infrastructure. In 2013, there were 3500 km of Bolivia”, have been paramount to the industry’s
optical fibre and only three International Internet growth.
links; today, there are 18000 km of optical fibre

Bosnia and Herzegovina Key indicators for Bosnia and Herzegovina (2016) Europe World
The telecommunication market in Bosnia and Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 89.2 118.0 101.5
Herzegovina is dominated by three incumbent Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 17.4 30.2 12.4
operators that provide fixed services mainly Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 37.4 80.1 52.2
in their respective regions of the country, 3G coverage (% of population) 96.0 98.5 85.0
and mobile services in the whole country.
Penetration rates for both fixed and mobile
services are low in comparison to both Europe
and global level, but also in relation to most of
its neighbouring countries. Percentage of households with computer 49.2 79.6 46.6
Percentage of households with Internet access 57.1 82.5 51.5
Mobile services: The incumbernt fixed-line Percentage of individuals using the Internet 69.3 77.9 45.9
operators each have mobile divisions that are Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 98.5 178.0 74.5
leading the mobile market as well.105The Telekom
Srpske mobile phone subsidiary, m:tel, has been Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
growing its market share both in the Republika

Government policy: Bosnia and Herzegovina is
Srpska as well as at the national level. BH Mobile
not a member of the European Union, but has
(BH Telecom subsidiary) and HT Mostar’s Eronet
a potential candidate country status and has
(Hrvatske Telekomunikacije subsidiary) are
undertaken many steps towards integration
market leaders in the Federation of Bosnia and
into the Union. This is also notable in the
Herzegovina. Licences to provide 3G services were
telecommunication sector, which has been
issued in 2009 by the regulator Communications
liberalized and a regulatory framework based on
Regulatory Agency (CRA) to the three MNOs.105
the EU regulatory framework for communications
GSM and UMTS licences oblige dominant
has been created. Most notably, fixed and
operators to develop their mobile networks
mobile number portability have been introduced
throughout the whole country. While 3G coverage
and interconnection tariffs were reduced.
is almost complete in terms of population, mobile-
Furthermore, service providers without licensed
broadband penetration is below the European
spectrum were allowed into the market in order to
and global average. This can be explained by a
increase competition.
relatively low level of competition within each
respective regional market as well as relatively
Conclusion: Competition in the
high prices for mobile-broadband services. LTE
telecommunication market as well as pro-growth
mobile-broadband is not yet available.
regulatory measures have been progressively
introduced in Bosnia and Herzegovina. With
Fixed services: As many aspects of Bosnian
growing competition on a national scale and
society, telecom operators have formed along
the modernization of services, the Bosnia and
regional lines following independence in 1992.
Herzegovina telecommunication market has a
The fixed market is dominated by Bosnia and
potential for growth.
Herzegovina incumbent operators, namely:
BH Telecom (based in Sarajevo), Telekom
Srpske (based in Banja Luka) and Hrvatske
Telekomunikacije (based in Mostar), which
provide services in their respective regions of
the country.106 In 2006, the fixed market was
liberalized, leading to the emergence of alternative
fixed telephony service provides. The Government
of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
still owns controlling shares in BH Telecom and
Hrvatske Telekomunikacije. Telekom Srpske was
sold to Telekom Srbija (which is partly owned
by the Serbia Government) in 2006.107 Fixed
penetration, for both fixed-broadband and fixed-
telephone services is below the European average.

Botswana Key indicators for Botswana (2016) Africa World
This landlocked country is noted for its Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 158.5 74.6 101.5
progressive policy and regulatory regimes. Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 2.8 0.4 12.4
Recently it moved to a new licensing framework Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 67.9 22.9 52.2
which has allowed for various players to enter 3G coverage (% of population) 84.0 59.3 85.0
the ICT market, leading to new services offerings,
lower prices and increased competition.
Mobile services: There are three mobile
operators in Botswana: MASCOM, the market Percentage of households with computer 28.5 9.6 46.6
leader, majority-owned by institutional investors; Percentage of households with Internet access 43.7 16.3 51.5
Orange, 74 per cent owned by Orange France; Percentage of individuals using the Internet 39.4 19.9 45.9
and beMOBILE, 51 per cent owned by the Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 7.9 51.0 74.5
government and 45 per cent by citizen investors
(shareholders). The last is the mobile division Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
of incumbent Botswana Telecommunications

Government policy: The Ministry of Transport and
Corporation Limited (BTCL). This relatively high
Communications is responsible for policy for the
level of competition for a small population has
development and utilization of ICTs and integrated
paid off. In 2014, 94 per cent of households had
transport services. The Botswana Communications
a mobile phone.108 Mobile-broadband has grown
Regulatory Authority is a converged regulator
significantly since the launch of 3G in 2009. Both
responsible for telecommunications, posts,
MASCOM and Orange commercially deployed LTE
Internet and broadcasting. It emerged from
networks in 2015.
the Botswana Telecommunication Authority,
established in 1997. The Authority, through its
Fixed services: In 2013, the Government of
special purpose vehicle of the Universal Access
Botswana separated incumbent BTCL into a
and Service Fund, has supported a project to
services company (which continues to be called
provide Wi-Fi hot spots in more than 30 strategic
BTCL) and an infrastructure company called
locations (e.g. shopping malls, bus stops, hospitals,
Botswana Fibre Networks (BOFINET). The latter
etc.) across the country. The Wi-Fi hotspots are
is a wholesaler, rolling out the national fibre
deployed by the wholesale service provider and
network, making the Government’s investments
retailers can access their network infrastructure
in international capacity and some other
on equal terms. The hotspots offer free access to
infrastructure available to third parties. BTCL
the Government website and a complementary 10
was listed on the local stock exchange in 2015.
minutes per device of Internet access daily.
Although the market is open, fixed-telephone
subscriptions are solely offered by BTCL.
Conclusion: Botswana has an advanced ICT market
Penetration is relatively high for sub-Saharan
and regulatory framework. The Government has
Africa. Fixed-broadband has been limited to two
opted for a wholesale backbone model to facilitate
technologies: ADSL provided by BTCL and fixed
open access and cost-based pricing in order to
wireless provided by Orange. Since December
lower prices.
2015, BOFINET has been offering wholesale
fibre to the premises to enable resellers connect
businesses and households, with speeds
ranging from 2 to 50 Mbit/s. There is a 2 000
km nationwide fibre-optic backbone ring with
connections to all urban centres, major villages
and key border crossings. This ensures that,
though landlocked, Botswana has ample cross-
border access to submarine cables in neighbouring
nations. The Botswana IXP was launched in 2005
and hosts 12 peers.

Brazil Key indicators for Brazil (2016) The
Americas World
Brazil is one of the major telecommunication Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 118.9 114.2 101.5
markets in the Americas region. All segments Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 13.0 19.1 12.4
of the sector are under full competition in Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 89.5 82.7 52.2
major cities and there are currently several 3G coverage (% of population) 96.9 93.6 85.0
infrastructure development projects in place. LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 79.6 77.4 66.5
Both the Government and the operators invest Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 1.7 3.6 5.2
in telecom and ICT, being the private sector the Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 2.1 6.4 13.9
major player. The quality of the services as well Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 1.0 2.5 3.7
as the coverage are expected to significantly Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 2.3 5.7 6.8
improve over the next few years. For this, Brazil Percentage of households with computer 51.0 64.9 46.6
is relying upon additional submarine cables Percentage of households with Internet access 52.4 63.3 51.5
as well as new satellites to assist areas where Percentage of individuals using the Internet 59.7 64.0 45.9
the vegetation does not allow for fibre optic
infrastructure expansion.109 Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
Mobile services: Mobile-cellular and mobile- surfaced since then, for example, the regional
broadband penetration rates are ahead of both and social class disparities in terms of service
regional and global levels. The market is evenly usage (almost all of the wealthier households have
divided among the four biggest market players access to the Internet, whereas the situation is the
– Vivo, TIM, Claro and Oi – all of which have opposite for the poorer, with the great majority
profited from the large demand for data services, being disconnected). The agency currently follows
having access to the 2.5 GHz band and expecting its 2015–2024 Strategic Plan, which is premised
also to have access to the 700 MHz band later on four main goals surrounding universal access,
in 2017. The Government of Brazil has recently fair pricing, promotion of a competitive and
signed a Memorandum of Understanding with sustainable sector, and consumer protection.113
the European Union to work together on the In addition, the National Broadband Plan, the
development of 5G technology.110 Plano Nacional de Banda Larga, launched in 2010,
aims at universal broadband access and better
Fixed services: The evolution of the national fixed- infrastructure, working closely with the reinstated
telephone market has stagnated over the years as Telebras on the expansion of the national fibre
mobile and VoIP services have become increasingly backbone among other public policy projects.114
popular, the latter continuing to be unregulated
at the national level.111 Brazil’s bandwidth is in line Conclusion: Brazil possesses a dynamic and
with regional and global levels, but is expected to competitive telecom market that is still under
grow considerably in the short term as new cable expansion. Developing telecommunications
systems will come into service within the scope of services coverage and uptake within the country
the Atlantic Cable System, linking Brazil with the has its own hurdles, geographically and socially
Americas, Europe and Africa. The main providers speaking, relating to both the landscape of the
of broadband are Claro, Telefônica and Oi. The country and the income disparities respectively.
latter two use hybrid fibre–coaxial cable and FttC
architecture respectively.112
Government policy: The regulatory body, the

Agência Nacional de Telecomunicações (ANATEL),
was created in 1997 and aims at expanding and
developing the telecommunications sector in
the country, which accounts for approximately
4 per cent of the national GDP (Anatel, 2017).
At its inception, the body had to oversee the
privatization of the national incumbent, Telebras,
and ensure the creation of a level playing field
for the market entrants. New challenges have

Brunei Darussalam Key indicators for Brunei Darussalam (2016)
Asia &
Pacific
World

Brunei Darussalam has a high level of ICT access Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 120.7 98.9 101.5
in relation to the South-East Asia region and a Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 8.3 11.3 12.4
growing telecommunications sector. Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 116.6 47.4 52.2
Mobile services: There are two mobile LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 89.6 73.6 66.5
services provider in Brunei Darussalam: DST Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 0.3 3.2 5.2
Communications and Progresif Cellular. Among Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 0.6 14.5 13.9
two mobile service providers in the country, DST Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 0.2 2.7 3.7
Communications dominates the market as the Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 0.6 5.4 6.8
incumbent since 1993, whereas Progresif Cellular Percentage of households with computer 93.0 37.8 46.6
entered the market, with a much more innovative Percentage of households with Internet access 75.0 45.5 51.5
approach when Darussalam Assets acquired and Percentage of individuals using the Internet 75.0 41.5 45.9
rebranded B-Mobile in 2014. Mobile-cellular Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 76.2 48.0 74.5
penetration is high, and in 2016, 97 per cent of Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
the total number of subscriptions were actively
accessing mobile broadband over 3G or LTE Communications as the sector policy maker,
services throughout the country. aligning to Vision 2035, gives emphasis in
narrowing the digital divide and ensuring the
Fixed services: Telekom Brunei Berhad (TelBru), a development of Telecommunication Infrastructure
corporatized incumbent entity, previously known as one of the major key enablers in realizing
as Department of Telecommunication (JTB), is the vision. The National Broadband Policy,
the fixed line and broadband services provider of covering the period of 2014-2017, addresses
the country. TelBru offers ADSL and fiber to the access, affordability, quality, usage and content
home (FTTH) high speed broadband services with development. It also seeks to create employment
speeds up to 300 Mbps. It also caters leased line opportunities from broadband opportunities. In an
services for local and international businesses. effort to establish a more independent oversight
The proportion of individuals using the Internet body and create a more conducive environment
has increased steadily over the past five years and for the development of the telecommunications
reached 75 per cent in 2016. Of equal importance and ICT industry, the Authority for Info-
in the country’s expanding fibre optic network communications Technology Industry (AITI) was
are Brunei’s international connections with the established in 2003. AITI functions as a statutory
rest of the world via submarine cables managed body to regulate telecommunications systems and
by Brunei International Gateway (BIG). Brunei services, and to efficiently manage the national
Darussalam is currently served by three cable radio frequency spectrum, as well as to develop
systems, with the newer Southeast Asia Japan the ICT industry.
Cable (SJC) inaugurated in June 2013. The Asian-
America Gateway (AAG) which was commissioned Conclusion: Strong investment in Brunei
in 2009 connects the Sultanate with Malaysia, Darussalam’s mobile and fixed telecoms
Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, Hong Kong, Guam infrastructure is providing a durable, capable
and the US, with a capacity of 1.93 Tbps. The third, and efficient backbone that will serve as a solid
and original cable, the SEA-ME-WE 3, connects foundation to build upon for future public and
Brunei Darussalam with other networks at 39 private ICT growth opportunities. With virtually
international landing points in Southeast Asia, all households having a mobile phone and around
Africa, the Middle East and Western Europe tops half with fixed broadband, the demand for data
out at a speed of 655 Mbps across its 39,000km. and increased speeds continues to grow. There
is ample Internet bandwidth from multiple
Government policy: The government of Brunei submarine cables and last mile optical fibre
Darussalam has identified its strategic vision, connections is growing rapidly.
Wawasan Brunei 2035, or Vision 2035, which
set a course towards a society of a highly skilled
labour force in a country with dynamic and
sustainable economic growth. The Ministry of

Bulgaria Key indicators for Bulgaria (2016) Europe World
Bulgaria has a competitive mobile market with Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 127.2 118.0 101.5
high penetration rates, in particular for mobile- Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 24.1 30.2 12.4
broadband services. Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 88.3 80.1 52.2
Mobile services: Bulgaria has very high mobile-
cellular and mobile-broadband penetration
rates, both exceeding the European averages.
Competition in the mobile market continues to
develop between Mobiltel (Mtel), the incumbent Percentage of households with computer 60.2 79.6 46.6
operator and market leader in the voice segment, Percentage of households with Internet access 63.5 82.5 51.5
and its competitors Telenor, Vivacom (owned by Percentage of individuals using the Internet 59.8 77.9 45.9
the Bulgarian fixed-line incumbent and operating Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 175.9 178.0 74.5
under its mobile brand Vivatel until September
2009) and Bulsatcom. As of mid-2017, Vivacom had Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
the largest market share in the mobile-broadband

policies, the sector was liberalized and regulatory
market, followed by Telenor, Mtel and Bulsatcom.
measures to increase competition continue to
All four operators are offering LTE services, which
be implemented. Bulgaria is an integral part of
were first introduced in Bulgaria in 2014. The share
the European Digital Market and has thus set a
of LTE users represented 35 per cent of mobile
number of ambitious goals in order to advance
Internet users in the country in mid-2017.
connectivity and the use of digital services.
Bulgaria’s National Strategy for the Development
Fixed services: The monopoly in the fixed voice
of Broadband Access was first approved in 2009
market held by the Bulgarian Telecommunications
and updated in 2012. The strategy was followed
Company (BTC), which now operates under the
in 2014 by the National Broadband Infrastructure
brand Vivacom, was ended in 2003. BTC was
Plan for Next Generation Access, which aims to
partly privatized and the market was opened
achieve 100 per cent broadband coverage with at
to competition (Republic of Bulgaria, Ministry
least 30 Mbit/s by 2020 and 50 per cent take-up
of Transport, Information Technology and
rate for 100 Mbit/s. Special emphasis is placed on
Communications, 2004). At present, BTC is a
connecting remote and sparsely populate areas of
private company holding the largest market share
Bulgaria. In order to achieve these goals, EU funds
in terms of fixed-telephone subscriptions, but
as well as private and state investments are being
it faces significant competition with as many as
secured. Regulatory measures such as increased
20 competitors providing retail fixed-telephone
competition, simplified authorization procedures
services. The fixed-broadband market has shown
and rules by which the broadband market operates
a very positive development. There is strong
are being implemented as well.116
technology-based competition and operators are
investing in fibre and cable networks (European
Conclusion: With the liberalization of its
Commission, 2017). The incumbent operator is
telecommunication market and the advancements
still the leader in the retail broadband market,
made in the sector, Bulgaria is becoming an
followed closely by Mtel, whose acquisition of
increasingly connected country. Bulgaria’s
the broadband provider Blizoo in 2015 reinforced
ambitious goals for broadband access and
its position in the fixed Internet sector. While
usage underline its ambitions to further this
Bulgaria holds one of the top positions in Europe in
development.
terms of Internet speeds achieved in major cities,
Internet services at high speeds are less available
in Bulgaria’s smaller cities and remote or scarcely-
populated areas.115
Government policy: Bulgaria became a member

of the European Union in 2007. Accession
to the EU had an important impact on the
telecommunication sector. In line with EU

Burkina Faso Key indicators for Burkina Faso (2016) Africa World
The explosion of submarine cables on Africa’s Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 83.6 74.6 101.5
West Coast and the build-out of its national Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.0 0.4 12.4
fibre backbone have diversified options for this Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 19.9 22.9 52.2
landlocked country, increased bandwidth and 3G coverage (% of population) 23.0 59.3 85.0
lowered costs.
Mobile services: There are three mobile operators
in Burkina Faso: TELMOB, the mobile arm of the
fixed line incumbent ONATEL (National Office of Percentage of households with computer 5.8 9.6 46.6
Telecommunications), which is partially owned by Percentage of households with Internet access 10.6 16.3 51.5
Morocco Telecom; Orange Burkina Faso SA (owned Percentage of individuals using the Internet 14.0 19.9 45.9
by Orange Middle East & Africa (OMEA) and Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 2.8 51.0 74.5
Orange Côte d’Ivoire Participation); and TELECEL
FASO SA (owned by a local group, Planor Afrique). Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
The market has been competitive since 2000.

Government policy: The Ministry of Digital
Mobile access is relatively high, with 86 per cent of
Economy and Posts is in charge of ICT policy.
households owning a portable telephone, of which
There is an independent Regulatory Authority
97 per cent are in urban areas and 82 per cent in
of Electronic Communications and Posts, and
rural areas.117 Licenses for 3G were issued in 2012
an ICT agency now in charge of the main ICT
and mobile-broadband has since been growing
projects of the Government. The National Plan
rapidly. Operators have also launched mobile
for Economic and Social Development 2016–2020
money services since 2013.
(PNDES) focuses on three main challenges
translated into the following strategic directions:
Fixed services: Although the fixed-telephone
(a) institutional reforms and modernization of
market is open and all operators have global
the administration; (b) development of human
licenses, ONATEL is the only provider of fixed-
capital; and (c) stimulation of high-potential
telephone services. It uses both copper wire and
sectors to foster economic development and job
CDMA wireless local loop. ONATEL also provides
creation. ICT is part of the PNDES and is seen as
ADSL fixed-broadband services. In 2005, 1 000
a key enabler and high-potential sector for the
km of fibre-optic cable were laid from the capital
country’s development. Commitments concerning
to the Malian, Togolese and Cote d’Ivoire borders
ICTs include (a) connecting all public agencies,
for transmission of traffic onward to the SAT3
schools and healthcare facilities; (b) setting up a
undersea cable land points of the coastal countries
unique digital identification for each citizen and
and in 2012, 195 km of fibre-optic to connect the
company; (c) improving education, health and
Niger border. The Government has embarked on
rural development by developing and deploying
the development of a full nationwide backbone
e-services; and (d) developing a local digital
with links to all provincial capitals and key border
industry, through investments in incubation,
crossings. The Government has also adopted a
innovation and research and development.
licensing regime that ensures non-discriminatory
access to infrastructure, with plans to develop
Conclusion: Two decades of telecom sector
a public–private partnership consortium to
reforms have resulted in notable improvements
manage the national backbone. A link to Ghana
in Burkina Faso’s ICT sector. The country has
became operational in 2016 enabling access
created a relatively competitive environment for
to the international undersea cables. Since its
telecommunication services and has been one
recent market entry, Orange and ONATEL have
of the leading countries in the region in terms of
developed a metro fibre ring around the capital
adopting Economic Community of West African
Ouagadougou. In addition, Orange developed a
States (ECOWAS) ICT policies.
197-km fibre connection to Ghana. Burkina Faso’s
IXP was launched in 2015 and has eight members,
including all of the leading operators.

Burundi Key indicators for Burundi (2016) Africa World
This small landlocked East African country Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 48.0 74.6 101.5
has a competitive mobile market and more Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.0 0.4 12.4
recently adopted an open access approach Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 8.3 22.9 52.2
to its backbone market. This should enhance 3G coverage (% of population) 40.0 59.3 85.0
affordability and triggering greater access and
use of ICT services and applications.
Mobile services: Following industry consolidation,
there are now four operators in Burundi’s mobile Percentage of households with computer 3.4 9.6 46.6
market: the State-owned incumbent, ONATEL; Percentage of households with Internet access 3.5 16.3 51.5
VIETTEL, a subsidiary of the Vietnamese mobile Percentage of individuals using the Internet 5.2 19.9 45.9
group; LACELL, owned by Kenyan and Russian Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 6.1 51.0 74.5
investors; and ECONET LEO, a subsidiary of a
South African-headquartered mobile group. Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
While ONATEL has only a 2G network, the other

of the sector is framed by a telecommunication
operators have launched 3G and VIETTEL, and
law supplemented by a number of regulations.
ECONET has launched LTE. Mobile-broadband is by
far the most prevalent method of Internet access
Conclusion: Burundi has taken steps to spur
in the country.
greater competition in the sector and lower
prices through new mobile licenses, a public–
Fixed services: ONATEL offers copper line
private partnership backbone and an IXP. It could
telephone service, while VIETTEL and LACELL
further leverage Internet access in urban areas to
provide fixed wireless telephone service. There
encourage operators to make greater investments
has been little growth in the market, with around
in rural areas.
the same fixed-telephone subscriptions as before
the launch of mobile services. There are around a
half dozen ISPs competing alongside ONATEL in the
fixed-broadband market. Technologies are mainly
fixed wireless, including one fixed LTE operator,
with some ADSL and fibre-optic connections.
Fixed-broadband penetration is extremely low. The
Burundi Backbone System (BBS) is a joint venture
between the Government of Burundi and several
telecom operators on an open access basis. BBS
manages the Burundi backbone and ensures
connection to the landing stations of submarine
fibre-optic cables in Tanzania and Kenya, passing
through Rwanda and Uganda. The Burundi IXP was
launched in 2014 and is managed by an association
whose members include the telecommunication
operators and ISPs in the country.
Government policy: The Ministry of Posts,

Information Technology, Communication and
Media is responsible for oversight of the sector.
The National ICT Policy – featuring several
strategic axes such as infrastructure development,
education and universal access – guides the
Ministry. There was a national broadband strategy
covering the period through 2015. The Agency for
Regulation and Control of Telecommunications
became operational in 1998. The legal framework

Cambodia Key indicators for Cambodia (2016)
Asia &
Pacific
World

Cambodia has a competitive mobile market Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 124.9 98.9 101.5
deploying the latest LTE technologies. Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.6 11.3 12.4
Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 50.2 47.4 52.2
Mobile services: Cambodia has been one of the 3G coverage (% of population) 80.0 87.6 85.0
more competitive markets in the region, and one LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 50.0 73.6 66.5
characterized by ongoing mergers and acquisitions. Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 7.7 3.2 5.2
There are presently six active operators. The Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 13.5 14.5 13.9
largest is SMART, which is majority-owned by the Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 1.1 2.7 3.7
Malaysian AXIATA group. VIETTEL, the Vietnamese Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 2.2 5.4 6.8
mobile group, is the second largest. Operating Percentage of households with computer 10.5 37.8 46.6
under the METFONE brand, it was launched in Percentage of households with Internet access 26.0 45.5 51.5
2008 and purchased the mobile operator Beeline Percentage of individuals using the Internet 25.6 41.5 45.9
in 2015. CAMGSM, operating under the brand Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 23.6 48.0 74.5
CELLCARD, is one of the oldest operators. It has Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
been in service since 1996 and is 100 per cent
locally owned. Three smaller companies also HTN-Cambodia Internet Exchange established in
operate in the market. GSM mobile coverage is 2013.
high, with subscription penetration passing the
100 per cent mark in 2011. Availability of mobile Government Policy: The Ministry of Post and
phones is high for a least developed country, and Telecommunications (MPT) is responsible for the
stands at 87 per cent overall (96 per cent in urban sector. The Law on Telecommunications adopted in
areas and 86 per cent in rural ones).118 Mobile 2015 formally established the Telecommunication
broadband has developed rapidly owing to the Regulator of Cambodia. The main objective of the
scarcity of fixed infrastructure, and the first 3G Telecommunication Regulator of Cambodia (TRC) is
network was launched in 2007. In 2014, SMART to formulate regulations relating to the operation
became the first operator to launch LTE, which is and provision of telecommunications networks
now available across 25 provinces covering over and services. The Telecom/ICT Development Policy
half the population. The other leading operators 2020 was adopted in 2016. The policy established
launched LTE in 2015. Most Internet access is via a number of targets to be achieved by 2020, such
mobile phones, and almost half the population (48 as 100 per cent broadband coverage in urban
per cent) had a smartphone in 2016.119 areas and 70 per cent in rural ones. It also targets
an 80 per cent Internet penetration rate. There
Fixed services: State-owned Telecom Cambodia are three key objectives: i) to improve and expand
is the main fixed telephone service provider. In telecommunication infrastructure and usage; ii) to
addition, there are seven other licensed operators develop ICT human capacity; and iii) to diversify
using a mixture of copper PSTN lines and wireless the ICT industry and promote ICT applications.
local loop technologies. Owing to the popularity of
mobile, fixed telephone subscriptions have been Conclusion: With a highly competitive mobile
in decline since 2012. Fixed broadband is provided market, Cambodia has achieved a very high rate
through a mixture of technologies including ADSL, of mobile access with the cheapest mobile-
fixed wireless, cable modem and fibre. The country broadband prices in the region.
has an extensive national backbone, with fibre-
optic networks operated by three companies. The
largest is owned by VIETTEL, while the Cambodia
Fibre-optic Communication Network was launched
in 2006 with the backing of Chinese shareholders.
Telecom Cambodia also operates some fibre-optic
backbone routes. Two submarine cables land in
Sihanoukville on the Gulf of Thailand. There are
two Internet Exchange Points - the Cambodian
Network Exchange that began in 2008 and the

Cameroon Key indicators for Cameroon (2016) Africa World
The Government is aiming to make Cameroon a Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 68.1 74.6 101.5
digital hub for the Central African region. Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.2 0.4 12.4
Mobile services: There are three operators in 3G coverage (% of population) 65.0 59.3 85.0
Cameroon: MTN, a subsidiary of the South African
mobile group; Orange, a subsidiary of Orange
France; and VIETTEL, operating under the brand
name NEXTTEL, a subsidiary of the Vietnamese
mobile group. VIETTEL won the country’s third Percentage of households with computer 13.7 9.6 46.6
mobile license in 2012 and launched in 2014. Percentage of households with Internet access 10.5 16.3 51.5
In 2014, 81 per cent of households had mobile Percentage of individuals using the Internet 25.0 19.9 45.9
phones, with a notable divide between urban (95 Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 2.5 51.0 74.5
per cent) and rural (66 per cent) homes.120 Mobile-
broadband services began in 2015 after the entry Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
into operation of Viettel and the renewal of MTN

Agency is responsible for promoting ICTs,
and Orange licenses, which allowed the latter two
managing country code top-level domain names,
operators to provide 3G and LTE services, as well
and cybersecurity.
as to deploy fibre-optic networks. Orange and
Viettel both launched 3G services in 2015, while
Conclusion: The ongoing expansion of the
MTN deployed LTE the same year.
national backbone, connectivity to new submarine
cables and recent deployment of mobile-
Fixed services: Cameroon Telecommunication
broadband networks have set the stage for a
(CAMTEL) is the State-owned operator and main
more accelerated take-up of broadband services.
provider of fixed-telephone services, using both
These initiatives could be further strengthened
copper wire and wireless local loop. CAMTEL offers
by updated strategies and plans to leverage
fixed-broadband over ADSL and over CDMA EV/
high-speed Internet for supporting national
DO fixed wireless. Other ISPs provide WiMAX and
development goals.
LTE fixed wireless services. There is a national
backbone of more than 8 000 km of fibre-optic
cable reaching the ten regional capitals and is in
a third phase of deployment, with the objective
of reaching a network of more than 20 000 km.
Cameroon has been connected to the SAT-3/WASC
since 2002, followed over a decade later by WACS.
It is also connected to Nigeria via the Nigeria
Cameroon Submarine Cable System, with another
cable under construction to Equatorial Guinea.
Government policy: The Ministry of Posts and

Telecommunications is the principal government
institution responsible for ICT in the country. This
includes developing the ICT sector strategy. The
strategy ending in 2015 called for (a) building and
updating the legal, regulatory and institutional
framework; (b) increasing the quantity, quality and
affordability of ICT services; and (c) increasing the
use of ICT by industry. The Telecommunication
Regulatory Board is the sector regulator. The
main sector legislation is outlined in the 2010
Law Governing Electronic Communications and
substantiated by 2015 legislation. The National
Information Technology and Communications

Canada Key indicators for Canada (2016) The
Americas World
Canada’s telecommunications sector is well Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 84.9 114.2 101.5
served by a variety of operators that coexist Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 37.0 19.1 12.4
in a competitive environment. The five main Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 68.9 82.7 52.2
telecommunication services providers –Bell, 3G coverage (% of population) 99.4 93.6 85.0
Québecor, Rogers, Shaw and TELUS – are LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 98.5 77.4 66.5
responsible for more than 80 per cent of the Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 0.7 3.6 5.2
market revenues. Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 1.4 6.4 13.9
Mobile services: Wireless services represent an Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 1.0 5.7 6.8
increasing part of the telecommunications sector Percentage of households with computer 86.8 64.9 46.6
in Canada, totalling 52 per cent of the industry’s Percentage of households with Internet access 89.2 63.3 51.5
revenues (with regard to retail services) in 2016.
There are three main operators – Roger, TELUS and
Bell – accounting for approximately 90 per cent Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
of the market share.121 Smaller service providers
who compete in regional markets, however, are the Commission updated a framework to enforce
becoming more competitive and prompting the net neutrality, enabling a more competitive
main players to improve services and pricing. The market and instigating further service quality
Government organized spectrum auctions in 2014 improvements based on the fact that data
and 2015, for the 700 MHz and 1 755–1 780 MHz usage cannot be treated differently based on
bands. Following the 700 MHz spectrum auction its content.122 To further foster competition in
in 2014, the authorities also released 50 MHz in the market, the Commission published a new
the bands of 1 755–1 780 MHz. This increase in policy regulating rates for wholesale roaming
spectrum availability encouraged an investment of in 2015. DSL, Cable, and, more recently, FTTH
more than US$ 2 billion in 2015 by the operators. infrastructure must be shared with non-affiliated
The competitive environment for mobile services, ISPs. In 2016, the Commission published a new
along with government action and operators’ universal service objective: Canadians, in urban
investment, has meant that almost the entirety of areas as well as in rural and remote areas, have
the population is covered by mobile-broadband. access to voice services and broadband Internet
Providers have been investing in next generation access services, on both fixed and mobile wireless
LTE-advanced technology, which is now available networks.123 The Commission also improved its
to 83 per cent of the population. wireless code of conduct.124
Fixed services: The fixed broadband market Conclusion: The Canadian telecommunications
is also under intense competition between sector is well developed, covering almost the
service providers that offer cable, DSL and entirety of the population at competitive prices.
fibre technologies. Cable modem and DSL are The regulator is very active in the promotion of a
available to 85 and 77 per cent of the households competitive and innovative environment, which
respectively, whereas fibre is available to 28 per is reflected in the quality of services and on the
cent. Bandwidth is fast in Canada, with providers steady growth of service penetration across all
now investing heavily in advanced FTTH and segments except fixed telephony.
DOCSIS 3.1 technologies. The biggest discrepancy
lies on the Internet speed available to the rural
parts of the country: whereas 87 per cent of the
rural households have access to 5 Mbps, only 6
per cent have access to speeds of 100 Mbps and
above.
Government policy: The sector regulator

is the Canadian Radio-television and
Telecommunications Commission, which actively
engages in multiple facets of the sector. Recently

Cape Verde Key indicators for Cape Verde (2016) Africa World
The West African island group has made notable Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 117.4 74.6 101.5
progress in ICT access, particularly since the Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 3.0 0.4 12.4
introduction of competition in the mobile Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 70.0 22.9 52.2
market. Connection to a second submarine cable 3G coverage (% of population) 87.6 59.3 85.0
should spur the broadband market.
Mobile services: The two mobile operators are
CV Móvel, the mobile arm of the incumbent CV
Telecom, and UNITEL, owned by the Angolan Percentage of households with computer 37.4 9.6 46.6
mobile operator, which also has operations in São Percentage of households with Internet access 62.0 16.3 51.5
Tomé and Principe. Both operators have launched Percentage of individuals using the Internet 48.2 19.9 45.9
3G services. Following a public consultation on Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 23.4 51.0 74.5
the provision of LTE services, it is expected that
the 800 MHz band will be made available for LTE Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
services, even though the analogue-to-digital

to other operators. In November 2015, the
switchover of the television broadcasting is not
National Broadband Strategy was approved by the
complete, because only one channel is currently in
Council of Ministers. The Strategy aims to increase
use by the national television broadcaster.
the availability of connectivity, promote public–
private partnerships and focus resources on the
Fixed services: The fixed provider is CV Telecom, a
strategic sectors of the country’s transformation
subsidiary of Portugal Telecom (PT). The Brazilian
agenda (sea, aero navigation, financial services
operator Oi was a 40 per cent shareholder in
and ICTs), along with expanding digital learning
CV Telecom but in September 2016 announced
programmes. The Strategy envisions the creation
it would be selling its shares to PT. The CV
of an entity to monitor progress, and a cross-
Telecom group provides fixed telephony and
sector coordination mechanism to maximize
Internet services as well as IPTV. Fixed-broadband
synergies. The broadband programme has a set
connections are mainly via ADSL. There is a small
time-frame for implementation and will close at
ISP, Cabocom, providing Wi-Fi service on the
the end of 2018.
Island of Sal. CV Telecom operates an inter-island
fibre-optic submarine cable providing a ring
Conclusion: Cape Verde’s Government has made
interconnecting all the islands. Atlantis-II was Cape
consistent and forward-looking efforts to improve
Verde’s first undersea fibre-optic connection, a 12
the country’s connectivity and use of ICTs, efforts
000 km cable initiated by Brazil’s Embratel in 2000
that are paying off given the relatively high levels
to link Brazil with Europe via Portugal, and passing
of broadband adoption, widespread use of ICTs
Senegal, Cape Verde and the Canary Islands. More
by Government and increased availability of local
recently, CV Telecom has invested in WACS, which
online services.
began operations in May 2012, linking 14 countries
along the West Coast of Africa to Portugal and the
United Kingdom.
Government policy: ANAC, the National

Communications Agency, is the regulator
responsible for telecommunications, Internet
services and broadcasting. The telecommunication
sector was liberalized in 2005 and a series of
initiatives to improve the enabling policy and
regulatory environment for ICTs has been
undertaken since then. In 2012, ANAC determined
that CV Telecom had significant market power and
imposed a number of obligations on the operator,
in particular to provide wholesale services at
regulated prices, and to grant access to its facilities

Central African Republic Key indicators for Central African Rep. (2016) Africa World
The landlocked Central African Republic’s recent Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 46.7 74.6 101.5
uncertain institutional situation has constrained Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.0 0.4 12.4
investment in broadband networks and access to Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 3.3 22.9 52.2
cross-border submarine cables. Mobile, however, 3G coverage (% of population) 23.0 59.3 85.0
remains a bright spot, with a reasonable level of
competition, given the challenges.
Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 1,772.2 39.4 13.9
Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) n.a. 9.3 3.7
Mobile services: There are four mobile operators
Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) n.a. 17.7 6.8
in the country; MOOV, which launched in 2005 and Percentage of households with computer 2.9 9.6 46.6
is a subsidiary of Morocco Telecom; TELECEL, the Percentage of households with Internet access 3.1 16.3 51.5
oldest operator in the market, having launched in Percentage of individuals using the Internet 4.0 19.9 45.9
1996, a subsidiary of South Africa-headquartered Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user
1.7 51.0 74.5
ECONET WIRELESS; AZUR, which launched in 2004 (kbit/s)
and is owned by a private Congolese group; and Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
Orange, the latest market entrant, launched in
2007, a subsidiary of Orange France. Despite the of the World Banks’s project to be cancelled.
relatively large number of operators, penetration The country continues to rely on costly satellite
is low, challenged by the country’s instability since connections for most of its international Internet
2013, which has constrained investment and bandwidth, constraining investment and resulting
coverage expansion. Orange was the first operator in high Internet prices.
to launch 3G services in 2013, with coverage
mainly limited to urban areas. An inadequate Government policy: The Ministry of Posts
electricity network and national backbone and Telecommunications in charge of New
infrastructure make the expansion of mobile Technologies is responsible for sector oversight.
networks challenging. The 2007 Law on Telecommunications
Regulation is the main legislation governing
Fixed services: The Central African the sector. However, a draft Law on Electronic
Telecommunications Society (SOCATEL) is the Communication was adopted in October 2017. The
incumbent operator. It was partly privatized in Agency for Regulation of Telecommunications is
1990, when 40 per cent was sold to a subsidiary the sector regulator, charged with implementing
of France Telecom (rebranded as Orange in 2013). the 2007 law. But with the adoption of the new
SOCATEL is experiencing competition from mobile law, this agency will be replaced by the Regulatory
operators, and is further constrained by its limited Authority for Electronic Communications and Post.
fixed-telephone subscriber base of only a few
thousand subscriptions, which is concentrated in Conclusion: This landlocked country faces severe
urban areas. Most broadband Internet access is challenges, including an uncertain institutional
through the mobile operators, although there are environment. This limits the support available for
some fixed wireless broadband operators offering constructing an open access national backbone
service using WiMAX technology. Development to avail itself of cost-based capacity on undersea
of the national backbone is imperative since, as a cables in neighbouring countries. As a result, the
landlocked country, the Central African Republic deployment of broadband access infrastructure
does not have a direct outlet to international and service is constrained. Despite these
Internet capacity on undersea fibre-optic cables. circumstances, it has a competitive mobile market.
The World Bank’s Central African Backbone (CAB)
project provided support for the development of
a fibre-optic backbone with multiple cross-border
connections. Further, the country was perceived
as a potential key transit point for cables linking
the East and West coasts of Africa. However,
the reluctance to end SOCATEL’s monopoly over
international gateways, combined with an unstable
institutional environment, forced this component

Chad Key indicators for Chad (2016) Africa World
Expansion of the national fibre-optic backbone is Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 44.5 74.6 101.5
a top national priority for the landlocked country Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.1 0.4 12.4
to access the needed international Internet Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 9.5 22.9 52.2
capacity from neighbouring countries. 3G coverage (% of population) 22.0 59.3 85.0

operators: TIGO, a subsidiary of the Luxembourg-
based MILLICOM mobile group; AIRTEL, a
subsidiary of the Indian mobile group; and Salam, Percentage of households with computer 3.3 9.6 46.6
the mobile arm of the State-owned incumbent Percentage of households with Internet access 3.5 16.3 51.5
Telecommunications Society of Chad (SOTEL). Percentage of individuals using the Internet 5.0 19.9 45.9
In 2015, 59 per cent of households had mobile Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 3.8 51.0 74.5
telephones, with a significant difference between
urban (85 per cent) and rural areas (52 per Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
cent).125 One challenge is the limited coverage

in rural areas. Another is the relatively high
New Information Technologies is responsible for
tax burden on mobile use (e.g. additional SIM
the sector policy and overseeing the national
card tax, daily usage tax and per call tax) that
agencies responsible for various aspects of ICTs.
decrease affordability. Mobile-broadband has
The Ministry’s Action Plan for ICT Development
been deployed relatively recently. Both AIRTEL
has seven strategic axes: (a) development of
and TIGO launched 3G services in 2014, with TIGO
infrastructure, with an emphasis on the national
simultaneously launching LTE in 2014, the first by a
backbone; (b) ICT for poverty reduction; (c)
MILLICOM operation in Africa.
reinforcing the legal and regulatory framework;
(d) content development; (e) reinforcing human
Fixed services: SOTEL is the sole provider of fixed-
capacity; (f) e-Government; and (g) enhancing ICT
telephone services using copper lines and CDMA
access for vulnerable groups. The Government
wireless local loop. Fixed-telephone connections
is also considering the privatization of SOTEL,
have been dropping due to the popularity of
despite several unsuccessful attempts in the
mobile services. Fixed-broadband connections
past. The main sector legislation is the 2014
are very limited and most fixed-broadband
Law Covering Electronic Communications and
connections are based on fixed wireless
Postal Activities. The Authority for Regulation of
technologies, which are provided by several
Electronic Communications and Posts replaced
operators. As a landlocked country, Chad relies
the former Chad Office of Telecommunications
on the backbone connectivity of neighbouring
Regulation following the adoption of the new
countries to access undersea fibre-optic cables.
telecommunications law.
A fibre-optic backbone network running along
oil pipelines to Cameroon was completed in
Conclusion: The landlocked country faces
2012, although the capacity contracted remains
challenges to expand access to rural areas.
low. There are two other projects supported
Planned projects to build out the national
by development partners to extend fibre-optic
backbone with multiple cross-border connections
backbones. The CAB project is sponsored by the
should help to increase coverage while lowering
World Bank and would link Chad to neighbouring
costs due to increased choices in undersea fibre-
countries. The African Development Bank is
optic cables. At the same time, a reduction in
sponsoring the Trans-Sahara Optic Fibre Backbone
telecommunication usage charges could increase
Project, which would lay fibre-optic cable along
affordability.
the Trans-Sahara Highway connecting Chad
to Algeria via Niger, as well as Chad to Nigeria.
Meanwhile, Chad continues to rely on satellite for
a substantial portion of its international Internet
bandwidth.

Chile Key indicators for Chile (2016) The
Americas World
Chile has a well-developed telecommunications Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 128.9 114.2 101.5
sector that fosters competition and promotes Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 16.1 19.1 12.4
innovation and investment. Mobile services Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 71.5 82.7 52.2
are increasingly popular and prices are well 3G coverage (% of population) 95.0 93.6 85.0
below the average. Efforts have been centred LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 79.0 77.4 66.5
on infrastructure development, especially since Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 1.6 3.6 5.2
the earthquake in the beginning of 2010, which Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 2.4 6.4 13.9
revealed that there were considerable parts Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 0.5 2.5 3.7
of the population that did not have access to Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 1.2 5.7 6.8
mobile service. Percentage of households with computer 63.9 64.9 46.6

Mobile services: Almost the entire Chilean Percentage of individuals using the Internet 66.0 64.0 45.9
mobile market is shared between three mobile
operators: Movistar, Entel and Claro.126 The first Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
two operators compete directly for the leading
spot, but competition is intensifying not only is also committed to increasing access to ICT
because of Claro’s presence but also because of technologies and bridging the digital gap, as
smaller mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs) well as fostering innovation and investment. In
entering the market, for instance Falabella Movil, order to do so, Subtel follows the Agenda Digital
Virgin Mobile and Wom.127 Since September Imagina Chile 2013–2020, which set out goals in
2016, the competitive environment has been terms of digital education, service take-up and
facilitated not only by mobile number portability accessibility.131 The Government has also put in
requirements, but also by intermodal portability. place a national plan to develop ICT infrastructure,
The mobile-broadband market is well developed namely the Plan Nacional de Infraestructura, which
and all three main operators have provided places greater importance on the cooperation
LTE services since 2014, with the percentage of between the public and private sector.132
the population covered by the services steadily
increasing. In 2016, the Government provided the Conclusion: Chile has a well-developed
operators access to the 700 MHz band. Since then, telecommunication sector that still leaves room
Entel has worked on the roll-out of its 700 MHz for considerable growth, especially in terms of
LTE network, which was finished in the beginning fixed and mobile broadband. Efforts are being
of 2017 and allows for the LTE-Advanced service, made at the infrastructure level to increase service
a better and faster connection.128 Mobile access to reach and quality, whereas the Government is also
the Internet has helped the country to reach a high working on educating its population to bridge the
rate of Internet users. digital divide.
Fixed services: Chile’s receding fixed-line market

has been making place for an increasingly
successful mobile market. Fixed-broadband
services are represented by a competitive market
that has three main providers: Movistar, VTR and
Claro. Despite being under the regional average,
the country’s fixed-broadband penetration rates
have been continuously increasing, with speed
considerably above the average, as well as being
accessible at low prices.129
Government policy: The sector regulator,

Subsecretaria de Telecomunicaciones (Subtel),
is actively working on promoting competition,
introducing, for instance, intermodal number
portability towards the end of 2016.130 Subtel

China Key indicators for China (2016)
Asia &
Pacific
World

China is the world's largest telecommunication Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 96.9 98.9 101.5
market in terms of the number of mobile, fixed- Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 22.9 11.3 12.4
telephone and fixed-broadband subscriptions, Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 69.1 47.4 52.2
as well being as the leading exporter of ICT 3G coverage (% of population) 98.0 87.6 85.0
products. LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 97.0 73.6 66.5
Mobile services: There are three mobile operators Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 2.4 14.5 13.9
in the country: China Mobile, China Unicom and Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 0.7 2.7 3.7
China Telecom. Nationwide coverage of 2G mobile Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 1.1 5.4 6.8
networks is ubiquitous and access is high as a Percentage of households with computer 52.5 37.8 46.6
result of low service prices and easy availability of Percentage of households with Internet access 55.5 45.5 51.5
inexpensive handsets. By 2012, there were already Percentage of individuals using the Internet 53.2 41.5 45.9
213 mobile phones per 100 urban households Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 14.7 48.0 74.5
and 198 per 100 rural households.133 3G mobile Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
networks were launched in 2009, each operator
using a different system (CDMA2000, WCDMA and mergers in order to shape three nationwide
the Chinese-developed TD-SCDMA). Operators are operators of comparable scale to compete
aggressively promoting the use of LTE services, effectively. All have been partly privatized and
launched over the period 2013-2014. By the end publicly listed. The Ministry of Industry and
of 2016, over half of all mobile subscriptions were Information Technology (MIIT) is responsible for
LTE. Operators are piloting 5G mobile networks, policy and regulation of the sector. Policy is guided
with plans to launch commercial networks by by multiyear plans. The Broadband China plan
2020. was launched in 2013, covering the period up to
2020, and was instrumental in the adoption of
Fixed services: China Telecom and China Unicom fibre-optic standards and the licensing of LTE. The
were was the incumbent fixed line telephone plan aims to reduce the broadband gap between
operator. With market liberalization, all three China and developed countries, and between
operators in the mobile market are also the urban and rural areas. There are a number of goals
leaders in the fixed services segment. Having each to achieve by 2020, including increased coverage
operated fixed-broadband services for a number and speeds. Targets of 1 Gbps for large cities,
of years, China Telecom and China Unicom have 50 Mbps for other urban areas, and 12 Mbps
had first leader advantage, whereas China Mobile for rural areas, have been established. The plan
is a more recent market entrant. However, by identifies five key tasks: i) enhancing coordinated
the end of 2016, China Mobile had more fixed- broadband development among various areas;
broadband subscribers than China Unicom. In ii) expediting the optimization and upgrading of
order to catch up it purchased the fixed line broadband networks; iii) increasing the level of
assets of China Railway Communication in 2015. broadband network applications; iv) promoting the
The country has traditionally used DSL and cable continuous improvement of industrial chains; and
modems for fixed broadband, but operators v) reinforcing security.
are now making a big push towards fibre to the
premises technology. The national backbone is Conclusion: A mix of government direction, private
extensive, with almost one million kilometres of sector operation, and a large ICT manufacturing
fibre-optic cable. There are more than half a dozen base has forged China's rapid telecommunication
submarine cable landing stations on the country’s development, establishing it as the largest
east coast, with connections to more than ten telecommunication market in the world.
existing or planned regional and intercontinental
systems. There are also terrestrial connections
with bordering countries. There are three Internet
Exchange Points (IXPs) in operation.
Government policy: In 2008, the Government

restructured the telecom industry through

Colombia Key indicators for Colombia (2016) The
Americas World
The ICT sector represents a considerable part Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 117.1 114.2 101.5
of the country’s GDP, reaching 7.5 per cent in Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 11.8 19.1 12.4
2015.134 The mobile market is one of the most Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 45.5 82.7 52.2
prosperous within the region, and still has 3G coverage (% of population) 100.0 93.6 85.0
immense potential. The Government is actively LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 92.0 77.4 66.5
engaged in educating the population to make Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 2.1 3.6 5.2
use of telecommunications services, investing in Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 3.2 6.4 13.9
programmes to provide digital education. The Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 2.4 2.5 3.7
Government is expected to sell its stake of the Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 2.0 5.7 6.8
operator Empresa de Telecomunicaciones de Percentage of households with computer 45.2 64.9 46.6
Bogota (ETB) soon.135 Percentage of households with Internet access 45.8 63.3 51.5
Mobile services: The mobile market is dominated
by three main operators: Claro, Movistar and Tigo. Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
There is increasing competition by new entrants,
mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs), such current action plan, the Agenda Regulatoria
as Uff! Móvil, ETB, Móvil Exito, Avantel and Virgin 2017–2018, promotes sector development
Mobile. From the entry of the MVNOs in the through fostering competition and innovation,
market in 2010, they had accumulated 6 per cent improving service quality and reducing prices,
market share by 2015. Mobile use for Internet which at present are below the regional and global
access has intensified over recent years. In 2016, averages.140 Another important programme, the
70 per cent of Internet users stated they used Plan Vive Digital para la Gente 2014–2018, led by
mobile devices to access the Internet.136 There is the Ministerio de Tecnologías de la Informacíon y
potential for further mobile services expansion las Comunicaciones, concentrates on leveraging
as the mobile-broadband penetration remains the ICT development to positively impact the
relatively low compared with the regional average. society, in terms of job generation, poverty
Additionally, mobile services are a welcome reduction and digital education, among others.141
solution to the underdeveloped fixed-line
infrastructure, especially in the remote areas.137 Conclusion: Colombia’s telecommunications
Competition and service quality in this segment sector has been flourishing over recent years
are expected to improve following the auction of following public and private efforts. There remains
frequencies in the 700 MHz and 1 900 MHz bands a significant need to develop infrastructure,
later in 2017.138 in particular regarding fixed broadband. The
numerous governmental programmes have
Fixed services: Colombia’s fixed-telephony has encountered significant success with the increase
been slower to lose ground to the mobile services of service penetration, especially within the lower
than to regional and global trends. This can be socio-economic groups.
partly attributed to the fact that fixed-telephony
services are not subject to the value-added
tax whereas mobile services are, which results
in more affordable services. Fixed-broadband
is mainly supplied via cable technology, with
DSL representing 40 per cent of market share.
Fibre-based technology remained at 5 per cent
as of 2016, owing to its dependence on the
development of fibre-infrastructure.139
Government policy: The government body in

charge of overseeing the telecommunications
sector, the Comisión de Regulación de
Comunicaciones, has played an increasingly
important part in the sector development. Its

Comoros Key indicators for Comoros (2016)
Arab
States
World

Comoros has witnessed a great development in Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 57.7 107.1 101.5
its Information and Communication Technology Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.4 4.7 12.4
(ICT) sector over the last 5 years, but fixed and Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.0 45.2 52.2
broadband penetration rates are still one of 3G coverage (% of population) 60.0 81.9 85.0
the lowest in the region, with high prices and LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 60.0 33.8 66.5
low affordability. Currently with two competing Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 14.0 4.3 5.2
operators, the ICT sector is starting to move Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 51.9 10.1 13.9
ahead and it is expected that the prices are to go Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 14.5 4.5 3.7
down with the launching of 3G and LTE services. Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 18.2 5.5 6.8
Percentage of households with computer 8.7 43.3 46.6
Mobile services: Mobile-cellular penetration Percentage of households with Internet access 5.1 45.3 51.5
is far below the average penetration in Arab Percentage of individuals using the Internet 7.9 41.8 45.9
States countries and globally. The same applies Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 12.7 39.0 74.5
to mobile-broadband penetration. This can be Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
attributed to the absence of competition up to
2015, when the National Authority for Regulation law governing the sector throughout the national
of ICT (ANRTIC) awarded a 15 year licence to Telco territory. In this respect, it aims to foster the
SA, a consortium composed of Telma Madagascar, creation of a healthy, fair and non-discriminatory
SOFIMA and NJJ Capital, operating under the name competitive environment between operators,
Telma, thus removing the long-held monopoly manage the frequency spectrum, control of tariff
of incumbent Comores Telecom (CT). Comores costs and quality of service, and work towards a
Telecom was the mobile operator through its policy of universal access and service. The move
mobile arm Huri, which rolled out a GSM network forms part of a wider plan to prepare the market
in 2003. Telma has launched commercial mobile for the privatisation of its national Public Telecom
voice and 3G and LTE data services in Comoros. By Operator (PTO). In January 2013, the Government
the end of 2016, it had rolled out 50 base stations of Comoros launched the privatisation of
in the capital Moroni and across the country (all Comores Telecom via an international auction.
of which are LTE-enabled), providing coverage to The privatisation of the operator was one of the
more than 60 per cent of the population. A variety recommendations of the International Monetary
3G/LTE data tariffs are on offer. Fund. In July 2013, an infrastructure company
called Comores Cables was created by the decree
Fixed services: Comoros has a low level N° 13-86 / PR. Comores Cables has as main role
penetration and high prices of fixed-broadband the management and marketing of international
among Arab States countries and globally. Similar fibre optic cables EASSY and others in the future.
to the mobile market, Comores Telecom was the The liberalization of the market in 2015 followed
only fixed line operator in the country until ANRTIC the licensing of the second telecommunication
awarded the second licence to Telco SA. The operator Telco SA. Through the Regional
licence is valid for 15 years and will allow Telma to Communications Infrastructure Program, the
provide fixed and mobile (2G, 3G, LTE) services to World Bank is supporting Comoros’ efforts
the public upon full payment; however, as of 2017, to increase connectivity and lower prices for
Telma had yet not deployed a fixed network. international capacity and extend the geographic
reach of broadband networks.142
Government policy: In 2004, the President
of Comoros issued a decree to reform the Conclusion: The efforts made by the government
telecommunication sector. The Government in the last ten years have resulted in improved ICT
of Comoros announced plans to separate the status in the country. Comoros, in cooperation
telecommunication functions of the national postal with the World Bank, has set a development
and communications operator SNPT to create policy, and one of the main pillars is enhancing
a new company, Comoros Telecom (Comtel). competition in the ICT sector by licensing
ANRTIC is the state institution created by Decree additional operators and introducing mobile and
N° 065 of 2009. It is responsible for ensuring the fixed broadband services.
implementation of the ICT sector policy and the

Congo (Democratic Republic of the) Key indicators for Congo (Dem. Rep.) (2016) Africa World
There is a large untapped potential for the ICT Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 39.5 74.6 101.5
market in this fourth most populated country Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.0 0.4 12.4
in Africa. The spread of access will depend Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 14.2 22.9 52.2
on political stability and commitment of the 3G coverage (% of population) 20.0 59.3 85.0
Government and operators to extend last mile
access and backbones deeper into rural areas.
Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) n.a. 39.4 13.9
Mobile services: Following industry consolidation
and exits, there were four mobile operators Percentage of households with computer 2.7 9.6 46.6
with nationwide licenses active in the country at Percentage of households with Internet access 2.8 16.3 51.5
the end of 2016: Vodacom DRC, a subsidiary of Percentage of individuals using the Internet 6.2 19.9 45.9
Vodacom, the South African mobile group; Orange Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 0.8 51.0 74.5
DRC, a subsidiary of Orange, the French telecom
group (Orange purchased TIGO’S operations in Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
2016); AIRTEL DRC, a subsidiary of Bharti Airtel,

legislation. The Congolese Authority for Regulation
the Indian mobile group; and AFRICELL DRC, a
of Posts and Telecommunications is the sector
subsidiary of Africell Holding, a Lebanese-owned
regulator.
mobile group. Coverage remains somewhat
limited, as reflected in access statistics. In 2014,
Conclusion: Wireless is the prevalent method
39 per cent of households had mobile phones,
of access in this LDC. Expansion of the national
with a large gap between urban (79 per cent) and
backbone network, triggered by the arrival of the
rural (21 per cent) areas.143 All of the operators
submarine cable, should help to improve coverage
have launched 3G services and are waiting for the
in rural areas.
sale of LTE licenses, which is dependent on the
freeing of frequencies from the transition to digital
broadcasting. Mobile-broadband is by far the most
prevalent form of Internet access in the country.
Fixed services: The State-owned Congolese

Society for Posts and Telecommunications (SCPT)
is the result of the reform of the Congolese
Office of Posts and Telecommunications into
a commercial company by law No. 08/007 of
8 July 2008. It is mainly focused on wholesale
backbone and postal services, and does not offer
fixed-telephone service. A few companies mainly
using fixed wireless access offer broadband.
Fixed broadband using optical fibre is primarily
used by businesses. SCPT operates a national
backbone with around 4 000 km of fibre-optic
cable connecting some 45 locations across the
country. Prospects for international bandwidth
have improved, with connection to one undersea
submarine cable, WACS. An IXP was launched in
2012, managed by the country’s ISP Association.
Located in Kinshasa, the IXP has 11 members.

Telecommunications, New Information
Technologies and Communications is
responsible for the sector. The 2002 Law on
Telecommunications is the relevant sector

Congo (Republic of the) Key indicators for Congo (Rep.) (2016) Africa World
ICTs are seen as an opportunity to diversify the Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 113.3 74.6 101.5
economy from its historical reliance on oil. Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. n.a. 0.4 12.4
Mobile services: There are three mobile 3G coverage (% of population) 64.5 59.3 85.0
operators: AIRTEL, owned by the Indian mobile
group; MTN, a subsidiary of the South African
mobile group; and AZUR, privately held by local
investors. Penetration is relatively high for sub-
Saharan Africa, with the 2014–2015 Multiple Percentage of households with computer 5.3 9.6 46.6
Indicator Cluster Survey finding that 89 per cent Percentage of households with Internet access 2.7 16.3 51.5
of households had mobile phones.144 In 2011, 3G Percentage of individuals using the Internet 8.1 19.9 45.9
was launched, and mobile broadband has grown Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) n.a. 51.0 74.5
rapidly. MTN launched an LTE network in 2016.
Fixed services: Congo Telecom is the State-

submarine cable has created new opportunities for
owned incumbent operator and the sole provider
ICT high-speed services and applications.
of fixed-telephone services. Fixed-broadband is
available via Congo Telecom’s ADSL, offering as
well as fixed wireless provided by several ISPs.
Fibre-optic connections are mainly provided for
businesses. The Government is implementing
several backbone projects with Chinese assistance.
The National Coverage Project aims to extend
fibre-optic connectivity throughout the country
with some segments using the existing fibre-optic
cables of the national electricity company. As part
of the World Bank’s CAB project, fibre-optic routes
are being extended to the borders of neighbouring
countries. The Republic of the Congo connected to
its first undersea submarine cable in 2012 with the
arrival of WACS.

Telecommunications is responsible for sector
oversight. While there is no specific sector
policy, there are a number of action plans, most
relating to national backbone connectivity as
well as institutional strengthening. The Agency
for the Regulation of Posts and Electronic
Communications is the sector regulator. The
relevant sector legislation is Law 9 of 2009 on
the Regulation of the Electronic Communications
Sector. In addition to its sector regulator duties,
ARPCE also coordinates the country code top-
level domain name (.cg), the various fibre-optic
backbone projects, and the establishment of an
IXP.
Conclusion: The Central African country is looking

to move beyond a relatively high level of basic
mobile connectivity to more fully embrace the
potential of ICTs. The landing of the country’s first

Costa Rica Key indicators for Costa Rica (2016) The
Americas World
The Costa Rican telecommunications sector was Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 164.5 114.2 101.5
open to competition in 2008, ending the Instituto Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 12.6 19.1 12.4
Costarricense de Electricidad (ICE)’s monopoly, Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 103.6 82.7 52.2
which also runs the electric power market across 3G coverage (% of population) 90.6 93.6 85.0
the country. The government-owned incumbent LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 46.2 77.4 66.5
subsidized access to ICT services, as they have Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 0.5 3.6 5.2
historically been considered as a fundamental Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 2.1 6.4 13.9
part of the country’s development. Since its Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 0.9 2.5 3.7
liberalization, the market has shown impressive Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 1.5 5.7 6.8
growth and attracted foreign investors. Percentage of households with computer 51.7 64.9 46.6
Mobile services: Mobile services were open Percentage of individuals using the Internet 66.0 64.0 45.9
to competition in 2011, operators expanded
the services and coverage to the underserved Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
areas, so mobile services quickly caught up with
regional and global levels. Currently, the three declared competitive. With the goal of universal
main operators are ICE, Movistar and Claro, all access, the Government also created the Fondo
offering broadband services. There are also two Nacional de Telecomunicaciones (FONATEL), which
MVNOs. The introduction of new competitors in is financed among other sources by operator’s
mobile services meant an increase in coverage, contributions and fines. FONATEL works on various
access, service quality and competitive prices. In fronts, from the provision of Internet services
July 2017, SUTEL auctioned 4 2x5 MHz blocks on to schools to the assistance of underprivileged
the 1800 MHz band and 3 2x5 MHz blocks on the persons, as well as increasing the access of
1900/2100 MHz band. The auction ended with services to the more remote towns. More recently,
Telefónica winning 4 2x5 blocks and Claro winning the Government launched CRDigit@l, a national
3 2x5 MHz blocks. programme funded by FONATEL and designed to
bridge the digital divide within the country.
Fixed services: Fixed-telephony is solely provided
by ICE and the current trend of substitution of Conclusion: Costa Rica’s mobile market is thriving
such services for mobile or VoIP has created and there is still potential for improvement in
a significant decrease in this service revenue. terms of LTE coverage and higher bandwidths.
Fixed-broadband services have witnessed a The fixed-broadband segment still requires
slow but steady increase in penetration, which infrastructure investment and further
is partially due to more affordable services since development. The Government is involved in all
the market liberalization. HFC (fixed technology) fronts of ICT development, from infrastructure to
and WiMax (wireless technology) are the most educating the population, through promoting and
used technologies. Most of the urban areas are ensuring a competitive and secure environment
served, with the challenge remaining to improve for market players.
the infrastructure to reach more remote areas and
offer higher bandwidths.
Government policy: Following the market

opening in 2008, the Government created the
Superintendence of Telecommunications to
serve as the sector regulator and competition
authority to ensure a level playing field for all
market players, in order to promote competition.
Following the increase in competition in Costa
Rica’s telecommunication markets, retail fixed
Internet services and some other wholesale
markets were declared competitive in December
2016. In September 2017, the mobile market was

Côte d’Ivoire Key indicators for Côte d'Ivoire (2016) Africa World
This West African nation is looking to make up Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 126.0 74.6 101.5
for years of civil strife by promoting ICTs as a key Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.6 0.4 12.4
motor of the economy. Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 47.6 22.9 52.2
Mobile services: After industry consolidation
and exits, there are now three robust mobile
operators, each with a different foreign strategic
partner: (a) Orange (with Orange France); (b) MTN
(with MTN South Africa); and (c) MOOV (with Percentage of households with computer 10.4 9.6 46.6
Morocco Telecom). GSM coverage is widespread Percentage of households with Internet access 22.7 16.3 51.5
and 80 per cent of households had mobile Percentage of individuals using the Internet 26.5 19.9 45.9
phones in 2015.145 Mobile-broadband has grown Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 6.8 51.0 74.5
in popularity following the launch of 3G in 2012
and the launch of LTE by all operators after they Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
received their licenses in 2015. Mobile money has

Digital Economy and Post. The digital economy
been quite successful, with more than 30 per cent
figures strongly in the National Development
of adults using it, the highest penetration in West
Plan, which has the goal of becoming an emerging
Africa.
country by 2020. ICT strategies include (a)
adequate regulation; (b) abundant offers for
Fixed Services: CI-Telecom was the incumbent
broadband and services with local content; (c)
operator, and has been rebranded following its
massification of ICT tools and services by citizens
purchase by Orange. It offers fixed-telephone
and the public administration; (d) new activities,
service using copper lines. MTN also provides
innovation and employment generation; and (e)
fixed-telephone services using LTE-TDD. Orange’s
development of national expertise in ICT. The
ADSL fixed-broadband offering has been growing
strategy calls for close to 100 per cent mobile
since lowering prices and increasing the maximum
telephone services population coverage, Internet
speed to 10 Mbit/s. Orange also offers fibre-optic
coverage of 90 per cent of the population and
connections with speeds up to 150 Mbit/s. There
broadband penetration of 50 per cent, all by 2020.
are four other fixed-broadband ISPs offering
The regulatory framework for telecommunications
service using fixed wireless CDMA, WiMAX, LTE
in Côte d’Ivoire is guided by the 2012 Ordinance
and very small aperture terminal (VSAT) and fixed
Relating to Telecommunications and Information
broadband using optical fibre. The national fibre-
and Communications Technology. The National
optic backbone project was launched in 2012
Authority for Regulation of Telecommunications/
under the Nation Broadband Network project. It is
ICT is the independent sector regulator
partly financed by the universal service fund and
responsible for posts and telecommunications,
is being built by Chinese and French contractors.
as well as managing the country code top-level
Upon completion (forecast for 2018), the network
domain name, security, data protection, CIRT and
will be extend by some 7 000 km in addition 15
the IXP.
000 km of fibre provided by telecom operators.
The country has long been connected to the SAT-
Conclusion: Since the end of the civil war, there
3/WASC undersea fibre-optic cable. The arrival of
has been a concerted effort by the Government to
ACE and WACS has boosted international Internet
accelerate ICT development. This is partly driven
bandwidth capacity and lowered wholesale prices.
by a desire for the country to regain its previous
Côte d’Ivoire, with a project of landing a new cable
status as a leading ICT hub in the region as well as
by the end of 2017, is hoping to leverage the cables
to use ICTs to help achieve national development
to position itself as a regional Internet hub. The
goals.
Côte d’Ivoire IXP was launched in 2013 and has
eight members, including all the mobile operators
and leading ISPs.
Government policy: Sector oversight is the

responsibility of the Ministry of Communication,

Croatia Key indicators for Croatia (2016) Europe World
Croatia has some of the highest ICT penetration Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 104.1 118.0 101.5
rates of all Balkan countries and around the Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 24.6 30.2 12.4
European average. The telecommunication Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 76.7 80.1 52.2
market was greatly influenced by Croatia’s 3G coverage (% of population) 99.1 98.5 85.0
accession to European Union in 2013, which
strengthened market liberalization and the
creation of a regulatory framework in line with
the EU framework.
Mobile services: Three mobile operators offer Percentage of households with Internet access 77.2 82.5 51.5
services in Croatia. HT is the market leader (by Percentage of individuals using the Internet 72.7 77.9 45.9
number of subscriptions) with a market share of 47 Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 119.0 178.0 74.5
per cent followed by Vipnet (35 per cent) and Tele2
(17 per cent) at the end of 2015.146 In addition, Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
there are a small number of mobile virtual network

in place an interactive GIS portal, which shows
operators present in the market. All mobile
the availability of broadband access, as well
operators have deployed LTE networks. LTE
as information on deployment and bandwidth
population coverage is almost complete and thus
speeds. The national government is funding a
well above the European average. Mobile-cellular
project with a budget of approximately EUR 6.5
and mobile-broadband penetrations rates are high
million to bring basic broadband access to “areas
compared with other Balkan countries and around
of special state concern” including mountainous
the European average. Mobile operators in Croatia
areas and islands. Furthermore, the “national
have a relatively high margin and continue to
framework programme for the development
invest in telecommunication infrastructure.147
of broadband infrastructure in areas lacking
commercial interest for investments” with a
Fixed services: Croatia has a generally well-
budget of EUR 712 million is being co-founded
developed telecommunication infrastructure. The
by the government and private operators. The
market is dominated by incumbent operator HT,
EU is also investing in Croatia and has approved
which had a market share of 58 per cent of the
a project to develop broadband NGN networks
fixed-line market (by number of subscriptions) by
under the European Regional Development Fund.
end 2015.148 Other fixed-line operators include 152
Optima Telecom, Iskon Internet, Vipnet, and

Metronet. HT also controls the fixed-broadband Conclusion: Croatia has a well-developed
market. 149HT shares were first publically telecommunication infrastructure and state actors
traded in 2007 and in 2010 HT and Deutsche as well as the private sector continue to invest in
Telekom merged.150 Operators are investing in its modernization. ICT household penetration is
telecommunication infrastructure and especially relatively high and the number of people using the
in optical fibre networks, with Vipnet and HT Internet is increasing.
upgrading to optical fibre infrastructure in order to
increase speeds. 151
Government policy: “The Strategy for Broadband

Development in the Republic of Croatia for 2012
– 2015” aimed at ensuring competition in the
telecommunication sector, increasing broadband
access and encouraging demand for services.
Where broadband access was lacking, the strategy
suggested deploying mobile broadband. Croatia’s
objectives are in line with the Digital Agenda for
Europe (100 per cent coverage with 30 Mbit/s
and 50 per cent take-up rate for 100 Mbit/s by
2020). To this end, the regulator HAKOM has put

Cuba Key indicators for Cuba (2016) The
Americas World
Cuba’s telecommunication sector has been Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 35.5 114.2 101.5
developing positively despite the country’s Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.1 19.1 12.4
limited access to financing and technology. Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.0 82.7 52.2
There is a national program for the development 3G coverage (% of population) n.a. 93.6 85.0
of broadband that includes the modernization LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 0.0 77.4 66.5
and growth of capacities, which allows the Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 3,4 3.6 5.2
provision of new services with greater coverage Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 28,6 6.4 13.9
and scope, and improves quality standards Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) n.a. 2.5 3.7
and affordability. Basic telecommunication Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) n.a. 5.7 6.8
services in Cuba are exclusively offered by the Percentage of households with computer 15.1 64.9 46.6
Telecommunications Company of Cuba S. A. Percentage of households with Internet access 7.5 63.3 51.5
(ETECSA) which has an administrative concession Percentage of individuals using the Internet 38.8 64.0 45.9
granted by the Cuban Government by means of
a Decree. Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
Mobile services: Mobile telephony is the

telecommunication service with the highest rate
of development in Cuba with an annual growth
of more than 800 thousand lines. Investments
are being made in the modernization of mobile
infrastructure to support the expected growth in
numbers of users and services. For instance, the
3G network is being rolled out and 3G services are
already offered in Havana and the 15 provincial
capitals.153
Fixed services: Growth rates in the fixed-line

market have been moderate but positive over the
past years. Moreover, investments are being made
to improve the quality of existing services, such as
fixed telephony, and extend them to other areas,
such as Internet access.
Government policy: In 2017 Cuba updated its

policy for the informatization of society which
reaffirms the country's willingness to move
forward in capacity building and to make more
affordable access to telecommunications, including
the Internet, as a resource for the country's
sustainable human development, its culture and
the preservation, promotion and dissemination of
its values.
Conclusion: Even if it is necessary a higher level

of investment in the telecommunication sector, a
growing positive trend can be seen in recent years
in the development of ICT services in Cuba.

Cyprus Key indicators for Cyprus (2016) Europe World
The Cyprus telecommunication market is largely Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 134.5 118.0 101.5
dominated by the Cyprus Telecommunication Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 33.0 30.2 12.4
Authority (Cyta). Mobile-cellular services are Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 97.5 80.1 52.2
very affordable and penetration rates for mobile 3G coverage (% of population) 100.0 98.5 85.0
cellular as well as mobile broadband are above
the European average.
Mobile services: Cyprus has 3 MNOs and 1 MVNO.
The incumbent operator Cyta holds the largest Percentage of households with computer 71.8 79.6 46.6
market share (around 55 per cent), MTN is the Percentage of households with Internet access 74.4 82.5 51.5
second biggest player with a market share of 35 Percentage of individuals using the Internet 75.9 77.9 45.9
per cent and Primetel is the third biggest player Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 188.9 178.0 74.5
with a share of 8 per cent. Cablenet, which is an
MVNO, has the smallest share with less than 1 Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
per cent (OCECPR, 2017a). Competition was first

adopted. The Digital Strategy for Cyprus was
introduced as part of the country’s accession to
approved by the government in 2012. It takes a
the EU with MTN launching its services in 2004.
market-based approach, where the government
In 2011, PrimTel started to offer services as an
will only intervene in case private investments
MVNO and since March of 2015 as a full MNO
cannot achieve improved access to ICTs. By
in competition with Cyta and MTN. LTE services
providing the right regulatory incentives, the
are available since 2015 in urban centres; 3G
government encourages investments in FTTx and
networks are more widely available and cover
LTE technology. In 2016, the Cyprus Broadband
almost the entire population (International
Plan 2016-2020 was published. The plan aims at
Telecommunications Law, 2016).
achieving full population coverage for broadband
services at 30 Mbit/s and 50 per cent household
Fixed services: Cyta, which offers a variety of
penetration for broadband speeds of 100 Mbit/s
telecommunication services from voice to data
by 2020.155
and from fixed to mobile, is the dominant player
in the market with 58 per cent of the market
Conclusion: The Cypriot telecommunication
share (OCECPR, 2017b). Fixed-broadband is very
market underwent some important changes in the
affordable, and penetration is slightly above
past decades in terms of its market structure and
the European average. DSL is the most popular
the type of services that are being offered. The
broadband technology on the island, but providers
national government is working on the fulfilment
are facing increasing competition from Cablenet,
of its obligations by increasing competition and
the only cable Internet provider in Cyprus (Cyta,
encouraging investments in ICT infrastructure.
2011), which was sold to Malta’s GO in 2016.154
The company invested heavily and was able to
extend its reach to cover 68 per cent of Cypriot
households in 2017, reaching a market share of 20
per cent. Primetel is the third biggest player with a
market share of 15 per cent and MTN is the fourth
player with a share of around 6 per cent.
Government policy: Cyprus has been an EU

member since 2004. In the course of the
country’s accession to the EU and since then,
government policies have been aligned with the
EU acquis. For the telecommunication sector
this translates most notably in the liberalization
of the market. Furthermore, the EU regulatory
framework for telecommunications, which
focuses on competition and user rights, was

Czech Republic Key indicators for Czech Republic (2016) Europe World
The Czech Republic has a well-developed Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 115.5 118.0 101.5
ICT market with high penetration rates. The Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 28.4 30.2 12.4
telecommunication market is competitive Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 78.9 80.1 52.2
and has experienced a number of important 3G coverage (% of population) 99.7 98.5 85.0
acquisitions by pan-European as well as local
actors in the past decades.
Mobile services: The Czech Republic has high
mobile penetration rates, for both mobile-cellular Percentage of households with computer 75.6 79.6 46.6
and mobile-broadband services, at around the Percentage of households with Internet access 76.1 82.5 51.5
European average. Prices are very affordable and Percentage of individuals using the Internet 76.5 77.9 45.9
virtually the whole population is covered by a 3G Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 180.7 178.0 74.5
and LTE signal. After the end of communist rule,
the Czech telecommunication market attracted Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
investments from major operators. Deutsche

Government policy: The Czech
Telekom, O2, and Vodafone are all operating in
Telecommunication Office (CTU) was established
this relatively small market of just over 10 million
in 1993, following the split of Czechoslovakia into
inhabitants. In addition, a fourth licence was
the sovereign states of the Czech Republic and
granted to U:fon in 2007.156 In an effort to further
Slovakia. In 2000, the process of liberalization of
increase competition, MVNOs were allowed to
the telecommunication market began. The Czech
enter the market in 2012 and since 2017 have
Republic joined the European Union in 2004, a
been granted LTE access.157 LTE spectrum was
step that had a tremendous impact on the ICT
first auctioned off in 2013, with T-Mobile, 02, and
sector. Liberalization and competition were
Vodafone each being awarded an equal share
strengthened and regulatory measures aligned
of the 800 MHz spectrum. The licence obliges
with the European framework. As part of the EU
operators to cover underserved areas and allows
Digital Single Market, the Czech Republic has set
MVNOs to access the LTE networks.158 Moreover,
ambitious goals for broadband development.
the auction of the 3.6-3.8 GHz band has been
The national broadband strategy - Digital Czech
recently concluded and is regarded as important
Republic v.2.0 - was adopted in 2013 and commits
step towards 5G deployment.159
to providing broadband access with at least 30
Mbit/s for all households and 100 Mbit/s for
Fixed services: O2 Czech Republic, which is the
50 per cent of households until 2020. The new
market leader and incumbent operator in the
strategy, Národní plan rozvoje sítí nové generace
fixed market, was sold to PPF Group in 2013. The
(NPRSNG) was adopted in 2016.160 The Radio
acquisition marks the transition of ownership
Spectrum Management Strategy adopted by
from a pan-European provider to a local
the government in June 2015 is of particular
investment firm. In 2015, O2 was split into two
importance for the development of high-speed
separate undertakings: O2 Czech Republic, retail
mobile broadband (Czech Telecommunication
service provider, and CETIN, wholesale network
Office, 2015).
operator. Fixed-broadband penetration in the
Czech Republic is relatively high compared to
Conclusion: Internet usage is very high and the
neighbouring countries and close to the European
vast majority of the population are online in the
average. The Czech Republic has one of the highest
Czech Republic. With its national broadband
shares of alternative operators in the fixed-
strategy, the Czech Republic underlines its
broadband market in the EU and there is strong,
ambition to further promote ICT development.
infrastructure-based competition in the market.
DSL connections represent about one third of total
subscriptions and are on the decline. Wireless local
loop and cable are the most important non-DSL
broadband technologies in the country.

Denmark Key indicators for Denmark (2016) Europe World
Denmark has a very advanced Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 122.9 118.0 101.5
telecommunication market that is among the Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 43.3 30.2 12.4
most open and competitive in the world. Fixed Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 124.2 80.1 52.2
and mobile penetration rates are high and prices 3G coverage (% of population) 100.0 98.5 85.0
very affordable.
Mobile services: Penetration rates for both
mobile-cellular and mobile-broadband services
are very high. Denmark exceeds the European Percentage of households with computer 95.0 79.6 46.6
average for both services and has one of the Percentage of households with Internet access 94.0 82.5 51.5
highest mobile-broadband penetration rates Percentage of individuals using the Internet 97.0 77.9 45.9
worldwide. The Danish mobile market is extremely Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 239.9 178.0 74.5
competitive and offers very affordable mobile-
cellular and mobile-broadband plans. TDC, the Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
incumbent operator, continues to hold the highest

access to a broadband connection with download
market share, but is in fierce competition with
speeds of at least 100 Mbit/s and upload speeds
second place Telenor, followed by TeliaSonera and
of 30 Mbit/s by 2020. The Digital Strategy
Hi3G. All four operators offer mobile-broadband
2016-2020 “A Stronger and more Secure Digital
services, with Telenor and TeliaSonera having
Denmark” reiterates the focus on a technology
entered into an agreement to share 2G, 3G, and
neutral approach and puts in place the conditions
LTE networks in order to strengthen their position
for broadband development and investment in
against TDC.161
order to achieve those goals. The regulator will
make additional spectrum for wireless broadband
Fixed services: Denmark has a widely available
available. Continued investments in high-speed
and highly sophisticated fixed-broadband
infrastructure are expected to come from
infrastructure. Penetration is well above the
private operators. Public funding is available
European average and prices for fixed-broadband
for underserved areas, for example through
services are very affordable. Broadband access
the broadband funding pool that is directed
is provided mainly through cable and DSL. Fibre
to associations of households, businesses and
and other fixed networks are expanding with
cottages with limited bandwidth.163 Furthermore,
the support of progressive regulatory measures.
in 2016 Danish authorities introduced a tax
TDC is the largest fixed-broadband provider
deduction regulation for private households
with a market share of just over 50 per cent, but
setting up broadband access.164
declining, and numerous alternative providers
are active in the market.162 Denmark has seen a
Conclusion: Denmark continues to be at the
strong fixed-to-mobile substitution leading to
forefront of ICT development by maintaining a
a remarkable decline in the number of fixed-
competitive environment and the right incentives
telephone subscriptions over the last years (ITU,
for investments in and use of ICTs. Most people
2015).
in Denmark are Internet users and ICT-household
penetration is above 90 per cent.
Government policy: Denmark opened its
telecommunication market to full competition in
July 1996, 18 months ahead of the 1998 deadline
set by the EU Full Competition Directive, and
ahead of many other EU members. The market
is one of the most open with no barriers to entry
or restriction on foreign companies. Thus, in
combination with Denmark’s early liberalization,
the country attracted a high number of operators
into its telecommunication market (OECD 2000).
The Danish government announced that every
household and business in the country should have

Djibouti Key indicators for Djibouti (2016)
Arab
States
World

The Djibouti ICT sector is one of few monopolistic Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 37.8 107.1 101.5
telecommunication sectors in the world, and Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 3.0 4.7 12.4
has a relatively low level of penetration for Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 11.6 45.2 52.2
telecommunication services. Despite these 3G coverage (% of population) 57.6 81.9 85.0
challenges, the country has seen important LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) n.a. 0 33.8 66.5
progress in the last years with the launch of LTE Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) n.a. 4.3 5.2
services. Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 32.0 10.1 13.9
Mobile services: Djibouti is one of the few Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 9.7 5.5 6.8
remaining countries in which the national Percentage of households with computer 20.3 43.3 46.6
telecommunication operator, Djibouti Telecom Percentage of households with Internet access 9.1 45.3 51.5
(DT), has a monopoly on all telecommunication Percentage of individuals using the Internet 13.1 41.8 45.9
services, including fixed lines, mobile, Internet, Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 15.2 39.0 74.5
and broadband. The lack of competition has Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
meant that the market has not lived up to its
potential. Growth in the mobile and Internet Government policy: Djibouti has not yet
markets is accelerating in line with DT investment liberalised the telecommunication market, which
in its mobile network. However, competition has affected the prices, access, and quality of
and foreign investment are both required for mobile and fixed services. Djibouti Telecom
the telecommunication market to develop. In still holds a monopoly on the national and
preparation for this, DT is forging international international market, and as a result, high speed
alliances, and has been a key investor in cable Internet access is relatively more expensive than
network systems including the DARE and AWE in other countries in the region. Strengthening the
systems. Growth in the mobile and Internet ICT sector and making quality telecommunication
sectors accelerated with the 3G launch in 2011 services available at affordable prices is crucial to
using the 2100 MHz band. Evatis, the mobile achieve the objectives in the Djibouti Vision 2035
division of Djibouti Telecom, launched a HSPA and the aim to triple per capita income by 2035.
mobile service, augmenting its existing GSM and Djibouti highlighted the importance of its ICT
EDGE platforms in 2012, offering subscribers sector in its recent World Trade Policy Statement
access to high speed mobile broadband, voice, provided to the World Trade Organization in
and SMS/MMS services. As a result of the launch, September 2014. To achieve the Djibouti Vision
Djibouti Telecom users have access to broadband 2035 policy objectives, the Government set up
on a range of devices, including mobile phones, since 2014 a specific strategy for ICT (Integrated
tablets and laptops. Djibouti Telecom started Strategic Plan) which has for objective to develop
rolling out a full-blown LTE network in 2016 in the and to generalize the access to ICT.
1800 MHz band.
Conclusion: The effort made by the Government
Fixed services: While domestic infrastructure of Djibouti and Djibouti Telecom in the last ten
remains poor, the country is one of the best years, with the launching of HSPA and LTE, and
connected for optical fibre international cables with many international alliances, has reflected
in the region. The Djibouti Internet Exchange is positively on the sector. Growth in the mobile
a meeting point for a number of cable systems and Internet markets is accelerating in line with
passing between the Red Sea and Indian Ocean. DT investment in its mobile network. However,
Despite this connectivity, broadband services in competition and foreign investment are both
Djibouti remain very expensive: high rates have required for the telecommunication market to
contributed to an under-utilization of the copper show solid development in coming years.
network. Subscriber and line connection fees
are very high, taking into account the population
poverty rate, which continues to hold back the full
growth potential of the sector.

Dominica Key indicators for Dominica (2016) The
Americas World
Dominica’s telecommunications sector has Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 107.4 114.2 101.5
shown substantial development in recent Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 21.2 19.1 12.4
years, both in terms of infrastructure and Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 41.0 82.7 52.2
service uptake, especially regarding broadband 3G coverage (% of population) 95.0 93.6 85.0
services. Dominica is one of the five members LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 0.0 77.4 66.5
of the Eastern Caribbean Telecommunications Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 3.7 3.6 5.2
Authority (ECTEL), an overarching regulatory Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 5.7 6.4 13.9
organization that assists the national regulators Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 3.5 2.5 3.7
on the creation and adoption of well-adapted Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 3.9 5.7 6.8
and effective policies. Percentage of households with computer 54.0 64.9 46.6
Mobile services: The mobile market yields Percentage of individuals using the Internet 67.0 64.0 45.9
the greatest share of revenue among all
telecommunications services, and continues to Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
experience growth. Three operators compete
for market share in Dominica: LIME, Digicel and services becoming increasingly available and
Wikibuli. Mobile-broadband penetration has investment dedicated to the deployment of
increased substantially in recent years, with LTE related infrastructures, as well as programmes
technology first available in 2014.165 Mobile- to incentivize service uptake. The partnership
broadband has received growing investments in with other countries in the region has fomented a
terms of infrastructure deployment, unveiling promising regulatory environment to assist on the
great potential for the near future as coverage development of the sector.
expands and the population adopts the service.
Fixed services: Dominica’s penetration rate for

fixed-broadband services is above the regional
average. The fixed-broadband segment has
seen its adoption rates increase and dedicated
investment represented the largest part of
industry’s total invested funds in 2015, amounting
to more than 60 per cent as the deployment of
hybrid fibre–coaxial took place.
Government policy: A separate sector

regulator, the National Telecommunications
Regulatory Commission of the Commonwealth
of Dominica, was created following adoption of
the Telecommunications Act 31 in 2000. Since
then, a universal service fund was established
with the aim of encouraging ICT access and use,
particularly focusing on affordability of services
and bridging the digital divide within Dominica.166
The Fund’s current projects include supply of
equipment to public entities, skills training for
youth and the creation of free public Internet
via Community Access Points.167 The national
regulator collaborates constantly with ECTEL
and more recently has adopted a new Electronic
Communications Bill.168
Conclusion: Dominica’s telecommunications

sector has a positive outlook, with broadband

Dominican Republic Key indicators for Dominican Rep. (2016) The
Americas World
The liberalization of the Dominican Republic’s Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 80.8 114.2 101.5
telecommunications sector during the end of Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 7.1 19.1 12.4
the 1990s was followed by an influx of national Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 49.2 82.7 52.2
and international investments. Since then, 3G coverage (% of population) 99.0 93.6 85.0
broadband and mobile service penetration LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 86.4 77.4 66.5
showed significant growth, but there are Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 2.6 3.6 5.2
pressing needs in terms of infrastructure Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 5.4 6.4 13.9
development to both improve the connection Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 2.2 2.5 3.7
speed as well as increase service reach to more Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 3.2 5.7 6.8
remote areas. 169 Percentage of households with computer 32.0 64.9 46.6
Mobile services: The national mobile market is Percentage of individuals using the Internet 61.3 64.0 45.9
dominated by Claro and Altice, together retaining
approximately 90 per cent of the market share. Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
Prepaid lines represent the majority of the
subscriptions; however, the postpaid model is achievement in ICT has been the implementation
quickly gaining ground, with growth rates close of República Digital, a national program created
to 10 per cent. Mobile broadband is on the whole by Presidential Decree 258-16 which comprises a
more popular than fixed broadband, which can be group of policies and actions aiming at promoting
seen through the adoption rates, which have been ICT inclusion in productive processes as well as in
under steady and substantial growth in recent the provision of public and private services. The
years. Program is divided into four strategic components:
Education, Access/Broadband, Productivity and
Fixed services: Fixed-telephony is dominated by Employment, and Digital Government. There are
Claro, with more than 70 per cent of market share. two cross-cutting axes common to the four pillars,
Fixed lines, however, represent little more than 10 which are Cybersecurity and Social Inclusion. The
per cent of the total national subscriptions. Fixed- latest programme, the Plan Estratégico Sectorial
broadband is mainly provided via DSL technology; para la Regulación, Desarrollo y Fomento de las
however, optical fibre technology is gaining Telecomunicaciones en la República Dominicana
market share. In terms of submarine connections, 2017–2020, aims at the sustainable development
the Dominican Republic is well served, being of the sector, while also focusing on better quality
connected to five international optical fibre of service.172
cables. The country’s regulator expects to have
to complete deployment of the fibre backbone Conclusion: There is a clear preference for mobile
network in 2018, which shall improve connection technologies, seen through penetration rates, in
speed and decrease service pricing.170 the Dominican Republic. Despite the extended
mobile-broadband coverage, the country still has
Government policy: The regulator, Instituto challenges to expand the ICT services usage to
Dominicano de las Telecomunicaciones (INDOTEL), more remote areas and to provide more affordable
is involved in different projects in order to ensure services.
service quality, affordability and the existence
of a level playing field for all operators. INDOTEL
is currently promoting regulatory changes to
encourage infrastructure sharing, transparency
on international roaming and Premium SMS,
strengthening user rights, and a more efficient
process to award concessions and licences for
service operators.171 There is a 2 per cent rate
on all telecommunication services charges that
funds both the regulator as well as Universal
Service programs via the Fondo de Desarrollo de
las Telecomunicaciones. The country’s biggest

Ecuador Key indicators for Ecuador (2016) The
Americas World
The telecommunications sector in Ecuador is Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 84.3 114.2 101.5
relatively concentrated in the hands of a few Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 9.7 19.1 12.4
dominant operators. The fixed services have Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 46.7 82.7 52.2
experienced little competition thus far, with the 3G coverage (% of population) 87.8 93.6 85.0
State-owned incumbent retaining the majority LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 51.0 77.4 66.5
of the market share. Mobile services are under Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 3.5 3.6 5.2
a more competitive environment, but remain Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 4.1 6.4 13.9
limited to a few market players. Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 4.0 2.5 3.7
Mobile services: Mobile services are mainly Percentage of households with computer 42.3 64.9 46.6
provided by the operators Conecel and Percentage of households with Internet access 36.0 63.3 51.5
Otecel. The operator Corporación Nacional
de Telecomunicaciones (CNT) is a distant third
market competitor with a very low market Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
share. Prepaid services are still the main type of
subscription, but the postpaid format is quickly focuses on infrastructure roll-out (for instance,
gaining ground as the population becomes more it established the objective of having 80 per cent
interested in accessing the Internet. The number LTE population coverage by 2021), increasing
of subscriptions that include both voice and penetration rates (for instance, reaching 59
Internet services surpassed those of voice-only in per cent of fixed-broadband penetration by
the beginning of 2017. Mobile-broadband is widely 2021), among other universal service goals.
accessible in the form of 3G technology; LTE is Another programme, the National Plan for
becoming increasingly available as the operators Good Living 2013–2017, has been focusing on
invest in extending their networks.173 democratizing access to telecommunications
services and increasing digital literacy among
Fixed services: Fixed services provision are largely the Ecuadorian population.174 Another important
dominated by CNT, the State-owned operator, initiative, the Políticas Públicas del sector de
which retains more than 55 per cent of the fixed- las Telecomunicaciones y de la Sociedad de la
broadband subscriptions, with a variety of other Información 2017-2021, seeks to strengthen and
smaller operators sharing the rest of the market. promote the deployment of telecommunication
Despite the low penetration levels, demand for infrastructure and access to ICTs. In addition, it
fixed-broadband has increased steadily over promotes the efficient use of new technologies
recent years, with the infrastructure development and encourages the business environment,
reaching all states by end of 2016. More than half incorporating technology in micro, small and
of the connections are provided through copper, medium enterprises, as a mechanism for
with cable modem representing 13 per cent and innovation and productivity increase.175
fibre optic at 9 per cent. The fixed-broadband
market is expected to grow rapidly in the coming Conclusion: The telecommunications sector
years. in Ecuador still has considerable potential for
development as services penetration levels are
Government policy: The body responsible relatively low. Operators have the opportunity
for sector regulation in Ecuador is Agencia de to increase their reach by providing better and
Regulación y Control de las Telecomunicaciones more widely available services. The Government,
(ARCOTEL). The entity responsible for Government along with market players, has dedicated efforts to
policy in telecommunications is Ministerio de infrastructure development and public policies to
Telecomunicaciones y Sociedad de la Información bridge the digital divide.
(MINTEL), which actively engages in expanding
the services availability and the development of
the ICT sector through a variety of programmes.
The Government recently launched the Plan
Nacional de Telecomunicaciones y Tecnologías de
Información y Comunicación 2016–2021, which

Egypt Key indicators for Egypt (2016)
Arab
States
World

Egypt is one of the most developed and rapidly Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 113.7 107.1 101.5
growing Internet markets in terms of users, Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 5.2 4.7 12.4
international bandwidth and services offered. Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 52.6 45.2 52.2
With four competing operators, the country 3G coverage (% of population) 98.7 81.9 85.0
offers low prices of fixed and mobile-broadband LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 0.0 33.8 66.5
services in the Arab States region. The country is Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 0.8 4.3 5.2
connected through local and international fibre Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 1.8 10.1 13.9
infrastructure and some FTTH deployments. Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 0.7 4.5 3.7
Mobile services: Percentage of households with computer 53.1 43.3 46.6
Mobile services play a tremendous role in Percentage of individuals using the Internet 39.2 41.8 45.9
Egyptians daily lives through facilitating Internet Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 17.2 39.0 74.5
access, doing e-commerce transactions, Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
accessing social media and others. Supported
by a population of more than 90 million, Egypt four players competing head-to-head for fixed and
has a large mobile market, with high mobile mobile voice and data customers.
penetration levels. Orange was the first cellular
operator in Egypt followed by Vodafone Egypt Government policy: MCIT strives to achieve the
and Etisalat Misr, while Telecom Egypt entered digital economy through the use, dissemination,
the market in 2016. Egypt was among the pioneer and penetration of ICT tools to provide prosperity,
countries in the region to launch 3G services in freedom, and social equity for all. Its mission is to
2007. The development of LTE was delayed for enable the development of a knowledge-based
a while. Nevertheless, the incumbent fixed-line society and a strong digital economy relying on
operator, Telecom Egypt (TE) received the first equitable and affordable access to knowledge;
unified services licence from the National Telecom and the development of a competitive, innovative
Regulatory Authority (NTRA) in August 2016, which national ICT industry. Knowledge, innovation, and
allowed TE to offer LTE services. NTRA issued four scientific research is one of the main pillars of
LTE licences in mid-2016, and the service was Egypt’s Vision 2030. The strategy highlights the
officially launched in 2017. NTRA allowed TE to act importance of the ICT sector as a key driver for
as the mobile virtual network operator (MVNO), future sustainable economic growth. Additionally,
while the mobile operators will act as fixed it supports the development of the ICT industry
virtual operators (FVNO) using TE infrastructure. both regionally and internationally especially after
The wide spread of LTE technology will result in the design of new initiatives such as the electronics
creating more applications with different types design and manufacturing. The ICT sector achieved
and in different fields, such as health, education, unprecedented levels in contribution to the GDP
agriculture, and different services. This will of the country, which reached 3.2 per cent in
bring a positive impact on the citizen and will 2016/2017 with the highest growth rate among
maximize the flow and use of data and information the other economic sectors.
consequently the transformation to a digital
economy. Conclusion: The efforts made by MCIT and NTRA
over the past 20 years, and despite economic
Fixed services: The four-player market is expected difficulties, have resulted in making Egypt one
to bring greater choices for consumers on one of the most connected countries in the Arab
side, and to enable Telecom Egypt to provide States. Egypt has seen a significant rise in Internet
different data packages and bundled mobile and penetration in recent years, as a result of growing
wireline services. The three mobile operators, usage among the middle-class and the business
Orange Egypt, Vodafone Egypt, and Etisalat Misr, community, rapidly expanding international
are to launch fixed voice services, having acquired bandwidth, as well as the accompanying lower
virtual fixed-line licenses in October 2016, so the tariffs.
telecommunication market is expected to witness

El Salvador Key indicators for El Salvador (2016) The
Americas World
Until the 1990s, telecommunications services Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 149.0 114.2 101.5
in El Salvador were solely supplied by the Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 6.1 19.1 12.4
Government. From the mid-1990s onwards, the Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 28.5 82.7 52.2
sector underwent a process of privatization of 3G coverage (% of population) 61.3 93.6 85.0
the incumbent and liberalization of the market. LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 15.0 77.4 66.5
Despite these efforts, the services penetration Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 4.1 3.6 5.2
levels remain below par compared with regional Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 6.5 6.4 13.9
and global averages, with the exception of the Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 4.3 2.5 3.7
very popular mobile-cellular market.176 Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 3.0 5.7 6.8
Mobile services: In El Salvador the mobile market Percentage of households with Internet access 16.9 63.3 51.5
is more dynamic and successful than the fixed
market. There are five operators competing for
market share: Claro, Digicel, Intelfon, Movistar Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
and Tigo. The mobile-broadband sector holds
great potential as competition between the desarrollo, for instance, focuses on bridging the
operators should improve service quality and digital divide within the population by capacity
increase affordability for the population, as pricing building for women between 2017 and 2020.179
is yet to decrease to regional average levels. LTE
technology is not yet available in the country, as Conclusion: Despite the successful adoption rates
adequate spectrum is yet to be allocated for such of mobile cellular, the national telecommunications
services to be provided.177 market has yet to reach regional levels on
broadband uptake, regarding both fixed and
Fixed services: Fixed services account for mobile technologies. The Government is making
approximately one-tenth of the telephony market efforts to improve the competitive environment
and adoption levels are substantially below the for additional infrastructure investments. Mobile
regional average. El Salvador’s fixed-broadband spectrum auctions are expected to take place
penetration levels have grown steadily over the during 2017, which shall encourage much-needed
past few years; however, it is yet to experience investment and bring dynamicity to the market.180
a fully competitive environment.178 For instance,
despite having a competitive cable modem market,
Claro remains the sole DSL provider.
Government policy: Created during the late

1990s, the autonomous telecommunications
regulator, Superintendencia General de Electricidad
y Telecomunicaciones, is active in promoting sector
development. A reform to the law governing the
national telecommunications sector was accepted
in the first half of 2016, updating the country’s
legislative framework to include measures related
to spectrum, as well as attract foreign investment.
The regulator, however, has been assisting in
fostering a competitive environment for longer,
for instance by fixating caps for service pricing
for both mobile and fixed services, as well as
determining interconnection rates. Dedicated
not only to the development of a sustainable and
dynamic telecommunications sector, the regulator
also engages in providing the population with
the tools necessary to develop digital skills. The
programme Salvadoreñas Conectadas para el

Equatorial Guinea Key indicators for Equatorial Guinea (2016) Africa World
This oil-rich Central African country is aiming to Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 70.1 74.6 101.5
boost ICT use, especially following connectivity Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.4 0.4 12.4
to submarine cables. Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.4 22.9 52.2
Mobile services: The State-owned incumbent,
Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) n.a. 14.2 5.2
Guinea Equatorial Telecommunications Society
(GETESA), which launched its GSM network in
2000, dominates the market. In 2009, Green Com,
Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) n.a. 17.7 6.8
a subsidiary of a Kuwaiti-based company, launched Percentage of households with computer 16.0 9.6 46.6
as the second mobile operator under the Muni Percentage of households with Internet access 9.4 16.3 51.5
brand. GETESA launched 3G in 2011, followed by Percentage of individuals using the Internet 23.8 19.9 45.9
Green Com in 2016. Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 2.4 51.0 74.5
Fixed services: GETESA was partly privatized, Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
with 40 per cent sold to Orange France. Following

Government’s Horizon 2020 national development
the award of a third unified license to GECOMSA,
strategy and include enhancing international
a joint venture between the Government of
capacity, improving quality of services, making
Equatorial Guinea and Chinese investors in
prices more affordable, ensuring competition
2011, Orange triggered an exit clause whereby
between operators, extending coverage across
the Government was supposed to buy back its
the country, strengthening regulations, improving
shares. The exit clause was not honoured and
ICT training, and promoting the development and
Orange filed a legal claim, which is currently
take-up of new applications and services within
being adjudicated in several jurisdictions. GETESA
different sectors of the economy. The General Law
remains the only provider of fixed-telephone
of Telecommunications of 2005 is the relevant
services. It also offers fixed-broadband over ADSL.
legislation for the sector and, since its enactment,
The ISP GUINEANET offers WiMAX broadband
fixed line, mobile and Internet services have been
services in the 700 MHz frequency, with plans
open to competition. The Telecommunications
to migrate to fixed LTE. Fibre-optic connections
Regulator Organ came into being after adoption of
are available for businesses. GETESA and Green
the law to regulate the sector.
Com have an agreement to deploy a national
fibre-optic backbone. In 2011, the 287 km CEIBA-1
Conclusion: The deployments of submarine
submarine cable linking the island of Bioko
cables that link the country’s main island to the
(location of the capital Malabo) to the mainland
mainland and the country to the world have been
was completed. Equatorial Guinea connected
a major connectivity boost to the sector. Limited
to the ACE undersea fibre-optic cable in 2012.
competition is, however, holding back the potential
The 290 km CEIBA-2 cable linking Bioko, the
to enhance access and promote the ICT sector as
mainland and Cameroon is under construction.
a new economic sector to diversify the country’s
When deployed, the submarine cable will enable
reliance on oil.
Equatorial Guinea to connect to other submarine
cable systems – including WACS, SAT-3 and Main
One, via Cameroon – and provide redundancy for
CEIBA-1. The Manager of Telecommunications
Infrastructure of Equatorial Guinea (GITGE) was
created by Decree 44/2011 to administer the
Government’s fibre-optic holdings, operating as
a wholesaler. GITGE provides bandwidth capacity
on an equal and non-discriminatory basis to the
country’s telecommunication operators and ISPs.

Telecommunications and New Technologies is
responsible for the sector. Its aims are linked to the

Estonia Key indicators for Estonia (2016) Europe World
With affordable prices for telecommunication Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 148.7 118.0 101.5
services and a population quick to adapt to new Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 31.1 30.2 12.4
technologies, Estonia is at the forefront of ICT Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 125.0 80.1 52.2
development in particular with regard to mobile- 3G coverage (% of population) 99.0 98.5 85.0
broadband services.
Mobile services: Estonia has a very active user
base of mobile services and penetration rates
for both mobile-cellular and mobile-broadband Percentage of households with computer 89.6 79.6 46.6
services are well above the European average. The Percentage of households with Internet access 86.2 82.5 51.5
mobile market, which is served by three mobile Percentage of individuals using the Internet 87.2 77.9 45.9
network operators, is very competitive and prices Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 210.8 178.0 74.5
for mobile services very affordable. Telia holds the
lead, but is closely followed by its competitors Elisa Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
and Tele2. Estonia is covered with a nationwide 3G

Communications, 2013). One of the major drivers
and LTE network that reaches 100 per cent of the
of broadband roll-out is the Estwin project, which
population.181 LTE services were first launched in
was launched in 2009 by the Estonia Government
2012 and the development of LTE networks from
and eight private operators. Their goal is to
2014-2015 enabled speeds of up to 450 Mbit/s.
build a fibre network that covers 98 per cent of
In 2016, mobile Internet with speeds of at least
households and thus bring broadband to rural
30 Mbit/s were available almost throughout the
areas.185
entire country and 37 per cent of households in
Estonia were covered by speeds of at least 100
Conclusion: The efforts made by the Estonia
Mbit/s (Republic of Estonia, 2016).
Government have transformed Estonia into one of
the most connected countries in Europe and the
Fixed services: The Estonia fixed market is very
world. Internet use and household ICT connectivity
advanced with high penetration rates for fixed-
are very high. ICT development is expected to
telephone and fixed-broadband services. There is
continue, with the government committed to
a clear trend toward fixed-to-mobile substitution,
providing the best conditions for private operators
with fixed telephony on the decline since 2007
to invest in next generation networks.
(Republic of Estonia, 2016). Elion is the incumbent
operator and market leader in both fixed-
telephony and fixed-broadband with market shares
of more than 50 per cent. Its main competitor
Starman was bought by Elisa in 2017, which is
expected to boost competition in the market.182
Estonia’s fixed-broadband infrastructure is well
developed and the percentage of NGA lines (of
total broadband lines) is above the EU average.183
Government policy: Estonia telecommunication

policy aims “to ensure competition and openness
in the sector”. The sector was fully liberalized
in January 2001, ending the monopoly of the
Estonian Telephone Company.184 The entry into
the European Union in 2004 had an important
impact on the sector and further promoted
competitiveness. Today, EU policies as well as
efforts by the national government in the area
of ICTs focus on broadband development. In
this context, Estonia’s Digital Agenda 2020 was
adopted in 2013 (Ministry of Economic Affairs and

Ethiopia Key indicators for Ethiopia (2016) Africa World
The country is the most populated landlocked Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 50.5 74.6 101.5
nation in the world, which presents a challenge Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.6 0.4 12.4
for ICT deployment. The ICT sector is State-run, Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 5.3 22.9 52.2
with the Government dedicating significant 3G coverage (% of population) 85.0 59.3 85.0
resources to its development.
Mobile services: Government-owned Ethio
Telecom is the sole provider of telecommunication
services in the country. The Government Percentage of households with computer 5.0 9.6 46.6
considers that this arrangement best ensures ICT Percentage of households with Internet access 15.4 16.3 51.5
development in line with national goals. The GSM Percentage of individuals using the Internet 15.4 19.9 45.9
mobile network was launched in 1999. In 2014, Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 2.2 51.0 74.5
just under half the households (49 per cent) in the
country had mobile phones with a wide spread Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
between urban (84 per cent) and rural areas (40

sector, including regulatory supervision as well
per cent).186 Ethio Telecom deployed 3G services
as e-government infrastructure deployment and
in January 2009 and LTE in Addis Ababa in March
e-services coordination. The Ministry is drafting a
2015.
new ICT policy and broadband strategy to reflect
the goals of the GTP. The Telecommunications
Fixed services: Ethio Telecom offers fixed-
Proclamation of 1996 and its 2002 amendment
telephone service through copper landlines and
are the relevant laws guiding the sector. An IT
CDMA wireless local loop. Fixed broadband is
Park called EthioICT-Village is being developed in
offered via ADSL2+ and fibre-optic technologies,
the outskirts of the capital, Addis Ababa. With a
and generally used in urban areas. Fixed wireless
state-of-the-art infrastructure including fibre-optic
broadband is provided through CDMA EVDO.
connectivity and data centre, EthioICT-Village will
The nationwide fibre-optic backbone network
serve as the headquarters of both Ethio Telecom
essentially reaches all main towns and key border
and the Ministry with the aim of becoming a
crossings in the North, East and South. Traffic
leading ICT hub in Africa.
in other areas is backhauled via microwave
and satellite technology. Though landlocked,
Conclusion: Despite the challenges in deploying
Ethiopia has diverse access to capacity on several
ICTs in this large, landlocked and mainly rural
international undersea cables through three
nation, the Government has devoted substantial
border crossings: (a) via three submarine cables
resources recently to boost infrastructure,
landing in Djibouti; (b) on two cables landing in
including last mile access, to achieve the ambitious
Sudan; and (c) on two cables landing in Kenya.
targets in the country’s national development plan.
There is also a fibre link to Somaliland in Somalia.
Government policy: The Growth and

Transformation Plan II (GTP II) (2015/16-2019/20)
is the guiding national policy instrument for
development in Ethiopia. GTP II has the overall
objective of Ethiopia becoming a lower-middle-
income country by 2025. ICT is recognized as a
vital economic infrastructure in GTP II. The plan
calls for (a) enhancing the role of the sector in
socio-economic activities to enable the country
to grow rapidly; (b) expanding ICT coverage in all
parts of the country; (c) providing competitive
ICT services in terms of cost and quality; and (d)
creating a conducive environment for the private
sector to use ICT. The Ministry of Communication
and Information Technology is responsible for the

Fiji Key indicators for Fiji (2016)
Asia &
Pacific
World

The small island developing state is a hub for Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 116.3 98.9 101.5
international fibre-optic connectivity in the Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 1.4 11.3 12.4
South Pacific. Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 131.8 47.4 52.2
Mobile services: A GSM service was launched LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 90.0 73.6 66.5
in July 1994 by Vodafone Fiji Limited, which at Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 4.3 3.2 5.2
the time was co-owned by Vodafone UK (49 per Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 3.9 14.5 13.9
cent) and Fijian Amalgamated Telecom Holdings Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 2.8 2.7 3.7
(ATH) (51 per cent), a Fijian group. In 2014, Fiji's Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 2.8 5.4 6.8
National Provident Fund purchased Vodafone UK's Percentage of households with computer 41.7 37.8 46.6
shareholding, making Vodafone fully locally owned. Percentage of households with Internet access 33.6 45.5 51.5
Until 2008 the company was the nation’s only Percentage of individuals using the Internet 46.5 41.5 45.9
mobile operator. With the ending of Vodafone's Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 23.7 48.0 74.5
exclusivity, Digicel Fiji Limited, a subsidiary of a Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
privately held mobile group with operations in the
Caribbean and the Pacific, entered the market. The cables from Tonga and Vanuatu land in the country
year after Digitcel launched, mobile penetration for onward transmission onto Southern Cross, with
passed the 100 per cent mark. However actual the Tui-Samoa cable under construction between
mobile phone ownership is lower, with 76 per Fiji and Samoa and slated for deployment in March
cent of the population aged 15 and older owning 2018.
one and another 10 per cent reporting they used
someone else’s mobile.187 Vodafone deployed a Government policy: The 2008 Telecommunications
3G network in November 2008 and has since then Promulgation led to the end of exclusivities in
converted all base stations to support high-speed the telecommunication sector. The whole market
mobile technology, a feat accomplished in five was opened to competition from October 2008.
years, compared to the 16 years needed to reach Operators are now granted 15-year unified
the same level of coverage for GSM. Vodafone licences allowing them to provide any service. The
launched an LTE network in December 2013 and Telecommunications Promulgation also called for
coverage stood at 65 per cent of the population in the establishment of an independent regulator, the
2016. Digicel deployed its 3G network in July 2011 Telecommunications Authority of Fiji (TAF). The Fiji
and its LTE network in August 2014. Competition and Consumer Commission (FCCC) is
responsible for monitoring unfair trade practices
Fixed services: Telecom Fiji Limited (TFL), the and introducing price controls when necessary.
incumbent owned by ATH, accounts for most fixed Responsibility for the ICT sector policy lies with
telephone lines in the country. Fixed telephone the Ministry of Communications. The five-year
penetration is relatively high for a developing National Broadband Policy was launched in 2011,
nation. Fixed broadband subscriptions are low the first in a Pacific Island developing nation. It
and mainly limited to urban areas using ADSL or aims to achieve 95 per cent population coverage
fibre. Fixed wireless penetration is higher and is with minimum Internet speeds of 2 Mb/s by 2016.
being stimulated by the use of LTE for stationary The policy is part of the Government's intent to
Internet access as well as WiMAX. Telecom Fiji develop the ICT sector and strengthen its position
uses fibre-optic cable and microwave for its as a regional hub.
backbone network and is progressively converting
to all-fibre. Digicel primarily uses microwave for Conclusion: Connection to the Southern Cross
its backbone network. Fiji became the first South Cable Network has provided progressively cheaper
Pacific nation to get access to an undersea fibre- and higher-speed international backbone capacity
optic cable when it connected to Southern Cross for development of the Internet. Introduction of
in November 2000. Access to Southern Cross competition in the mobile market has boosted
Cable Network, which runs from Australia to the penetration, brought down prices, expanded
United States, has been a big attraction for other coverage and driven wireless broadband services.
countries in the region, and Fiji has emerged as
a regional hub for fibre connectivity. Submarine

Finland Key indicators for Finland (2016) Europe World
Finland has a very mature and highly innovative Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 134.5 118.0 101.5
telecommunication market with high Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 31.3 30.2 12.4
penetration rates for both fixed and mobile Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 153.0 80.1 52.2
services. 3G coverage (% of population) 99.9 98.5 85.0

Mobile services: Finland has a highly-developed
and innovative mobile market with very high
penetration rates for both mobile-cellular and
mobile-broadband services. Prices for mobile Percentage of households with computer 84.5 79.6 46.6
services are very affordable in this highly Percentage of households with Internet access 84.6 82.5 51.5
competitive market served by three mobile Percentage of individuals using the Internet 87.7 77.9 45.9
network operators.188 According to a survey Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 216.4 178.0 74.5
by the regulator FICORA, “mobile Internet is
becoming more common and is sufficient as the Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
only connection for most of the Finns”.189 The

and cooperatives are considered important
amount of data transferred over mobile networks,
players in broadband roll-out and enabled by
although already at very high levels, continues to
the government to set up joint ventures with
grow. In the first half of 2017, the average use of
other municipalities or private operators for the
data per month rose to 22 GB. 190
deployment of NGA. Furthermore, the government
promotes the shared construction and use of
Fixed services: Fixed-broadband penetration
network infrastructure.193
in Finland is above the European average and
prices are very affordable. While the number
Conclusion: Finland has evolved to be one of
of subscriptions is increasing at a relatively
the most advanced digital economy in Europe,
low growth rate typical for fixed services, new
with high penetration rates for fixed and mobile
broadband technologies (FTTH in particular)
services as well as ICT household connectivity.
are spreading and subscriptions are becoming
The country has proven to be a forerunner in
faster (Viestintavirasto, 2016). By end June 2017,
embracing new technologies: it was the first
30 per cent of all fixed-broadband subscriptions
worldwide to launch a tender for 3G licences in
achieved speeds of over 100 Mbit/s.191 The
1999, and continues to assume this role by being
fixed market is very competitive with a large
among the first countries to issue licences for 5G
number of companies offering fixed-telephone
trials.194,195
and broadband services. Elisa, Telia and DNA as
well as the companies of the Finnet Group are
the most important players in the market. The
fixed-broadband and fixed-telephone markets
are led by Elisa after the acquisition of one major
local network. 192 Mobile services have largely
substituted fixed telephony, which has seen a
decline in penetration over the past years to reach
a single digit penetration rate already in 2015.
Government policy: The Finland Government

is putting an emphasis on ICT development and
in particular broadband roll-out. Finland aims to
achieve 99 per cent of all permanent residences
and offices to be located within 2 km of an optical
fibre network or cable network that enables
connections of 100 Mbit/s. In order to make high-
speed Internet widely available, the government
promotes fibre-based networks and provides
funds for underserved areas. Local municipalities

France Key indicators for France (2016) Europe World
France has one of the largest telecommunication Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 103.5 118.0 101.5
markets in Europe that is characterized by fierce Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 42.4 30.2 12.4
competition between four main operators. Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 81.7 80.1 52.2
Penetration rates are high for fixed and mobile 3G coverage (% of population) 99.0 98.5 85.0
services and prices very affordable.
Mobile services: France’s mobile market is one
of the largest in Europe in terms of subscriptions
and also among the most competitive. Orange, a Percentage of households with computer 81.8 79.6 46.6
major international player with operations across Percentage of households with Internet access 85.9 82.5 51.5
Europe, the Arab States region, and Africa is Percentage of individuals using the Internet 85.6 77.9 45.9
leading the market. The entry of mobile operator Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 97.7 178.0 74.5
Free in early 2012 had a disruptive effect on the
market. What followed was described as “one Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
of Europe’s most brutal telecoms price wars”.196

with 30 Mbit/s by 2020. The goal is to be achieved
The three “incumbent” operators Orange, SFR,
primarily through the roll-out of FTTH. France
and Bouygues increased their investments in LTE
Très Haut Débit, the national broadband plan,
infrastructure in order to stay competitive and
which was adopted by the government in 2013,
satisfy customer demands for higher speeds. LTE
sets forth the conditions for the roll-out. The
plans were first launched in late 2012. Mobile-
implementation of the strategy will require up to
broadband penetration is above the European
EUR 20 billion in private and public investments.
average and prices for both prepaid and postpaid
The Fund for the Digital Society, which was set
mobile-broadband services are very affordable
up by the France Government, provides funds to
(ARCEP, 2014).
support the roll-out of superfast broadband.197
Fixed services: The fixed telecommunication
Conclusion: France is a highly connected country
market in France is very advanced and subscription
with high ICT penetration rates and a large
numbers are high. Fixed-telephone penetration
percentage of the population online. Efforts by
is still above 50 per cent. Fixed-broadband
private operators and the government underline
penetration is among the highest in the world
the ambition to remain one of the major ICT hubs
and prices for fixed-broadband services
in the world.
very affordable. Almost all fixed-broadband
subscriptions are bundled with at least one
telephony service and 69 per cent were even
triple or quadruple play and bundled with a TV
service in 2016 (European Commission, 2017).
DSL subscriptions are still prevalent, while fibre
connections have seen the strongest growth in
recent years. Private operators as well as public
entities are investing heavily in the roll-out of FTTH
networks as well as in the modernization of copper
lines in order to update to VDSL (ARCEP, 2014).
Incumbent operator Orange holds the highest
market share, but is facing competition from the
same players as in the mobile market namely Free,
Bouygues, and SFR.
Government policy: The focus of the government

is on the development of broadband networks.
France’s broadband target exceeds (albeit with a
longer time frame) that of the Digital Agenda for
Europe and aims to achieve 100 per cent coverage

Gabon Key indicators for Gabon (2016) Africa World
This thinly populated oil-rich country is tapping Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 165.4 74.6 101.5
ICTs as a strategic lever to diversify its economy. Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 1.1 0.4 12.4
Mobile services: Gabon Telecom, the incumbent 3G coverage (% of population) 92.0 59.3 85.0
operator, is the market leader competing with
AIRTEL, part of the Indian mobile group, and AZUR,
owned by a Congolese group. Gabon Telecom
acquired the fourth operator, MOOV, in 2016. This
acquisition granted access to the incumbent’s 3G Percentage of households with computer 31.0 9.6 46.6
and LTE network to the data subscribers of MOOV, Percentage of households with Internet access 34.4 16.3 51.5
who could previously only access 2G services. GSM Percentage of individuals using the Internet 48.1 19.9 45.9
coverage is high and 90 per cent of households Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 4.8 51.0 74.5
had mobile phones in 2013.198 Both Gabon
Telecom and AIRTEL have launched 3G and LTE, Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
with the former also deploying LTE-Advanced with

Finance. The 2016 Communications Code guides
theoretical download speeds of up to 300 Mbit/s.
the regulatory framework in Gabon.
Fixed services: Gabon Telecom was partly
Conclusion: The Government has embraced ICTs
privatized through the sale of 51 per cent of its
as a way to diversify the economy. The potential
shares to Morocco Telecom in 2006. Although
for development of an ICT-enabled services
the basic fixed services market has been open
sector has increased, following access to a second
since 2005, Gabon Telecom remains the only
submarine cable and deployment of the latest
operator. There are other operators in the Internet
mobile-broadband technologies and fibre-optic
market, including the mobile operators and some
cable.
small ISPs providing fixed wireless access. Gabon
Telecom offers ADSL as well as fibre-optic Internet
access. Both fixed-telephone and fixed-broadband
penetration is low. A Chinese firm is constructing a
fibre-optic backbone that will extend some 1 000
km in the South-east and to the Congolese border.
The backbone forms part of the World Bank’s CAB
project. Gabon is connected to two international
undersea fibre-optic cables: SAT-3 in 2002 and ACE
a decade later. In addition, an undersea fibre-optic
cable connects the capital Libreville and second
largest city, Port-Gentil.
Government policy: The sector policy-maker is

the Ministry of Digital Economy, Communications,
Culture and Arts. The Government’s Emerging
Gabon Strategic Plan aims to diversify the
economy and make Gabon a leading emerging
country by 2025. The strategy targets ICT-
enabled services as an important part of its digital
economy vision. The Government is currently
preparing a broadband plan to implement the
high-speed requirements in support of the
national strategic plan. The regulator is the Agency
for Regulation of Electronic Communications and
Posts, created in 2012 and reporting to the sector
Ministry as well as to the Ministry of Economy and

Gambia Key indicators for Gambia (2016) Africa World
A competitive mobile market has resulted in a Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 139.6 74.6 101.5
high level of access in this small West African Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.2 0.4 12.4
nation. The arrival of the ACE cable has created Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 21.3 22.9 52.2
an enabling platform for enhancing broadband 3G coverage (% of population) 86.0 59.3 85.0
access.
Mobile services: There are four mobile networks
operating in the country. The market leader is
AFRICELL, a subsidiary of a Lebanese mobile Percentage of households with computer 9.3 9.6 46.6
group, which entered the market in 2001. Other Percentage of households with Internet access 11.2 16.3 51.5
operators include COMIUM, part of a Lebanese Percentage of individuals using the Internet 18.5 19.9 45.9
mobile group, which started operations in 2007; Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 13.3 51.0 74.5
QCELL launched in 2009 and is privately held by
Gambian investors; and GAMCEL, the mobile Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
operator of the incumbent State-owned operator

environment. The Public Utilities Regulatory
Gambia Telecommunications Ltd. (GAMTEL),
Authority, created in 2001, is the multi-sector
which launched GSM in 2001. Mobile penetration
regulator responsible for telecommunications
is high, reflecting the competitiveness and
as well as other utilities. The 2009 Information
straightforwardness of extending coverage in one
and Communications Act guide the Authority’s
of sub-Saharan Africa’s smallest countries with a
telecommunication activities.
relatively high population density. In 2013, 91 per
cent of households had mobile phones, with a
Conclusion: The competitive mobile market has
small difference between urban (93 per cent) and
resulted in a high level of basic access. The landing
rural areas (87 per cent).199 QCELL was the only 3G
of the country’s first submarine cable has provided
operator from 2009 until AFRICELL launched its
a platform for expanding broadband throughout
3G network in 2012. This has spurred competition
Gambia. Opening up of the international gateway
in the mobile-broadband market segment. QCELL
will improve international access even further.
launched LTE in 2017.
Fixed services: GAMTEL is the main provider of

fixed-telephone services. It offers fixed-broadband
service over ADSL, fixed wireless broadband and,
for businesses, optical fibre. Several fixed wireless
ISPs offer Internet access using WiMAX, fixed LTE
and VSAT. The Government procured a loan from
the Islamic Development Bank in 2001 to develop a
fibre-optic backbone within the ECOWAS Regional
Backbone initiative. GAMTEL has been deploying
the backbone through a ring architecture to
enhance redundancy. The arrival of the ACE
submarine cable in 2011 has dramatically boosted
the country’s international Internet capacity. The
Gambia Submarine Cable Company (GSC) manages
the link. GSC is a consortium, with membership
comprising all licensed telecommunication
operators as well as some ISPs. The Serekunda IXP
launched in 2014.

and Communication Infrastructure is responsible
for sector policy. Strategies for the ICT sector
need updating to reflect the new broadband

Georgia Key indicators for Georgia* (2016) CIS World
Georgia has a developed mobile-broadband Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 129.1 141.2 101.5
market. 3G and LTE technologies cover the Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 16.1 15.8 12.4
majority of the population, and LTE coverage Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 58.6 59.7 52.2
continues high-tempo growth. Mobile and 3G coverage (% of population) 99.9 77.1 85.0
fixed service prices have recently reduced
considerably.
Mobile services: There are four mobile-cellular
operators in Georgia: Magticom, Geocell, Mobitel, Percentage of households with computer 52.5 67.4 46.6
and Silknet. Three of them (Magticom, Geocell, Percentage of households with Internet access 49.8 68.0 51.5
and Mobitel) share more than 99 per cent of Percentage of individuals using the Internet 50.0 65.1 45.9
subscribers. Since mobile number portability Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 92.1 59.0 74.5
(MNP) introduction in 2011, almost 600 000
numbers have used the service (54 per cent of Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
* Georgia exited CIS on 18 August 2009 but is included in the ITU BDT
them in 2013 and 2014). Companies offer services administrative region for the CIS countries.
in a broad range of technologies including LTE,
CDMA, Wi-Fi and Canopy. infrastructure for three years after the launch of
the program.
Fixed services: There are around 150 companies
providing Internet services over fixed networks. By Conclusion: The authorities have succeeded in
August 2017, two main operators (Magticom and their efforts to liberalize the telecommunication
Silknet) shared 78 per cent of subscribers. Optical market, and make it open and competitive. Clearly
fibre cable connections have been increasing allocated responsibilities between policy maker
steadily over recent years. The number of xDSL and regulator ensure predictability of governing
connections started to reduce gradually in 2014. In processes in the ICT sector, which is favourably
the first quarter of 2017 FTTx technology covered influencing the economy. As a result, ICT
2.7 times more subscribers, and in the second infrastructure is developing steadily and citizens
quarter 3.2 times more subscribers then xDSL. have access to high-quality telecommunication
Fixed number portability (FNP) was launched in services that increase their participation in the
2011. Almost 7 000 numbers were ported by the country’s social-economic life.
end of 2016, although fixed number portability
reached its peak popularity in 2012.200
Government policy: The Georgian National

Communication Commission (GNCC) is the
regulatory authority.201 The Ministry of
Economy and Sustainable development is the
policy maker. Functions of these authorities
are clearly differentiated and ensure open and
fair competition. The Georgia Government
implements a range of activities that facilitate
infrastructure and favourable market environment
development. One of them is the State Program
on Broadband Infrastructure Development in
Georgia.202 Following its implementation, Georgia
will be fully covered by optical fibre highways
designed to promote retail networks and provide
Internet to subscribers via local operators. The
target area of financial support component are
those settlements located in “white zones” whose
populations exceed 200 residents and where
operators do not plan to construct broadband

Germany Key indicators for Germany (2016) Europe World
Germany is the European Union’s most populous Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 125.5 118.0 101.5
country and has the largest telecommunication Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 38.8 30.2 12.4
market in the region. Fixed and mobile Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 76.5 80.1 52.2
penetration rates are high in this mature 3G coverage (% of population) 96.2 98.5 85.0
market that has been characterized by market
consolidation in recent years.
Mobile services: The three mobile network
operators present in Germany’s mature mobile Percentage of households with computer 91.4 79.6 46.6
market have relatively balanced market shares. Percentage of households with Internet access 90.8 82.5 51.5
With the acquisition of E-Plus (formerly the Percentage of individuals using the Internet 89.6 77.9 45.9
third largest MNO) in 2014, Telefonica was able Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 107.5 178.0 74.5
to take the market lead from the incumbent
operator Deutsche Telekom. Vodafone is the Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
second largest operator in the German market,

become the focus of EU and national ICT policy.
which is also home to an increasing number of
Germany’s broadband strategy was adopted
MVNOs. Penetration rate for mobile-broadband
in 2009 and is part of the country’s Digital
services remain slightly below the European
Agenda 2014-2017. Its objective is to connect all
average. Population coverage of 3G and LTE
households with broadband speeds of at least 50
networks, which were launched in 2004 and
Mbit/s by 2018, by providing a market-friendly
2010 respectively, is almost complete. Operators
frequency policy and regulatory framework. In
continue to invest in the roll-out of LTE networks
addition, Germany’s Digital Strategy 2025 focuses
and data volumes are ever increasing. In 2016,
on stimulating broadband take-up and use.
a total of almost 1 billion GB were transferred
The 2012 revision of the Telecommunications
through the mobile network, which is three times
Act strengthens competition in the market
as much as in 2013 (Bundesnetzagentur, 2016).
by promoting the shared use of alternative
infrastructures (such as energy networks) and
Fixed services: Germany has a very advanced
cost-effective measures like micro-trenching to
fixed market with high penetration rates for
increasing broadband coverage.203
fixed-telephone and fixed-broadband services.
The market was liberalized in 1998, opening up to
Conclusion: Germany is among the world’s
competition for the former state-owned operator
top ICT countries, with a well-developed ICT
Deutsche Telekom. In recent years, the fixed
infrastructure and high ICT household penetration.
market was shaped by a number of acquisitions,
The government is putting in place policies and
most notably the acquisition of Kabel Deutschland
financial funds to further stimulate broadband roll-
by Vodafone in 2014, which made Vodafone the
out and usage.
main competitor of the incumbent operator. xDSL
remains the dominant fixed-broadband technology
in Germany and made up 75 per cent of all fixed-
broadband connections in 2016. Broadband
speeds and data usage have been increasing
rapidly in recent years. In 2016, the majority of
connections offered speeds between 10-30 Mbit/s
and the average monthly consumption per user
was 60 GB, which represents twice the 2013
volume (Bundesnetzagentur, 2016).
Government policy: Germany, a founding

member of the European Union, liberalized its
telecommunication market in line with the 1998
deadline set forth by the EU Full Competition
Directive. In recent years, broadband roll-out has

Ghana Key indicators for Ghana (2016) Africa World
With access to five submarine cables, an Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 139.1 74.6 101.5
extensive national backbone and the latest fixed Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.3 0.4 12.4
and mobile-broadband technologies, the West Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 71.3 22.9 52.2
African nation is emerging as an attractive ICT 3G coverage (% of population) 80.0 59.3 85.0
hub in the region.
Mobile services: There are six mobile operators
in the country. MTN, a subsidiary of the South
African mobile group is the market leader, Percentage of households with computer 20.8 9.6 46.6
accounting for half the market in December 2016. Percentage of households with Internet access 32.5 16.3 51.5
Other operators include Vodafone, owned by the Percentage of individuals using the Internet 34.7 19.9 45.9
country’s incumbent operator; TIGO, a subsidiary Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 9.9 51.0 74.5
of the Luxembourg-based Millicom group; AIRTEL,
a subsidiary of the Indian mobile group; Glo Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
Mobile, a subsidiary of a Nigerian mobile operator;

countries in West Africa, particularly landlocked
and Expresso, a CDMA operator that was owned
ones. The Ghana Internet Exchange (GIX), launched
by Sudan’s SUDATEL and sold in 2016. In 2014, 85
in 2005 in Accra, has 19 members.
per cent of households had mobile telephones,
including 92 per cent in urban areas and 76 per
cent in rural homes.204 All of the operators have 3G
Communications is responsible for policy in the
networks, while MTN and Vodafone have launched
ICT sector. The 2012 National Broadband Policy
LTE, as have several fixed wireless broadband
and Implementation Strategy lays out Ghana’s
operators.
high-speed Internet direction. The policy has five
goals: (a) to incorporate broadband into Universal
Fixed services: Incumbent Ghana Telecom was
Access/Service policy; (b) to facilitate affordable
privatized in 2008, when 70 per cent of its shares
access to broadband to businesses; (c) to ensure
were sold to the United Kingdom mobile group
last mile connectivity to communities and homes
Vodafone and rebranded with the same name.
by 2020; (d) to promote uptake of broadband
Vodafone Ghana leads in the fixed-telephone
via suitable content and applications; and (e)
market, providing postpaid and prepaid landlines.
to plan towards converged infrastructure and
AIRTEL also offers fixed-telephone services.
services delivery to stimulate supply and demand.
Vodafone Ghana offers metered ADSL and optical
The National Communications Authority is the
fibre to businesses; it recently launched a fibre-
sector regulator. The Electronic Communications
to-the-home service. Four wireless broadband
Act enacted in 2008 guides the Authority in its
providers also operate in the Internet market,
activities.
while MTN offers fibre-optic Internet. There are
ten national fibre operators. The most extensive
Conclusion: Ghana has one of the most
backbone is the one belonging to Vodafone Ghana
competitive telecommunication markets in
Wholesale. It consists of redundant ring network
Africa. The spread of national fibre backbones,
of both underground and buried fibre-optic cables
access to several submarine cables, deployment
to the North and South of the country and key
of the latest mobile-broadband technologies and
border points. The Government has also invested
rising availability of fibre to the premises have
in fibre-optic infrastructure for connecting offices
transformed the ICT landscape.
throughout the country. It has installed fibre in
several cities and offers wholesale Wi-Fi and fibre.
Although Ghana has had access to submarine cable
via the SAT-3/WASC system since 2002, it was only
with the arrival of four new cables since 2010 (Glo-
1, Main One, ACE and WACS) that international
bandwidth has skyrocketed while prices have
dropped dramatically. This is enabling Ghana to
increasingly becoming a hub of choice for other

Greece Key indicators for Greece (2016) Europe World
Greece has a well-developed telecommunication Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 112.8 118.0 101.5
market with high mobile and particularly Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 32.5 30.2 12.4
fixed penetration rates. The ICT sector has Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 51.3 80.1 52.2
been affected by the financial crisis that shook 3G coverage (% of population) 99.4 98.5 85.0
Greece’s economy. The incumbent operator
OTE continues to play a dominant role in the
market, despite market liberalization. The Greek
regulator EETT is further promoting competition
and privatization in the market, which was Percentage of households with computer 71.7 79.6 46.6
mandated under the bailout programme. Percentage of households with Internet access 69.1 82.5 51.5
Mobile services: Greece has a high mobile-cellular Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 68.7 178.0 74.5
penetration and very affordable prices for prepaid
offers. Mobile-broadband penetration is however Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
somewhat lower compared with other European

its market share above 40 per cent. Despite the
countries (European Commission, 2017), but the
challenging geography, 99 per cent of Greek
recent growth rate is promising. The country has
households are covered by basic fixed-broadband
a well-developed and competitive mobile market,
infrastructure. However, NGA network household
which has been hit by the financial crisis in recent
coverage is more limited, at 44 per cent (European
years. Cosmote, a subsidiary of the incumbent
Commission, 2017). Since the beginning of
operator OTE, is dominating the market,
2017, OTE, Vodafone and WIND have started
followed by Vodafone and Wind Hellas (EETT,
deploying NGA networks using technologies and
2015).205Cypriot-owned Cyta Hellas launched
architectures that offer rates of 100 Mbit/s or
services in 2014 offering broadband, IPTV, fixed
more. According to their business plans, almost
telephone as well as mobile services, which it
60 per cent of the subscribers will have access to
operatoes as an MVNO. LTE was launched in 2015
these rates by the third quarter of 2019.
and operators are continuing to invest in network
infrastructure. 3G population coverage is almost
Government policy: The liberalization of the
complete and LTE coverage is expanding rapidly.
telecommunication market and the promotion
of competition between operators was fostered
Fixed services: Fixed-broadband and in particular
by Greece’s accession to the European Union.
fixed-telephone penetrations are very high in
Increased access to and usage of broadband
Greece. Incumbent operator OTE, unlike the
networks has been the focus of EU policy-makers
trend in other European countries, continued
as well as the Greece Government in more
the strategy of developing the public switched
recent years as a necessary condition for the
telephone network instead of investing in more
development of the digital economy. The private
sophisticated telecommunication networks
sector is expected to cover the largest part of the
throughout the 1990s (OECD, 2001a). OTE, which
required investments. Greece’s Next Generation
started the process of privatization in 1996, is
National Broadband Plan thus aims at providing a
still the dominant fixed and mobile operator in
favourable environment for private investments
Greece. It holds a market share of well over 50 per
from within and outside the country to develop
cent of the fixed-telephone market, although its
NGA infrastructure.206
share is on the decline (EETT, 2015). OTE is also
the dominant operator in the fixed-broadband
Conclusion: Greece has a very well-developed
market, although since Vodafone’s acquisition of
fixed and mobile infrastructure. In recent years,
the fixed-line provider Hellas On Line in 2014, all
the financial crisis, from which Greece is yet to
three MNOs have a fixed-line footprint.205 xDSL
recover, hit the country and its telecommunication
is by far the dominant technology (more than 99
market hard and Greece risks falling behind in
per cent of all fixed-broadband subscriptions are
terms of ICT development. Despite the financial
xDSL) and the incumbent is the only operator to
crisis, significant investments in NGA networks are
have deployed VDSL networks so far. Leveraging
anticipated in the next 3-year period.
on this competitive advantage, OTE is increasing

Grenada Key indicators for Grenada (2016) The
Americas World
The telecommunications sector represents Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 111.1 114.2 101.5
an important part of Grenada’s economy, Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 19.4 19.1 12.4
accounting for 7 per cent of the national GDP Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 32.9 82.7 52.2
in 2015. Mobile services, following the regional 3G coverage (% of population) 81.9 93.6 85.0
trend, account for the greatest part of the LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) n.a. 77.4 66.5
industry’s revenue and is, on the whole, the most Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 3.0 3.6 5.2
common service among the population. Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 4.1 6.4 13.9
Mobile services: The great majority of mobile Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 2.4 5.7 6.8
subscriptions in Grenada are of the prepaid type. Percentage of households with computer 52.4 64.9 46.6
Mobile broadband has become increasingly Percentage of households with Internet access 44.7 63.3 51.5
available in the past few years, employing mainly
HSPA+ technology, following heavy investments
on the part of operators in terms of network Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
upgrade (accounting for more than 90 per cent of
the sector investments in 2015). In efforts to foster Conclusion: Grenada’s telecommunication sector
a competitive environment in the mobile sector, has been producing steady growth over the
the overarching regional telecommunications past few years. Infrastructure development is
regulator banned anticompetitive actions from a key element to be able to expand services to
operators such as blocking over-the-top services, more remote areas. Nonetheless, importance
working towards net neutrality.207 The agency has should also be given to digital education for the
also actively promoted implementation of mobile population to reap the benefits of the increasingly
number portability within its member States.208 available and affordable telecommunications
services offered.
Fixed services: Despite being well behind mobile
broadband in terms of service uptake, fixed
broadband was the segment with the most
substantial revenue growth in 2015. Penetration
levels for this segment are in line with regional
averages, which means that there remains great
untapped potential for market development.
Government policy: Grenada’s sector regulator,

the National Telecommunications Regulatory
Commission (NTRC), was created in 2000 following
market liberalization.209 Grenada is part of a group
of Caribbean countries that collaborates with
an overarching regulatory authority, the Eastern
Caribbean Telecommunications Authority (ECTEL),
which provides guidelines and represents interests
of the regional governments. Together, the two
bodies work to create a competitive environment
that fosters investment and innovation within the
sector. A new and updated telecommunications
bill has recently been approved by all member
States of ECTEL, focusing on infrastructure access,
consumer protection and promoting market
competition.210 The NTRC also actively engages
in programmes with universal access objectives,
creating, in 2013, the Broadband to Remote Areas
Project, within the scope of the universal service
fund.

Guatemala Key indicators for Guatemala (2016) The
Americas World
Following the trend of its neighbouring Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 109.7 114.2 101.5
countries, Guatemala’s mobile segment has Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 3.0 19.1 12.4
witnessed substantial growth over the past Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 13.9 82.7 52.2
decade as a form of substitution for poorly 3G coverage (% of population) 95.0 93.6 85.0
performing fixed lines. The telecommunications LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 40.4 77.4 66.5
sector in Guatemala has had competition since Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 10.2 3.6 5.2
1996, but has lacked investment to further Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 6.6 6.4 13.9
develop dynamic and advanced services. 211 Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 4.4 2.5 3.7
Mobile services: Mobile-cellular penetration is Percentage of households with computer 23.4 64.9 46.6
on par with the regional average, which reflects a Percentage of households with Internet access 20.5 63.3 51.5
highly competitive market. Service pricing remains
considerably above expected for the region.
Mobile-broadband development has been held up Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
by slow spectrum allocation, and whereas 3G is
widely available to the population, LTE technology nation’s telecommunications sector is expected
coverage is still not complete. LTE was launched to undergo further developments in the coming
in the country by Tigo in 2014, following the years, as more investments dedicated to
operator’s three-year modernization investment infrastructure roll-out are put in place.215
plan. Claro and Movistar have also launched LTE.212
Fixed services: The market for fixed telephony

is concentrated in the hands of the operator
Claro and the lack of competitiveness, among
other factors, such as poor infrastructure, has
been paramount to the underdevelopment of
the segment. Both fixed-telephony and fixed-
broadband services are not extensively adopted
by the population, with the former being in decline
since 2009.
Government policy: The body in charge of

regulating the telecommunications sector
in Guatemala is the Superintendencia de
Telecomunicaciones.213 The regulator works
under the sector Ministry and its responsibilities
surround the enforcement of sector legislation
and administration of the spectrum allocation, and
ensure a level playing field for market players. The
regulator has recently invited operators to register
for a new round of spectrum auction, offering two
900 MHz bands under the condition that coverage
is supplied nationwide.214
Conclusion: Telecommunications investment

has been largely financed by the private sector,
including regarding ICT education. Development
programmes for the population, including digital
inclusion programmes, such as the creation of
Early Childhood Development Centres, have been
put in place through the collaboration between
operator Tigo and the ALAS Foundation. The

Guinea Key indicators for Guinea (2016) Africa World
Access to electronic communications in this West Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 85.3 74.6 101.5
African country is practically all through wireless Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.0 0.4 12.4
networks. The arrival of a submarine cable Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 15.0 22.9 52.2
should result in better quality and lower prices to 3G coverage (% of population) 39.1 59.3 85.0
widen access.
Mobile services: There are four mobile
operators: MTN, the South African mobile
group MTN operating under the brand AREEBA; Percentage of households with computer 2.8 9.6 46.6
Orange, a subsidiary of Senegal’s SONATEL; Percentage of households with Internet access 7.7 16.3 51.5
INTERCEL, launched in 1993 as TELECEL, which Percentage of individuals using the Internet 9.8 19.9 45.9
is now a subsidiary of the incumbent operator Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 0.6 51.0 74.5
in Sudan SUDATEL; and CELLCOM, a U.S.
telecommunications firm. Orange and MTN Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
dominate the market and both have launched 3G

ICT services provided through mobile networks.
mobile broadband along with CELLCOM.
The arrival of the ACE cable and the adoption of
open access and cost based pricing approaches
Fixed services: There is no fixed-line operator,
for international Internet connectivity should
voice communications is through mobile networks.
stimulate demand and widen access.
SOTELGUI, the incumbent operator, was partly
privatized in 1995, when 60 per cent was sold
to Telekom Malaysia. The Government in 2008
repurchased the shares, but SOTELGUI was
declared bankrupt in 2013 and, since then, there
have been a number of attempts to restore its
operations, but to no avail. Fixed broadband
is available through fixed-broadband wireless
networks and optical fibre provided by mobile
operators to businesses in urban areas. The
Government has obtained a loan from China for
the construction of a national fibre-optic backbone
that will cover around 4 000 km. The ACE
submarine cable landed in the country in 2011.
However, it was not until 2014 that capacity on the
cable began to be used. Access to ACE is managed
by GUILAB, a public–private partnership between
the Government and telecommunications
operators in the country. It ensures open access
and cost-based pricing.

Telecommunications and Digital Economy
defines the sector policy. A National Strategy
for the Development of ICTs and the Digital
Economy is being developed. The Authority for
Regulation of Posts and Telecommunications
is the sector regulator, guided by the 2015
Law on Telecommunications and Information
Technologies.
Conclusion: With the demise of SOTELGUI,

Guinea is essentially a wireless nation, with most

Guinea-Bissau Key indicators for Guinea-Bissau (2016) Africa World
This West African nation is hoping to overcome Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 70.3 74.6 101.5
its lack of connection to undersea fibre-optic Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.0 0.4 12.4
cable, driven by realization of the importance of Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 6.9 22.9 52.2
ICT for achieving its new national development 3G coverage (% of population) 8.2 59.3 85.0
goals.
Mobile services: There are two GSM mobile
operators: MTN, a subsidiary of the South African
mobile group, which deployed its network in Percentage of households with computer 2.8 9.6 46.6
2003; and Orange, a subsidiary of Senegal’s Percentage of households with Internet access 2.2 16.3 51.5
SONATEL, which launched in 2007. The market Percentage of individuals using the Internet 3.8 19.9 45.9
is almost evenly split between the two. There Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 4.7 51.0 74.5
was a third mobile operator, Guinetel, belonging
to the incumbent, but it has ceased operations. Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
One result of having operators backed by

the ACE Consortium with the revival of the World
technically and financially strong mobile groups
Bank's West Africa Regional Communications
and the virtual absence of fixed-telephone
Infrastructure Program (WARCIP). This includes
communications is a high level of access. In 2014,
constructing a domestic landing station and
91 per cent of households had mobile telephones,
deploying a domestic fibre-optic network.
one of the highest rates among LDCs, as well as
within sub-Saharan Africa.216 This includes 96
Government policy: The country’s national
per cent in urban areas and 86 per cent in rural
strategy, Terra Ranka (2014), identifies digital
areas. Mobile-broadband has only recently been
services as a catalytic sector for national economic
introduced. MTN launched 3G in 2015, with
development. It calls for elaborating a Digital
Orange launching both 3G and LTE the same year.
Economy Plan in collaboration with the private
operators to define coverage, access international
Fixed services: The incumbent operator is
connectivity, enhance the legal and regulatory
the Telecommunications Company of Guinea-
framework to adjust to sector evolution, attract
Bissau (Guine Telecom). It was partly privatized
investment, develop broadband and create a safe
in 1989, when 40 per cent was sold to Portugal
digital environment. It also calls for privatizing
Telecom. The Government retook control of the
the incumbent and strengthening the regulator.
company in 2008, which is technically bankrupt
The Ministry of Transport, Communications and
and ceased operating in 2014. There is essentially
ICT is charged with implementing the digital
no fixed line telephone network. Internet access
economy goals of the Terra Rank strategy. The
is available through mobile-broadband or fixed
National Regulatory Authority for Information
wireless broadband using WiMAX. The mobile
and Communication Technologies replaced
operators operate the limited national backbone.
the Institute of Communications of Guinea-
Orange has an advantage through its cross-
Bissau following the adoption of the 2010
border terrestrial fibre connection to Senegal to
Telecommunication Law.
access SONATEL’s undersea cables. Orange also
has a microwave connection to Guinea to access
Conclusion: Whereas Guinea Bissau has one of
the ACE cable. MTN relies on microwave and
the highest rates of household mobile penetration
satellite connectivity. This resulted in duplicate
in sub-Saharan Africa, Internet access and
infrastructure and the lack of open access to cost-
affordability remain a concern given the lack
based international fibre connectivity, leading to
of access to undersea fibre-optic cable. It is
high costs and lower affordability. Guinea-Bissau
now hoping to make up for that, driven by the
did not take the opportunity to connect to several
importance of ICTs for achieving its Terra Ranka
new submarine cables deployed along the coast
development goals.
of West Africa. Guinea-Bissau and Eritrea are the
only two sea-facing sub-Saharan African countries
not to have a submarine cable landing station.
There is an opportunity for Guinea to participate in

Guyana Key indicators for Guyana (2016) The
Americas World
Guyana’s telecommunications sector has low Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 72.1 114.2 101.5
levels of local competition and a monopoly on Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 7.0 19.1 12.4
international voice and data communication. Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.2 82.7 52.2
Guyana is undergoing an extensive reform 3G coverage (% of population) 93.0 93.6 85.0
of its telecommunications sector, with the LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) n.a. 77.4 66.5
introduction of a new legislation, which provides Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 3.9 3.6 5.2
for the creation of a new regulatory body Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 8.5 6.4 13.9
and liberalization of the telecommunication Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 1.4 2.5 3.7
sector. The Government of Guyana is also in Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 4.7 5.7 6.8
negotiations with the incumbent operator, Percentage of households with computer 31.2 64.9 46.6
which has approximately 13 years left on its Percentage of households with Internet access 28.2 63.3 51.5
exclusivity on international connectivity, to end Percentage of individuals using the Internet 35.7 64.0 45.9
the monopoly.
Mobile services: The mobile market is a duopoly,
with operators Guyana Telephone and Telegraph to the Telecommunications Agency on a date
Company Ltd. (GTT) and U-Mobile (Cellular) Inc. specified by the Minister (commencement date).
(Digicel Guyana), competing for market shares. 3G The Government of the Cooperative Republic of
technology was introduced in 2016, when the two Guyana is seeking to develop a knowledge-based
operators were assigned additional spectrum.217 An and educated society which is globally competitive
LTE Government network was built in 2014 mainly and productive, and giving rise to the strategic
to provide services to Government institutions. placement of Guyana as the ICT hub within the
Utilization of this network is currently being region.
ramped up with free Internet access also being
provided to schools, post offices and community Conclusion: Guyana is making progress to
ICT hubs (94 educational institutions). transform its ICT sector to allow its population
to have affordable access to the different means
Fixed services: Fixed telephony is supplied solely of communication. The ICT sector has significant
by GTT, which is also the only supplier of DSL potential for growth as Guyana pursues important
technology in the market. Fibre to the home sector reforms that will encompass significant
using GPON technology is currently being rolled changes to ensure the development of the ICT
out by GTT. Unlike the general regional trends, environment, promote competition, facilitate
fixed-broadband uptake has encountered more service uptake, and boost social and economic
success than its mobile counterpart, having grown development.
considerably since 2010 with the opening of the
SG-SCS submarine cable.218
Government policy: Regulation of the

telecommunications sector is currently done
by the Public Utilities Commission (PUC) and
the National Frequency Management Unit
(NFMU). To modernise and liberalize the
telecommunication sector, a new legislation,
which was in development for many years, was
passed in the National Assembly in July 2016. The
bill provides for the creation of a new regulator,
the Telecommunications Agency, as well as the
complete liberalization of the telecommunications
sector, the extension of services and the building
of infrastructure to to remote regions.219 The
Telecommunications Act 2016 also provides for
the functions of the NFMU to be transferred

Haiti Key indicators for Haiti (2016) The
Americas World
Haiti’s telecommunications sector has suffered Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 60.5 114.2 101.5
from a series of natural disasters over the past Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.0 19.1 12.4
decade with existing infrastructure suffering Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 10.3 82.7 52.2
from substantial damages. Recent efforts, 3G coverage (% of population) 57.0 93.6 85.0
notably the privatization of the incumbent LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 0.0 77.4 66.5
as well as introduction of competition in Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 11.6 3.6 5.2
the market, have been paramount to the Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 70.9 6.4 13.9
development of the sector.220 Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 10.5 2.5 3.7
Mobile services: The mobile market is controlled Percentage of households with computer 10.1 64.9 46.6
by two operators, Digicel and Natcom, the first Percentage of households with Internet access 4.7 63.3 51.5
possessing almost three quarters of market
share. Similarly to its neighbouring countries,
Haiti’s fixed-line infrastructure is underdeveloped Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
and the mobile market has had more room
to flourish. Both operators are interested in Conclusion: The telecommunications sector in
expanding their services’ coverage, especially with Haiti has great potential for development as the
the popularization of mobile banking and other majority of the market remains untapped. The
data services. Concerning LTE, concessions were future is promising regarding both the fixed-
granted in mid-2016 to the operators, as they line and the mobile segments, with increased
run trials in preparation for the auctions.221 The competition and investment levels.
regulator is currently working on implementation
of number portability requirements, which should
increase competitiveness in the segment and
improve quality of service.222,223
Fixed services: Fixed services have suffered

from lack of infrastructure and investment in
Haiti. The partial privatization of State-owned
TELECO in 2010, which then became Natcom,
has had a number of positive effects since, with
increased investments and network roll-out. As a
result, fixed-broadband has become more widely
available in the country, and Natcom also acts
on the wholesale side, making its infrastructure
available for a number of other Internet service
providers.224
Government policy: The telecommunications

regulator, Conseil National des Telecommunications
(CONATEL) is responsible for overlooking the
sector development, including frequency
assignment and service licensing. The expansion
and adoption of ICT services, however, also has
to take into account the political and economic
challenges, with income and education inequalities
remaining key obstacles. To overcome these
challenges, starting in 2011, the Government
imposed a tax on international calls to finance an
education programme.

Honduras Key indicators for Honduras (2016) The
Americas World
The increasing competition in the Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 91.2 114.2 101.5
telecommunications market and Government Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 2.6 19.1 12.4
efforts to bring additional investments and Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 24.7 82.7 52.2
bridging the digital gap are transforming the ICT 3G coverage (% of population) 70.3 93.6 85.0
sector in Honduras. LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 50.8 77.4 66.5
Mobile services: Mobile subscriptions are largely Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 16.8 6.4 13.9
dominated by the prepaid modality, representing Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 9.2 2.5 3.7
more than 90 per cent of the total number. Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 13.3 5.7 6.8
The emerging levels of competition on mobile Percentage of households with computer 23.5 64.9 46.6
services, which currently house three operators Percentage of households with Internet access 24.6 63.3 51.5
(one is State-owned), have attracted international
investment, with an interest in increasing service
coverage and exploring untapped sections of Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
the market. The mobile-broadband segment has
been growing steadily and is several times more Capacitaciones en TICs, focusing on the creation
popular among users than fixed-broadband. The of educational programmes to introduce the
LTE technology was first launched at the end of population to ICTs.229 The Government has also
2014 by Tigo Honduras, closely followed by its concentrated its efforts on other areas, with the
competitor Claro, with State-owned Hondutel launch of the country’s first Internet exchange
lagging behind.225,226 Another important incentive point in 2016, and the organization of multi-band
for the mobile sector is the increasingly popular spectrum auctions (frequencies in the 700 MHz,
payments via mobile money. Especially in countries 900 MHz and 2 500 MHz range), designed to
such as Honduras, where only about 20 per cent attract more operators to the market and increase
of the population holds an account with a financial competitiveness.230,231
institution, mobile payment has been a welcome
alternative.227 Conclusion: The Honduran telecommunications
market is undergoing a phase of development,
Fixed services: Fixed services adoption is well with untapped potential in almost all segments,
below the regional and global levels. In addition, as current service uptake levels leave room for
the remote rural areas have not received any growth. The Government is working on attracting
investments, remaining underserved in particular investment and promoting competition, while
regarding fixed-broadband. DSL and cable modem concomitantly preparing the population for the
technologies are the most commonly available, use of ICT services.
with recent investments being directed at a fibre
network roll-out. Similar to the other segments
within the telecommunications sector in the
country, fixed-broadband services are relatively
expensive, representing another obstacle for an
increase in adoption.228
Government policy: The body responsible for

sector regulation is the Comisión Nacional de
Telecomunicaciones (CONATEL), founded in 1995.
CONATEL oversees various aspects regarding
the telecommunications sector, from spectrum
auction and licensing to programmes of universal
access and consumer rights. During recent years,
CONATEL has launched a series of programmes
directed at bridging the digital gap, such as
Internet del Pueblo, focusing on providing schools
and public areas with free Internet access, and

Hungary Key indicators for Hungary (2016) Europe World
Hungary has a well-developed mobile Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 119.1 118.0 101.5
infrastructure with a high mobile-cellular Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 28.5 30.2 12.4
penetration. Mobile-broadband population Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 44.5 80.1 52.2
coverage is almost complete, while the number 3G coverage (% of population) 99.0 98.5 85.0
of subscriptions is still to reach the levels of
its European neighbours. The fixed market is
dominated by the incumbent operator, but
competition is increasing in the fixed-broadband
sector and penetration rates are close to the EU Percentage of households with computer 76.4 79.6 46.6
average. Percentage of households with Internet access 78.6 82.5 51.5
Mobile services: The privatization of the mobile Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 154.8 178.0 74.5
market started in 1993 when some shares of
the state-owned operator Matáv Hungarian Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
Telecommunications Company Ltd. were sold to

with EU policies. In 2004, Hungary’s Electronic
Deutsche Telekom and Ameritech International.
Communications Act introduced regulation based
In 2000, Deutsche Telekom became the majority
on EU standards. Its main purpose was to put in
shareholder of the operator, which is known
place the conditions for effective competition
today as Magyar Telekom.232 Magyar Telekom
in the telecommunication market. The act also
continues to hold the highest market share in the
introduced mobile and fixed number portability
mobile market followed by its competitors Telenor
(MTITC, 2016). As an EU member state, the
Hungary and Vodafone. The first MVNO started to
broadband development targets are in line with
offer services in 2012 using Vodafone’s network
the Digital Agenda for Europe. Hungary aims to
and the number of MVNOs is growing since. All
achieve full broadband coverage with at least 30
three mobile network operators hold licences to
Mbit/s, and 50 per cent coverage with at least 100
offer 3G and LTE services. While close to 100 per
Mbit/s by 2020. The National Infocommunication
cent of the population are covered by mobile-
Strategy 2014-2020 involves the government in the
broadband networks, mobile-broadband uptake
construction of the national backbone network.
is much slower and penetration is low compared
All government institutions will be connected with
to the European average, but also in relation to
high-speed Internet, with a special focus on public
Hungary’s neighbours.233
institutions in rural areas of Hungary.235
Fixed services: Fixed-line telephony was the last
Conclusion: Hungary has developed a vibrant and
market to be fully liberalized in Hungary in 2001.234
competitive telecommunication market. As part
The incumbent operator Magyar Telekom is still
of the Digital Agenda for Europe, Hungary has set
the market leader with a share of more than 50
ambitious goals to further this development and
per cent of fixed-telephone subscriptions. There is
increase the deployment of NGA infrastructure.
a strong infrastructure-based competition on the
broadband market. The dominant technology in
Hungary is DSL, but cable has had a higher share
of new subscriptions in recent years. More than 60
per cent of households have access to cable, which
is above the European average (Kormany, 2014).
While Magyar Telekom is the fixed-broadband
market leader, its main competitors UPC and
Digi have been able to achieve significant market
shares.
Government policy: Hungary became an EU

member in 2007 and with accession to the EU,
measures were taken by the government to
liberalize the telecommunication sector in line

Iceland Key indicators for Iceland (2016) Europe World
Iceland has a mature and advanced Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 118.0 118.0 101.5
telecommunication market. With a population Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 37.6 30.2 12.4
that is quick to adapt to new technologies, Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 104.0 80.1 52.2
penetration rates are high for fixed and mobile 3G coverage (% of population) 99.0 98.5 85.0
services and well above the European average.
Mobile services: Iceland has a competitive mobile
market with affordable prices and high penetration
rates. The market shares of the three main Percentage of households with computer 98.5 79.6 46.6
operators, namely Nova, Siminn and Vodafone, Percentage of households with Internet access 97.0 82.5 51.5
are almost equal. Nova as well as operator 365 Percentage of individuals using the Internet 98.2 77.9 45.9
started their services in 2007, further boosting Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 997.8 178.0 74.5
competition in the market. Mobile-broadband
penetration is very high and well above the Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
European average. 3G services were first offered

government hopes to close the digital divide in
in 2007 and LTE was launched in 2013 by operator
areas underserved by private operators, where
Nova followed by Siminn a few months later (PTA,
“citizens are subject to impairment of their human
2015). Today, most of the population is covered by
rights through lack of a viable Internet connection”
3G services and LTE is expanding rapidly. Iceland’s
according to a government report (PTA, 2015).
regulator PTA launched a tender in April 2017 to
auction additional LTE spectrum in four bands. 236
Conclusion: Iceland is one of the world’s most
advanced information societies. High speed mobile
Fixed services: Siminn, the incumbent operator
and fixed networks are commonplace in Iceland.
privatized in 2005, holds the highest market share
Almost the entire population of Island is online and
in both the fixed-telephone and fixed-broadband
ardent Internet users. The government continues
markets. Alternative operators are effectively
to promote network expansion in underserved
competing with Siminn and are driving prices
areas and a regulatory regime that supports
down. Fixed-telephone penetration, while on the
competition and innovation is in place.
decline in line with the global trend of fixed-to-
mobile substitution, is still high in the country.
Fixed-broadband penetration is also above the
European average and prices for fixed-broadband
services are very affordable. Next generation
networks continue to be extended rapidly in order
to bring high speed Internet to Icelanders (PTA,
2015).
Government policy: Although negotiations

for EU membership were put on hold by the
Iceland Government in 2015, the country is
part of the European Economic Area (EEA).
Through the EEA, Iceland is part of the European
single market and adheres to the EU regulatory
framework for telecommunications.237 Iceland
has thus adopted the EU directives concerning
electronic communications and liberalized
its telecommunication markets. High-speed
Internet is already widely available in Iceland, but
continues to be the main concern for users and
the government. In 2016, the Icelandic parliament
Althingi approved a USD 4 million project for
the development of high speed networks. The

India Key indicators for India (2016)
Asia &
Pacific
World

This large market is evolving from a fragmented Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 87.0 98.9 101.5
regional service provision environment to Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 1.4 11.3 12.4
one characterized by increasing industry Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 16.8 47.4 52.2
consolidation and nationwide operators. 3G coverage (% of population) 79.7 87.6 85.0
Mobile services: The market has evolved from Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 1.8 3.2 5.2
licences attributed on a regional basis to greater Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 4.8 14.5 13.9
consolidation and countrywide presence. There Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 1.9 2.7 3.7
are 13 providers offering mobile cellular services, Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 3.2 5.4 6.8
of which five have nationwide operations. The Percentage of households with computer 15.2 37.8 46.6
largest operators are those with nationwide or Percentage of households with Internet access 22.6 45.5 51.5
near-national operations and the top four account Percentage of individuals using the Internet 29.5 41.5 45.9
for almost 70 per cent of all subscriptions. BHARTI Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 16.0 48.0 74.5
leads the market, followed by Vodafone, IDEA and Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
state-owned Bharat Sanchar Nigam, Ltd. (BSNL).
India has the second largest number of mobile Convergence Hub, which was launched only in
subscriptions in the world. Mobile broadband 2014, has grown into the largest Internet Exchange
using 3G technologies were launched in 2008. Point in South Asia, with over 60 participants.
There have been a number of spectrum auctions
for LTE since 2012, and operators have gradually Government policy: The Telecom Regulatory
been launching LTE using different frequencies. Authority of India (TRAI) was established in 1997
There is room for growth, as just 59 per cent of to regulate the sector. The relevant legislation
mobile Internet subscriptions were broadband in remains the Indian Telegraph Act of 1885, which
2016. has been amended many times. Policy making
is split between the Ministry of Electronics and
Fixed services: Eight service providers offer fixed Information Technology, covering matters related
telephone service but none nationwide. The two to the Internet other than licensing, and the
largest fixed telephone line operators, BSNL and Ministry of Communications, which is responsible
Mahanagar Telephone Nigam, Ltd. (MTNL), are for telecommunications. The 2012 National
state-owned. BSNL operates everywhere except Telecommunications Policy was instrumental in
the cities of Delhi and Mumbai, where MTNL introducing nationwide licences. It calls for mobile
provides a service. Fixed-telephone penetration penetration of 100 per cent in rural areas by 2020,
is low. The top ten Internet Service Providers recognition of broadband as a basic necessity, and
account for 98 per cent of all subscriptions. In download speeds of 2 Mbps by 2020 including the
2016, DSL accounted for almost three-quarters availability of 100 Mbps. Digital India is a flagship
of fixed broadband subscriptions, with fibre government programme with a vision to transform
representing less than 2 per cent. There are over India into a digitally empowered society and
1 million kilometres of optical fibre in the national knowledge economy. It is an umbrella initiative
backbone. The largest operator is BSNL, while covering a number of government agencies and
some of the other operators have more limited departments and centred on three key areas:
backbone networks and the railway company digital infrastructure as a utility for every citizen;
(Railtel) and power utility (PowerGrid) also lease governance and services on demand; and digital
fibre. The National Fibre-Optic Network (NFON) is empowerment of citizens.
a public private partnership that aims to extend
fibre-optic backbones to rural areas. India is Conclusion: This large nation is a leader in ICT-
connected to over a dozen undersea fibre-optic enabled outsourcing services. The Government’s
cables, has cross-border terrestrial links with efforts in extending fibre-optic backbones to rural
neighbouring countries, and is a main source of areas and enabling greater economies of scale
international capacity for landlocked Bhutan and is expected to result in lower costs and greater
Nepal. The National Internet Exchange of India affordability and likely to narrow the gap in ICT
was established by the Government in 2008 with access between rural and urban areas .
points of presence in seven cities. The Mumbai

Indonesia Key indicators for Indonesia (2016)
Asia &
Pacific
World

Operators in the sprawling archipelago nation Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 149.1 98.9 101.5
are transitioning their networks to the latest Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 2.0 11.3 12.4
generation of mobile and fixed technologies. Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 34.2 47.4 52.2
Mobile services: There are seven operators LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 22.6 73.6 66.5
providing mobile services. However, the market Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 3.3 3.2 5.2
is dominated by the three largest, which provide Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 10.6 14.5 13.9
nationwide services and had a combined market Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 1.4 2.7 3.7
share of around 85 per cent in 2016. The largest Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 2.0 5.4 6.8
is TELKOMSEL, which is 45 per cent owned by the Percentage of households with computer 19.1 37.8 46.6
incumbent fixed line operator PT Telkom, with Percentage of households with Internet access 47.2 45.5 51.5
the remainder owned by Singapore Telecom. The Percentage of individuals using the Internet 25.4 41.5 45.9
other two are INDOSAT, a subsidiary of Qatar's Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 24.9 48.0 74.5
OOREDOO, and XL, a subsidiary of the Malaysian Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
AXIATA mobile group. The population coverage of
2G networks is extensive and by 2011, there were through underwater fibre-optic cables in a ring
more mobile phone subscriptions than people in configuration to provide redundancy. Indonesia
Indonesia. As a result of multiple SIM cards, the also has launched several satellites for domestic
actual level of availability is lower: the National connectivity, and remote villages are connected
Socio Economic Survey found that 88 per cent by VSAT. The country is connected to over a dozen
of households had a mobile phone in 2015 (93 regional and intercontinental submarine cables.
per cent in urban areas and 83 per cent in rural The first IXP was launched in 1997 and by the end
areas).238 Mobile broadband has been available of 2016 there were twelve.
for over a decade following the deployment of
3G networks in 2006. All of the leading operators Government policy: The Ministry of
launched LTE in 2014. Smartphone penetration has Communication and Information Technology
been growing rapidly. (MCIT) sets policies and supervises the
telecommunications industry. In 2014, the
Fixed Services: The incumbent PT Telkom was Government launched the Indonesia Broadband
partially privatized in 1995, when it was listed on Plan, which aims by 2019 to provide fixed
the stock exchange. The Government holds 52 broadband access to all government offices,
per cent of its shares. PT Telkom is the leader in hospitals, and schools at speeds of at least 2 Mbps.
the fixed telephone service market. It provides The Indonesian Telecommunication Regulatory
services over traditional copper lines but has a Authority (BRTI)) is the authorized regulator for the
long term plan to transition these to fibre-optic industry.
cable with triple play (voice, Internet and TV). PT
Telkom used to operate a fixed wireless CDMA Conclusion: Competition was introduced some
telephone service but this was shut down in 2015 time ago, resulting in growing uptake of mobile
and the remaining subscribers transferred to its and broadband services. One consequence is the
mobile network. Other operators provide fixed duplication of key facilities affecting affordability.
telephone services using wireless local loop or The broadband plan calls for infrastructure sharing
as part of a bundled service with cable television and open access to bottleneck facilities.
or fibre subscriptions. PT Telkom is the leading
player in the fixed broadband market through
ADSL and, increasingly, optical fibre (up to 100
Mbps). It competes with cable television and new
optical fibre-based market entrants in the fixed
broadband segment. A number of fixed wireless
operators have already deployed, or are in the
process of transitioning to, LTE for their networks.
There is an extensive domestic backbone of
over 80 000 kilometres connecting major islands

Iran (Islamic Republic of) Key indicators for Iran (I.R.) (2016)
Asia &
Pacific
World

The Islamic Republic of Iran has forged ahead Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 100.1 98.9 101.5
with telecommunications development, and Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 11.6 11.3 12.4
mobile broadband in particular is showing Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 33.8 47.4 52.2
strong growth. 3G coverage (% of population) 62.7 87.6 85.0
Mobile services: The historical Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 0.4 3.2 5.2
telecommunications operator, the partly privatized Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 1.2 14.5 13.9
Telecommunication Company of Iran (TCI), is Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 0.5 2.7 3.7
slightly ahead in the mobile market through Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 0.8 5.4 6.8
its mobile subsidiary Mobile Communication Percentage of households with computer 61.4 37.8 46.6
Company of Iran (MCI). South Africa's MTN Percentage of households with Internet access 62.2 45.5 51.5
entered the market as a mobile competitor to Percentage of individuals using the Internet 53.2 41.5 45.9
MCI in 2006 through 49 per cent ownership of the Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 15.2 48.0 74.5
IRANCELL brand. A few smaller operators have Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
recently been launched or have only regional
operations. Iran's mobile market mushroomed telecommunications and information technology.
following the entry of MTN. At the time of MTN's The Communications Regulatory Authority (CRA)
launch, only 1 per cent of the population had a was established in 2003. Broadband was a key
mobile phone subscription. By 2016, the number part of the Islamic Republic of Iran’s fifth Five-Year
of mobile subscriptions exceeded the population Development Plan covering the period 2011-
with 93 per cent of homes having a mobile phone 2015. The plan called for 36 million broadband
(94 per cent in urban areas and 88 per cent in rural connections by 2016 and deployment of FTTP
zones).239 Mobile broadband is at a more nascent networks in the country’s ten largest cities. As a
stage but has been growing rapidly. MCI launched result of the impact of international sanctions, the
3G in 2012, and in 2014 MTN launched both 3G plan’s targets were not completely met. However,
and LTE. greater broadband connectivity remains a goal of
the sixth Five-Year Development Plan (2016-2021).
Fixed services: TCI is the only provider of fixed-
telephone services. Unlike many other developing Conclusion: Significant infrastructure investment
nations, penetration is relatively high. TCI is the has developed widespread nationwide coverage
leader in the fixed broadband market, offering of mobile networks and a national fibre-optic
ADSL and optical fibre at speeds of up to 50 Mbps. backbone. There is a high level of basic mobile
WiMAX providers are looking to migrate to LTE access and mobile broadband has been growing
for fixed wireless access. Backbone networks rapidly since its recent deployment.
are operated by the Telecommunications
Infrastructure Company of Iran (TIC), which has
an extensive national optical fibre backbone
and metropolitan rings totaling over 200 000
kilometres. Iran has had submarine connectivity
since 1992 and is currently served by half a
dozen international undersea fibre-optic cable
systems. In addition, it has cross-border terrestrial
connections with Azerbaijan, Pakistan and Turkey,
and offers international bandwidth to landlocked
Afghanistan, Armenia and Turkmenistan. There are
IXPs in the five leading cities. Although established
only in 2016, the IXPs are already processing a
significant amount of traffic.

Information and Communications Technology
(MICT) is responsible for postal services,

Iraq Key indicators for Iraq (2016)
Arab
States
World

Iraq has a competitive market for mobile Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 82.2 107.1 101.5
services, despite the ongoing crisis, which Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. n.a. 4.7 12.4
is taking its toll on essential services. The Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 16.4 45.2 52.2
country continues to maintain a functioning 3G coverage (% of population) 73.0 81.9 85.0
mobile sector in many geographic areas. With LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) n.a. 33.8 66.5
three competing mobile operators, Iraq has Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 2.1 4.3 5.2
relatively low prices for mobile-cellular and Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 4.4 10.1 13.9
mobile-broadband services but prices for fixed- Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 2.1 4.5 3.7
broadband services remain high. Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 2.6 5.5 6.8
Mobile services: The mobile-broadband Percentage of households with Internet access 20.1 45.3 51.5
penetration in Iraq is lower than the average Percentage of individuals using the Internet 21.2 41.8 45.9
penetration in the Arab States region. Mobile Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) n.a. 39.0 74.5
services remain competitive in Iraq, and are Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
growing fast. Many mobile network sites are
currently unavailable and the operators are communication in Iraq, providing wireless Internet
concentrating their efforts on maintaining services access for government agencies, DSL, and dial-up
at the sites they are able to readily access. Three VOIP services and Internet protocol (IP) address
mobile operators ensure the market remains registration. The CMC is the primary regulatory
competitive: Zain Iraq, Asiacell and Korek Telecom. body in Iraq and is responsible for regulating
3G services were first launched by Zain in 2015, telecommunications and media, promulgating
followed by the other mobile operators, all using policy for frequency management, and licensing
the 2100 MHz band. LTE services have been wireless and telecommunication services. The
deployed in northern Iraq in the 1800 MHz band CMC is Iraq’s first independent media and
by Alcatel-Lucent and Regional Telecom. Mobile telecommunications regulator established in
money services are increasing in Iraq. accordance with the Iraq Constitution and Order
No. 65. CMC aims to regulate and develop the
Fixed services: Unlike the mobile market, media and telecommunication sector in Iraq under
the fixed market is still a monopoly. Iraq the modern international criteria.
Telecommunications and Post Company (ITPC)
is the only fixed operator in the country. The Conclusion: While growth in the Iraqi
fixed telecommunication sector has shown little telecommunication sector is currently affected
investment or interest in developing it. Recently, by the crisis; it is expected that there will be
the Iraq Ministry of Communications (MoC) opportunities for growth in both the mobile
launched a fibre-to-the-home (FTTH) roll-out communication and mobile-broadband markets
project in partnership with fibre network operator in the future as well as increased interest in
ScopeSky. Newroz telecom, a major ISP in the developing a more robust fixed telecommunication
Kurdistan Region, leases its optical fibre network sector. The operators have begun preparing for
and offers wireless Internet. the future, with expectations that mobile data
traffic will rise.
Government policy: Two governmental entities
are competent to govern telecommunication
licensing in Iraq - the Ministry of Communications
(MoC), and the Communications and Media
Commission (CMC). MoC operates two state-
owned companies - the Iraqi Telecommunication
and Post Company (ITPC), and the State
Company for Internet Services (SCIS). The ITPC
is responsible for the optical fibre network, the
microwave backbone, and limited fixed wireless
local loop (WLL) CDMA network, whilst the SCIS
is handling the Internet subscribers and Internet

Ireland Key indicators for Ireland (2016) Europe World
Ireland’s telecommunication market is well- Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 102.1 118.0 101.5
developed with high penetration rates for both Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 28.5 30.2 12.4
mobile and fixed services. Both markets are Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 99.7 80.1 52.2
characterized by increasing levels of competition 3G coverage (% of population) 95.0 98.5 85.0

and the development of NGA networks.
Mobile services: Ireland has an advanced and
competitive mobile market. Penetration rates for
mobile broadband are well above the European Percentage of households with computer 84.1 79.6 46.6
average and prices for both prepaid and postpaid Percentage of households with Internet access 87.0 82.5 51.5
services are affordable. Vodafone acquired Eircell, Percentage of individuals using the Internet 82.2 77.9 45.9
the mobile branch of incumbent Eircom (now Eir), Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 183.9 178.0 74.5
in 2001 and holds the market lead in terms of
mobile-broadband subscriptions. Following the Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
2015 acquisition of O2/Telefonica by operator

at promoting investments in infrastructure,
Three, the latter became a major operator in
providing a supportive legislative and regulatory
the Irish mobile market. Three has contributed
environment and developing leading edge ICT
to shaping the market with its high 3G and LTE
research.243 As underlined by the broadband
data allowances.240 The entry of two new mobile
strategy, the government is determined to achieve
operators, Virgin Media and ID, in the market
fast and reliable broadband Internet access
in 2015 has further contributed to increasing
throughout the country. The “State Intervention”
the levels of competition (Commission for
strategy aims to connect every premises in
Communications Regulation, 2016).
Ireland where there is no existing or planned NGA
network, by means of an extensive broadband
Fixed services: Eir, the Ireland incumbent
infrastructure programme.244
operator, is leading the competitive fixed-
broadband market ahead of rivals such as Virgin
Conclusion: National and EU telecommunication
Media, Vodafone and Sky, which are attracting
policies have enabled Ireland to evolve into a
more and more customers in recent years
highly connected society. The ambitious goals for
with their single play and bundled offers.241
broadband access followed by a comprehensive
Fixed-broadband penetration is just below
broadband infrastructure programme underlines
the European average. xDSL is the dominant
Ireland’s ambitions to continue along this path.
broadband technology in the country and VDSL
subscriptions have seen very high growth recently,
with more than a 25 per cent increase from
2015-2016 (Commission for Communications
Regulation, 2016). Operators, including Eir, Enet,
Siro and Vodafone are increasingly investing in
fibre technology. According to Eir, the company
has spent more than EUR 440 million on NGA
networks since 2012 in an effort to reach over 80
per cent of the population by 2020.242
Government policy: Ireland’s telecommunication

market was opened to competition in 1998 in
line with the EU’s Full Competition Directive.
EU policies continue to shape the market. The
National Broadband Plan for Ireland, which was
adopted in 2012, meets the Digital Agenda for
Europe targets of 100 per cent coverage with
30 Mbit/s and subscriptions over 100 Mbit/s
for 50 per cent of households by 2020. It aims

Israel Key indicators for Israel (2016) Europe World
Incumbent operator Bezeq continues to Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 131.7 118.0 101.5
dominate the Israeli telecommunication market, Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 28.1 30.2 12.4
but is facing increasing competition in the fixed Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 93.4 80.1 52.2
and mobile sectors. Penetration rates for fixed 3G coverage (% of population) 99.0 98.5 85.0
services are around the European average and
the vibrant mobile sector continues to grow
driven by demand for high-speed mobile-
broadband services.
Mobile services: Israel has a vibrant and Percentage of households with Internet access 75.7 82.5 51.5
competitive mobile market. The privatization of Percentage of individuals using the Internet 79.8 77.9 45.9
incumbent operator Bezeq (now operating under Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 158.7 178.0 74.5
the brand name Pelephone) started in 1991,
followed by the opening of the mobile market to a Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
second operator (Cellcom) in 1994. At the end of

is deploying an independent FTTB network in
2016, five mobile network operators and a number
Israel.247 Fixed-telephone penetration is high
of MVNOs competed in the mobile market.
in Israel, although on the decline in line with
These include MNOs Partner Communications,
the worldwide trend towards fixed-to-mobile
Hot Mobile, and Golan Telecom.245 The latter two
substitution.
entered the market in 2012 and are both owned by
transnational French telecommunication groups.
Government policy: Israel does not have an
With their low-priced offers, they have been able
independent regulatory agency, but the Ministry
to gain significant market shares and intensified
of Communications is responsible for setting ICT
competition between the operators. Mobile-
policy and putting in place regulations. Specially
broadband penetration is increasing, and above
appointed government committees are usually
the European average. Operators continue to
formed to decide major policies and reforms.248
invest in 3G and LTE networks and 3G population
The government has followed the path of
coverage is almost complete.246
“progressive liberalization and privatization”
of the telecommunication sector and sold its
Fixed services: Israel’s fixed-broadband
controlling shares of the incumbent Bezeq in
penetration is just below the European average.
2005. Israel telecommunication policies are based
Bezeq, the former state-owned provider, continues
on best-practices in the EU, such as the opening
to dominate the fixed telecommunication market,
of Bezeq networks to its competitors, which
despite the end of its monopoly in 1999. Bezeq
was recommended by the Gronau committee
faces strong competition from the cable operator
in 2008.249 In order to advance the roll-out of
HOT, which unified the cable companies that were
NGA networks and fully benefit from high-speed
allowed to provide fixed-broadband and telephony
infrastructure, the Israel Government adopted the
services starting from 2002. Apart from cable,
“Digital Israel” initiative in 2013. At the heart of
facilities-based competition remains limited as the
the initiative is the construction of an optical fibre
launch of a wholesale market over the incumbent
network throughout the country.250
operator network only started effectively in 2015.
Based on a new wholesale framework published by
Conclusion: Over recent decades, Israel has
the Minister of Communications, seven operators
developed into a highly-connected society with a
are offering Internet services based on bitstream
vibrant ICT market. NGA is increasing and an ever
access over the incumbent network, including the
growing number of Israelis are using the Internet.
MNOs, Cellcom and Partner Communications.
The government is supporting growth in the sector
Regarding NGA networks, Bezeq and HOT are
and has adopted the “Digital Israel” initiative to
investing in the roll-out of FTTB and hybrid fibre-
prioritize the roll-out of NGA networks.
coaxial networks, respectively, in order to increase
Internet speeds (Ministry of Communications,
2016). In addition, the Israel Electric Corporation
is leading a joint venture, called Unlimited, which

Italy Key indicators for Italy (2016) Europe World
Italy’s telecommunication market is the fourth Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 148.5 118.0 101.5
largest in Europe in terms of revenue. The mobile Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 25.4 30.2 12.4
market has undergone significant changes Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 85.5 80.1 52.2
in recent years, and its market structure and 3G coverage (% of population) 100.0 98.5 85.0
competition is set to intensify. While mobile
penetration is high in the European context, the
fixed-broadband market lags behind in terms of
quantity and quality of connections.
Mobile services: Italy has a very competitive Percentage of households with Internet access 69.2 82.5 51.5
mobile market with high penetration rates for Percentage of individuals using the Internet 61.3 77.9 45.9
mobile-cellular and mobile-broadband services. Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 82.3 178.0 74.5
Unlike most other EU markets, the Italy mobile
market is dominated by prepaid customers Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
(around 80 per cent in 2015) and characterized

Government policy: As a founding member of the
by multiple-SIM ownership, which in part explains
EU, Italy’s telecommunication policies are aligned
the high mobile-cellular penetration (Wind
with the EU framework. In recent years, the focus
Telecomunicazioni Group, 2015). Incumbent
of the EU and national policy makers has been on
operator Telecom Italia was privatized in 1997 and
the extension of high-speed broadband networks.
competition was first introduced in 1995 when
In order to achieve the targets set by the Digital
operator Omnitel (now Vodafone) entered the
Agenda for Europe, Italy adopted its strategy for
market. Wind started to offer services in 1999,
next generation access networks in 2015. The
followed by Blu in 2000 (OECD, 2001b).251Blu
strategy aims at creating favourable conditions for
ceased services in 2002 and H3G became Italy’s
infrastructure development including the mapping
fourth mobile network operator. The 2017 merger
of existing infrastructures, introduction of tax
between H3G and Wind created the dominant
incentives as well as subsidized grants for private
Italian mobile operator, Wind Tre. All operators
operators. Furthermore, the government will
are offering LTE services and are investing heavily
directly invest in infrastructure, when the private
in the extension of next generation networks.
market fails to provide access (AGCOM, 2015).
Telecommunication group Illiad, which had a
disruptive effect on the telecommunication market
Conclusion: Italy has a well-developed
in France, is set to launch services in Italy after its
telecommunication market, in particular with
acquisition of part of the spectrum assets of H3G-
regards to mobile. Private operators as well as
Wind.251
the national government are investing in high-
speed broadband networks in order to increase
Fixed services: Fixed-line subscriptions are
broadband access and speeds and overcome the
taking off as more and more are subscribing to
country’s regional digital divide.
high-speed broadband services. However, fixed-
broadband penetration is below that of other
major European countries and also lower than the
European average. Fixed operators are investing
to expand high-speed networks, which are still
lagging behind other European countries when it
comes to advertised speeds. Telecom Italia, the
incumbent operator, is losing market share in the
face of increasing competition from numerous
alternative operators. There is a strong north-
south divide in Italy with regard to ICT access,
whereby the centre-north has a significantly
higher penetration than the south of the country
(AGCOM, 2015).

Jamaica Key indicators for Jamaica (2016) The
Americas World
Jamaica’s telephony services are ubiquitous. Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 115.6 114.2 101.5
In terms of subscriptions, the mobile sector Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 10.1 19.1 12.4
is dominant over the fixed services, with Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 88.9 82.7 52.2
considerably higher availability and the ability to 3G coverage (% of population) 95.0 93.6 85.0
control expenditures through prepaid services. LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 5.0 77.4 66.5
There is, however, room for considerable Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 2.3 3.6 5.2
improvement in relation to broadband Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 5.3 6.4 13.9
infrastructure and coverage. Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 3.8 2.5 3.7
Mobile services: The mobile market is dominated Percentage of households with computer 39.1 64.9 46.6
by two operators, Cable and Wireless Jamaica and Percentage of households with Internet access 36.7 63.3 51.5
Digicel, which provide both voice and data services
and own their network infrastructure.252 A third
network operator, Symbiote Investments Limited, Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
was granted a licence to operate for a 15-year
period and it started services roll-out at the end of rules as well as LRIC Models for the determination
2016. Deployment of LTE technology is relatively of fixed and mobile termination rates. The OUR
recent, with all three operators having acquired in the process of developing infrastructure-
the necessary spectrum rights.253 The Government sharing rules and guidelines as to what is to be
is facilitating increased competition by inviting considered unreasonable and unfair contract
mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs) to bid terms with respect to customer contracts for
for licenses. telecommunications services and facilities.
Fixed services: The fixed services market is Conclusion: The Jamaican telecommunications
shared by three operators – Digicel, Cable and sector is a free market with the role of the
Wireless Jamaica, and Columbus Communications Government limited to facilitating the enabling
Jamaica (Cable and Wireless and Columbus environment through the application of
Communications have operated under the single appropriate legislative and regulatory tools.
brand Flow since August 2015). In 2014, Jamaica Jamaica, having achieved ubiquity in telephony,
established its first local Internet Exchange Point is now focused on implementing initiatives aimed
(IXP). According to the Office of Utilities Regulation at expanding the broadband network across the
(OUR) and eGov Jamaica Limited, the executing island and improving broadband adoption rates.
agencies for the Internet exchange point project,
the establishment of the local IXP is expected to
facilitate service quality improvement as well as
result in immediate cost savings to local ISPs.
Government policy: The Ministry of Science,

Energy and Technology is responsible for providing
the overall policy and legislative framework to
guide the development of the telecommunications
sector. The OUR, which began operations in 1997,
has primary responsibility for the regulation of the
telecommunications sector while the Spectrum
Management Authority has responsibility for
spectrum-related issues. The OUR oversees
the development of the telecommunications
sector, aiming for a sustainable and efficient
service delivery, having played a pivotal role in
the implementation of number portability in
2015. It is currently working on updating sector
regulation, and has developed quality of service

Japan Key indicators for Japan (2016)
Asia &
Pacific
World

Government planning, R&D investment and Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 131.8 98.9 101.5
sophisticated consumers have contributed to Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 31.4 11.3 12.4
Japan’s rapid adoption of the latest technologies Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 132.3 47.4 52.2
and to its achieving extensive high-speed ICT 3G coverage (% of population) 99.9 87.6 85.0
coverage. LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 99.0 73.6 66.5
Mobile services: The incumbent NTT leads the Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 0.6 14.5 13.9
mobile market through its DoCoMo subsidiary, Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 1.5 2.7 3.7
followed by KDDI and Softbank. There is a high Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 1.5 5.4 6.8
level of access to mobile communications, and the Percentage of households with computer 81.0 37.8 46.6
Communications Usage Trend Survey found that Percentage of households with Internet access 97.2 45.5 51.5
96 per cent of households had a mobile phone in Percentage of individuals using the Internet 92.0 41.5 45.9
2015.254 The country has been a high-speed mobile Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 83.0 48.0 74.5
leader and was the first to launch 3G in 2001. By Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
2008, 100 per cent of the population was already
covered by 3G, and 2G services were terminated Government policy: Sector oversight and
in 2012. Japan was one of the first countries to regulation is the responsibility of the Ministry
deploy LTE in 2010, and LTE-Advanced services of Internal Affairs and Communications
offering download speeds of 370 Mbps were (MIC). The main regulatory law is the 1985
launched in 2015. The deployment of 5G networks Telecommunications Business Act. Japan has long
is planned for 2020. had a tradition of multi-year plans, such as the
2001 e-Japan, the 2005 u-Japan and the 2009
Fixed services: NTT was privatized beginning in i-Japan, to guide sector development and to
1985. The NTT Act requires the Government to ensure that the country remains an ICT leader.
own at least one-third of the company. Changes to MIC made basic strategy forecasting IoT-based
the NTT Act in 1997 led to the separation of NTT society named “IoT Comprehensive Strategy” in
into two regional (NTT East and West) and one 2017. The concept of the strategy is that big-data
long-distance company. NTT is the largest fixed collected by IoT devices would bring accurate
telephone service operator. It has been gradually solutions against social challenges by analyzing
migrating customers from copper landlines to them through AI. For example, MIC has been
fibre-optic links. Despite the popularity of mobile, encouraging to make reference models of IoT-used
72 per cent of Japanese households had a fixed services in the fields such as sharing economy,
line telephone in 2016.255 NTT is the largest fixed agriculture, medical and healthcare, and spread
broadband retail operator, as well as providing these models all over Japan. Also MIC is trying to
other service providers with wholesale access to implement AI into the society and develop more
its fibre-optic network. FTTP accounted for 76 per intelligent AI.
cent of fixed broadband subscriptions at the end of
March 2017, with the remainder made up of ADSL, Conclusion: Japan is an ICT leader, not only
coaxial cable and fixed wireless. By 2015, an ultra- in terms of developing, piloting and adopting
high-speed broadband service (i.e., with download the latest technologies, but also as an active
speeds of 30 Mbps or more) was available to 99.98 participant in international standards-setting
per cent (including mobile communications) of bodies.
Japanese households. Both NTT and KDD have
extensive national fibre-optic backbones including
a submarine cable network that loops the
Japanese archipelago. Japan is the main hub for
interregional and trans-Pacific submarine systems,
with 17 cable landing stations. There are 16 IXPs
spread across the country, and the Japan Network
Access Point (JPNAP) is the biggest IXP in the Asia-
Pacific region in terms of traffic.

Jordan Key indicators for Jordan (2016)
Arab
States
World

Jordan has been a regional leader in Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 125.6 107.1 101.5
developing, adopting and utilizing ICTs. The Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 5.8 4.7 12.4
telecommunication sector is dominated by three Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 125.6 45.2 52.2
cellular operators; Zain, Orange and Umniah. 3G coverage (% of population) 99.0 81.9 85.0
In addition to these operators, several Internet LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 87.0 33.8 66.5
service providers are providing FTTH and other Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 1.6 4.3 5.2
data communication services. Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 7.8 10.1 13.9
Mobile services: Mobile-cellular penetration, one Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 3.6 5.5 6.8
of the highest in the Arab States countries and Percentage of households with computer 53.1 43.3 46.6
globally, has grown fast in the last few years, in Percentage of households with Internet access 79.0 45.3 51.5
particular after the deployment of LTE by the three Percentage of individuals using the Internet 62.3 41.8 45.9
mobile operators in 2015. The mobile sector is a Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 8.2 39.0 74.5
highly competitive market, Zain was established Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
in 1994. Orange was the second mobile operator
and launched its services in 2000, and the third sectors and postal sector was issued in 2003,
operator, Umniah, was granted its licence in 2005. and focused on the liberalization of mobile
Jordan was one of the first countries in the Arab and fixed line telecommunication sectors. The
States region to have had LTE services offered main progress as a result of this policy was the
by all mobile operators. The Telecommunication licensing of the third mobile operator. The second
Regulatory Commission (TRC) has allocated policy statement in 2007 focused on creating
frequencies in the 1800 MHz, 2300 MHz, and the conditions necessary to achieve effective
2600 MHz for LTE use. Jordan operators have competition, and also aimed at ensuring the
invested heavily in the last three years in 3G/LTE, effectiveness of TRC. TRC adapted the unified
and FTTH deployment. Jordan imposes one of the licensing regime as a result of this policy and thus
highest taxes in the world on telecommunication opened the door for competition in the fixed
services, however the prices of mobile-cellular broadband market. In 2012, the government
service is one of the cheapest in the Arab States approved the third policy statement, which
region mainly due to the very high degree of focused on a fully competitive telecommunications
competition among mobile operators. environment. During this period frequency
licences for 3G/LTE telecommunication services
Fixed services: Jordan fixed broadband has have been issued and assigned to all mobile
increased rapidly during the last few years, as a operators in Jordan. Mobile network operators
result of extensive investment by the Internet in Jordan are required by the TRC to pay annual
service providers (ISPs). The offered speeds revenue share of 10 per cent.
vary between 10 and 300 Mbit/s with relatively
competitive prices. As a result of high competition Conclusion: The ICT sector in Jordan has
among the ISPs in optical fibre network witnessed a remarkable development over the
deployment, and in offering competitive prices, past 15 years, and resulted in placing Jordan
the proportion of individuals using the Internet is among the most connected countries in the Arab
above the average level for both the Arab States States region. Most of Jordan is covered by 3G and
region and globally. LTE, and the deployment of FTTH is spreading at
high speeds in urban cities. The government has a
Government policy: TRC is one of the oldest national broadband network to provide high speed
regulatory bodies in the Arab States. It was connectivity between public facilities, hospitals,
established as a financially and administratively universities, schools and government agencies.
independent jurisdictional body through the
Telecommunications Law of 1995, and the
amending law of 2002. The primary function of
the TRC is to regulate the ICT and postal sectors.
The first statement of government policy on the
information and communications technology

Kazakhstan Key indicators for Kazakhstan (2016) CIS World
Kazakhstan has a highly-developed mobile Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 150.8 141.2 101.5
cellular network infrastructure. Prices of Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 13.9 15.8 12.4
telecommunication services are relatively low Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 78.9 59.7 52.2
and continue to fall. As a result, Kazakhstan 3G coverage (% of population) 86.8 77.1 85.0
has the highest level of mobile-broadband
penetration in the CIS region. The country is also
a regional leader in access to computers and
Internet use.
Mobile services: Mobile communications is Percentage of households with Internet access 84.4 68.0 51.5
presently the most dynamic market in the Percentage of individuals using the Internet 76.8 65.1 45.9
telecommunication sector. There are three mobile- Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 87.2 59.0 74.5
cellular operators in Kazakhstan: Kcell256 (Kcell,
Activ), Kar-Tel (Beeline)257 and Mobile Telecom- Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
Service (Tele2, Altel).258,259,260 3G technology

From 2011 to 2014, Kazakhtelecom deployed
was introduced in 2011. By 2015, it covered all
FTTH (fibre-to-the-home) networks in cities of
settlements with above 10 000 inhabitants. The
regional significance. By the end of 2016, more
first LTE network was launched in 2012. By 2014,
than 600 000 subscribers got Internet access
LTE networks covered towns with populations
over FTTH.265 Kazakhstan is planning to continue
above 50 000. It is planned to provide LTE services
to provide rural areas with fixed broadband
in all local centres by the end of 2017. The number
access. One of the goals is to provide local state
of LTE subscribers exceeded 2 million by the
institutions with at least 10 Mbit/s Internet
end of 2016. Mobile cellular telecommunication
access, and to deploy FTTx networks in 1227 rural
operators are allowed to use their GSM, DCS-1800
localities in 2018 to 2020. From 2021 to 2025, it
(GSM-1800) and UMTS/WCDMA (3G) frequency
aims to use alternative technologies to optical fibre
bands for LTE services. In recent years a rural
to cover more than 4000 settlements.266
telecommunication network development project
was implemented. Rural areas were covered
Government policy: The Kazakhstan Government
by CDMA/EVDO networks. Obsolete analogue
makes significant efforts to develop the ICT
exchanges (PBXs) were replaced by wireless local
sector. The national programme Informational
loop (WLL) base stations. Localities of 50 or more
Kazakhstan – 2020 was approved in 2013.267 The
inhabitants acquired access to telephone services
activities under the programme aim to increase
and broadband Internet of up to 3.1 Mbit/s.261
public administration efficiency, improve ICT
Many of them (801) were installed in 2016.262 In
infrastructure availability and accessibility, provide
the same year, mobile network portability (MNP)
ICT education for population, businesses and
was introduced.263
public officials, develop national Internet content
and media.268 A lot of attention is being paid
Fixed services: In 2008, the national
to e-services development. Kazakhstan ranks
telecommunication operator Kazakhtelecom
33rd among 193 countries in the United Nations
finished the project of national information
E-government Development Index.269 To adapt
backhaul network construction that started in
to fast changing ICT environment the ‘Digital
1997. By 2008, over 11 500 km of optical fibre lines
Kazakhstan’ national programme was recently
had been deployed.264 The network connected
developed.270 It covers the period from 2017 to
regional centres, Astana and Almaty cities. It
2021 and highlights state-of-the-art ICT directions
enabled further e-government development,
such as, intelligent transportation systems,
ensured high quality of Internet and telephone
Internet-of-things, smart cities, blockchain
services, and increased core capacity for
technology. Since 2017, one of the main goals
international Internet traffic transit. Digital
of ICT development in Kazakhstan has been to
fixed telephony replaced analogue for long-
provide the population with broadband Internet
distance intercity and international links in 1999.
access.271 Kazakhstan also is also developing the
Analogue systems of local telephone networks
transit networks capacity, and a direct network
had been replaced by digital by the end of 2015.
connection between Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan

was opened in 2013. Kazakhtelecom completed
the project of a new transit network construction
aimed at increasing gateway capacities to
international telecommunication operators (in
particular, Rostelecom, MegaFon, China Telecom,
China Mobile) in 2014.272Internet traffic of about
75 Gbit/s is being transmitted from Europe to Asia
and vice versa through Kazakhstan. It is expected
that the traffic volume will increase to 537 Gbit/s
by 2030. E-services are developing, and the
popularity of data-centres is growing. In 2017, 24
data-centres were in operation. The largest ТIER-III
data-centre was opened in 2012. Kazakhstan’s
national company, Zerde, is an important
stakeholder in building ICT sector cooperation in
the CIS region.272
Conclusion: ICT growth rate in Kazakhstan is one

of the highest in the region. The government
implements its policy in telecommunications via
strategies, plans, and projects with clearly stated
targets. Telecommunication operators are involved
in these activities. As a result, the population is
getting access to quality services provided over
high-speed telecommunication infrastructure.

Kenya Key indicators for Kenya (2016) Africa World
The East African nation aims to leverage its Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 81.3 74.6 101.5
strategic location and growing submarine cables Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.3 0.4 12.4
to become an ICT hub for the region. Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 26.2 22.9 52.2
Mobile services: There are three mobile network
operators (MNOs) and three operational mobile
virtual networks operators, with SAFARICOM
having the largest market share in the mobile
market. SAFARICOM, an MNO, launched in 1997 Percentage of households with computer 14.8 9.6 46.6
with 40 per cent owned by the United Kingdom Percentage of households with Internet access 22.3 16.3 51.5
mobile group Vodafone, 35 per cent held by Percentage of individuals using the Internet 26.0 19.9 45.9
the Government of Kenya, and the remainder Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 69.0 51.0 74.5
traded on the Nairobi Stock Exchange. Other
operators include (a) AIRTEL, a subsidiary of the Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
Indian mobile group, which launched in 2000; (b)

modem and optical fibre. Unlike most other
TELKOM KENYA rebranded to Telkom following the
sub-Saharan African markets, cable modem and
exit of France Telecom (Orange), which entered
optical fibre far outnumber ADSL subscriptions.
the market in 2008 and was taken over by Helios
By 2016, more than 6 000 km of the National
Investment Partners in June 2017; (c) FINSERVE,
Optic Fibre Backbone (NOFBI) Network had
a virtual mobile network operator owned by a
been deployed to all 47 counties in the country.
Kenyan financial group; (d) SEMA MOBILE, enabling
NOFBI is open access with cost-oriented pricing
communities to connect and collaborate through
available to all telecommunication operators. In
customized mobile solutions; and (e) MOBILE PAY,
addition to NOFBI, there are several other fibre
which offers mobile money transfers services as
backbones deployed by wholesale infrastructure
well as voice, data and messaging (SMS) Services.
providers. The arrival of The East African Marine
Mobile household penetration is one of the
System (TEAMS) undersea cable in 2009 linking
highest in sub-Saharan Africa, with the 2015
Kenya to the United Arab Emirates enabled
Malaria Indicator Survey reporting that 90 per
access to cheaper international bandwidth.
cent of homes had mobile phones, including 97
TEAMS is noteworthy as it was instigated by the
per cent in urban areas and 86 per cent in rural
Government as a public–private partnership with
ones.273 Mobile broadband was deployed in 2008
open access and cost-based prices. Since then,
with the launch of 3G. Safaricom launched LTE in
Kenya has connected to three other submarine
2014, while the other operators have been piloting
cables (Eastern Africa Submarine System (EASSY),
the technology and plan to launch commercially
Lion 2 and SEACOM), with others planned. The
soon. Kenya was one of the first countries to
country has emerged as the leading international
deploy mobile money, which has proven widely
bandwidth hub in East Africa. The Kenya IXP
successful in the nation. Kenya has one of the
was launched in 2002 and is one of sub-Saharan
highest penetrations of mobile money in the
Africa’s largest, with 36 members; a second IXP
world, at 85.2 per cent of mobile subscriptions as
launched in Mombasa in 2014.
of December 2016.274
Government policy: The Ministry of Information,
Fixed services: Incumbent Telkom Kenya was
Communications and Technology is responsible
partly privatized in 2007, when 70 per cent was
for sector policy. The Kenya National ICT Master
sold to Orange France. It was subsequently
Plan 2013/14–2017/18 establishes the direction
rebranded as Orange. In 2017, Orange France
for the sector. The Plan’s vision is to make Kenya
sold its shares to Helios Investment Partners,
a regional ICT hub and transition the country into
a private equity firm, which then rebranded it
a knowledge economy. It aims to (a) enhance
to Telkom Kenya. Telkom Kenya dominates in
the legal and regulatory environment; (b)
fixed telephony, but new fibre-based operators
provide simple-to-use e-government services;
offering triple play services are starting to have
(c) increase the use of ICT in critical economic
an impact. Fixed Internet technologies offered
sectors; (d) stimulate growth of ICT businesses
in the market include fixed wireless, ADSL, cable
to enhance employment; (e) trigger and scale

up ICT innovation; and (f) foster a dynamic ICT
sector. The National Broadband Strategy is a
medium-term plan (2013–2017) for advancing
high-speed Internet in the country. It outlines
average speeds to be obtained by 2017 (40 Mbit/s
in urban areas and 5 Mbit/s in rural areas) as well
as coverage to be reached by various institutional
sectors (35 per cent for households and 100
per cent for schools and health institutions. The
Communications Authority of Kenya was originally
established in 1999 as the regulatory agency for
posts, telecommunications and broadcasting. Its
third strategic plan, covering the period 2013–
2018, lays out the Authority’s vision of transition
from a simple regulator to an ICT facilitator. The
four key pillars include (a) providing an enabling
environment for ICT development; (b) enhancing
and modernizing the Authority’s institutional
capacity; (c) facilitating sector infrastructure and
service development; and (d) promoting sector
market development. The Konza Techno City is
an IT park being constructed around 60 km south
of Nairobi on 5 000 acres of land. It is planned to
support more than 200 000 people working in IT-
enabled services.
Conclusion: Kenya’s Government has long

recognized the importance of the ICT sector for
achieving national development goals, and has
undertaken the necessary steps to create an
enabling environment. This includes playing a
leading role to obtain the country’s first undersea
submarine cable. With a vibrant and innovative ICT
sector, the nation is emerging as the digital hub for
the East Africa region.

Kiribati Key indicators for Kiribati (2016)
Asia &
Pacific
World

Difficult geographical and economic Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 48.5 98.9 101.5
circumstances inhibit telecommunications Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.1 11.3 12.4
development in this remote Pacific island Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.9 47.4 52.2
country. Recent sector changes and the arrival of 3G coverage (% of population) 60.0 87.6 85.0
a submarine cable will lower costs and make the LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 40.0 73.6 66.5
Internet more accessible. Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 5.5 3.2 5.2
Mobile services: Amalgamated Telecoms Holdings Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 5.3 2.7 3.7
Kiribati Limited (ATHKL) is currently the only Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 52.6 5.4 6.8
mobile operator. ATHKL was created in May 2015 Percentage of households with computer 7.3 37.8 46.6
when Amalgamated Telecoms Holdings of Fiji Percentage of households with Internet access 6.9 45.5 51.5
acquired the assets of the incumbent Telecom Percentage of individuals using the Internet 13.7 41.5 45.9
Services of Kiribati Limited (TSKL) on the islands Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 4.4 48.0 74.5
of South Tarawa, Betio and Kiritimati. ATHKL is Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
also operating TSKL assets which the Government
retained on the outer islands pending the which is a new and locally established company,
establishment of a public‑private partnership. on an open-access basis to ensure equal access
Expanding mobile coverage throughout the for all fixed and mobile networks operated by
country is challenging, given the small population local retailers on Tarawa and nearby islands, which
and the number of far-flung islands. In 2015, 35 account for more than two-thirds of the country’s
per cent of households had a mobile phone.275 3G population.
was launched in 2013 and ATHKL launched LTE
services in the capital Tarawa at the end of 2015. Government policy: Sector oversight is the
A project supported by the World Bank, Australia responsibility of the Ministry of Information,
and New Zealand includes a component to extend Communication, Transport and Tourism
mobile broadband services to remote outer Development (MICTTD). The 2011 National ICT
islands. Policy recognizes the importance of affordable and
reliable ICT services as a key input to economic
Fixed services: ATHKL is the sole provider of growth, particularly for unserved and underserved
fixed telephone services. The number of fixed remote areas, and helped to trigger the creation of
telephony subscribers is limited. ATHKL offers the regulator and privatization of the incumbent.
LTE router service and are migrating all previous The policy is currently under review with the aim
DSL subscribers to a new IPVPN service based of incorporating new policy initiatives covering the
on LTE data. VSAT is also used, particularly in wider ICT sector and areas such as cybersecurity,
remote locations. Several wireless ISPs have begun e-commerce, e-government and disaster
offering services using Wi-Fi. Kiribati's remote information management. The Communications
situation has hitherto precluded connection to Act of 2012 liberalized the sector and led to the
undersea fibre-optic cable. Instead, it relies solely establishment in 2013 of the Communications
on satellite for international Internet connectivity, Commission of Kiribati (CCK) as sector regulator,
which has affected the supply and growth of which is also responsible for managing the DOT KI
the Internet market owing to high costs. A new (.ki) domain name.
international telecommunications service provider,
Ocean Links, was awarded a licence and started Conclusion: This Pacific island country has
Internet services operations mainly to business recently privatized its incumbent operator and
and government customers in September 2017. is looking to a public‑private partnership to
Mobile services are expected to commence in manage telecommunications in the remote outer
late 2017. A project is under way to establish a islands. Forthcoming connectivity to an undersea
submarine cable connection that will link Kiribati fibre-optic cable should lower Internet costs
to Nauru and extend to the Federated States of dramatically.
Micronesia, where it will link up with the HANTRU1
Cable System that extends to Guam, a major hub.
Internet capacity will be sold by the wholesaler,

Korea (Republic of) Key indicators for Korea (Rep.) (2016)
Asia &
Pacific
World

The government has promoted the sector Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 122.7 98.9 101.5
through ongoing strategies to ensure that Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 41.1 11.3 12.4
the country is a broadband leader. Eager Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 111.5 47.4 52.2
consumers, competitive markets and strong links 3G coverage (% of population) 99.0 87.6 85.0
between the research community, hardware LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 99.0 73.6 66.5
manufacturers and service providers facilitate Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 1.2 3.2 5.2
this status. Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 1.5 14.5 13.9
Mobile services: The country has a sophisticated Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 0.4 5.4 6.8
mobile market and has been a leader in deploying Percentage of households with computer 75.3 37.8 46.6
the latest technologies. There are three operators. Percentage of households with Internet access 99.2 45.5 51.5
SK Telecom is the market leader, followed by the Percentage of individuals using the Internet 92.7 41.5 45.9
incumbent Korea Telecom and LG U+. LTE was Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 54.3 48.0 74.5
launched as far back as 2011. There is virtually Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
nationwide LTE population coverage, and
approximately 80 per cent of the country’s mobile the Republic of Korea has promoted policies
connections are through LTE. In 2017, 93 per cent with time-bound targets and goals promoting
of the population used smartphones to access the ICTs as a strategic tool for national development,
Internet.276 With tri-band carrier aggregation of such as Cyber Korea 21 (1999), e-Korea (2002)
LTE-Advanced, the country has the fastest mobile and u-Korea (2005). These typically called for
network service available globally – four times coordination between government, business and
faster than standard LTE. Operators are aiming to research communities. In 2016, the Government
pilot 5G in time for the PyeongChang 2018 Winter released the Mid- to Long-Term Master Plan in
Olympics, with the commercial launch planned for Preparation for the Intelligent Information Society.
the following year. The plan describes how the country will react
to the fourth industrial revolution characterized
Fixed services: The incumbent Korea Telecom by the cloud, big data, mobile services and the
was privatized between 1993 and 2002 through Internet of Things. It is underpinned by four key
sales of government shares. It is the market leader strategies: i) fostering an intelligent information
in fixed-telephone services. In terms of fixed society on the basis of public-private partnerships,
broadband, KT is also the market leader. Other with businesses and citizens playing leading roles
leading fixed-broadband stakeholders include and the Government and research community
SKT and LGU+, while other operators, mainly providing support; ii) devising and implementing
cable TV companies, make up around 15 per cent a balanced policy regime that encompasses
of the market. Over 90 per cent of households technologies, industries and society and shapes
have access to 1 Gbps service. Several fixed the development of a more humane society;
broadband technologies are in use, including iii) providing strategic support for the prompt
xDSL and hybrid fibrecoaxial, but most operators securing of rights and access to Intelligent IT and
are migrating to FTTP, which accounted for 74 other related resources in order to ensure and
per cent of subscriptions in 2016. This includes foster industrial competitiveness in advance; and
redistribution through in-building LANs owing to iv) reforming policies and expanding the social
the high proportion of multilevel housing units in security net on the basis of social consensus. The
the country. There are several nationwide fibre- Korea Communications Commission (KCC) was
optic backbones operated by telecommunication founded in 2008 to handle regulatory and other
companies, Internet providers and the electric issues related to the convergence of broadcasting
power utility. The country's strategic location and telecommunications. The Telecommunications
between China and Japan facilitates access to Business Act of 1995 and its amendments are the
over a dozen regional and international submarine main legislation covering regulation of the sector.
cables. There are three IXPs.
Conclusion: The Government has been successful
Government policy: The Ministry of Science and at guiding the nation towards ever-higher levels
ICT is the sector policy maker. Since the 1980s, of informatization through ongoing strategic

plans. This is reflected in the figure of 93 per cent
of citizens aged three years and over using the
Internet in 2016.

Kuwait Key indicators for Kuwait (2016)
Arab
States
World

Kuwait has an advanced ICT sector that Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 146.6 107.1 101.5
could encourage continuing expansion in Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 2.8 4.7 12.4
telecommunication and spur progress in the Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 280.2 45.2 52.2
industry. With three competing operators, the 3G coverage (% of population) 98.0 81.9 85.0
country has some of the most affordable prices LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 98.0 33.8 66.5
of fixed and mobile-broadband services in the Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 0.4 4.3 5.2
Arab States region. Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 0.3 10.1 13.9
Mobile services: The Kuwait mobile sector is Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 0.6 5.5 6.8
highly developed and competitive with three Percentage of households with computer 83.5 43.3 46.6
mobile operators. Mobile-broadband and cellular Percentage of households with Internet access 77.7 45.3 51.5
penetration levels are among the highest in the Percentage of individuals using the Internet 78.4 41.8 45.9
world. The three major mobile providers in Kuwait Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 69.5 39.0 74.5
(Zain, Ooredoo, Viva) are highly competitive and Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
while Zain has the highest market share, the other
two are not far behind. Viva joined the market in mobile, landline, and broadband sectors. CITRA
2008 and rose quickly to capture market share also governs all aspects of the telecommunication
against the existing two players. With mobile sectors previously sub-managed by the Ministry
penetration at high levels, focus has shifted to of Communication. Kuwait is the last country in
the mobile data market. All three operators the Gulf region to establish such a regulatory
have upgraded their networks to support faster body. CITRA announced that its focus will be:
downlink speeds and are increasingly focused on competition policy and regulation; price control;
mobile content and applications. Zain has launched interconnection regulation; dispute resolution;
M2M services for corporate customers as well as licensing; spectrum management; universal service
VoLTE services. Viva, Zain, and Ooredoo have all policy and funds. CITRA focus on information
turned their attention towards LTE-A. The Ministry technology (IT) will be; Internet management; IT
of Communication (MoC), sector regulator until public sector governance.; IT sector development;
2016, granted competing operators the 3G and national cyber security; smart government
LTE frequencies: 3G frequencies are 2100 MHz for strategy; IT standards and regulations ;IT national
all three operators; the LTE frequencies are in the investments; and monitor IT process.
1800 MHz band for all three operators.
Conclusion: The high income of its inhabitants and
Fixed services: To date, the fixed-line and residents, and efforts made over the past 15 years,
international long distance (ILD) services remain have resulted in making Kuwait one of the world’s
a state-owned monopoly. The MOC operates the most connected countries. Most of its households
fixed-line network. In 2007, the MOC commenced have Internet access and most of its citizens use
the deployment of the FTTx network in the the Internet on a regular basis. CITRA aims to fully
country using the Gigabit Passive Optical Network liberalize the telecommunication sector through
(GPON) that aims to renew the telecommunication the privatization of fixed telephony infrastructure
infrastructure in Kuwait. This infrastructure post services, and international gateways. The
is owned by the MOC, while five Internet government is currently developing a national
Service Providers (ISPs), (Qualitynet, Fastelco, broadband plan and expanding the GPON network.
Gulfnet, KEMS, MADA), are managing network
subscriptions, and offering FTTx services to end
users using fibre ducts owned by the MOC.
Government policy: In 2014, the Kuwaiti

Parliament approved a law for the
establishment of the country’s first independent
telecommunications regulator, Communication
and Information Technology Regulatory Authority
(CITRA). The new commission will regulate the

Kyrgyzstan Key indicators for Kyrgyzstan (2016) CIS World
Kyrgyzstan has an open-access and competitive Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 131.4 141.2 101.5
telecommunication market. Mobile services Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 4.2 15.8 12.4
prevail over fixed services. A significant increase Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 46.1 59.7 52.2
in 3G and LTE subscribers is observed and 3G coverage (% of population) 60.0 77.1 85.0
projected in the coming years.
Mobile services: The mobile-broadband
market shows advances in the context of 3G/
LTE technology deployment, mobile devices Percentage of households with computer 21.4 67.4 46.6
availability, and increases in the number of users Percentage of households with Internet access 18.8 68.0 51.5
and Internet traffic growth. The mobile-cellular Percentage of individuals using the Internet 34.5 65.1 45.9
market started to develop in 1998. Today, there Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 65.4 59.0 74.5
are three active mobile operators (Beeline,
MegaCom, and О!) using GSM/3G (900, 1800 Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
MHz), UMTS/WCDMA (900, 2100 MHz) and

backhaul network capacity, Kyrgyzstan increased
LTE (800, 1800, 2100, 2500 MHz) technologies.
the network capacity to transit and terminate
Companies providing services over CDMA and
larger volumes of international Internet traffic,
D–AMPS/TDMA networks ceased their operation
which is vital because the biggest part of Internet
in 2016. 3G-services were launched in 2010, LTE
traffic in Kyrgyzstan is inbound traffic coming from
services emerged at the end of 2011.277 The largest
outside Kyrgyzstan.
operator has around 40 per cent of the market,
while the other two operators have an equal share
Government policy: In 2002, the national
of the rest of the market. Some fixed network
strategy, ICT for the Republic of Kyrgyzstan
operators have also launched LTE services. In
development, set out the following priorities:
2015, Kyrgyzstan held the first auction on digital
governance through ICT, ICT education, ICT-
dividend frequencies (790-862 MHz) in the CIS
economy (e-trade development, etc.). The
region.278 279 It is planned to introduce mobile
strategy did not set tangible outputs, terms, and
network portability (MNP) by 2018.280 RAN Sharing
indicators. ICT goals were also described in the
technology is also used by mobile operators in
Kyrgyzstan development strategy for 2009-2011,
order to widen the coverage area of all operators,
such as: national data transmission network
especially in rural areas.
construction; integration of national network into
the Internet; population provision with telephone
Fixed services: The fixed telephone network
services; analogue to digital network transition;
penetration level is below the CIS region average.
laying optical fibre lines, etc. The current national
The national telecommunication operator,
strategy for 2013-2017 focuses on modern
Kyrgyztelecom, owns about 70 per cent of the
technology implementation, particularly, in the
market, serving around 95 per cent of fixed
state customs service, education, and banking. In
subscribers. It also offers wireless local loop
2017, the Kyrgyzstan Government is focused on
(WLL) services over a CDMA-450 network. Fixed-
the Taza koom initiative. Taza koom is a national
broadband services were launched in 2006,
digital transformation programme aimed at
but its development is hampered by low level
building a strong society centred on human
urbanization, relatively high prices and competition
rights, freedoms, values, and potential. The goal
with mobile-broadband services. Most fixed-
of Taza koom is to improve people’s lives through
broadband Internet access networks are deployed
the power of technology, digital infrastructure
in urban areas. However, both fixed and mobile
and data. The programme is considered to be
services require high capacity backhaul networks
a key component of the national strategy of
to meet the growing demand for broadband
sustainable development till 2040 and involves the
access. Leading telecommunication operators
development of public services, smart towns and
(Kyrgyztelecom and mobile telecommunication
villages, infrastructure, and human capital.281
operators) are building fibre-optic networks across
the country. In 2015, the total length of fibre-
Conclusion: Kyrgyzstan has gradually transformed
optic lines increased by 36 per cent. By increasing
its fixed-telephone networks from analogue to

digital. The Internet market has grown significantly
over the past few years. It is expected that current
transport network development programmes will
facilitate the importance of Kyrgyzstan as a transit
country and reduce international Internet traffic
costs.

Lao People’s Democratic Republic Key indicators for Lao P.D.R (2016)
Asia &
Pacific
World
Fixed-telephone sub. per 100 inhab. 17.7 10,0 13,6

A distinctive model of private and state Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 55.4 98,9 101,5
ownership is used to extend telecommunication Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.3 11,3 12,4
access in the only landlocked nation in South- Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 34.7 47,4 52,2
East Asia. 3G coverage (% of population) 69.0 87,6 85,0
LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 7.0 73,6 66,5
Mobile services: There are four mobile Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 4.7 3,2 5,2
operators, all with a mix of private ownership Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 16.5 14,5 13,9
and government shareholding. They also have Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 1.7 2,7 3,7
full service licences and are involved in the fixed Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 4.2 5,4 6,8
telephone and broadband market. Star Telecom Percentage of households with computer 12.3 37,8 46,6
(UNITEL) is a joint venture between a government- Percentage of households with Internet access 18.7 45,5 51,5
owned company and Vietnam's VITETTEL Percentage of individuals using the Internet 21.9 41,5 45,9
group. Lao Telecom is 51 per cent owned by the Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 17.5 48,0 74,5
Government and 49 per cent by Thai investors. Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
Entreprise Telecom du Lao (ETL), the state-owned
incumbent, was partially privatized in 2016 important cross-cutting sector in the 8th Five-
when 51 per cent was sold to a Chinese group. Year National Socio-Economic Development Plan
Vimpelcom Lao is 78 per cent owned by Veon, a (2016–2020). Priority activities include ensuring
group that includes one of the largest telecom 100 per cent Internet coverage across the country
operators in Russia. 2G is widely available with 86 and establishing the national policy on broadband
per cent of Laotian households having a mobile services to determine an expansion plan and
phone in 2015 (95 per cent in urban areas, 83 per ensure access to broadband services for people
cent in rural areas with roads, and 69 per cent in across the country.
rural areas without roads).282 Mobile broadband
was launched in 2008 with the deployment of Conclusion: The strategy of competition between
the first 3G network. UNITEL, and Lao Telecom government-private sector joint ventures has
launched LTE in 2015. resulted in a relatively high level of mobile access
for a least developed country. ICT has taken on a
Fixed services: The mobile operators also new urgency in the country's development plan,
participate in the fixed-line telephone market via particularly ensuring the widespread availability of
copper wire connections or wireless local loops. broadband Internet.
Fixed broadband is limited mainly to urban areas,
and in 2015 ADSL accounted for 58 per cent of
subscriptions while FTTP accounted for 36 per
cent (at speeds of up to 60 Mbps).
The national fibre-optic backbone is over 60 000

kilometres long and runs along main highways,
with cross-border links to surrounding countries.
There is also a metropolitan ring in Vientiane.
For Laos PDR, as the only landlocked country in
South-East Asia, connections to neighbouring
countries with a coastline is critical, and Laos
accesses submarine cables via cross-border links
to Cambodia, China, Thailand and Viet Nam. The
Lao National Internet Center was established as an
IXP in 2010.
Government policy: The Ministry of Posts

and Telecommunications (MPT) oversees and
regulates the sector on the basis of the 2011
Telecommunications Law. ICT is recognized as an

Latvia Key indicators for Latvia (2016) Europe World
Latvia has an advanced telecommunication Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 131.2 118.0 101.5
market with high mobile and fixed penetration Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 25.7 30.2 12.4
rates, just below the European average. While Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 74.4 80.1 52.2
the fixed-broadband network is among the 3G coverage (% of population) 95.0 98.5 85.0
fastest in Europe, there is a significant digital
divide between urban and rural parts of the
country that are underserved by ICTs.
Mobile services: Four mobile network operators Percentage of households with computer 78.0 79.6 46.6
and a number of virtual network operators are Percentage of households with Internet access 77.3 82.5 51.5
active in Latvia’s competitive mobile market. Percentage of individuals using the Internet 79.9 77.9 45.9
Mobile-cellular penetration is above the European Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 246.7 178.0 74.5
average, while mobile-broadband remains
slightly below the average. LTE services were first Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
launched in the 1800 Mhz band by the operator

from European funds is building dark fibre and
LMT. Coverage was expanded when Tele2 and Bite
access points in rural areas, with private providers
started to offer LTE services as well and further
delivering the last mile to customers.285
spectrum was released.283 Data consumption is
growing rapidly in Latvia. Indeed, the country
Conclusion: Latvia has seen a transformation of
saw a growth of 175 per cent in mobile data
its telecommunication market enabled by national
consumption per subscription during 2015, mainly
and EU policies. In order to overcome the digital
due to one of the leading operators offering
divide that affects rural areas of the country,
plans with no data cap nor fair usage policy and
the government is investing in NGA networks to
including TV services in the mobile subscription
connect underserved areas.
(PTS, 2015).
Fixed services: Lattelcom, the incumbent operator,

lost its monopoly in 2003, but continues to hold
a dominant position in the fixed market. Fixed-
broadband penetration is below the European
average and also lower compared to Latvia’s Baltic
neighbours, mostly due to lacking access in rural
areas. However, availability of NGA networks is
higher than in the European average and above
the share in other Nordic and Baltic countries with
the exception of Sweden. Lattelcom is leading fibre
roll-out, and increasing investments are being
made in FTTx infrastructure.284
Government policy: Latvia joined the European

Union in 2004, which brought about the
liberalization of the telecommunication market
in 2003 as a prerequisite for membership. Latvia
has since adopted EU directives with regard to
telecommunications and set goals for broadband
development in line with DAE targets for 2020. The
national broadband strategy runs from 2013-2020
and aims at providing 100 per cent coverage with
30 Mbit/s and 50 per cent of households with 100
Mbit/s by 2020. In order to achieve these goals,
broadband needs to be extended to rural areas of
Latvia. Therefore, the government with support

Lebanon Key indicators for Lebanon (2016)
Arab
States
World

Lebanon has a high level of fixed and mobile- Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 96.4 107.1 101.5
broadband service usage. With two state-owned Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 25.6 4.7 12.4
mobile-cellular operators, one state-owned Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 67.2 45.2 52.2
operator for fixed-telephony services, and many 3G coverage (% of population) 99.0 81.9 85.0
Internet service providers and data service LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 89.2 33.8 66.5
providers, the country offers a wide range of Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 2.6 4.3 5.2
advanced ICT services. Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 2.7 10.1 13.9
Mobile services: Mobile-cellular penetration Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 3.3 5.5 6.8
is close to the Arab States region and global Percentage of households with computer 78.1 43.3 46.6
averages, while mobile-broadband penetration is Percentage of households with Internet access 77.7 45.3 51.5
above the region and global averages. There are Percentage of individuals using the Internet 76.1 41.8 45.9
two licensed operators for mobile-cellular services Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 55.1 39.0 74.5
in Lebanon: Alfa, and Touch. Both operators Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
are government owned. Touch is managed by
Zain Group, while Alfa is managed by Orascom develop communications in Lebanon. This Law
Telecom. Spectrum licences were granted in the has not been enacted yet. The MOT 2020 Vision
900MHz/1800MHz/2100MHz bands to both is to have the fibre optic infrastructure installed
mobile operators to provide 3G, launched by through the entire country.286 The subscriber
both operators in 2011. In 2015, both operators base for fixed broadband services is growing
launched LTE networks. Both operators offer M2M and exceeded 0.5 million x-DSL users in 2016.
SIMs for corporate entities that can be used for The government is about to start a nationwide
M2M service applications, such as managing fleets FTTX fibre project which will lead to substantial
and monitoring ATM machines. They also offer Improvements to the broadband infrastructure
Tap2Pay, which is Near Field Communication (NFC) and boost the digital economy in Lebanon.287
service in collaboration with MasterCard. The
Ministry of Telecommunications (MoT) declared Conclusion: The ICT sector has grown significantly
that by 2017, LTE should cover more than 85 per in Lebanon in the last 10 years. With the
cent of Lebanon. government supporting and financing the 2020
Telecom Vision project some great progress will
Fixed services: The fixed voice and data market be made over the next few years. Infrastructure
is government owned as represented by the MoT. improvements will not only assist Lebanon in
Ogero is the MoT´s execution arm when it comes terms of communication delivery, but also increase
to the network's development, operations and mobile data usage, along with its promising start-
maintenance. Ogero, established in 1972, is state- up culture. It is important to mention, however,
owned and acts under the supervision of the MoT. that the ICT infrastructure in which Lebanon is
The penetration of fixed telephony in Lebanon heavily investing is being stressed to its capacity
is one of the highest in the Arab States. Fibre limits due to the influx of refugees in the previous
infrastructure is currently being deployed. There few years. This is delaying and more often derailing
are more than 70 Internet service providers, and Lebanon's plans to grow its ICT services to a higher
six licensed data service providers that compete level.
with Ogero in the Internet connectivity and
services markets.
Government policy: Telecommunication Law

431 was issued in 2002 to provide the governing
framework, liberalize the Telecommunication
Sector in the nation and to set the mechanisms
for its transfer to the private sector. The TRA
was established in accordance with this law as
an independent public institution to liberalize,
regulate, manage the frequency spectrum, and

Lesotho Key indicators for Lesotho (2016) Africa World
This small landlocked country was one of the Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 106.6 74.6 101.5
first African countries to implement sector Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.1 0.4 12.4
reform that included establishing a regulator, Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 36.9 22.9 52.2
privatizing the incumbent and introducing 3G coverage (% of population) 96.0 59.3 85.0
competition. This has resulted in some of the
highest levels of mobile-broadband coverage in
Africa.
Mobile services: There are two mobile providers: Percentage of households with computer 8.2 9.6 46.6
Vodacom Lesotho (VCL), a subsidiary of the South Percentage of households with Internet access 27.9 16.3 51.5
African mobile group, which launched in 1996; Percentage of individuals using the Internet 27.4 19.9 45.9
and Econet Telecom Lesotho (ETL), the country’s Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 4.5 51.0 74.5
incumbent telecommunications operator, which
launched in 2002. Penetration is relatively high Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
for the region, with the State of ICT in Lesotho

country. Lesotho is a participant in EASSy, which
survey reporting that 79 per cent of individuals
went live in 2010, and lands on the East Coast of
owned a mobile phone in 2016, including 87 per
South Africa. The universal service fund is used
cent in urban areas and 72 per cent in rural areas.
to support the operations of the Lesotho Internet
One factor is relatively high 2G coverage that
Exchange, launched in 2011, and was used to
reaches 98 per cent of the population, one of the
acquire infrastructure for the national domain
highest levels in sub-Saharan Africa. The universal
name registry (.ls).
service fund has played a role in extending mobile
coverage to underserved areas. Mobile-broadband
was introduced relatively early in Lesotho, when
Communications, Science and Technology is
Vodacom launched its 3G network in 2008. This
responsible for sector oversight. Lesotho’s
early start has also resulted in one of the highest
Vision 2020 guides the sector, where technology
3G coverage rates in Africa, at 100 per cent of
is identified as a key pillar, with the goal of
the population. LTE was introduced in 2014 and
90 per cent of households having access to
population coverage is high by regional standards,
communication and development technology.
at 69 per cent of the population.
The country’s Communications Policy has four
strategic goals: (a) strengthen regulatory capacity;
Fixed services: The incumbent fixed line operator
(b) promote the convergence of services and
Telecom Lesotho was partly privatized in 2000,
networks based on the Internet; (c) foster
when 70 per cent was sold to a consortium
universal access to a diverse range of high-quality
comprising Econet Wireless International,
communications services at affordable prices;
Eskom Enterprises and Mauritius Telecom.
and (d) promote a competitive communications
Econet Wireless International, a South African-
market. The Lesotho Communications Authority
headquartered mobile group, bought the shares
(LCA) (formerly Lesotho Telecommunications
of the other consortium members in 2008. ETL
Authority) is responsible for the regulation
provides fixed telephony using copper lines
of telecommunications, broadcasting, radio
(subscription-based) and wireless local loop
frequency and postal services. The Lesotho
(prepaid). The copper line network has declined
Communications Authority carries out its functions
due to the popularity of mobile phones. ETL offers
in relation to the Communications Act of 2012. The
fixed-broadband using fixed ADSL (up to 16 Mbit/s)
Universal Access Agency administers the Universal
and optical fibre (up to 100 Mbit/s), as well as
Access Fund (UAF) which, as noted, has been
fixed wireless LTE (up to 150 Mbit/s). Five ISPs
instrumental in expanding mobile coverage and
also offer fixed wireless broadband. The national
supporting the IXP and domain name system. The
fibre backbone has been progressively expanded.
UAF receives 25 per cent of LCA’s surplus funds at
This is particularly important for landlocked
year end and 1 per cent of annual net operating
Lesotho to access undersea fibre-optic cables.
income of the main operators.
There are several cross-border connections with
South Africa to access submarine cables in that

Conclusion: Lesotho’s early reform efforts
have paid off in terms of a high level of mobile-
broadband coverage. The results are particularly
impressive given that Lesotho is both landlocked
and a least developed country.

Liberia Key indicators for Liberia (2016) Africa World
This West African country became a virtually Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 67.5 74.6 101.5
wireless nation after the civil war devastated the Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.2 0.4 12.4
fixed network. The arrival of submarine cable Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 100.4 22.9 52.2
has created opportunities to transform the ICT 3G coverage (% of population) 63.0 59.3 85.0
landscape.
Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) n.a. 39.4 13.9
operators: LONESTAR is a subsidiary of the South
African MTN group and the first operator to launch Percentage of households with computer 2.6 9.6 46.6
a GSM network in the country in 2001; Orange is Percentage of households with Internet access 3.0 16.3 51.5
a subsidiary of the French telecom group, which Percentage of individuals using the Internet 7.3 19.9 45.9
entered the market in 2016 through the purchase Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 14.8 51.0 74.5
of CELLCOM (which had launched the country’s
second GSM network in 2004); and NOVAFONE, Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
whose predecessor company launched in 2015,

as well as responsibility for operating postal
was purchased by MTN when an attempt to sell
services. The latest National Telecommunications
it to the incumbent Liberia Telecommunications
and ICT Policy covered the period 2010–2015, with
Corporation (LIBTELCO) fell through. In 2013, 65
the goal of people-centred, universally accessible
per cent of households in the country had mobile
and cost-effective ICT systems and services. The
telephones, with a large divide between 82 per
policy has 15 objectives for telecommunications,
cent in urban (82 per cent) and 42 per cent in rural
26 for ICTs, and identifies 9 priority projects.
(42 per cent) areas.288 The operators have launched
The Liberia Telecommunication Authority is the
the latest 3G technologies and Orange introduced
statutory regulatory body established by the
LTE in 2016 on the 1 800 MHz band.
Telecommunications Act of 2007. The Authority
enforces sector regulations and is responsible
Fixed services: The incumbent fixed line operator
for universal access as well as input for the
LIBTELCO is State-owned. The fixed-telephone
broadcasting digital migration strategy, and
network in Monrovia was badly damaged during
transitioning laws and regulations to harmonize
the civil war and destroyed in rural areas.
with ECOWAS guidelines.
LIBTELCO is the sole fixed-telephone provider
using CDMA wireless local loop. Internet access is
Conclusion: The ICT sector in Liberia was scarcely
provided by a number of fixed wireless broadband
developed before the outbreak of the civil war in
providers. Fibre-optic connections are available
1989. The war resulted in much of the country’s
for businesses in Monrovia. The Government is
infrastructure being destroyed or vandalized. ICT
deploying a national fibre-optic backbone as part
access in the West African nation is practically
of the West Africa Regional Communications
entirely wireless. The arrival of a submarine cable
Infrastructure Programme (WARCIP). It calls for
has transformed the landscape, and creates
deploying fibre from the West to the East of
opportunities to extend coverage and services
the country as well as to key border crossings.
nationwide.
The arrival of ACE in 2012 not only increased
international Internet bandwidth more than
sevenfold, it also lowered wholesale prices by
75 per cent, as the country was no longer solely
reliant on satellite. The Cable Consortium of
Liberia was established as a public–private venture
between the Government and telecommunication
operators to manage access to ACE in an open
and cost-effective manner. The Liberia IXP was
launched in Monrovia in 2015.

Telecommunications provides ICT sector oversight

Libya Key indicators for Libya (2016)
Arab
States
World

Libya enjoyed a leading infrastructure among Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 119.8 107.1 101.5
Arab States before 2011, since then political Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 2.6 4.7 12.4
and social instability have damaged and Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 34.9 45.2 52.2
disrupted the telecommunication sector. With 3G coverage (% of population) 78.1 81.9 85.0
six competing operators, the country offers low LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) n.a. 33.8 66.5
prices of fixed, mobile and Internet services. Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 1.3 4.3 5.2
Mobile services: With one of the highest Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 1.5 4.5 3.7
mobile-cellular penetration rates in Africa, and Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 2.2 5.5 6.8
above the average of Arab States region, the Percentage of households with computer 23.5 43.3 46.6
mobile voice market is approaching saturation, Percentage of households with Internet access 22.0 45.3 51.5
supported by low tariffs. Opportunities remain in Percentage of individuals using the Internet 20.3 41.8 45.9
the broadband sector where market penetration Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 5.3 39.0 74.5
is still relatively low. Libya has two state-owned Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
cellular companies: Almadar Aljadid and Libyana.
The first cellular operator, Almadar Aljadid, started specifications and standards for communication
operations in Libya in 1997, and is part of the systems, supervising telecommunication networks,
Libyan Post, Telecommunication, and Information systems and satellite services, and taking all legal
Technology Holding Company ((LPTIC), and measures against telecommunication and post
currently is launching an HSPA+ services. Libyana, service violations. A new telecommunications
the second market player, which launched services law has been drafted and the government is in
in 2004, has a dominant position in the mobile the process of establishing a new independent
cellular market. Libyana is currently the only regulatory authority. Since the previous regime,
mobile operator to offer 3G services in the 2100 25 Internet service providers have already been
MHz band, having launched its HSDPA network in licensed to compete with the government-owned
September 2006. In March 2017, Libyana launched former monopoly, as well as 23 VSAT operators.289
an LTE network using the 1800 MHz band, which
covers the cities of Tripoli, Zawiya, Sabha, and Conclusion: Opportunities remain in the
Misrata, although the company expects to add broadband sector where market penetration
further locations to its footprint in the near future. is still relatively low. Massive investments had
been made by the former government into a
Fixed services: Despite the high level of fixed line next-generation national optical fibre backbone
penetration, fixed broadband penetration remains network. Despite the current instability notable
low. The state-owned Hatif Libya currently holds moves to develop the ICT sector are being
the responsibility for providing fixed line voice witnessed. Hatif Libya seeks to expand fixed
telephony in Libya. The previous incumbent, the wireless service in all regions of the country.
General Posts and Telecommunications Company
(GPTC) was split into eight separate entities, Hatif
Libya, Almadar, Libyana, Aljeel Aljadeed, Bunya for
Investments, Libya International Telecom Company
(LITC), and Libya Telecom and Technology (LTT).
LTT is the only Internet service provider in the
country. Fibre deployment is limited, and offered
by Hatif Libya and Aljeel Aljadeed.
Government policy: The General Authority

for Communication & Informatics (GACI) is the
telecommunication regulatory body in Libya. GACI
was established in 2006 to follow-up the services
and activities of the post and telecommunications
and the enforcement of related legislation. Its
responsibilities include: preparing technical

Liechtenstein Key indicators for Liechtenstein (2016) Europe World
The Principality of Liechtenstein has a very Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 117.4 118.0 101.5
dynamic mobile market where, despite its small Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 42.2 30.2 12.4
size, several mobile network operators compete. Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 119.3 80.1 52.2
Vertical separation in the fixed market fosters 3G coverage (% of population) 99.0 98.5 85.0
synergies at the infrastructure level while
leaving room for competition at the service level.
Households and enterprises enjoy affordable
telecommunication services and penetration
rates are above the regional average both for Percentage of households with computer 90.5 79.6 46.6
fixed and mobile services. Percentage of households with Internet access n.a. 82.5 51.5
Mobile services: There are three MNOs in Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 556.8 178.0 74.5
Liechtenstein: the majority state-owned Telecom
Liechtenstein, Salt (Liechtenstein), and Swisscom. Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
In addition, consumers may also choose to

latest EU telecommunication directives in the
subscribe directly to the Swiss tariff plans of Salt
area of electronic communications. The Office
Mobile, and Swisscom, which offer plans where
for Communications is the telecommunication
customers enjoy local rates while in Liechtenstein.
regulatory body in Liechtenstein and oversees the
That is, despite having a Swiss number, domestic
obligations imposed to the MNOs (e.g. regulated
rates rather than roaming tariffs are applied to
termination rates and retail roaming tariffs) as
these customers while they are in Liechtenstein.
well as to the two dominant fixed operators:
Customers opting for plans from Liechtenstein’s
Telecom Liechtenstein and LKW. With the aim
MNOs enjoy the roam-like-at-home tariffs
of promoting investment in a small market while
stipulated by the EU Roaming Regulation while
fostering competition, two key policies have been
roaming in EU countries, whereas customers
implemented: the obligation to share mobile
opting for Swiss tariffs have to pay roaming
towers imposed to all MNOs and the vertical
charges when travelling to other EU countries.290
separation of the fixed-line incumbent. The
The three MNOs in Liechtenstein launched LTE
latter was a decision of the Government of the
services concurrently in 2015.
Principality of Liechtenstein that came into effect
in 2007, thus separating the network infrastructure
Fixed services: The majority state-owned
operations and the retail businesses of the fixed
incumbent Telecom Liechtenstein holds 85 per
incumbent. The Office for Communications
cent of the fixed market share. A separate fully
oversees that wholesale access to LKW network
state-owned utility company, Liechtensteinische
is granted to all players on a non-discriminatory
Kraftwerke (LKW), owns, operates and maintains
basis.
most of the fixed-network infrastructure (copper,
cable, and fibre). LKW also manages the electric
Conclusion: Despite its small size, Liechtenstein’s
power network infrastructure in the Principality
telecommunication market benefits from a
and is preparing the roll-out of a national FTTB
competitive environment in the fixed and mobile
access network, with expected completion in
segments based on the non-discriminatory access
the early 2020s. While in decline, uptake of
for all telecommunication service providers to
fixed telephone services is still relatively high in
the network infrastructure. The determined
Liechtenstein compared with most other European
policy and regulatory initiatives undertaken by
countries. However, there is a trend towards
the government and the regulator have fostered
IP-based bundled services that combine voice,
competition and supported infrastructure
Internet and TV (WTO, 2017).
investment. This is reflected in the high fixed-
broadband penetration rate achieved by the
Government policy: As a member of the European
Principality, well above the European average, as
Economic Area (EEA), the EU telecommunication
well as the early development and high growth
acquis applies in Liechtenstein. The latest revision
rates recorded in the mobile-broadband market.
to the Communications Act was in 2010 and is in
the process of being reviewed to transpose the

Lithuania Key indicators for Lithuania (2016) Europe World
Lithuania has a vibrant and advanced Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 140.7 118.0 101.5
penetration rates and affordable prices for Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 69.8 80.1 52.2
customers. The small Baltic country of just 3G coverage (% of population) 100.0 98.5 85.0
under 3 million inhabitants is one of the leading
countries for fibre roll-out in Europe and the
world.
Mobile services: Lithuania’s highly competitive Percentage of households with computer 70.5 79.6 46.6
mobile market is served by three MNOs (Telia, Bitė Percentage of households with Internet access 71.7 82.5 51.5
Lietuva, and TELE 2) and ten MVNOs (European Percentage of individuals using the Internet 74.4 77.9 45.9
Commission, 2017). Prices for both mobile-cellular Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 198.6 178.0 74.5
and mobile-broadband services are very affordable
and continue to decrease. Number portability, Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
which was introduced in 2004, had an important

broadband investments by private operators.
impact on the level of competition and thus drove
Where there was little economic interest for
down prices by removing barriers to customer
private investment, the government completed
choice.291 Mobile-broadband penetration is slightly
several development projects in order to extend
below the European average, but growing fast. The
NGA infrastructure to rural areas of the country.
highest share of investments by mobile operators
Lithuania’s strategy also looks at the demand
are made in LTE networks, which were first
side, which it aims to stimulate through the
introduced in 2011 by Telia.292
development of relevant content and skills to use
ICTs. Broadband Internet, a public entity owned by
the Ministry of Transport and Communications, is
in Lithuania is slightly below the European
in charge of implementing the national broadband
average, but showed very high growth rates in
strategy and operates a public backhaul network
recent years. Incumbent operator Telia still holds
which connects numerous public and private
the largest market share in the fixed sector.
institutions. It also provides open access services
However, regulatory measures have strengthened
to private providers.293
competition to the extent that new entrants
were able to decrease Telia’s market share to just
Conclusion: The efforts led by the Lithuania
over 50 per cent. The Lithuania Government as
Government, spurred by EU accession, have
well as private operators are investing heavily in
transformed Lithuania into a highly developed ICT
fibre infrastructure in order to increase Internet
nation. Lithuania’s digital agenda focuses on the
speeds. The share of fibre subscriptions out of the
extension of NGA networks and aims to bridge the
total number of fixed-broadband subscriptions is
digital divide between urban and rural areas.
above 50 per cent and thus among the highest in
Europe. Broadband speeds are among the fastest
in the region as well (PTS, 2015). In line with the
global trend towards fixed-to-mobile substitution,
fixed-telephone penetration is on the decline in
Lithuania.
Government policy: Lithuania became an EU

member in 2004, just one year before the law
to liberalize the telecommunication sector came
into force. The EU membership had a decisive
impact on telecommunication policies and the
regulatory environment in Lithuania. In line with
the EU policy, the focus of the government is on
broadband development. The country’s Digital
Agenda focuses on providing incentives for

Luxembourg Key indicators for Luxembourg (2016) Europe World
One of Europe’s last state-owned operators Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 138.9 118.0 101.5
dominates the telecommunication market Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 36.9 30.2 12.4
in this small state with very high mobile Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 87.6 80.1 52.2
and fixed penetration rates and affordable 3G coverage (% of population) 99.0 98.5 85.0
prices. Luxembourg stands out for being an
international connectivity hub, taking advantage
of its privileged position at the heart of Europe.
Mobile services: Penetration rates for mobile- Percentage of households with computer 95.9 79.6 46.6
cellular and mobile-broadband services are well Percentage of households with Internet access 96.4 82.5 51.5
above the European average and offers are very Percentage of individuals using the Internet 97.5 77.9 45.9
affordable to Luxembourg customers. 3G and Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 8,397.9 178.0 74.5
LTE coverage are almost complete and operators
continue to invest to improve mobile connectivity Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
and speeds. All three mobile network operators

is to be achieved through the roll-out of fibre
active in Luxembourg offer LTE services, which
technology with a priority set on connecting
were first launched in 2012 (Service des médias et
public and academic institutions. Furthermore,
des communications, 2013). State-owned operator
the strategy introduces an obligation to provide
POST Luxembourg (formerly LUXGSM) dominates
reception infrastructure for optic fibre and ready
the mobile market with about half of the total
in-house cabling in new dwellings. Competition
subscription base (European Commission, 2017).
between operators is to be strengthened and
alternative operators are allowed access to the
Fixed services: Luxembourg has a very-well
incumbent’s network.295
developed fixed telecommunication infrastructure.
Penetration rates for fixed-telephone and fixed-
Conclusion: Luxembourg, one of the smallest
broadband are above the European average
European markets, has a very advanced ICT
and prices are affordable. While mobile-cellular
infrastructure and is on the way to becoming
penetration is high, fixed-telephone penetration
Europe’s first fibred nation. ICT household
does not show the same downward trend that can
penetration is very high and almost the entire
be observed in other mature markets. Operators
population is online.
are investing heavily in fibre infrastructure
with the goal of making Luxembourg the first
“fibred” country of the European Union, with
full fibre coverage (Service des médias et des
communications, 2013). Investments in fibre also
helped to underpin Luxembourg’s position as an
international connectivity hub and top location
for data centres in Europe.294 POST Luxembourg,
the state-owned incumbent operator, dominates
the telecommunication market despite the market
liberalization in 1998.
Government policy: Luxembourg is a founding

member of the European Union. While it has
adopted EU telecommunication directives, its
policies are distinct, as the incumbent operator
POST Luxembourg is state-owned. The small state
has already achieved the targets set by the Digital
Agenda for Europe. Its national broadband plan,
which was adopted in 2010, aims to achieve 1
Gbit/s download and 500 Mbit/s upload speeds
for 100 per cent of the population by 2020. This

Madagascar Key indicators for Madagascar (2016) Africa World
The fourth largest island in the world is Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 32.1 74.6 101.5
seeking to become an Indian Ocean hub, while Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.1 0.4 12.4
recognizing the need to address the large digital Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 8.1 22.9 52.2
divide between the country’s rural and urban 3G coverage (% of population) 63.0 59.3 85.0
areas.
Mobile services: There are four facilities-based
mobile operators in Madagascar: AIRTEL, a
subsidiary of the Indian mobile group, launched Percentage of households with computer 6.2 9.6 46.6
in 1997; Orange, a subsidiary of Orange France, Percentage of households with Internet access 7.0 16.3 51.5
launched in 1998; Telecom Malagasy (TELMA), the Percentage of individuals using the Internet 4.7 19.9 45.9
incumbent, which entered the marked in 2006; Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 14.3 51.0 74.5
and Gulfsat Madagascar, which products and
services are branded under the name Blueline. Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
Despite the number of operators, there are

number of projects to widen ICT infrastructure
coverage gaps and affordability challenges in
and use. This includes (a) extending infrastructure
Madagascar. Household penetration is relatively
to uncovered zones; (b) development of the
low, at just over a third of homes in 2016, with a
Smart City Nosy Be; (c) deployment of so-
significant difference between urban (73 per cent)
called “digital window” computer labs in
and rural areas (29 per cent).296 All of the operators
educational institutions; (d) expanding the higher
have deployed 3G and, following renewal of
education research network and distributing
their licenses, deployed LTE mobile-broadband
tablet computers to schools. The Authority for
networks.
Regulation of Communications Technologies
(ARTEC) replaced the previous regulator, the
Fixed services: Incumbent operator TELMA had
Malagasy Office of Studies and Regulation of
been partly privatized since its creation, with a
Telecommunication, in 2015. The change broadens
subsidiary of then-France Telecom owning 34 per
the regulatory portfolio to include ICT in addition
cent. Those shares, along with an additional 36
to telecommunications. ARTEC regulates according
per cent, were sold in 2004 to a consortium led
to Law 2005-023 of 17 October 2005 revising Law
by a private mobile group based in Hong Kong
96-034 of 27 January 1997 on Institutional Reform
Special Administrative Region of China. A privately
of Telecommunications and ICT.
held local group, AXIAN, eventually gained control
of TELMA; it also operates mobile networks
Conclusion: The large island has significant
throughout the Indian Ocean region in Comoros,
potential as an ICT hub given its strategic location
Mayotte and Reunion. TELMA provides fixed-
in the Indian Ocean. The challenge remains to
telephone service using copper lines and wireless
address the wide divide in ICT access between
local loop. Its fixed-broadband offerings include
urban and rural areas, which could be lessened by
ADSL and fixed wireless using WiMAX, and offers
enhancing the utilization of universal access funds.
fibre-optic connections, mainly to businesses.
Other ISPs use fixed wireless broadband
technology. TELMA has several thousand
kilometres of optical fibre in its national backbone.
The arrival of undersea fibre-optic cables – Lower
Indian Ocean Network (LION) in 2009 and Eastern
Africa Submarine System (EASSy) in 2010 – has
dramatically boosted international bandwidth and
reduced prices. The Madagascar Global Internet
eXchange was launched in 2016 in Antananarivo.

Telecommunications and Digital Development
is the sector policy-maker. It is supporting a

Malawi Key indicators for Malawi (2016) Africa World
As a landlocked country, the Government is keen Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 40.3 74.6 101.5
to facilitate backbone development in order to Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.0 0.4 12.4
access additional cross-border Internet capacity Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 18.5 22.9 52.2
through undersea cables. 3G coverage (% of population) 42.0 59.3 85.0

Mobile services: There are two mobile operators.
Telekom Networks Malawi Limited (TNM) launched
in 1995 as a joint venture between incumbent
Malawi Telecommunications Limited (MTL) Percentage of households with computer 6.4 9.6 46.6
and Telekom Malaysia. TNM acquired Telekom Percentage of households with Internet access 11.5 16.3 51.5
Malaysia’s stake in 2007 and in 2008 listed some Percentage of individuals using the Internet 9.6 19.9 45.9
of its shares on the local stock market, with Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 4.2 51.0 74.5
the remainder of the company owned by local
business interests. AIRTEL, a subsidiary of the Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
Indian mobile group, launched in 1999. While

matters concerning the media, access to public
mobile coverage is ubiquitous in urban areas, it
information, broadcasting, telecommunications,
has been challenging to achieve widespread rural
postal services, civic education and ICT. The
coverage due to electricity constraints. Coupled
2013 National ICT Policy sets the direction for
with relatively high prices, partly due to a variety
the sector. The overarching goal is to contribute
of taxes, access is relatively low, with just under
to the country’s socio-economic development
half (45 per cent) of households having mobile
through maximum integration of ICT in all sectors
phones in 2015.297 There is a wide gap between
and the provision of ICT services to the rural
urban (85 per cent) and rural (42 per cent) homes
areas. The Malawi Communications Regulatory
in household mobile telephone penetration.
Authority is the regulator responsible for posts,
Mobile-broadband was introduced in 2009, when
telecommunications and broadcasting, established
TNM launched 3G, followed by AIRTEL a year later.
pursuant to Section 3 of the Communications Act,
TNM deployed a commercial LTE network in 2016.
1998.
Fixed services: MTL is the incumbent operator. It
Conclusion: A new direction is being established
was partly privatized in 2006, when 80 per cent
for the ICT sector as more players from the
was sold to a consortium led by Press Corporation,
public and private sector emerge in the
the country’s largest conglomerate, which
backbone market. This should result in additional
also owns 41 per cent of TNM. In 2006, MTL’s
connections to different undersea fibre networks
fibre-optic backbone was separated into a new
in neighbouring countries, making access and
company, Open Connect Limited (OCL). MTL is the
usage of ICTs more affordable.
sole provider of fixed-telephone services. Fixed-
broadband options include ADSL, fixed wireless
broadband and optical fibre for businesses and
government in urban areas. A national fibre-optic
network is critical for landlocked Malawi. OCL
operates the most expansive fibre-optic backbone,
with cross-border connections to Tanzania to
access the East Africa Submarine System (EASSy)
submarine cable. Until recently, it had a monopoly.
However, new backbone operators have recently
entered the market, including SimbaNet, Electricity
Supply Corporation of Malawi and AIRTEL. The
Malawi Internet Exchange was established in
Blantyre in 2008.

and Civic Education provides policy guidance on

Malaysia Key indicators for Malaysia (2016)
Asia &
Pacific
World

The Government is promoting high-speed Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 141.2 98.9 101.5
Internet, with particular attention to rural areas Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 8.7 11.3 12.4
and the is advantaged through Universal Service Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 91.7 47.4 52.2
Provision initiatives. 3G coverage (% of population) 95.0 87.6 85.0
Mobile services: There are four major mobile Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 0.7 3.2 5.2
operators: MAXIS, a publicly listed Malaysian Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 1.1 14.5 13.9
company; CELCOM, formerly the incumbent's Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 0.8 2.7 3.7
mobile arm and now owned by the Axiata Group; Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 1.4 5.4 6.8
DiGi, a subsidiary of the Norwegian Telenor group; Percentage of households with computer 72.2 37.8 46.6
and U Mobile (Singapore's ST Telemedia has 49 Percentage of households with Internet access 76.9 45.5 51.5
per cent stake), which entered the market in 2008. Percentage of individuals using the Internet 78.8 41.5 45.9
There are also several mobile virtual network Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 42.6 48.0 74.5
operators (MVNOs). Mobile penetration exceeds Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
100 per cent and 98 per cent of households had
a mobile phone in 2015.298 Mobile broadband domestic traffic. WiMAX operators are shifting to
has grown significantly since the launch of 3G LTE.
networks in 2003. LTE services were launched
in 2013 and operators have also deployed LTE- Government policy: The Ministry of
Advanced with download speeds of over 200 Communications and Multimedia (MCMM) is
Mbps. responsible for sector policy. The Communications
and Multimedia Act of 1998 set out a new
Fixed services: The incumbent Telekom Malaysia licensing framework for the industry. Malaysia
was partially privatized beginning in 1990 and became one of the first developing countries in
ongoing sales since then have resulted in the the world to adopt technology-neutral licences
Government now directly owning just over a distinguishing between infrastructure, services
quarter of the company. Telekom Malaysia is the and content. The Malaysian Communications and
leading fixed telephony provider. Fixed telephony Multimedia Commission Act (1998), created a new
has declined since its peak in 2010 owing to the regulatory body, the Malaysian Communications
popularity of mobile. The decline has been partly and Multimedia Commission (MCMC), a regulatory
offset by bundling voice with fixed broadband. body responsible for telecommunications,
Fibre broadband subscriptions have been broadcasting and Internet regulation as well
increasing, mainly as a result of the roll-out of as industry promotion. The ongoing National
the Government’s High Speed Broadband Project Broadband Initiative has a target of 95 per cent
(HSBB), a public-private partnership with Telekom broadband coverage for urban areas by 2020. The
Malaysia to rollout fibre-optic connections in target speeds are 100 Mbps for urban households
selected areas. Telekom Malaysia and Time and at least 20 Mbps in 50 per cent of suburban
dotCom have extensive national fibre-optic and rural areas. The country's Universal Service
networks. In addition, Fibrecomm has an optical Provision initiative has funded access for rural and
fibre network alongside the transmission network other disadvantaged citizens including expanding
of electricity company Tenaga Nasional Berhad, mobile broadband coverage, creation of public
and Fibreail has a fibre-optic network that takes broadband and broadband community centres and
advantage of rail and gas network rights‐of‐way. distribution of subsidized devices.
There are several submarine cables between
Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia, as well Conclusion: The country's competitive mobile
as an undersea cable linking several locations in market has resulted in a high level of access,
eastern Malaysia. The country is well provisioned and the Government has been engaged for
with regional and intercontinental submarine over a decade in promoting high-speed Internet
cables and connected to more than ten systems. infrastructure and access. Malaysia has been a
The Malaysia Internet Exchange was launched trendsetter among developing countries in terms
in 2006 and has over 50 members exchanging of its licensing framework and the undoubted
impact of its universal service fund.

Maldives Key indicators for Maldives (2016)
Asia &
Pacific
World

The Maldives is a good example of effective Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 223.0 98.9 101.5
transition to liberalization of the ICT sector Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 8.0 11.3 12.4
that has generated impressive levels of mobile- Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 72.7 47.4 52.2
broadband coverage. 3G coverage (% of population) 100.0 87.6 85.0
Mobile services: The first GSM mobile network Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 1.0 3.2 5.2
was launched in 1999, and the Maldives Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 3.5 14.5 13.9
introduced mobile competition in 2005. By 2016, Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 1.2 2.7 3.7
all inhabitants were covered by a 3G signal, Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 2.4 5.4 6.8
and over half by LTE. The market leader is the Percentage of households with computer 71.1 37.8 46.6
incumbent operator Dhivehi Raajjeyge Gulhun Percentage of households with Internet access 54.7 45.5 51.5
Public Limited Company (DHIRAAGU). Six per Percentage of individuals using the Internet 59.1 41.5 45.9
cent of government shares in the company Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 59.7 48.0 74.5
were offered to the public in 2011, leaving the Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
government with 42 per cent shares, and in
2013 Cable & Wireless’s 52 per cent stake in Government policy: The 2001 Telecommunication
the company was purchased by the Bahrain Policy initiated the process of liberalization. A
Telecommunications Company. The second mobile regulator, the Communications Authority of
operator is OOREDOO Maldives Public Limited Maldives, was established in 2003, followed by the
Company, a subsidiary of the Qatari mobile group. introduction of competition in Internet and mobile
Mobile penetration passed 100 per cent in 2007, services. The Maldives Telecommunication Bill
two years after the introduction of competition. was ratified in 2015. The Ministry of Home Affairs
In 2014, 97 per cent of households had a mobile is responsible for ICT sector oversight. A second
phone, with virtually no difference between the Telecommunications Policy was introduced in 2006
capital Male (97 per cent) and other atolls (96 per and the National Broadband Policy in 2014. The
cent) (NBS Maldives, 2014). Mobile broadband has broadband policy covers the period 2014-2018
been popular since the introduction of 3G in 2005 and calls for broadband to be made available on
and the whole population was covered by the all inhabited islands, for ISPs to offer an entry-level
end of 2015. LTE was launched in 2014 with rapid broadband plan not exceeding 4 per cent of GDP
deployment reaching nationwide coverage by early per capita, and for 100 Mbps to be made available
2017. for all commercial and industrial centres.
Fixed services: DHIRAAGU is the main fixed Conclusion: Despite a challenging geography of
telephone service provider. The incumbent also some 200 inhabited islands, the Maldives has
offers ADSL with speeds of up to 15 Mbps, and witnessed impressive ICT growth. The introduction
in 2015 launched fibre-optic broadband with of mobile competition in 2005 triggered a surge in
speeds of up to 100 Mbps. Focus Infocom and subscriptions and virtually all households have a
Ooredoo Maldives, the two other Fixed broadband mobile phone. The country's ICT infrastructure is
providers, also offer fiber broadband with speeds one of the strongest in South Asia, with nationwide
up to 100 Mbps. Interestingly there are more fixed LTE coverage, availability of fibre-optic broadband
broadband subscriptions than fixed landlines in the and fibre-optic national and international
country. The Maldives is well endowed with fibre- backbones.
optic backbone connectivity, with two national
networks and two international submarine cables.
In 2007, an 850-kilometre undersea fibre-optic
cable was deployed to Sri Lanka and another cable
deployed both to India and Sri Lanka. In 2012,
a national fibre-optic submarine backbone was
completed. Spanning over 1 000 kilometres, it links
all the main islands. A second national undersea
fibre backbone was deployed in 2017.

Mali Key indicators for Mali (2016) Africa World
This landlocked West African nation has Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 120.5 74.6 101.5
achieved a high level of basic telecommunication Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 2.1 0.4 12.4
access, despite limited competition in the mobile Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 24.9 22.9 52.2
market. The Government is making efforts for 3G coverage (% of population) 23.0 59.3 85.0
further developing the ICT sector.
Mobile services: There are two mobile operators:
MALITEL, the mobile arm of the incumbent
Telecommunications Society of Mali (SOTELMA), Percentage of households with computer 3.2 9.6 46.6
which launched services in 2000; and Orange, Percentage of households with Internet access 8.9 16.3 51.5
a subsidiary of Senegal’s incumbent operator Percentage of individuals using the Internet 11.1 19.9 45.9
SONATEL, which entered the market with a global Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 0.6 51.0 74.5
license (mobile, fixed and Internet) in 2003.
Despite only two operators, competition has been Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
fierce, particularly since the 2009 privatization

the sector policy-maker. The Government has
of SOTELMA. As a result, there is widespread
identified ICT as one of four key economic sectors,
GSM coverage and high uptake, with the 2015
along with agriculture, trade and education.
Malaria Indicator Survey finding that 90 per cent
One of the flagship government projects is the
of households had a portable phone: 98 per cent
Digital Complex of Bamako, featuring a training
in urban areas and 88 per cent in rural areas.299
institute, data centre, offices for ICT businesses,
A third mobile license has been awarded to the
incubator and exhibition hall. The 2011 Ordinance
Planor–Monaco Telecom International consortium,
Relative to Telecommunications and Information
which will operate through the Malian company
and Communications Technology is the relevant
Alpha Telecom. Orange launched 3G in 2010,
law guiding the sector. The Malian Authority
followed by MALITEL in 2012. Operators are
for Regulation of Telecommunications/ICT and
waiting on licenses for the deployment of LTE
Posts is the independent administrative authority
networks.
responsible for sector regulations, created in
2011, when it replaced the Telecommunications
Fixed services: The incumbent SOTELMA was
Regulation Committee. In addition to its regulatory
privatized in 2009 following sale of 51 per cent
duties, the Authority is also responsible for
of its shares to Morocco Telecom. It is the most
universal service and managing the country
active operator on the fixed-telephone market,
code top-level domain name (.ml). In 2015, the
offering service using copper lines and wireless
Government adopted Plan Mali Digital 2020, a
local loop CDMA. In fixed Internet, it has deployed
national strategy of development of the digital
ADSL and fixed wireless broadband. Other
economy, which aims to further develop ICT
operators provide fixed wireless broadband.
sector.
Orange and SOTELMA have built out around 6
000 km of fibre-optic networks to neighbouring
Conclusion: The landlocked LDC has made
countries so that landlocked Mali can access
impressive gains in connecting the population to
undersea fibre-optic cables. Mali is surrounded by
mobile phones. Through deployment of fibre-optic
seven countries, of which five are sea-facing. The
cables across the country and the adoption of a
first connection was to Senegal, since at the time
new digital strategy, the Government is making
it was the closest neighbour that had submarine
efforts to strengthen the ICT sector in Mali.
cables. Since then, fibre has been built out to all
borders except one, and Mali has access to several
undersea fibre-optic cables. The Government has
also deployed over 3 000 km of fibre-optic cable to
connect administration buildings throughout the
country.
Government policy: The Minister of the Digital

Economy, Information and Communication is

Malta Key indicators for Malta (2016) Europe World
Malta, the European Union member state with Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 123.1 118.0 101.5
the smallest population of just over 400 000 Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 39.6 30.2 12.4
inhabitants and the highest population density, Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 71.4 80.1 52.2
has a very well developed telecommunication 3G coverage (% of population) 100.0 98.5 85.0
market. The market is competitive and
penetration rates are high for mobile and fixed
services.
Mobile services: Malta has a vibrant mobile Percentage of households with computer 81.6 79.6 46.6
market with strong growth rates and competition Percentage of households with Internet access 81.1 82.5 51.5
between the operators. The mobile market Percentage of individuals using the Internet 77.3 77.9 45.9
is served by three mobile network operators, Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 1,596.3 178.0 74.5
and smaller virtual operators. Vodafone is the
market leader, closely followed by Go Mobile and Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
Melita taking the third place. Mobile-broadband

achieving 100 per cent coverage with broadband
penetration remains below the European average,
at speeds of 30 Mbit/s (which has now been
but is showing a strong growth rate (MCA, 2016).
achieved) and 50 per cent take-up of 100 Mbit/s
LTE was first launched in November 2013 and
by 2020. To achieve these goals, the government
3G, and LTE population coverage is complete.
follows a technology-neutral approach and
Operators have also started to rollout LTE-
emphasizes the importance of competition in
Advanced networks.
the telecommunication market (Government
of Malta, 2014). The Malta Communications
Fixed services: The country has a very high
Authority (MCA) has also published measures for
penetration of fixed services with fixed-telephone
the assignment of the 800 MHz spectrum band to
and fixed-broadband penetration rates above the
strengthen competition in the mobile-broadband
European average. Go, which is the incumbent
sector.
operator and majority-owned by Tunisie Telecom,
holds the largest share in both the fixed-telephone
Conclusion: Over the past decades, Malta has
and fixed-broadband markets, but is facing
developed into one of the EU’s most advanced
strong competitors in both markets (MCA, 2016).
telecommunication markets. ICT household
Malta’s small size and high population density
penetration is similar to the European average
provided the conditions for the roll-out of both
and more than two-thirds of the population
the traditional public telephone network by the
are using the Internet. Malta’s Digital Strategy
incumbent operator as well as a cable network by
puts the country on the road to continue this
alternative operator Melita cable, also referred
development, by further investing in fixed- and
to as the “cable incumbent”.300 In 2016, fixed-
mobile-broadband infrastructure and creating a
broadband subscriptions were based on cable (47
competitive environment.
per cent), xDSL (44 per cent), FTTH (6 per cent) and
fixed wireless (3 per cent). Broadband speeds are
increasing consistently and, in 2016, subscriptions
with speeds of more than 30 Mbit/s made up more
than half of the total subscriptions (MCA, 2016).
Government policy: Malta’s telecommunication

sector was liberalized prior to European Union
accession in 2004. Regulatory measures were
aligned with EU directives and competition
increased. Broadband development is an
important focus of policy-makers in Malta.
The Digital Malta Strategy 2014-2020 included
amongst its objectives the continued roll-out of
ultra-fast broadband infrastructure. It aims at

Marshall Islands Key indicators for Marshall Islands (2016)
Asia &
Pacific
World
Fixed-telephone sub. per 100 inhab. n.a. 10.0 13.6

Despite challenges owing to the high costs Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. n.a. 98.9 101.5
of connecting its relatively small population Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 1.9 11.3 12.4
dispersed over a number of atolls, this Pacific Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.0 47.4 52.2
Island nation is making steady progress in 3G coverage (% of population) n.a. 87.6 85.0
increasing connectivity. LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) n.a. 73.6 66.5
Mobile services: The majority state-owned Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 12.6 14.5 13.9
National Telecommunications Authority (NTA) is Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) n.a. 2.7 3.7
the only service provider. GSM mobile service is Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) n.a. 5.4 6.8
available in the capital Majuro and on five atolls Percentage of households with computer 20.7 37.8 46.6
and islands. NTA skipped the deployment of 3G Percentage of households with Internet access 18.1 45.5 51.5
mobile broadband and went straight to LTE, which Percentage of individuals using the Internet 29.8 41.5 45.9
was launched in Majuro in March 2017. Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 34.6 48.0 74.5
Fixed services: NTA is the only provider of fixed
telephone services, which have limited uptake.
Fixed broadband using ADSL with speeds up to
1.5 Mbps is available on five atolls. Leased lines
and self-provisioned fibre-optic connections are
available for businesses. Wi-Fi is available in the
capital and Ebeye atoll. Internet cafes are provided
on some of the atolls using satellite. Majuro and
Kwajalein, a US government military site, are
connected to an undersea fibre-optic cable system
(HANTRU) that links the Marshall Islands to Guam
and the Federated States of Micronesia. HANTRU
was commissioned in 2010.
Government policy: The Ministry of Transport

and Communications (MTC) is responsible for the
overall regulation, promotion and development
of transportation and communications. A draft
Communications Law calls for the creation of the
Office of the Regulator. Meanwhile, the National
Telecommunications Authority Act of 1990 remains
the relevant legislation. The national ICT Policy
adopted in 2012 provides for market liberalization
including increasing private participation and
investment in the provision of ICT services,
strengthening the incumbent to operate in
a competitive environment, and introducing
competition.
Conclusion: Despite geographic challenges in

the provision of telecommunication services, the
Marshall Islands are taking steps towards market
liberalization. The recent launch of LTE networks is
also expected to boost the ICT sector in this Pacific
Island nation.

Mauritania Key indicators for Mauritania (2016)
Arab
States
World

Mauritania ICT sector is witnessing great Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 86.5 107.1 101.5
developments thanks to increased competition Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.3 4.7 12.4
and high penetration of mobile cellular, mobile Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 30.2 45.2 52.2
broadband, and increased Internet users. Fixed 3G coverage (% of population) 41.0 81.9 85.0
broadband and mobile-broadband service LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 0.0 33.8 66.5
prices remain relatively high in Mauritania and Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 16.3 4.3 5.2
affordability remains a major barrier. Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 10.0 10.1 13.9
Mobile services: Mobile-cellular penetration Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 29.2 5.5 6.8
levels are close to the Arab States region and Percentage of households with computer 5.0 43.3 46.6
global averages, however, mobile-broadband Percentage of households with Internet access 11.2 45.3 51.5
penetration lags behind these averages. This Percentage of individuals using the Internet 18.0 41.8 45.9
can be attributed to the difficulties in covering Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 4.5 39.0 74.5
the large geographical area of the country. The Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
level of competition is considered high in a
mobile sector with three operators. The Post 2001. The Regulatory Authority is responsible for
Office and Telecommunications (OPT) was in regulating activities and laws within the territory of
monopoly before 2000. After the dismantling of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania in the sectors of
the monopoly of the OPT, the telecommunications water, electricity, telecommunications, and postal
and postal activities were separated. Competition services. The Regulatory Authority mission in each
started following the award of two GSM licenses sector is to ensure continuity of service and to
granted in May 2000 to Mattel (owned by Tunisie protect public interests that ensures effective, fair
Telecom) and in July 2000 to Mauritel (owned by and healthy competition, economic and financial
Maroc Telecom), the latter comes from the former stability, and includes consultation with users and
monopoly (OPT). In 2007, the third operator, operators. The regulator has the power to impose
Chinguitel (a subsidiary of Sudatel), launched its sanctions in case of breach of their obligations
cellular and fixed services, thus ending the duopoly under the laws, regulations and specifications.
of Mauritel Mobile and Mattel. All three operators
acquired technology-neutral licences. Chinguitel Conclusion: The efforts made by the Government
was the first operator to launch 3G services in of Mauritania, and the three telecommunication
2007. Mauritel Mobile launched 3G services operators over the past 15 years have improved
in 2009, and Mattel in 2011. All operators are connectivity and reduced the digital divide.
providing 3G services in the 2100 MHz band. None Mauritania’s recent plans include: to further
of the operators have yet acquired an LTE licence. develop countrywide high-speed networks by
licensing LTE services, expand satellite broadband
Fixed services: The fixed-line penetration is coverage, and roll out fibre-to-the-home network
low and in decline, due to high investment and in the capital and main cities.
replacement by mobile technologies. Mauritania
mobile and fixed-wireless operators are providing
fixed ADSL services in main cities. Mauritel
launched ADSL services in 2006. Mobile and fixed-
wireless operators are providing fixed services in
rural areas, mainly through the national universal
service fund or from international development
banks, such as the World Bank. Extensive efforts
are made to roll out fibre backbone infrastructure
between major cities, and to cover rural areas with
satellite broadband services.
Government policy: The Regulatory Authority is

an independent public corporation, with financial
and managerial autonomy, governed by a law of

Mauritius Key indicators for Mauritius (2016) Africa World
The Indian Ocean Island State is successfully Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 144.2 74.6 101.5
leveraging ICT as a strategic pillar with one of Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 16.9 0.4 12.4
the most advanced digital economies in sub- Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 51.7 22.9 52.2
Saharan Africa. 3G coverage (% of population) 95.4 59.3 85.0

Mobile services: There are three mobile operators
in the country. EMTEL was originally a joint
venture of the Luxembourg-based MILLICOM
mobile group and local firm Currimjee Jeewanjee Percentage of households with computer 61.2 9.6 46.6
and Co; the latter bought out the former’s shares Percentage of households with Internet access 63.8 16.3 51.5
in 2014. EMTEL was the first mobile operator in Percentage of individuals using the Internet 53.2 19.9 45.9
the southern hemisphere when it launched in Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 63.5 51.0 74.5
1989. The second mobile operator, CELLPLUS, the
mobile arm of the incumbent Mauritius Telecom Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
(MT), entered the market in 1996. The last was

Mauritius IXP launched in 2015 and has a dozen
MTML, a subsidiary of Mahanagar Telephone
members, including all of the main telecom
Nigam Limited, the State-owned operator in
providers and ISPs operating in the country.
the Indian cities of Mumbai and New Delhi. It
originally launched using CDMA technology and
Government policy: The Ministry of Technology,
later deployed a GSM network in 2011. Mauritius
Communication and Innovation has overall
has near-ubiquitous coverage due to its small
responsibility for the sector, including strategies
land size and high population density. In 2016, 95
for e-government and cybersecurity. The 2012
per cent of households had mobile telephones.301
National Broadband Policy lays out the country’s
Mauritius has been at the forefront of mobile-
vision for high-speed Internet access through
broadband deployment in the region. EMTEL
2020. Its overall aim is to facilitate affordable
launched the first 3G network in Africa in 2004,
and universal access to broadband infrastructure
followed by HSDPA in 2007 and LTE in 2012. The
and service to create the opportunities for the
other mobile operators have also deployed 3G and
country to grow as a knowledge-based society.
LTE networks.
The five policy objectives are (a) to achieve robust
competition and, as a result, maximize consumer
Fixed services: MT was privatized in 2000, when
welfare, innovation and investment; (b) to ensure
40 per cent was sold to then-France Telecom
efficient allocation and management of scarce
(Orange). It is the main provider of fixed-telephone
resources, such as spectrum, facilities (e.g. poles)
services, offering plain copper line service as well
and rights-of-way, to encourage network upgrades
as bundled service with television and/or Internet.
and competitive entry; (c) to reform current
In the fixed-broadband market, MT offers ADSL
universal service mechanisms to support universal
as well as fibre-optic packages up to 200 Mbit/s.
deployment of broadband even in high-cost
EMTEL also offers fixed-telephone service and
areas, and ensure that low-income Mauritians can
fixed-broadband with speeds up to 140 Mbit/s.
afford broadband; (d) to support efforts to boost
Other ISPs offer fixed-broadband wireless and
adoption and utilization of broadband; and (e) to
MT has also deployed free Wi-Fi hotspots in 350
facilitate reform to laws, policies, standards and
locations around the island. MT has an extensive
incentives to maximize the benefits of broadband
national backbone network, and other operators
in sectors where Government influences
have built out fibre routes with selected coverage
significantly, such as public education, health care
areas. Mauritius was one of the earliest African
and government operations. Targets include close
nations to connect to undersea fibre-optic cable
to 100 per cent of households having affordable
through SAFE in 2002. In 2009, it connected to
access to download speeds of 100 Mbit/s, as
the Lower Indian Ocean Network (LION), linking
well as being able to use broadband to track and
Mauritius with Reunion and Madagascar. In
manage their real-time energy consumption. The
2010, the Government implemented an open
access policy at landing stations to ensure non-
Authority (ICTA) is the national regulator for the
discriminatory access by all operators. The
ICT sector as mandated under the Information and

Communication Technologies Act of 2001, while
the Postal Authority caters for the regulation of
postal and courier services in Mauritius under the
Postal Services Act 2002. The Information and
Communication Technologies Act of 2001 provides
for the regulation of the sector.
Conclusion: Early liberalization of the telecom

sector and the Government’s vision of ICT as a
strategic pillar of the economy have driven ICT
uptake in the country. Mauritius has widespread
access to the latest broadband technologies,
and has a growing offshore ICT-enabled business
processing outsourcing sector.

Mexico Key indicators for Mexico (2016) The
Americas World
Despite undergoing a market liberalization Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 88.2 114.2 101.5
process two decades ago, the national Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 12.7 19.1 12.4
telecommunications sector has been slow Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 59.3 82.7 52.2
to develop, with penetration rates below 3G coverage (% of population) 95.0 93.6 85.0
the regional averages. In 2013, a reform act LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 83.8 77.4 66.5
was adopted which prioritizes a competitive Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 0.8 3.6 5.2
environment with accessible prices, quality of Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 2.3 6.4 13.9
service and coverage, giving the regulator, the Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 1.3 2.5 3.7
Instituto Federal de Telecomunicaciones (IFT), Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 1.0 5.7 6.8
the autonomy and power to promote the three Percentage of households with computer 45.6 64.9 46.6
aforementioned pillars (IFT, 2016). The industry Percentage of households with Internet access 47.0 63.3 51.5
has flourished in the past few years, generating Percentage of individuals using the Internet 59.5 64.0 45.9
growth rates of more than 10 per cent since
the fourth quarter of 2015 and attracting Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
substantive foreign direct investment (FDI)
(totalling a tenth of the total FDI in Mexico for the most present, with cable modem in second
2015). place, followed by optical fibre. The latter of these
is becoming increasingly available and more often
Mobile services: Despite being the second largest employed, its usage having increased 185 per cent
mobile market in Latin America in terms of unique from 2014 to 2017.304
subscribers, the penetration levels remain lower
than the regional averages. The market is led Government policy: The national body responsible
by Telcel, which had 67 per cent of the market for regulating the sector, IFT, has actively engaged
share in the first quarter of 2017 and is subject to in the promotion of competition, especially
asymmetric regulation for possessing significant by implementing asymmetric regulations for
market power. The other two operators, Movistar dominant operators, and sector development by
and AT&T, are respectively second and third in encouraging investment. The Mexican population
terms of presence. Telcel is facing increasing has been reaping the benefits of public efforts;
competition from new mobile virtual network for instance, between June 2013 and August 2017,
operators (MVNOs), whose market share has telecommunication prices decreased by 28.9
been increasing, as well as reorganizing itself in per cent, although during the same period the
order to shrink its market share to comply with consumer price index increased by 17.3 per cent.
the 2013 reform act requirements.302 Most mobile During this period, national long distance charges
subscriptions are prepaid in Mexico. Smart phones were eliminated, international long distance prices
are the most commonly used device to access were cut by more than 40 per cent and there was
the Internet in Mexico, but there is considerable an overall price reduction of 43 per cent in mobile
discrepancy within the population, as people with services.
higher education and wealthier groups are overly
represented among the smart phone users.303 Conclusion: As the sector develops and services
Before the 2013 Reform Act, only 222 MHz of become increasingly available and affordable,
spectrum for mobile services was allocated. This the challenge remains to bridge the digital divide
increased to 449 MHz in the first quarter of 2017. within Mexico itself, as the country’s population is
Moreover, with the aim of improving mobile marked by high inequality in terms of revenue and
broadband and market competition, 594 MHz are education, both of which have a direct impact on
expected to be allocated by 2019 (IFT, 2016). ICT usage.
Fixed services: At the beginning of 2017, Telmex,

the incumbent, had more than 60 per cent of the
market share and is under asymmetric regulation
by the regulatory body for possessing significant
market power. In terms of technology used to
provide fixed-broadband, copper networks are

Micronesia (Federated States of) Key indicators for Micronesia (2016)
Asia &
Pacific
World

This Pacific Island nation faces the challenges Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 22.2 98.9 101.5
of a small population dispersed over a large Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 3.0 11.3 12.4
area. Planned submarine cable projects should Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.0 47.4 52.2
transform the ICT environment. The Federated 3G coverage (% of population) 15.0 87.6 85.0
States of Micronesia (FSM) has been a sovereign LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 0.0 73.6 66.5
nation since achieving independence in 1986 Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 9.4 3.2 5.2
from a US-administered UN trusteeship. FSM Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 11.1 14.5 13.9
operates under a Compact of Free Association Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 10.1 2.7 3.7
with the United States, which was amended and Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) n.a. 5.4 6.8
renewed in 2004.305 Percentage of households with computer 24.5 37.8 46.6
Mobile services: The state-owned Percentage of individuals using the Internet 33.4 41.5 45.9
incumbent Federated States of Micronesia Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 23.2 48.0 74.5
Telecommunications Corporation (FSMTC) is the Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
sole mobile operator. In 2014, 46 per cent of
households had a mobile phone.306 A 3G network obtained a commitment from the World Bank to
was deployed in 2015 and is available mainly in provide a USD 47.5 million grant to be used to fund
urban areas. international telecommunications infrastructure
investments, and related technical assistance and
Fixed services: FSMTC is the sole provider of fixed project management activities, with the goal of
line telephone services. It also provides ADSL improving broadband international connectivity to
fixed broadband. The country is connected to Chuuk, Kosrae and Yap.
the HANTRU-1 undersea fibre-optic cable, which
landed in 2010 linking Pohnpei to Guam. Conclusion: Providing extensive and affordable
coverage has been a challenge for the Federated
Government policy: The Department States of Micronesia. The country comprises 607
of Transportation, Communications and small islands spread over more than 2.5 million km2
Infrastructure (DTCI) is responsible for the ICT of ocean. New submarine cables will link all four
sector. The first ICT and Telecommunications states in a national broadband network with the
Policy was issued in 2012 with five goals: i) opportunity of significantly lower Internet costs.
to achieve accessible, secure and affordable
broadband communications for all; ii) to
strengthen ICT human resources and increase
human resource development opportunities
through the use of ICT; iii) to improve economic
growth and sustainable development through
ICT; iv) to utilize ICT for good governance;
and v) to create an enabling ICT environment
through policy reform and improvements in legal
frameworks. The process of implementing the
fifth goal of the National ICT Policy was initiated
through adoption of the Telecommunications Act
of 2014. It addresses each strategic objective of
the envisioned policy and legal reforms to create
an enabling ICT environment. First, the 2014 Act
ends FSMTC’s statutory monopoly and provides
a framework for the introduction of competition
in the sector. Second, it provides for the
establishment of an independent sector regulator.
Third, the 2014 Act provides for the adoption
of a universal access policy. In furtherance of
its National ICT Policy, the Government has also

Moldova Key indicators for Moldova (2016) CIS World
Mobile-broadband penetration in Moldova is Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 111.0 141.2 101.5
similar to the CIS region average. The territory Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 16.3 15.8 12.4
and population is widely covered by 3G/LTE Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 56.2 59.7 52.2
signal. 3G coverage (% of population) 99.0 77.1 85.0

telecommunication operators in Moldova
sharing the market: 65.5 per cent (Orange
Moldova), 30.2 per cent (Moldcell) and 4.2 per Percentage of households with computer 71.0 67.4 46.6
cent (Moldtelecom).307 The first 3G networks Percentage of households with Internet access 76.0 68.0 51.5
were launched in 2008 by Moldcell and Orange Percentage of individuals using the Internet 71.0 65.1 45.9
Moldova. LTE services over Moldcell and Orange Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 144.1 59.0 74.5
Moldova networks became available in 2012.308
Orange Moldova dominates LTE deployment Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
having 94 per cent geographic coverage and 97

operators, 3 mobile services operators, 55
per cent of the population covered while others
Internet providers and 148 television services
had less than 10 per cent territory and 30 per
providers.313 Moldova legislation in the ICT
cent population coverage at the end of 2016.309
sector is mainly aligned to the European Union
The mobile broadband market is growing fast
legal framework.314 In 2010, the Program of
in Moldova. In 2016, the number of subscribers
Broadband Internet Access Development 2010-
increased by 30.1 per cent. Mobile and fixed
2013 was approved. Its goal was to overcome
network portability services were launched in
the digital divide between rural and urban areas.
2013. In 2016, the quantity of ported numbers had
The following target indicators were set: 20 per
reached 1.94 per cent of all mobile subscribers and
cent of fixed-broadband penetration and 20 per
0.73 per cent of all fixed subscribers.310
cent of mobile broadband penetration by 2013.
The corresponding indicators reached 13.4 per
Fixed services: Moldtelecom shares two thirds of
cent for fixed-broadband subscriptions and 47.3
the fixed broadband market, Starnet Soluţii (20.2
per cent for mobile-broadband subscriptions by
per cent), Sun Communications (5.3 per cent) and
2013.315 The programme facilitated subscriber
over 80 other data transmission service providers
number growth, Internet infrastructure availability
(9.9 per cent).311 The fixed broadband market,
and electronic services development. In 2013
along with mobile broadband, is one of the fastest
the government approved the national strategy
developing sectors of the ICT sector in Moldova. In
of information society development, Digital
2016, the number of fixed broadband subscribers
Moldova 2020. It focuses on three pillars: access
increased by 4.3 per cent. Most subscribers (56.5
and infrastructure (improvement of connectivity
per cent) use FTTx technologies, far more than
and network access), digital content and
xDSL (36.1 per cent) and coaxial cable (6.9 per
electronic services (promoting digital content and
cent). Subscriptions with connections from 30 to
generating services), and capacities and utilization
100 Mbit/s are the most popular (49 per cent of
(strengthening literacy and digital skills to enable
all fixed-broadband connections) with those from
innovation and stimulate usage).316 According to
10 to 30 Mbit/s connections used by 35 per cent
the strategy, information society development will
of subscribers.312 As long as the demand on high-
be based on a secure digital environment.
speed Internet service grows, Moldova continues
to raise its international Internet bandwidth.
Conclusion: Moldova has a dynamic and
In contrast to Internet access, fixed telephony
competitive telecommunication market, which
penetration has decreased since 2013. In 2016,
is characterized by high Internet access speeds,
fixed telephony operators lost 2.6 per cent of their
high level of mobile services accessibility, and
subscribers.312
technological development. Telecommunication
authorities try to apply best practices of market
Government policy: The telecommunication
regulation in order to create a favourable
market in Moldova was liberalized by 2004. By
environment for information society development
2014, the market consisted of 30 fixed services

while having minimum intervention from the
government.

Monaco Key indicators for Monaco (2016) Europe World
Monaco Telecom is the only local provider of Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 86.3 118.0 101.5
telecommunication services in the Principality of Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 48.2 30.2 12.4
Monaco. French mobile operators are providing Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 74.8 80.1 52.2
mobile-cellular and mobile-broadband services, 3G coverage (% of population) 100.0 98.5 85.0

but in the fixed sector, Monaco Telecom is the
only provider in the country. The country’s fixed
network is well developed and penetration rates
are high, while mobile penetration is below the
European average. Percentage of households with computer 84.1 79.6 46.6
Mobile services: Monaco’s small territory of only Percentage of individuals using the Internet 95.2 77.9 45.9
2km² is covered by French mobile networks and Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 95.2 178.0 74.5
French operators Orange, Bouygues Telecom,
SFR, and Free. The market leader and only local Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
network provider Monaco Telecom is offering

government. Monaco Telecom is to deploy its own
services using the Orange France network.
LTE network and put in place roaming agreements
Monaco Telecom, which is owned by the founder
with foreign providers. By 2025, the government
of French operator Free and the Monaco
aims to provide full FTTH coverage and the roll-out
Government, is currently building its own network
is ongoing in 2017 (State of Monaco, 2016).
and aims to launch services in 2018. Given
Monaco Telecom’s small area of operation and
Conclusion: Monaco is a highly connected country
the intense level of competition it is facing from
with almost the entire population using the
French operators, Monaco Telecom is allowed to
Internet. The government prioritizes the continued
have around 30 per cent higher prices than French
roll-out of fixed and wireless NGA networks and
operators according to government regulations.
the deployment of Monaco Telecom’s own mobile
network, in order to support ICT development in
Fixed services: The country has very high fixed-
Monaco.
telephone and fixed-broadband penetration rates
that are well above the European average. Monaco
Telecom holds a monopoly of the fixed sector
and offers bundles including fixed-telephony,
Internet access and broadcast television services.
ADSL services were first launched in 2000 and
broadband Internet is currently provided via
cable and ADSL. Retail fixed-telephone and fixed-
broadband prices are regulated based on the
definition of a reference offer set by regulation.
Prices are set based on the selected plans from
French operators on top of which a 30 per cent
margin is allowed to Monaco Telecom.317 The
roll-out of FTTH is ongoing in 2017 and the
government aims at connecting all buildings with
fibre by 2025.
Government policy: There is no independent

telecommunication regulator, but the Department
of Electronic Communications, which is part of the
Ministry of Public Works, the Environment and
Urban Development, is charged with regulating the
market in Monaco.318 The country’s development
plan for 2016-2020 prioritizes the roll-out of NGA
networks, which will be in part financed by the

Mongolia Key indicators for Mongolia (2016)
Asia &
Pacific
World

Despite the difficult circumstances of a large Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 113.6 98.9 101.5
landlocked country and the second lowest Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 7.6 11.3 12.4
population density in the world, Mongolia has Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 57.1 47.4 52.2
made notable strides in telecommunication 3G coverage (% of population) 95.0 87.6 85.0
coverage, in particular using wireless LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 6.9 73.6 66.5
communications. Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 0.8 3.2 5.2
Mobile services: There are four mobile operators Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 1.6 2.7 3.7
in the country, all majority held by Mongolian Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 1.4 5.4 6.8
companies: Mobicom, Unitel, Skytel and G-Mobile. Percentage of households with computer 23.6 37.8 46.6
Mobile penetration (subscriptions per 100 people) Percentage of households with Internet access 23.6 45.5 51.5
exceeded 100 by 2014 when 97 per cent of Percentage of individuals using the Internet 22.3 41.5 45.9
households had a mobile phone (NSO Mongolia, Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 166.1 48.0 74.5
2014). Mobile-broadband population coverage is Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
high, with 3G networks launched in 2009 and LTE
in 2016. in 1995, creation of a regulatory authority, the
Communications Regulatory Commission (CRC), in
Fixed services: The incumbent operator Telecom 2001, and the introduction of competition in the
Mongolia was partly privatized in 1995 when a 40 mobile and Internet markets. The Communications
per cent stake was sold to Korea Telecom. It is the and Information Technology Authority (CITA) is
country’s largest fixed-line carrier. Unlike most responsible for sector policies. Several policy
other developing nations, there is a relatively high documents have established the framework
degree of competition in the fixed market, with for evolution of the sector over the years. The
five operators. Nevertheless, Mongolia's fixed- National Program on High Speed Broadband (2011-
line penetration is low owing to the popularity of 2015) developed legal and regulatory frameworks
mobile. Fixed-line subscriptions are now largely to support the expansion of high-speed broadband
bundled into triple play offers. Fixed broadband networks including targets for speeds of 100 Mbps
choices include DSL, optical fibre and Wi-MAX, in urban areas and 50 Mbps in the provinces.
with optical fibre accounting for the largest share
of subscriptions. As Mongolia is a landlocked Conclusion: There is a high degree of competition
country, national backbone connectivity is critical. between Mongolian-led companies in the
Mongolia’s domestic fibre-optic networks cover country's telecommunication markets, resulting
over 30 000 kilometres and deployment tripled in high levels of access. Despite the country's
between 2009 and 2014. The government-owned large size and low population density, backbone
Information Communication Network Company networks are well developed and international
(Netcom) accounts for around half of the country’s connectivity assured through cross-border
total fibre deployment. Mobicom and Skytel also connections to its two large neighbours.
have backbone networks. The Mongolian Railway
operates a 1 400-kilometre fibre network along its
north-south line, and the Government operates a
VSAT network for rural connectivity. International
connectivity is achieved through terrestrial
connections to China and Russia, and from there
traffic is routed to overland Asia-Europe networks
and through submarine cables. The Mongolian
Internet Exchange was established in 2001 and has
around 20 participants.
Government policy: The country has continuously

liberalized the sector over recent decades. Steps
include partial privatization of the incumbent
telecommunication operator (Telecom Mongolia)

Montenegro Key indicators for Montenegro (2016) Europe World
Montenegro is one of the smallest markets in Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 167.5 118.0 101.5
Europe with a population of close to 700 000 Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 18.5 30.2 12.4
inhabitants. The accession process to the Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 60.7 80.1 52.2
European Union officially started in 2011 and 3G coverage (% of population) 95.0 98.5 85.0
is greatly influencing the telecommunication
sector, as regulations have been aligned with EU
norms and competition has been strengthened.319
Mobile services: The first GSM provider in Percentage of households with computer 58.2 79.6 46.6
Montenegro was established in 1996 under the Percentage of households with Internet access 69.8 82.5 51.5
name Promonte and was fully acquired by Telenor Percentage of individuals using the Internet 69.9 77.9 45.9
in 2004. At present, Telenor is the market leader Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 202.9 178.0 74.5
closely followed by its competitors Crnogorski
Telekom and M:Tel. All three mobile operators are Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
majority owned by foreign companies: Telenor

is established as an independent regulatory
is majority-owned by the Norway Government;
authority, functionally independent of all entities
Crnogorski Telekom is majority-owned by Hrvatski
that exploit telecommunications networks and
Telekom and M:Tel by Telekom Serbia. The
provide electronic communications networks,
M:Tel entry into the market in 2007 as the third
equipment or services. After the adoption of the
operator had a significant impact on the level
Law on Postal Services in 2005, the Agency took
of competition in Montenegro. Mobile-cellular
over the competencies related to postal affairs.
penetration in the country is very high320. This can
Following the adoption of the Law on Electronic
be attributed to the fact that Montenegro is a
Communications in August 2008, the Agency has
popular destination for tourists, who purchase SIM
continued, in accordance with the provisions of
cards during their vacation (EBRD, 2012a). Mobile-
the Law, to operate as the Agency for Electronic
broadband penetration has been increasing
Communications and Postal Services.323 In
rapidly, but remains behind the European average
2013, a new law on electronic communications
and that of most neighbouring countries. 3G
came into force, which increased the Agency
population coverage is almost complete and
independence. Mobile termination rates were
LTE population coverage is close to 90 per cent.
significantly lowered, and a regional roaming
Telenor, Crnogorski Telekom and M:Tel launched
regulation between Bosnia and Herzegovina,
3G services in 2007; LTE was introduced by Telenor
TFYR Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia was
in 2012, Crnogorski telekom in 2013 and M:Tel in
introduced.324
2017.321
Conclusion: Following independence and the
Fixed services: Crnogorski Telekom, M:Tel,
accession process to the European Union and the
Telemach (part of United Group) and Telenor
telecommunication acquis, the telecommunication
are the major players in the fixed-line market.
sector has grown increasingly independent and
Fixed-telephone penetration is relatively low in
competitive. Despite its size, four privately-owned,
Montenegro in relation to the Balkan countries
international operators are active in the market
and the European average. Fixed-broadband
and advanced technologies (LTE, FTTx) are rolled
penetration, on the other hand, is comparable to
out.
that of neighbouring countries. Fixed broadband is
available through a variety of technologies. ADSL
is the most important access technology, but cable
and FTTx are also available, while the latter has
seen the most important growth in recent years.322
Government policy: The Agency for

Telecommunications was established by the
Decision of the Government of the Republic of
Montenegro dated 8 March 2001. The Agency

Morocco Key indicators for Morocco (2016)
Arab
States
World

Morocco has expanded its mobile and fixed Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 120.7 107.1 101.5
services to cover the entire national territory and Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 3.7 4.7 12.4
population. With high mobile penetration rates, Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 46.0 45.2 52.2
some of the lowest prices for broadband Internet 3G coverage (% of population) 95.0 81.9 85.0
access, and with the latest ICT technologies and LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 68.0 33.8 66.5
services, Morocco is one of the most advanced Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 4.4 4.3 5.2
ICT countries in Africa and the Arab States Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 4.0 10.1 13.9
region. Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 2.0 4.5 3.7
Mobile services: Mobile cellular has above Percentage of households with computer 54.9 43.3 46.6
average penetration rates compared with other Percentage of households with Internet access 68.5 45.3 51.5
Arab States countries and globally. The same Percentage of individuals using the Internet 58.3 41.8 45.9
applies to mobile-broadband penetration, which Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 25.7 39.0 74.5
has grown fast in the last few years. This can be Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
attributed to the strong competition between
the three telecommunication operators. Maroc for private operators. The telecommunication
Telecom, the incumbent operator, began facing law of 1997 paved the way for the liberalization
competition in 2000 from Medi Telecom. The of the sector and ended the monopoly of the
third mobile operator is Wana Corporate also state owned company. This was followed by the
launched its mobile services in 2006. The National implementation of successive digital plans. The
Telecommunication Regulatory Agency (ANRT) first e-Morocco strategy was launched in 2001,
awarded three 3G licences to mobile operators in followed by a second updated version in 2005
2006 and LTE licences in 2015. The regulator has laying out the vision until 2010 (e-Morocco 2010).
assigned 900 MHz and 2100 MHz for 3G services Maroc Digital 2013 plan, which covered the
and frequencies in the 800 MHz, 1800 MHz and period from 2009 to 2013, focused on removing
2.6-GHz bands for LTE services. These services barriers via digital inclusion and e-government
have facilitated the take-up of mobile broadband development and on making the sector regionally
in rural areas, thus contributed to the national competitive. The most recent plan, Maroc
broadband plan. In order to insure the best Digital 2020 plan aims to learn from the previous
coverage of LTE services, the bid for attributing experiences and its agenda goes beyond digital
LTE licences imposed specific obligations on governance and digital government and covers the
operators, requiring them to cover a minimum of whole of the digital economy. Under this plan, the
the population by 2020 and to provide a minimum Agency for Digital Development was created to
download speed. be responsible for service delivery and to uptake
as well as the optimization and modernization of
Fixed services: Three operators are competing government platforms.
in fixed broadband sector particularly for B2B
market. Most of the new broadband connections Conclusion: The efforts made by the Government
are wireless and optical fibre. To accommodate of Morocco have resulted in making Morocco one
the increasing voice and Internet traffic, operators of the most connected countries in the Arab States
have upgraded their optical fibre national region. Most households have Internet access
backbone networks and international connectivity. and most of its citizens throughout Morocco
Actually, the three operators are offering FTTH use ICTs on a regular basis. Maroc Digital 2020
(fibre to the home) services in major cities in should enable Morocco to position itself as a
Morocco. Regulatory rules such as: number regional economic hub, and accelerate the digital
portability, unbundling, and infrastructure sharing, transformation for the emergence of a digital
are in operation in Morocco. economy as well as the effective democratisation
of the usages and practices of Internet to benefit
Government policy: Morocco was one of the the population and the economy through
first countries in the region to set up a regulatory e-government and financial inclusion services etc.).
environment for the telecommunications and ICT
sector as a means of fostering a level playing field

Mozambique Key indicators for Mozambique (2016) Africa World
In addition to opening its mobile market to Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 54.1 74.6 101.5
competition, there is a flurry of activity to Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.2 0.4 12.4
build out the national backbone infrastructure Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 34.0 22.9 52.2
throughout the country, sharply boosting access. 3G coverage (% of population) 35.0 59.3 85.0
operators. Mozambique Cellular (MCEL), a
subsidiary of the incumbent telecom operator,
launched as the country’s first mobile operator Percentage of households with computer 6.5 9.6 46.6
in 1997. Competition in the mobile segment was Percentage of households with Internet access 16.2 16.3 51.5
introduced in 2003 when Vodacom, a subsidiary Percentage of individuals using the Internet 17.5 19.9 45.9
of the South African mobile group launched. A Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 1.1 51.0 74.5
third operator entered the market in 2012 with the
arrival of MOVITEL, a subsidiary of the Vietnamese Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
VIETTEL group. In 2015, just over half of the

households (55 per cent) had mobile telephones,
and Communications is responsible for
of which 78 per cent in urban homes and 46 per
sector oversight. There has been a focus on
cent in rural ones.325 Mobile-broadband using
various projects, such as digital migration,
3G technology was launched by MCEL in 2008,
e-government and cybersecurity. A new
Vodacom in 2010 and MOVITEL in 2012, when it
Telecommunications Law was adopted in 2016.
entered the market. The 3G technology cheaper
The National Communications Institute of
than fixed offerings and hence most Internet
Mozambique (INCM) is the regulator responsible
access in the country is mobile-broadband.
for telecommunications and posts. Its creation
was authorized in 1992, when the sector reform
Fixed services: The incumbent operator is State-
process initiated, with TDM separated from posts
owned Telecommunications of Mozambique
and being commercialized. INCM also administers
(TDM) (90 per cent belongs to the Government
the Universal Access Service Fund.
and 10 per cent to management and employees).
Although TDM’s exclusivities have ended, it is
Conclusion: Mozambique is progressing with ICT
essentially the only fixed-telephone provider
development. Connection of the country’s first
offering service over copper lines and CDMA
undersea cable in 2009, introduction of additional
wireless local loop. On the fixed-broadband
competition in the mobile market in 2012 and
market, TDM offers ADSL up to 4 Mbit/s, fixed
intensification of the national backbone network
wireless access using CDMA EVDO and through a
are laying the ground for wider coverage, better
subsidiary, and cable modem with speeds up to
quality and cheaper prices. This will enhance
8 Mbit/s in urban areas. It competes with other
digital inclusion in the country. In addition, the
ISPs that offer fixed wireless broadband. TDM,
new Telecommunications Law enforces the sharing
Vodacom and MOVITEL have been rolling out
of infrastructure aiming to reduce the duplication
fibre-optic, and Mozambique’s backbone extends
of investment, allowing for additional coverage in
more than 46 000 km, one of the biggest networks
rural areas.
in sub-Saharan Africa. The commissioning of
two fibre-optic submarine cables, which added
significantly to Mozambique’s international
Internet capacity, and resulted in a massive drop in
wholesale prices improved international Internet
connectivity when Mozambique connected to the
SEACOM cable in 2009, followed by the Eastern
Africa Submarine System (EASSy) a year later.
Two other cables are planned. The Mozambique
Internet Exchange, created in 2002, is one of the
oldest in the region.

Myanmar Key indicators for Myanmar (2016)
Asia &
Pacific
World

The relatively recent liberalization of Myanmar's Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 92.7 98.9 101.5
telecom sector has seen it leapfrog to the latest Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.2 11.3 12.4
mobile technologies. Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 54.5 47.4 52.2
Mobile services: Myanmar Posts and LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 9.2 73.6 66.5
Telecommunications (MPT), the government- Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 1.9 3.2 5.2
owned incumbent, was the sole operator that Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 18.6 14.5 13.9
provided fixed, mobile and Internet services Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 2.5 2.7 3.7
in Myanmar’s mobile sector. As the Union Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 5.7 5.4 6.8
Government began to reform its ICT sector, the Percentage of households with computer 13.6 37.8 46.6
government introduced competition into all Percentage of households with Internet access 24.4 45.5 51.5
segments of the sector. Integrated Nationwide Percentage of individuals using the Internet 25.1 41.5 45.9
Telecommunications Licenses were awarded Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 6.4 48.0 74.5
in 2014 to Telenor Myanmar Limited (TML) Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
from Norway and Ooredoo Myanmar Limited
(OML) from Qatar to compete along with MPT In addition to China, Myanmar also has cross-
(partnering with Japan’s KDDI Corporation & border terrestrial fibre-optic connections to India
Sumitomo Corporation). The results have been and Thailand.
remarkable with a significant rise in teledensity
in recent years. Both TML and OML deployed Government policy: The 2013 Telecommunications
3G mobile broadband from launch with rapid Law triggered reform of the sector by liberalizing
growth in mobile data use and LTE networks were the market to a licensing-based regime. The
deployed in 2016. The fourth License was issued Ministry of Transport and Communications
to Myanmar National Tele and Communications (formerly Ministry of Communications and
Co.,Ltd (MNTC), a consortium of Myanmar Information Technology) is both policy-maker and
companies and Viettel from Vietnam in 2017. regulator (the regulatory function carried out by
its Posts and Telecommunications Department).
Fixed services: MPT is the main provider of fixed- The Ministry is also preparing a Universal
telephone services. Fixed-telephone penetration is Service Strategy and US Framework to connect
relatively high for a low-income nation as a result the remaining part of the population who are
of the lack of mobile phones until recently. MPT unconnected. The draft Telecommunications
is the leading fixed broadband operator providing Master Plan has the vision of Myanmar as a
ADSL and optical fibre (with speeds of up to 100 "mobile-first, digitally connected nation" with
Mbps) in urban areas. In addition to the mobile three enabling objectives: i) create a Myanmar
operators offering mobile broadband access, national broadband infrastructure asset: ii)
there are several ISPs providing fixed wireless develop communications and services for
Internet and fibre-optic connections. The launch Myanmar people and iii) create an enabling
of new mobile networks has been accompanied institutional framework. As an important step for
by a flurry of activity in national fibre-optic liberalization, the Ministry is also preparing for the
backbone investment. Over 38,000 kilometers of establishment of an Independent Regulatory body
fiber network has been laid down nationwide. In naming Myanmar Communications Regulatory
addition, the Korean Export Import Bank provided Commission (MCRC).
a loan for the construction of a fibre-optic route
connecting almost 40 cities across the country. Conclusion: The ICT landscape has been
Similarly, Myanmar's international Internet transformed since the adoption of a new
connectivity has radically improved from around telecommunications law in 2013 opening the
30 Gbps before the start of sector reform to over market to competition. Myanmar has taken
300 Gbps by 2016-2017. It has had a link to the concrete steps to reform the country’s telecoms
SEAMEWE-3 submarine cable since 1999. In 2016, sector to develop ICT sector. One result of the
two other undersea cables landed in the country late market opening is that Myanmar was able
(Asia-Africa-Europe and SEAMEWE-5) and a to leapfrog straight into mobile broadband
submarine cable to Thailand is under construction. technologies. There has been an astounding

increase in access to mobile networks over a short
period.

Namibia Key indicators for Namibia (2016) Africa World
The Southern African nation has a high level Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 109.2 74.6 101.5
of basic communications access with efforts Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 2.6 0.4 12.4
underway to diversify the market to reach higher Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 66.1 22.9 52.2
levels of broadband usage and services. 3G coverage (% of population) 53.0 59.3 85.0
Mobile services: There are two mobile operators.
Mobile Telecommunications Limited (MTC) was
the first mobile operator, launched in 1995; 66 per
cent of its shares belong to State-owned Namibia Percentage of households with computer 20.0 9.6 46.6
Post and Telecommunications Holdings Limited Percentage of households with Internet access 29.5 16.3 51.5
(NPTH) and 34 per cent to Samba Dutchco B.V., Percentage of individuals using the Internet 31.0 19.9 45.9
a Dutch registered holding company. The other Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 15.9 51.0 74.5
mobile provider is operated by Telecom Namibia,
the incumbent operator, which is fully owned by Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
NPTHL. Telecom Namibia took over the previous

operator Leo in 2013 and rebranded it as TN
and Communication Technology (MICT) is
Mobile. As a result, both mobile operators in the
the sector policy-maker. It has a three-year
country are subsidiaries of NPTHL. Household
Strategic Plan covering the period from 2014/15
penetration is high, with 89 per cent having mobile
to 2016/17. The focus is on the three areas
phones, including 95 per cent in urban areas and
under its competency: ICT development, print
81 per cent in rural areas.326 TN Mobile, which
media and audiovisual services. The adoption
entered the market in 2007, launched 3G in 2008,
of the Communications Act of 2009 resulted
followed by MTC in 2013. Both have launched LTE,
in a service-neutral licensing regime and the
MTC in 2012 and TN Mobile in 2013. MTC was
creation of a new regulator. The Communications
the first African operator to trial so-called 4.5G in
Regulatory Authority of Namibia regulates
2016, reaching speeds of 1 Gbit/s. MTC has been
telecommunications, broadcasting, postal
aggressively rolling out mobile-broadband to rural
services and radio spectrum. It replaced the
areas – its 3G network covered 66 per cent of the
previous regulator, the Namibia Communications
population in 2017. In order to encourage take-
Commission, operational from 1992 until 2008.
up, it offers subsidized smartphones preloaded
with 5 GB of free data to rural residents under its
Conclusion: Namibia is one of the frontrunners
oSmartPhona initiative.
in Africa on ICT development, and was one of the
first countries in Africa to launch both commercial
Fixed services: Telecom Namibia is the only fixed-
3G and LTE networks, resulting in a high level of
line telephone service provider offering service
access to mobile telecommunication services.
through copper lines and fixed wireless CDMA,
While the high level of market concentration and
although CDMA was completely phased out in
limited ownership diversity pose a challenge to
2015. Several operators provide fixed-broadband
creating an innovative and vibrant ICT sector,
services using technologies such as ADSL (speeds
the Government is making significant efforts
up to 10 Mbit/s), fixed wireless broadband and
to strengthen its national backbone network
fibre to the premises (though take-up of the latter
towards decentralization and to make effective
is still low). Telecom Namibia has deployed more
e-governance available to the broader public.
than 12 000 km of fibre-optic cable in the national
backbone network, which reaches all regional
administrative capitals and key border crossings.
MTC also has deployed some fibre routes in its
network. Connection to the WACS undersea fibre-
optic cables in 2012 has ushered in a new era of
cheaper and more abundant international Internet
capacity. The Internet Exchange Point Namibia was
launched in 2014.

Nauru Key indicators for Nauru (2016)
Asia &
Pacific
World
Fixed-telephone sub. per 100 inhab. n.a. 10.0 13.6

One of the world's smallest island nations has Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 97.3 98.9 101.5
seen mobile access soar after the deployment of Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. n.a. 11.3 12.4
a network by a large mobile group. This remote Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 36.4 47.4 52.2
Pacific nation — over 300 kilometres from its 3G coverage (% of population) 98.0 87.6 85.0
closest neighbour — is a wireless testbed with LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 98.0 73.6 66.5
mobile broadband and low-latency satellite Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 2.0 3.2 5.2
connectivity. Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 3.5 14.5 13.9
Mobile services: Given that there are just over Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) n.a. 5.4 6.8
10 000 Nauruans living on one island, there is a Percentage of households with computer n.a. 37.8 46.6
sole operator, DIGICEL, part of the Irish-owned Percentage of households with Internet access n.a. 45.5 51.5
mobile group, with considerable experience of Percentage of individuals using the Internet n.a. 41.5 45.9
operating in small island States throughout the Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) n.a. 48.0 74.5
Caribbean and Pacific. DIGICEL launched GSM Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
service in 2009 and its seven base stations cover
practically the entire 21 square kilometre island. Regulatory Directorate of the Department of
In 2011, 90 per cent of households had a mobile Telecommunications is responsible for sector
phone.327 3G was introduced in August 2014 and regulation. The National Sustainable Development
LTE was launched in late 2016. Strategy 2005 – 2025 sets out the goals for the
ICT sector, the two main short-term milestones
Fixed services: Nauru Telecom, as a government being: i) every household / business has access
monopoly, provided telecommunication services to a prepaid telephone system based on wireless
until 2009. It experienced technical and financial technology; and ii) district / household level
problems, and in June 2009 DIGICEL was awarded Internet connectivity and fixed line systems are
a licence with two-year exclusivity. The fixed properly maintained for the public service.
landline network has largely fallen into a state
of disrepair, and apart from the Government, Conclusion: Mobile communications took off
most people on the island use mobile for following the issue of a licence to DIGICEL, which
voice communications. Similarly, there is only leveraged its group expertise to install a GSM
limited fixed broadband Internet access, which network quickly and, later on, a 3G network.
is offered mainly to government departments The remote island nation has also successfully
and businesses. Fixed wireless Internet access is deployed the latest generation of fast satellite
available using WiMAX. In addition to DIGICEL, technology to support broadband networks. The
CENPAC operates an Internet cafe, manages country is now looking forward to connection to
Nauru's country code top level domain name an undersea fibre-optic cable.
(.NR) and has deployed a six kilometre fibre-optic
backbone for government use on the west side of
the island. CENPAC also competes with DIGICEL
in the business Internet market. Nauru relies on
satellite links for international Internet capacity. In
2015, it connected to the O3b low-latency, high-
bandwidth network. Data usage has increased
such that international bandwidth has grown over
100 per cent, requiring three satellite upgrades.
The Asian Development Bank is supporting a
project for an undersea fibre-optic cable that will
link Nauru with the Federated States of Micronesia
and Kiribati.

Telecommunications is responsible for sector
oversight and government ICT deployment. The

Nepal Key indicators for Nepal (2016)
Asia &
Pacific
World

Despite the challenges of its mountainous Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 111.7 98.9 101.5
terrain, the landlocked nation has achieved a Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.8 11.3 12.4
relatively high level of mobile access driven by Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 30.8 47.4 52.2
the Government’s efforts to improve connectivity 3G coverage (% of population) 90.0 87.6 85.0
and strengthen the ICT sector. LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 20.7 73.6 66.5
Mobile services: There are three mobile Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 10.3 14.5 13.9
operators. They include the incumbent, state- Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 9.5 2.7 3.7
owned Nepal Doorsanchar Company Limited Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 9.5 5.4 6.8
(NDCL); NCELL, a subsidiary of the Malaysian Percentage of households with computer 11.2 37.8 46.6
AXIATA mobile group; and Smart Telecom Private Percentage of households with Internet access 15.0 45.5 51.5
Limited (STPL), a local company. In addition, United Percentage of individuals using the Internet 19.7 41.5 45.9
Telecom has recently got an approval to run Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 3.9 48.0 74.5
mobile service. Despite the difficulty of expanding Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
coverage in the mountainous country, 91 per cent
of all households had a mobile phone (CBS Nepal, basic telecommunication services available
2015). Mobile Internet is increasingly popular since within "shouting distance"; providing on-demand
the deployment of 3G in 2010. NDCL launched telecommunications services in urban areas and
LTE in early 2017 and the other two operators are for manufacturing and commercial enterprises;
waiting for regulatory approval to launch LTE. ensuring that urban consumers have the
opportunity to use services from different service
Fixed services: NDCL dominates the fixed providers, which shall be gradually extended
telephone market. Four other companies also to rural subscribers; and enhancing network
provide fixed telephone services using VSAT or capability to support efficient utilization of ICT
Wireless Local Loop (WLL) technologies. Fixed for improving the quality of life of the Nepalese.
telephone penetration is low owing to its limited The National Broadband Policy of 2015 outlines
coverage and the popularity of mobile. There the government's vision for affordable, secure,
are a number of ISPs. Fixed broadband (ADSL, reliable and ubiquitous high-speed Internet. It sets
cable modem, fibre/LAN) accounted for 64 per several targets for 2018, including a broadband
cent of subscriptions in 2016, with fixed wireless penetration rate of 30 per cent at a minimum of
(CDMA EVDO, WiMAX and VSAT) making up 512 kbps and a download speed of at least 10
the remainder. Construction of Nepal's national Mbps on demand in urban areas.
fibre-optic backbone commenced in 2002.
The network is largely constructed alongside Conclusion: Despite being a landlocked country
highways and also uses optical fibre from the with a challenging geography, Nepal has achieved a
Nepal Electric Authority. Links to more remote respectable level of access to mobile technologies,
areas are achieved using microwave and satellite which has been driven by a competitive market.
systems. As a landlocked nation, Nepal is reliant on
neighbouring India for access to submarine cables.
There are several cross-border fibre-optic links.
The Nepal Internet Exchange was established in
2002 and has over thirty participants.

and Communications (MIC) is responsible for
sector policy. The Nepal Telecommunications
Authority (NTA), established in 1998, is responsible
for sector regulation. The relevant legislation is
the Telecommunications Act, 1997. The Ten-Year
Master Development Plan (2011 – 2020 A.D.)
for telecommunications outlines programmes
for achieving key objectives including making

Netherlands Key indicators for Netherlands (2016) Europe World
The Netherlands telecommunication market is Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 123.7 118.0 101.5
very competitive, with high mobile and fixed Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 42.5 30.2 12.4
penetration rates and affordable prices for Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 88.9 80.1 52.2
customers. In Europe, the Netherlands is among 3G coverage (% of population) 99.0 98.5 85.0
the leading countries for NGA coverage.328
Mobile services: Penetration rates for mobile-
cellular and mobile-broadband services
penetration are above the European average. Percentage of households with computer 89.6 79.6 46.6
Mobile-cellular and in particular mobile- Percentage of households with Internet access 92.2 82.5 51.5
broadband offers in the Netherlands are Percentage of individuals using the Internet 90.4 77.9 45.9
affordable. Dutch incumbent operator KPN holds Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 196.1 178.0 74.5
the market lead in the mobile market. Its strongest
competitors are Vodafone, T-Mobile and Tele2. Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
Tele2 started out as a mobile virtual network

approach and aims to achieve the digitization
operator in 2001 and began to roll out its own LTE
of sectors such as healthcare and mobility.
network in 2015, making it the fourth operator to
The government takes a technology neutral
use its own mobile-broadband network.329 Since
and market-based approach to broadband
they were awarded LTE licences in 2012, all four
development. The strategy also emphasizes the
operators have been investing heavily in LTE roll-
role of local and regional actors in coordinating
out and offer nationwide coverage.330
infrastructure roll-out and facilitating the
exchange of information.332
Fixed services: Fixed infrastructure is very well
developed in the Netherlands. Fixed-telephone
Conclusion: The Netherlands is among the most
penetration, while decreasing in line with the
developed countries in terms of ICTs in the region
global trend for fixed-to-mobile substitution,
and worldwide. The country has a very advanced
is among the highest in the region and fixed-
fixed market and high ICT household penetration
broadband penetration stands out as well.
rates. In an effort to further continue this
Incumbent operator KPN holds the highest market
development, the government is taking a market-
share in the fixed sector. The operator continues
based approach and aims at creating a positive
to make significant investments in its optical fibre
climate for further investments in ICTs.
and copper networks, making speeds of up to
200 Mbit/s over the copper network possible.
Alternative operators are taking advantage of
regulated access to the KPN network and are thus
able to compete with the incumbent and offer
attractive services to customers.331
Government policy: The main goal for the

government with regard to ICT development is to
fulfil the growing demand for high-speed Internet
access. In order to support a market-based
infrastructure roll-out in a competitive ICT market,
the government aims at removing unnecessary
constraints and costs and thus providing a positive
climate for broadband investments. An open and
high speed infrastructure is one of the five lines
of action identified in the Digital Agenda for the
Netherlands, the national broadband strategy.
While the 2011-2015 Agenda was mostly focused
on the digitization of the government itself, the
current agenda takes a more comprehensive

New Zealand Key indicators for New Zealand (2016)
Asia &
Pacific
World

New Zealand is forging ahead with wholesale Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 125.0 98.9 101.5
retail separation as the model to drive Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 33.0 11.3 12.4
widespread uptake of fixed-broadband services. Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 101.3 47.4 52.2
Mobile services: There are three mobile network LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 90.0 73.6 66.5
operators: Spark (the former incumbent); Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 0.2 3.2 5.2
Vodafone (a subsidiary of the UK Vodafone Group); Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 1.8 14.5 13.9
and 2degrees. The first two launched in the 1990s, Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 0.4 2.7 3.7
while 2degrees entered the market in 2009. Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 0.6 5.4 6.8
Mobile-broadband coverage is high. All three Percentage of households with computer 86.6 37.8 46.6
providers operate 3G, launched in 2005, and LTE Percentage of households with Internet access 85.7 45.5 51.5
networks, launched in 2013. The government has Percentage of individuals using the Internet 88.5 41.5 45.9
completed the first phase of the Rural Broadband Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 109.6 48.0 74.5
Initiative (RBI), which has provided for new or Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
improved broadband to over 300,000 rural
households and businesses. A second phase to government’s target for UFB is that by the end of
extend coverage was announced in August 2017, 2022, 87 per cent of New Zealanders will be able
and will be completed by the end of 2022. The to access FTTP broadband with speeds close to
Mobile Black Spot Fund (MBSF) will fund greater 1Gbps. The government is investing around NZ$1.8
mobile coverage on approximately 1,000 km of billion to ensure that as many New Zealanders
state highway and in over 100 tourism locations as possible can experience the benefits of UFB.
where no coverage currently exists. RBI is using a range of technologies to provide
faster Internet to hundreds of thousands of rural
Fixed services: Telecom New Zealand (Telecom) homes and businesses outside UFB areas. In
was privatized in 1990 and structurally separated 2017 the government completed a review of the
in 2011. At that time the government facilitated Telecommunications Act 2001, which considered
key changes to the sector including the structural the regulatory settings for communications
separation of Telecom into retail services (Spark) markets in New Zealand. The review proposed
and wholesale (Chorus) businesses. In 2014, that regulation for fixed services should be
Telecom changed its name to Spark. Vodafone is more aligned with regulation of utilities such as
the second‑biggest fixed‑line retailer. It owns the electricity, gas and airports. A Bill reflecting the
hybrid fibre co-axial cable network that provides review outcomes is currently before Parliament.
services in Christchurch and Wellington, the The Commerce Commission is responsible for
second and third largest cities. Fixed-broadband regulating the telecommunications sector.
services are also offered by other retailers, Established under the Commerce Act 1986,
whose presence in the market has been gaining it is an independent agency responsible for
ground. The Government launched the Ultra-Fast promoting competition in regulated sectors where
Broadband (UFB) programme, a public/private effective competition does not exist, including
partnership whereby wholesalers are constructing telecommunications, dairy, electricity, and airport
fibre to the premises (FTTP) for resale by retailers. markets.
The number of fibre connections continues to
increase rapidly and as at June 2017 34.8 per cent Conclusion: Although New Zealand has a high level
of households and businesses able to connect, are of access to mobile broadband, the Government
connected. has promoted fibre access as a key economic
enabler. This has guided restructuring of the
Government policy: The Ministry of Business, industry through separation of the incumbent's
Innovation and Employment is responsible for wholesale and retail units and the creation of
overseeing the ICT sector. The government’s target a fibre infrastructure deployment model based
is that by 2025, 99 per cent of New Zealanders will on open access principles and wholesale and
be able to access broadband with peak speeds retail provision. The UFB programme significantly
of at least 50 Mbps, and the remaining 1 per extends consumer access to FTTP services
cent will be able to access at least 10 Mbps. The nationally.

Nicaragua Key indicators for Nicaragua (2016) The
Americas World
Despite having a well-developed mobile-cellular Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 122.1 114.2 101.5
sector, the fixed services market remains Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 2.8 19.1 12.4
untapped. The majority of Nicaraguan ICT Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 22.8 82.7 52.2
users are concentrated in urban areas, with 3G coverage (% of population) 80.0 93.6 85.0
infrastructure deficiency in the most remote LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 45.7 77.4 66.5
areas being one of the obstacles to service Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 19.2 3.6 5.2
uptake.333 Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 14.8 6.4 13.9
Mobile services: There have been only two Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 8.5 5.7 6.8
operators in the mobile market for many years: Percentage of households with computer 13.1 64.9 46.6
Claro, having approximately two thirds of the Percentage of households with Internet access 16.2 63.3 51.5
market, and Movistar. Both operators launched
LTE services during 2015, but the availability
remains concentrated around the bigger urban Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
centres.334 A third mobile operator joined the
market in 2016, CooTel, owned by the Chinese sector and has engaged in several different areas
Xinwei Telecom Enterprise Group. The operator and projects to stimulate and foster cooperation
was conceded licensing in 2012, under the and competition. Broadband is expected to be the
condition that it would extend its network to main driver of sector expansion.
remote areas; therefore, coverage is expected to
improve. The operator also aims to charge very
competitive rates, which should improve service
pricing in the segment.335
Fixed services: The fixed-telephony market is

concentrated under the two operators, Movistar
and Claro, although Claro holds most of the
market share, approximately 90 per cent. The fixed
segment began to lose ground to mobile services
in 2002, and current penetration rates are well
below regional and global levels. Other Internet
service providers – Rostejnologuii, Yota Mobile and
IWB Holding – have joined the market, increasing
competition levels as well as investment.336
Government policy: The Nicaraguan

telecommunications sector is overseen by the
Instituto Nicaragüense de Telecomunicaciones y
Correos (TELCOR). TELCOR acts in several areas,
from fostering competition and enforcing the
national legislation to ICT education and universal
service.337 In 2014, the Government launched the
Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Banda Ancha
para el Desarrollo (CEABAD), which engages
ICT professionals employed to coordinate and
teach the population how to use ICTs, especially
broadband.338 Nicaragua has also planned to
launch its own satellite soon, which will improve
call quality and data speed once in orbit.339
Conclusion: The Government recognizes the

importance of developing its telecommunications

Niger Key indicators for Niger (2016) Africa World
Despite the challenge of being a landlocked Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 43.5 74.6 101.5
country, with the largest land area in West Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.1 0.4 12.4
Africa, much of it covered by the Sahara Desert, Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 18.9 22.9 52.2
Niger is striving to universalize access to ICTs 3G coverage (% of population) 32.4 59.3 85.0
through an evolving regulatory framework and
high-level government backing.
Mobile services: The mobile market consists
of four operators: AIRTEL (owned by the Indian Percentage of households with computer 2.9 9.6 46.6
mobile group), the first operator to launch, in Percentage of households with Internet access 3.1 16.3 51.5
2001, under the then CELTEL brand; Orange (93 Percentage of individuals using the Internet 4.3 19.9 45.9
per cent owned by Orange France); Niger Telecom Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 2.8 51.0 74.5
(created in 2016 from the merger of the incumbent
SONITEL and mobile operator SAHELCOM); and Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
MOOV (owned by Morocco Telecom). AIRTEL

axes: (a) adaptation of the legal and institutional
has the largest market share of the mobile
framework; (b) infrastructure development; (c)
voice market, followed by Orange. Despite four
promotion of universal access to ICT services;
operators, penetration is relatively low due to
(d) development of applications and content;
the high proportion of people under the age of
and (e) strengthening ICT capacities. The 1999
15 (about 50 per cent of the population). The
Ordinance on Telecommunications Regulation,
penetration rate of the population over 15 is
updated by a 2010 Ordinance, guides the sector
87.9 per cent. Penetration in urban locations is
regulatory framework. The Telecommunications
high. In 2012, 83 per cent of urban households
and Postal Regulatory Authority is in charge of
had telephones, compared with 44 per cent in
regulation, control and monitoring activities in
rural areas.340 A 3G network was first launched by
the telecommunications and postal sectors. The
Orange in 2011, followed by AIRTEL in 2015 and
Authority’s Strategic Plan covering the period
MOOV in 2017.
2014–2018 has two focus areas: (a) enhancing
effective and efficient regulation; and (b) improving
Fixed services: Despite Orange’s global license
its organization and management. The Sector has
allowing it to provide any service except for LTE,
recently been reorganized by the creation of the
Niger Telecoms dominates the fixed-telephone
National Agency for Information System (ANSI)
line market, with the majority of subscriptions
under the supervision of the Presidency, replacing
wireless CDMA. Likewise, most fixed Internet is
the Haut Commissariat à l’Informatique et aux
through fixed wireless, with 23,242 ADSL and 262
Nouvelles Technologies de l’Information et de la
fibre-optic subscriptions at the end of 2016. Niger
Communication (HC/I/NTIC). In addition to the
Telecom’s national backbone consists of 1 500
duties of the former HC/I/NTIC, ANSI will manage
km of fibre-optic cable, and connects to border
the Universal Access Fund.
crossings in Benin, Burkina Faso and Nigeria for
access to undersea cables. Starting in December
Conclusion: In spite of geographic and economic
2017, the African Development Bank (AfDB)
challenges, Niger is gradually forging ahead
will build 1,007 km of optical fiber to connect
to develop its information society. Ongoing
Niger to Algeria, Chad and Nigeria (by a third
liberalization of the ICT sector, legal and regulatory
interconnection at Magaria). Orange and NIGER
reforms and strengthening of institutional capacity
TELECOMS each have a metropolitan fiber network
are driving this.
in Niamey.

Telecommunications and Digital Economy is
responsible for the ICT sector. The road map
for ICTs in the country is the 2012 Sector Policy
Paper on Telecommunications and Information
and Communication Technologies with five main

Nigeria Key indicators for Nigeria (2016) Africa World
Sub-Saharan Africa’s largest economy is keen to Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 81.8 74.6 101.5
leverage the potential of ICTs for development. Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.1 0.4 12.4
A competitive ICT market, backed by forward Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 22.9 22.9 52.2
regulatory strategies, is facilitating this. 3G coverage (% of population) 54.0 59.3 85.0

Mobile services: There are four GSM operators:
AIRTEL, a subsidiary of the Indian mobile group;
MTN, a subsidiary of the South African MTN
Group; EMTS, a subsidiary of ETISALAT of the Percentage of households with computer 10.6 9.6 46.6
United Arab Emirates; and GLOBACOM, owned Percentage of households with Internet access 15.2 16.3 51.5
by a privately held Nigerian group. There are also Percentage of individuals using the Internet 25.7 19.9 45.9
two operators using CDMA technology, Visafone Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 11.3 51.0 74.5
and Multilinks, but their market share is negligible.
NATCOM acquired the assets of the bankrupt Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
incumbent operator NITEL in 2015, including its

including all of the country’s leading telecom
mobile licenses, and recently launched under the
operators and ISPs.
brand Ntel. Almost four in five households had
mobile phones in 2015; this includes 90 per cent
Government policy: The Federal Ministry of
of urban homes and 71 per cent of rural ones,
Communications has the responsibility for sector
indicating a need to widen access in rural areas.341
oversight. The 2012 National Information and
All of the GSM operators have launched 3G and
Communication Technology (ICT) Policy lays
LTE, with mobile-broadband the prevalent mode of
out the sector direction with the main goals of
Internet access in the country.
creating a conducive environment for the rapid
expansion of ICT networks and providing services
Fixed services: The demise of the incumbent
that are accessible to all at reasonable costs, and
NITEL means that there is no dominant operator
that contribute to the development of the various
for fixed telephony. Four operators provide fixed
socio-economic sectors. Key objectives include
telephony (MTN, Glo, ipNX and 21st Century),
(a) to facilitate and support development of a
while two provide fixed wireless telephony
nationwide ICT infrastructure that will support
(Visafone and Multilinks). Most fixed-broadband
national broadband connectivity and accelerate
access is via fixed wireless using WiMAX, plus a
socio-economic development; (b) to connect all
growing number of fixed LTE operators. Fibre-
federal and state networks to a national fibre
optic broadband is starting to be deployed in
backbone; and (c) to provide a reliable, accessible,
some urban areas. Most of the mobile operators
secure and reasonably priced ICT connectivity to
have varying degrees of fibre-optic backbones, as
national and international ICT infrastructure. The
does NATCOM, which inherited NITEL’s national
National Information Technology Development
backbone. Although optical fibre reaches all state
Agency, part of the Ministry, is responsible for
capitals, the fibre backbone does not extend down
implementing the policy. The National Broadband
to lower administrative levels. The Government is
Plan covers the period 2013–2018, with the goal
aiming to adopt an open access wholesale market
of increasing mobile-broadband penetration to 80
regime with a backbone infrastructure provider
per cent by 2018. The Nigerian Communications
for different geographic regions. International
Commission is the sector regulator, with its
bandwidth was limited and costly due to NITEL’s
mandate guided by the Nigerian Communications
monopoly on international fibre bandwidth via
Act of 2003.
the SAT-3/WASC submarine cable system. This
ended in 2009, when the Glo-1 cable landed
Conclusion: Nigeria is sub-Saharan Africa’s largest
in the country, followed by ACE, Main One and
economy, providing huge potential for developing
WACS undersea fibre-optic cables, as well as the
the ICT sector. There is a high level of retail
Nigeria Cameroon Submarine Cable System. The
competition in the mobile market. This needs to
IXP of Nigeria, with sites in Lagos and Abuja, was
be extended to the retail fixed-broadband and
launched in 2007 and has more than 30 members,
wholesale backbone markets so that high-speed

connectivity can extend to all parts of the country
and meet the needs of business and government.

Norway Key indicators for Norway (2016) Europe World
Norway’s telecommunication market is very Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 110.3 118.0 101.5
advanced and the population are active users Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 40.8 30.2 12.4
of ICTs with penetration rates for fixed and Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 112.6 80.1 52.2
mobile services above the European average. 3G coverage (% of population) 99.0 98.5 85.0
Incumbent operator Telenor is the market leader
in all segments, but faces increasing levels of
competition from new entrants.
Mobile services: Norway’s mobile market is Percentage of households with computer 97.6 79.6 46.6
served by three mobile network operators and Percentage of households with Internet access 97.1 82.5 51.5
a number of MVNOs. Incumbent Telenor holds Percentage of individuals using the Internet 97.3 77.9 45.9
the highest market share of around 50 per Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 269.0 178.0 74.5
cent.342 Second-placed operator Telia significantly
improved its position through the acquisition Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
of Tele2 in 2015. The Norwegian Competition

ICTs to make the public sector more efficient,
Authority (NCA) granted the acquisition by Telia
boost innovation and value creation in the
under the conditions that Telia sells infrastructure
business sector in order to achieve an inclusive
to the third mobile operator ICE and allows
development of society.344 The government
MVNOs to use its network.343 Mobile-cellular
eNorway plan thus focuses on different institutions
penetration has reached very high levels and
and users of ICTs, from individuals and culture to
mobile-broadband penetration is well above the
industry, the public sector and life-long learning.
European average. Prices for mobile-cellular and
The plan outlines numerous actions in order to
in particular mobile-broadband offers are among
enhance access to, and use of ICTs. Norway’s
the most affordable worldwide. At the same time,
Digital Agenda looks at how ICTs can be utilized
speeds and the amount of data included in mobile
for “a simpler everyday life and increased
subscriptions per month are increasing and at
productivity” (Norwegian Ministry of Local
the end of 2015, one out of five mobile-cellular
Government and Modernisation, 2015).
subscriptions had at least 5 GB per month included
(NKOM, 2016b).
Conclusion: The country is among the most
advanced information societies globally.
Fixed services: Fixed-broadband penetration is
Household ICT penetration is very high and
very high and above the European average. Fibre
most of the population is using the Internet. The
connections in particular have seen a rapid growth
government emphasizes the role of ICTs for the
in recent years and in 2016, most fixed-broadband
development of the society and economy and thus
subscriptions were based on fibre, overtaking DSL
puts in place actions to further this development.
and cable-based connections. Operators continue
to invest in fixed-broadband infrastructure,
with a particular emphasis on fibre, which made
up more than 50 per cent of all investments in
fixed networks in recent years. Viken Fiber is the
strongest Telenor competitor in the fibre sub-
sector and both are competing for the market
lead. The number of fixed-telephone subscriptions
has declined since 1998 underlining the strong
trend towards fixed-to-mobile substitution (NKOM,
2016a).
Government policy: Norway is not a member

of the EU, but joined the European Economic
Area (EEA) and is thus obliged to adhere to EU
electronic communication directives. At national
level, the government emphasizes the role of

Oman Key indicators for Oman (2016)
Arab
States
World

Oman has a healthy level of competition with Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 159.2 107.1 101.5
two mobile network operators: Omantel and Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 6.2 4.7 12.4
Ooredoo Oman (formerly Nawras), and two Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 91.3 45.2 52.2
mobile resellers (MVNOs), which have captured 3G coverage (% of population) 96.0 81.9 85.0
over 17 per cent of the mobile subscriber market LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 88.8 33.8 66.5
share. Oman has comparable prices for fixed Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 0.6 4.3 5.2
and mobile broadband services, which are below Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 2.8 10.1 13.9
the average prices in the Arab States region Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 0.9 4.5 3.7
measured as a percentage of the gross national Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 0.9 5.5 6.8
income (GNI) per capita (ITU data). Percentage of households with computer 87.5 43.3 46.6
Mobile services: Oman has a highly developed Percentage of individuals using the Internet 69.8 41.8 45.9
mobile network with high mobile penetration Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 66.1 39.0 74.5
levels. Most parts of the country are covered Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
with 3G and LTE services. Omantel is the
incumbent cellular operator in Oman. Ooredoo implement the goals identified in the National
Oman (Formerly Nawras) was the second cellular Broadband Strategy (NBS) would be the passive
operator to launch in the market and ended the infrastructure provider (both fixed services and
Omantel monopoly on cellular mobile services backhaul connectivity provider) by means of fibre
in 2005. The two operational MVNOs in the access to licensees.
Omani market are: FRiENDi and Renna Mobile.
Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (TRA) Government policy: TRA was established in 2002
granted the right of using 900 MHz for 2G services to implement the government policy of liberalizing
to Ooredoo and Omantel, later on this band was the telecommunication sector and enhancing
re-farmed to be used on technology neutral basis. competition for the telecommunication services
In addition, the right of using 2100 MHz frequency in the Sultanate of Oman. The government issued
band was granted for 3G services to Ooredoo Telecom Policy Framework in 2012, which aims
and Omantel. LTE was launched in Oman in 2012: to increase Internet penetration; prepare the
Omantel commercially launched the first LTE suitable conditions for effective competition in the
network in July 2012 using the 1800/2300 Bands; provision of infrastructure, telecommunication
and Ooredoo announced the commercial launch services and promote competition in the provision
of its LTE services in February 2013 using the of these services; expand the provision of full
1800MHz bands. In 2015, TRA granted the rights range of telecommunication services in unserved
to use the radio spectrum for fourth generation villages. The government approved a national
technology (LTE) in the bands 800 and 2600 MHz broadband strategy in 2013, which set out targets
for Omantel and Ooredoo. to increase penetration of broadband services
and strategies to achieve these targets. Oman
Fixed services: The fixed services market is Broadband Company (OBC), a government funded
reasonably competitive in Oman. TRA granted company, was created to provide national optical
the third fixed line licence in 2012 to Awasr, fibre backbone network to be used/shared by all
another Omani company. As a result, the Fibre- fixed licensed operators.
to-the-home services are offered by the three
telecommunication operators. In addition, the Conclusion: The efforts made by the Sultanate
Information Technology Authority (ITA) was set of Oman over the past 15 years have resulted in
up by Royal Decree 2006 to implement national transforming Oman into a liberalised market for
IT infrastructure projects. In February 2017, ITA fixed and mobile services. Nearly all urban city
and Omantel have signed an agreement to renew households have Internet access and most of its
the Oman Government Network (OGN) contract. citizens use the Internet on a regular basis. Oman
The contract was first signed in July 2006 for a aims to further develop countrywide high-speed
period of five years and was renewed in 2011 for networks, and has embarked on a project to bring
another five years. Oman Broadband Company, telecommunication services to 410 villages in
OBC, established by the government in 2013 to unserved areas of Oman by the end of 2017.

Pakistan Key indicators for Pakistan (2016)
Asia &
Pacific
World

The recent introduction of high-speed mobile Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 71.4 98.9 101.5
broadband and significant policy initiatives Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.9 11.3 12.4
is driving growth in the world's ninth largest Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 20.1 47.4 52.2
cellular market towards digital economy. 3G coverage (% of population) 67.0 87.6 85.0
Mobile services: Pakistan’s mobile sector is a Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 2.0 3.2 5.2
vibrant, open and a growing market with the Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 5.0 14.5 13.9
participation of international telecommunication Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 1.1 2.7 3.7
operators. There are four active operators Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 6.0 5.4 6.8
following industry consolidation over the last Percentage of households with computer 16.1 37.8 46.6
few years. Jazz was formed from 2016 merger Percentage of households with Internet access 22.1 45.5 51.5
between MOBILINK and WARIDTEL and is owned Percentage of individuals using the Internet 15.5 41.5 45.9
by VEON Group (formerly VimpelCom Ltd.). Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 16.6 48.0 74.5
CMPAK is a 100 per cent owned subsidiary of Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
China Mobile following its 2007 purchase from
Millicom. Launched in 2005, Telenor Pakistan SeaMeWe3 (1999), -4 (2005) and -5 (2016); TWI1
is a subsidiary of the Norwegian Telenor (2006); IMEWE (2010); and AAE-1 (2017), with two
Telecommunications Group. Pak Telecom Mobile more scheduled for deployment in 2018. There
Limited (PTML) was launched by incumbent are more than 17 operators in fixed services and
Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited the incumbent PTCL dominates the fixed line
(PTCL) in 2001 under the brand UFONE and is now sector. Both landlines and wireless CDMA are
part of the UAE's ETISALAT Group following PTCL's used for fixed telephone service. Fixed broadband
privatization in 2006. Pakistan has 140 million consists mainly of ADSL followed by coaxial cable
cellular mobile subscribers with high population and FTTH and makes up around two thirds of the
coverage of cellular network. In 2016, 92 per cent fixed broadband market. Fixed wireless broadband
of households have a mobile phone (96 per cent includes WiMax and CDMA EVDO technologies.
in urban areas and 90 per cent in rural ones) (PBS The first Pakistan Internet Exchange Point (IXP)
Pakistan, 2016). Pakistan has seen a significant was launched in 2017 at Islamabad with eight
success in broadband accessibility through a series participants and the consultations on a second IXP
of spectrum auctions for 3G and LTE services, at Karachiare is underway.
starting in 2014 and the subsequent auctions
in 2016 and 2017 to provide impetus to growth Government policy: The Ministry of Information
and meet the extraordinary demand. With an Technology and Telecom is responsible for
exponential growth, mobile broadband subscribers sector policy. The Pakistan Telecommunication
have reached 44.5 million in just three years of Authority (PTA) was established under the Telecom
its inception, accounting to 32 per cent of total Reorganization Act of 1996 to regulate the
mobile subscribers. Currently, all cellular mobile sector. Over the last few years, the Government
operators have LTE spectrum, except for Ufone. has demonstrated its commitment to complete
Pakistan’s transition to a digital economy through a
Fixed services: Pakistan has made significant series of policy initiatives. The Telecom Policy 2015
progress in national and international connectivity. and IT Policy 2016 have provided a comprehensive
Several companies operate national fiber optic reform agenda and several implementation plans
backbones including PTCL and wholesalers with are currently underway. Legal framework for cyber
a total length fiber optic now stands at 85,549 security has been enacted through the Prevention
Kms. The country's Universal Service Fund has also of Electronic Crimes Act, 2016.National incubation
been used to extend the fibre network to rural centres initiative is another significant step to
areas. The terrestrial fibre network extends to contribute to digital economy through innovation
China, the Islamic Republic of Iran, and India, and and entrepreneurship. The draft Digital Pakistan
Pakistan provides access to its submarine cables Policy has 15 policy goals with the overall vision "to
for landlocked Afghanistan. Access to submarine become a strategic enabler, by making the full use
cable has been increasing. Pakistan is connected of ICT, for an accelerated digitization ecosystem,
to half a dozen undersea fibre-optic networks:

aiming to expand knowledge based economy and
drive socio-economic growth."
Conclusion: Broadband infrastructure has

been increasing recently in response to mobile
broadband spectrum awards, continuing expansion
of the national fibre-optic backbone, launch of
the Internet Exchange Point, national incubation
centres and multiple connections to new undersea
cables. This is laying the groundwork for the
country's vision of a Digital Pakistan.

Panama Key indicators for Panama (2016) The
Americas World
The telecommunications sector in Panama has Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 127.0 114.2 101.5
been under full competition since 2003, when Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 9.5 19.1 12.4
the Government ended Cable and Wireless’ Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 59.0 82.7 52.2
monopoly.345 The country’s booming economy 3G coverage (% of population) 92.7 93.6 85.0
and potential for growth, particularly in terms of LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 11.0 77.4 66.5
broadband uptake, has attracted investors to the Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 1.3 3.6 5.2
sector. Mobile money has also been at the centre Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 2.2 6.4 13.9
of attention in Panama, with approximately Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 1.5 2.5 3.7
55 per cent of the adult population being Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 2.0 5.7 6.8
underserved by financial services, especially in Percentage of households with computer 42.5 64.9 46.6
rural areas.346 Percentage of households with Internet access 53.9 63.3 51.5
Mobile services: Mobile-cellular is exceptionally
successful in Panama, with penetration rates Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
well above most countries; however, most
subscriptions remain of the prepaid type, with Conclusion: In line with the regional trend, fixed
postpaid representing only 11 per cent of the telephony has been outshined by the mobile-
total.347 The market is under full competition and cellular take-up, with mobile broadband also being
services are provided by four operators – Cable widely more popular than its fixed counterpart.
and Wireless, Movistar, Claro and Digicel. Mobile- Whereas the mobile-cellular market is saturated,
broadband has become increasingly more popular there lies potential for data services to grow as
in recent years, with LTE technology becoming broadband becomes more popular, especially due
available since the beginning of 2015 (3G having to public efforts.353
been launched in 2008).348
Fixed services: Fixed-broadband has been a

popular choice since DSL services surpassed simple
dial-up access in 2005. Currently, cable modem
is the most commonly used fixed-broadband
technology, representing little under two-thirds
of the total, with DSL taking second place.349 The
market is dominated by Cable and Wireless, whose
resistance to unbundle its network has jeopardized
the creation of a level playing field for all market
competitors.350
Government policy: The entity responsible

for regulating the telecommunications sector
in Panama is the Autoridad Nacional de los
Servicios Publicos, which was created in 1996.351
The Government of Panama is very engaged
in the development of ICT services, especially
regarding the innovative and successfully launched
programme “Internet para Todos” (Internet for all)
in 2008, within the scope of the Red Nacional de
Internet.352 Through this programme, more than 80
per cent of the national population now has free
access to wireless broadband in public areas such
as schools and parks, and efforts are also made in
terms of educating and preparing the population
to use ICTs.

Papua New Guinea Key indicators for Papua New Guinea (2016)
Asia &
Pacific
World

The Pacific's largest developing country economy Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 48.6 98.9 101.5
dramatically boosted mobile access following Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.2 11.3 12.4
the introduction of competition in 2007. Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 9.2 47.4 52.2
Mobile services: The state-owned incumbent LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) n.a. 73.6 66.5
TELIKOM launched GSM services in 2003. Its Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 8.8 3.2 5.2
operations were later spun off to a local business Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 4.2 14.5 13.9
group and re-launched as BEMOBILE in 2009. Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 9.7 2.7 3.7
The mobile group DIGICEL entered the market Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 14.2 5.4 6.8
as the second operator in 2007. The market Percentage of households with computer 4.3 37.8 46.6
exploded after the introduction of competition Percentage of households with Internet access 8.8 45.5 51.5
and mobile penetration rose sharply. DIGICEL has Percentage of individuals using the Internet 9.6 41.5 45.9
a large market share and Papua New Guinea is its Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 20.1 48.0 74.5
second largest market in terms of the number of Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
subscribers and the largest by revenue. Mobile
broadband has grown since the launch of 3G in and Information Technology (MCIT). The National
2011 but coverage is constrained by the country’s ICT Policy of 2008 called for sector reform leading
complex geography. DIGICEL launched LTE in 2014 to the creation of the National Information and
and TELIKOM re-entered the market in 2016 with Communications Technology Authority (NICTA)
both 3G and LTE networks. in 2010, following the adoption of the National
Fixed services: TELIKOM is the main fixed Act in 2009. NICTA regulates the broadcasting,
telephone service provider. Fixed telephone lines Internet and telecommunication sectors. NICTA is
are limited to a few urban areas, while wireless implementing several Universal Access and Service
local loop using WiMAX technology is available projects to expand telecommunication services in
elsewhere. Fixed broadband penetration is rural areas. One example is the move to expand 3G
restricted to certain urban locations. TELIKOM coverage in rural areas by financing the installation
offers ADSL with speeds of up to 24 Mbps. DIGICEL of new cell towers. The National Broadband Policy
has introduced fibre to the building for businesses, of 2013 is aligned with national development
while TELIKOM offers leased line fibre-optic strategies and has seven specific objectives: i)
connections. Fixed wireless broadband is available economic growth; ii) social growth; iii) enhanced
via LTE. public and private sector efficiency; iv) ICT training
and use in schools; v) improved health delivery;
PNG DataCo Limited was established in 2014 as a vi) enhanced global integration; and vii) improved
wholesaler to own, manage, operate and maintain efficiency of key economic industries particularly in
the Government's wholesale telecommunications the primary sector.
infrastructures and assets. These include fibre-
optic routes along natural gas pipelines and Conclusion: Despite the challenges of enhancing
electric utilities poles, as well as submarine cable widespread coverage of ICT infrastructure because
networks. The PNG National Submarine Fibre of Papua New Guinea's difficult terrain, the country
Cable Network is a 5 500-kilometre network that has made strides in ICT since its connection
will complement existing domestic submarine links to submarine cables and the introduction of
and connect outer islands into a national network competition.
that should be completed by 2018. The country
connected to its first international submarine
cable, the Australia-Papua New Guinea-2 (APNG-
2), in 2006 and subsequently to the PIPE Pacific
Cable-1 (PPC-1) in 2009. An IXP was commissioned
in Port Moresby in 2017.
Government policy: Sector oversight is the

responsibility of the Ministry of Communication

Paraguay Key indicators for Paraguay (2016) The
Americas World
Being a landlocked country, Paraguay depends Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 104.8 114.2 101.5
on its neighbours for access to submarine Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 3.4 19.1 12.4
cables, an important factor that has slowed Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 46.5 82.7 52.2
development and uptake of broadband services 3G coverage (% of population) 95.4 93.6 85.0
in the country. 354 On the other hand, mobile LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 78.5 77.4 66.5
services have enjoyed relative success, especially Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 1.7 3.6 5.2
because of the competitive market, as well as Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 6.6 6.4 13.9
mobile money’s popularity and more affordable Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 1.4 2.5 3.7
pricing. Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 3.0 5.7 6.8

Mobile services: The mobile market has been Percentage of households with Internet access 26.0 63.3 51.5
under competition since 1998 and currently
hosts four operators – Tigo, Telecom, Claro and
Vox.355 Mobile-cellular penetration rates are high, Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
following the regional trend, partially because
mobile has been a substitute for the less available more affordable (targeting a reduction of up
fixed counterpart. Mobile-broadband penetration to 80 per cent on data services pricing), adjust
rates remain relatively low but the competitive interconnection rates to foster competitiveness,
market and ongoing service coverage expansion and increase the number of connected households
are expected to positively impact the segment. to 60 per cent, among others. As to making
Another important aspect is the common use of broadband more affordable, the Government
mobile money by nationals, with Paraguay being will concentrate both on reducing the use of
the regional leader in the development of this international broadband and negotiating new
practice. tariffs.
Fixed services: Fixed-telephony and VoIP Conclusion: The public and private efforts in
are under the monopoly of the State-owned developing the telecommunications sector in
Corporación Paraguaya de Comunicaciones Paraguay have been effective to date, with steadily
(Copaco),356 which has resulted in poor levels of growing adoption rates, decrease in prices and
infrastructure due to continued underinvestment. infrastructure development.
Despite the fact that the fixed-broadband market
is under competition, development continues
to be jeopardized by the refusal from Copaco to
unbundle the local loop. ADSL remains in the hands
of Copaco, whereas cable modem technology is
also provided by Tigo Hogar. Service provision
is mostly limited to the more developed urban
areas, with the remote areas being underserved.357
Both cable modem and fibre optic technologies
have witnessed a growing demand as well as
improvement in speed, and the Government has
declared that fibre optic deployment is one of its
main focuses for the coming years, along with an
increase in affordability.
Government policy: The national

telecommunication regulator, Comisión Nacional
de Telecomunicaciones (CONATEL), was created
in 1995. The current development programme,
namely the Plan Nacional de Telecomunicaciones
2016–2020, emphasizes several aspects, for
instance, the pressing need to render the services

Peru Key indicators for Peru (2016) The
Americas World
Peru is an example of a country within the Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 117.1 114.2 101.5
Americas region with challenging topography in Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 6.7 19.1 12.4
terms of ICT infrastructure deployment, which Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 62.0 82.7 52.2
gives a clear advantage to the mobile sector 3G coverage (% of population) 70.8 93.6 85.0
over its fixed alternative. The Government has LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 44.0 77.4 66.5
actively engaged in programmes to develop Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 2.0 3.6 5.2
the ICT sector, both in terms of improving and Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 2.6 6.4 13.9
updating the legislation and deploying networks, Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 1.7 2.5 3.7
notably the National Fibre-Optic Backbone. Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 2.6 5.7 6.8
Mobile services: There are four mobile network Percentage of households with Internet access 26.4 63.3 51.5
operators competing for market share in the
mobile segment – Telefónica, Claro, Entel
and Bitel – with the first holding almost half Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
the total subscriptions. There is increased
competitiveness in the mobile market, with neutrality regulations. The Government has also
mobile number portability requirements being been promoting broadband programmes, with
in place since 2007 and the entrance of mobile considerable funding dedicated to the deployment
virtual network operators (MVNOs), such as of a fibre optic backbone within the scope of the
Virgin, which joined the market in 2016 (OSIPTEL, National Broadband Plan, which aims to connect
2017). Despite penetration rates that are in line up to 80 per cent of Peru’s territory.359
with the regional levels, there is a clear divide
within the population, with one-fifth of Peruvians Conclusion: Despite the challenging landscape
not owning a mobile phone. In terms of mobile and social disparities in the country, the
broadband, the operators have heavily invested telecommunications sector has seen considerable
in the sector in recent years, especially in terms improvement in recent years, with the active
of LTE deployment.358 The country has come a participation of the Government and operators.
long way since first assigning LTE licenses in 2013, There remains an enormous potential for market
substantially improving coverage and service players, as broadband adoption rates remain
pricing. feeble.
Fixed services: Number portability requirements

are also in place in respect to the fixed services,
with the market being dominated by Telefónica
and followed by Claro in terms of market shares.
Fixed-broadband is mainly available via DSL and
cable-modem technologies (OSIPTEL, 2017), but its
penetration rates are well below the regional and
global levels.
Government policy: The body in charge of

regulating the telecommunication sector is
the Organismo Supervisor de Inversión Privada
en Telecomunicaciones (OSIPTEL). Created in
1991, it is actively engaged in the promotion of
a competitive environment and expansion of
services to reach the entire population. To foster
competition, OSIPTEL put in place measures
such as number portability requirements and
tariff controls – notably enforcing reduction in
retail prices and interconnection rates, among
others – and it has recently implemented net

Philippines Key indicators for Philippines (2016)
Asia &
Pacific
World

The largest South-East Asian archipelago Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 109.2 98.9 101.5
nation has achieved a high level of GSM mobile Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 5.5 11.3 12.4
coverage, with most ICT services provided in a Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 46.3 47.4 52.2
duopoly environment. 3G coverage (% of population) 93.0 87.6 85.0
Mobile services: The Philippines mobile market Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 3.2 3.2 5.2
has undergone ongoing consolidation. In 2000, Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 7.1 14.5 13.9
there were ten licensed operators but by 2016, Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 2.1 2.7 3.7
the market was largely a duopoly between the Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 2.1 5.4 6.8
incumbent operator (Smart) under the group Percentage of households with computer 34.0 37.8 46.6
Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company Percentage of households with Internet access 39.1 45.5 51.5
(PLDT), and Globe Telecom, whose main Percentage of individuals using the Internet 55.5 41.5 45.9
shareholders are the local Ayala Corporation Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 43.4 48.0 74.5
and Singapore Telecom. There are some Mobile Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
Virtual Network Operators (MVNOs) and dormant
licensees. 2G mobile coverage of the population Cable Network (now out of service). Today, the
is virtually total. Mobile penetration passed the Philippines is linked to over half a dozen regional
100 per cent mark in 2012 but there is room for and intercontinental submarine networks. The
growth with 84 per cent of homes had a mobile Philippine Open Internet Exchange (PHOpenIX) was
phone (91 per cent in urban areas, 78 per cent in launched in 2007 and has 57 members.
rural areas) (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2014).
Mobile broadband was first deployed in 2006 with Government policy: The Department of
the launch of 3G networks, and with coverage Information and Communications Technology
reaching over three quarters of the population and (DICT) is the sector policy maker and is charged
is the main form of Internet access. Both operators with implementing strategies. The draft National
launched LTE in 2012 and have deployed since Broadband Plan has the vision of "resilient,
2013 LTE-Advanced reaching download speeds of comfortable and vibrant life for all, enabled by
1 Gbps. The regulator is contemplating auctioning open, pervasive, inclusive, affordable, and trusted
more frequencies and issuing a third mobile broadband Internet access.” In accordance with
licence for companies not holding spectrum. that vision, the Government will establish policies
to spur competition and ensure availability,
Fixed services: PLDT is one of the few incumbent affordability and quality of broadband Internet
operators around the world that has long been access. The National Telecommunications
privately owned. PLDT and Globe dominate the Commission (NTC), an attached agency of the
fixed telephone market with nationwide services. DICT, is the sector regulator. The main legislation
There are some regional carriers but they have covering sector regulation is the 1995 Republic Act
only a small share of the market. Both PLDT and No. 7925 (Public Telecommunications Policy Act).
Globe offer fixed broadband services over ADSL
and FTTP, with speeds of up to 1 Gbps. FTTP, Conclusion: Despite having a largely duopoly
launched in 2011, has recently picked up speed market, the country has achieved a high level
as it expands to other cities outside Manila. of basic mobile access and has deployed the
Fixed wireless Internet (WiMAX) is also available latest wireless and fixed technologies with high
and some ISPs are deploying fixed LTE wireless download speeds, at least in urban areas. It is
networks. also well endowed with international Internet
bandwidth driven by its large overseas population
PLDT and Globe have extensive national fibre- and burgeoning business process outsourcing
optic backbone employing a mix of underground, industry.
overhead and submarine cable. The country's
strategic location and considerable coastline
facilitate access to international submarine cable
systems. As far back as 1997, it connected to its
first undersea fibre-optic network, the Asia Pacific

Poland Key indicators for Poland (2016) Europe World
Poland is one of the biggest markets in Europe Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 138.7 118.0 101.5
with a population of 38 million inhabitants. The Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 19.2 30.2 12.4
country has a competitive telecommunication Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 68.6 80.1 52.2
market in line with the principles set forth by the 3G coverage (% of population) 100.0 98.5 85.0
European Union.
Mobile services: Poland has a competitive mobile
market, with affordable prices for mobile-cellular
and mobile-broadband services. Orange Polska, Percentage of households with computer 80.1 79.6 46.6
Poland’s incumbent operator, continues to hold Percentage of households with Internet access 80.4 82.5 51.5
the largest market share in the mobile sector. The Percentage of individuals using the Internet 73.3 77.9 45.9
market was opened to competition in 1996. A Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 83.3 178.0 74.5
tender was organized and Polkomtel and T-Mobile
Poland (at that time Polska Telefonia Cyfrowa Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
sp. z o. o. - Era GSM) were granted licences to

Authority was established in 2000.362 With
compete with the incumbent. Another tender
the focus of the EU member states being on
was carried out in 2005 with the aim to make the
broadband development, Poland set ambitious
mobile market more competitive. Poland’s fourth
goals building on the Digital Agenda for Europe
mobile network operator P4 finally launched
targets. The national broadband plan was
services in 2007 (UKE, 2005). The first mobile
adopted in 2014 and aims at providing 100 per
virtual network operator entered the market in
cent coverage of households with Internet at 30
December of 2006 (UKE, 2006). In 2016, a2mobile
Mbit/s and 50 per cent coverage with 100 Mbit/s
started to offer mobile services, making it the fifth
by 2020. Investments in broadband infrastructure
operator using its own network infrastructure
are being made by the EU, the government, and
(UKE, 2016). Mobile-cellular penetration is very
private investors.363 In order “to create a digital
high in Poland. A law to make the registration of all
boost for the development of Poland” the Ministry
prepaid SIM cards compulsory entered into force
of Administration and Digitization was created by
in 2016 and led to a decrease in the number of SIM
the government in 2011, followed by the Ministry
cards.360 Full population coverage with 3G services
of Digital Affairs, which was established in 2015. Its
was achieved in 2005 and mobile-broadband
aims are to increase Internet access, develop web
penetration is on the rise.
content and services, and promote digital skills.364
Fixed services: The state-owned
Conclusion: Poland’s telecommunication sector
telecommunication company TPSA lost its
has undergone important changes in the past
monopoly of local services in 1992 and TPSA
decade leading to an increase in competition.
shares were gradually sold, with the transaction
In line with the Digital Agenda for Europe, the
of the final 4 per cent of the shares taking place
country has set ambitious goals for broadband
in 2010.361 International services were finally
development thus underlining its determination to
open to competition in 2003 (OECD, 2002). The
foster ICT development. This is further reflected in
incumbent operator, owned and operated by
the creation of the Ministry of Administration and
Orange remains the dominant operator on the
Digitization in 2011, followed by the Ministry of
fixed market for both fixed-telephony and fixed-
Digital Affairs, which was established in 2015.
broadband. Cable operators are important players
on the market with their bundled offers including
fixed-broadband. Fixed-broadband penetration,
while increasing in recent years remains relatively
low in comparison with other European countries.
Rural areas in particular are underserved by NGA
networks (European Commission, 2017).
Government policy: As part of the accession

to the European Union, the National Regulatory

Portugal Key indicators for Portugal (2016) Europe World
Portugal has a well-developed Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 109.1 118.0 101.5
telecommunication market that has recently Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 31.8 30.2 12.4
undergone significant ownership changes. Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 61.1 80.1 52.2
Growth in ICTs continues to be driven by NGA 3G coverage (% of population) 99.3 98.5 85.0
connections.
Mobile services: The Portugal mobile market is
served by three mobile network operator s – MEO,
Vodafone and Nos – as well as a number of virtual Percentage of households with computer 72.7 79.6 46.6
network operators. Meo, a brand of Portugal Percentage of households with Internet access 74.1 82.5 51.5
Telecom, is the incumbent operator and market Percentage of individuals using the Internet 70.4 77.9 45.9
leader. According to the regulator ANACOM, Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 177.8 178.0 74.5
mobile subscription numbers have stabilized in
2016, after two cycles of intense growth driven by Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
the introduction of mobile-broadband. There is

Commission.366,367 EU and national ICT policies are
also a clear trend concerning the migration from
focusing on the extension of broadband networks.
prepaid to postpaid subscriptions. While in 2009
Portugal’s national broadband strategy, adopted
almost three-quarters of all mobile subscriptions
in 2012, aims to reach a coverage of at least 30
were prepaid, they represented slightly less
Mbit/s for 100 per cent of the population and a
than 50 per cent of total subscriptions in 2016.
coverage of at least 100 Mbit/s for 50 per cent
The change in the trend can be explained by the
of all households until 2020. Next to the roll-
introduction of convergent bundled or multiple-
out of broadband networks, the Digital Agenda
play offers. Indeed, at the end of 2016, 41 per cent
for Portugal focuses on delivering better public
of mobile customers had acquired mobile service
services to citizens, promoting smart mobility,
as part of a multiple-play offer (ANACOM, 2017b).
employment and e-commerce as well as reducing
the digital gap between urban and rural areas of
Fixed services: Due to significant growth in recent
the country.368
years, Portugal’s fixed-broadband penetration
stands above the European average. Increases
Conclusion: Portugal’s telecommunication market
in the number of FTTH/B subscriptions make
has seen a positive development, despite the
up the largest share of gains in fixed-broadband
general economic downturn. The government is
subscriptions. With average annual growth rates
encouraging investments in NGA networks in order
in fibre subscriptions of around 30 per cent,
to expand high-speed connectivity and increase
fibre made up 32 per cent of fixed-broadband
the number of those online.
subscriptions in 2016 and thus exceeded the
European average by almost 6 percentage points.
Economic pressures on operators have resulted in
a number of ownership changes in the fixed sector.
Most notably, the incumbent operator Portugal
Telecom was sold from Oi to the French telecom
group Altice in 2015.365 MEO, which is controlled by
Portugal Telecom, is the market leader, followed by
Grupo NOS, Vodafone, and Grupo Apax (ANACOM,
2017a).
Government policy: Portugal joined the European

Union in 1986, a step that had (and continues to
have) a significant impact on the ICT market. One
of the most recent examples of this is the decision
of the government to relinquish its special rights
on the incumbent operator, Portugal Telecom, in
July 2011, as had been requested by the European

Qatar Key indicators for Qatar (2016)
Arab
States
World

Qatar is a rapidly developing country and has Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 151.2 107.1 101.5
a highly advanced ICT infrastructure. Ooredoo Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 10.5 4.7 12.4
(formerly Qtel) and Vodafone offer advanced Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 148.9 45.2 52.2
fixed and mobile services with some of the 3G coverage (% of population) 99.6 81.9 85.0
lowest prices in the region. Additionally, Qatar LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 99.0 33.8 66.5
National Broadband Network (Qnbn) offers Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 0.3 4.3 5.2
passive fixed services on a wholesale basis, Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 1.0 10.1 13.9
Harris Salam, QSAT and RIGNET offer VSAT Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 0.3 4.5 3.7
services, and Es’hailSat offers public satellite Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 0.2 5.5 6.8
services. Percentage of households with computer 89.0 43.3 46.6
Mobile services: Mobile-cellular penetration rates Percentage of individuals using the Internet 94.3 41.8 45.9
in Qatar are amongst the highest in the world. Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 86.9 39.0 74.5
Similarly, the mobile broadband subscription Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
rate is three times as high as global and regional
averages. Competition was introduced into the with a broader mandate that includes also the ICT,
market with the award of a mobile licence to the postal sector and access to digital media. The
Vodafone in 2008. Mobile broadband use in Qatar Ministry of Transport and Communications, was
is growing rapidly and so is subscriber demand established in accordance with Emiri Decree No. 4
for faster mobile broadband. In 2006, Ooredoo of 2016, and, with respect to communications, is
launched 3G services and Vodafone launched 3G responsible for setting ICT policy and strategy to
services in 2009, reaching 100 per cent population support the Qatar National Vision 2030 of a highly
coverage in 2010. Ooredoo launched the first LTE developed ICT sector in Qatar and a knowledge-
network in 2013 and Vodafone Qatar launched based economy. The Ministry also performs a
LTE services in 2014. Today, both operators crucial role in overseeing the development the
operate LTE networks affording subscribers with ICT sector, as well as developing e-government
widespread mobile access to data rates exceeding programs and boosting capacity and digital
32Mbit/s. literacy. In 2017, Telecom Law 36 of 2006, was
amended to strengthen CRA's enforcement
Fixed services: Vodafone was awarded a powers and to establish a clear governance
fixed license in 2010. Qnbn was set up in 2011 structure for the ICT sector.
by the Supreme Council of Information and
Communication Technology (ictQATAR) as one of Conclusion: Efforts made by the government and
the region’s first government initiatives to drive licensed operators over the past 15 years have
nation-wide optical fibre broadband infrastructure resulted in making Qatar one of the world’s most
roll-out, by offering wholesale broadband optical connected countries with a nation covering fibre
fibre infrastructure services to licensed network network. Qnbn is building a robust optical fibre
service providers and operators of private network, and the competing operators are utilizing
networks. Ooredoo has rolled out optical fibre this network to provide high speed Internet access
broadband infrastructure to nearly 100 per cent of to businesses and households across the nation.
households across Qatar with speeds up to 10Gbps Ooredoo and Vodafone are preparing to launch 5G
for both consumers and businesses. services by 2020, opening the door for Internet of
things (IoT) services and supporting the realisation
Government policy: ictQATAR was established of Qatar National Vision 2030.
according to Law No 36 of 2004 as the
telecommunication regulator in Qatar. The
Telecommunications Law of 2006 empowered
ictQATAR to issue regulatory instruments to
regulate the telecommunication sector. The
Communications Regulatory Authority (CRA)
replaced ictQATAR as the Communications
Regulator by virtue of Emiri Decree 42 in 2014

Romania Key indicators for Romania (2016) Europe World
Romania has a competitive mobile market, with Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 106.4 118.0 101.5
very affordable prices and high penetration Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 20.7 30.2 12.4
rates. The country’s accession to the EU in 2007 Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 73.7 80.1 52.2
spurred competition and prompted regulatory 3G coverage (% of population) 99.9 98.5 85.0
reforms in line with the EU acquis. Competition
in the fixed-broadband market is infrastructure-
based and fibre is the most popular choice,
making Romania one the European countries
with the highest average broadband speeds. Percentage of households with computer 74.0 79.6 46.6
Mobile services: Four mobile network operators Percentage of individuals using the Internet 59.5 77.9 45.9
are serving the market. Three of them are pan- Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 155.5 178.0 74.5
European providers (Orange Romania S.A.,
Vodafone Romania S.A., Telekom RMC S.A.) and Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
one regional operator (RCS & RDS S.A.). There are

focus of the government in recent years is on
also a number of MVNOs active in the market,
digitalization and broadband development. The
but their share remains very small (ANCOM,
National Strategy for the Romanian Digital Agenda
2015).369Mobile-cellular and mobile-broadband
2020 illustrates the government efforts in this
penetration are high and close to the European
regard. In line with European targets, Romania
average and prices for both services are very
aims at achieving 100 per cent households with
affordable. All MNOs are offering LTE services
fixed-broadband coverage by 2020, 80 per cent
and LTE coverage is being extended, while 3G has
households with over 30 Mbit/s broadband
already reached nearly full population coverage.
coverage and 45 per cent households with
over 100 Mbit/s coverage. Special emphasis is
placed on broadband development in rural and
in Romania is relatively low compared to the
disadvantaged areas. Stimulating competition and
European average and neighbouring countries.
promoting mobile-broadband access were also
Romania’s national broadband plan identifies
identified as main drivers of growth.371 Ro-NET,
several reasons for this: the late market
a project to build broadband infrastructure in
liberalization (2003) and launch of DSL services
disadvantaged areas, was launched by the Ministry
(2005), limited use of personal computers, high
of Communications and Information Society in
mobile-broadband take-up and low incomes,
2015. The Ministry will remain the owner of the
especially in rural areas.369 The market is evolving,
optical fibre backhaul infrastructure that is to
however, both in terms of subscription numbers
cover over 3 000 km throughout Romania.372
and broadband technology. Competition is
strong and mostly infrastructure-based. There
Conclusion: The accession into the European
are three major facilities-based ISPs and around
Union has shaped its telecommunication
660 smaller operators offering services (ANCOM,
market. Romania is continuing to develop its ICT
2016). A particular characteristic of the market
market and promotes and invests in broadband
is the fact that the incumbent operator Telekom
infrastructure in order to increase access, in
Romania does not have the highest market share
particular in rural and disadvantaged areas of the
in fixed broadband. Instead, the market leader
country.
is RCS & RDS, an integrated telecommunication
provider, which offers FTTx services. Given the
high percentage of fibre connections, average
broadband speeds are among the highest in
Europe.370
Government policy: Romania joined the European

Union in 2007. Before and following the accession,
European regulations and directives had a direct
impact on the telecommunication market. The

Russian Federation Key indicators for Russian Federation (2016) CIS World
The telecommunication market is dynamic and Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 161.7 141.2 101.5
operators offer innovative technologies and Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 19.4 15.8 12.4
services. Despite the large territories to cover, Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 74.9 59.7 52.2
telecommunication services are accessible to the 3G coverage (% of population) 75.0 77.1 85.0
majority of the population while prices remain at
relatively low levels.
Mobile services: Development of mobile services
began in the early 1990s. First CDMA 2000 Percentage of households with computer 74.3 67.4 46.6
networks emerged in 2002, EV-DO in2005 and 3G/ Percentage of households with Internet access 74.8 68.0 51.5
UMTS in 2007.373 LTE commercial services started Percentage of individuals using the Internet 76.4 65.1 45.9
to being offered in 2011.374 The first UMTS-900 Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 51.9 59.0 74.5
network was launched in 2012.375 There are four
major telecommunication operators (MegaFon, Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
VimpelCom, MTS and Tele2) that share 99 per cent

was developed. The main goal is to provide people
of mobile subscribers.376 To foster competition
with modern ICT services and to create a new
and provide subscribers with another degree
digital environment. One of the issues that the
of freedom mobile number portability (MNP)
Ministry of Telecom and Mass Communications
was introduced in 2014. Since then over 4.7 m
faces is to narrow the digital divide among regions
telephone numbers have been ported.377 In 2014,
and between city and rural areas. For that reason
two large companies declared their partnership in
universal services reform was initiated in 2014.
building LTE networks and spectrum sharing.378 In
Adopted changes assume that around 14 000
the beginning of 2017, around quarter of mobile
settlements with populations ranging from 250
base stations offered LTE services.379 Operators
to 500 people will be provided with broadband
diversify their services. Besides mobile-cellular
Internet access by 2018. Rostelecom is responsible
and broadband services they offer television
for the universal services implementation.382
broadcasting, fixed-broadband Internet access,
To facilitate mobile broadband development
fixed telephony, cloud-based services, mobile
technological neutrality was introduced in
payments. In 2016, MTS, MegaFon, and Tele2
450/900/1800 MHz spectrum bands in 2014. By
launched Wi-Fi calling service to provide voice
the end of 2014, the Regulator adopted rules
services over Wi-Fi. MTS and Ericsson have agreed
allowing radio access network sharing. It also
on cooperation to foster 5G development.
simplified rules for wireless broadband network
launches and allowed spectrum sharing in a set
Fixed services: The fixed-broadband market
of spectrum bands from 800 MHz to 2,5GHz by
started to emerge in 2002 when there were only
issuing regulations in 2015. Regulation authorities
a few thousand subscribers. The active phase of
also make efforts to end national roaming charges.
development began in 2006 and the stable growth
Information security issues and quality of service
continues. By 2017, five leading companies have
also remain in the focus of government policy.
two-thirds of fixed-broadband subscriptions. The
Satellite communications are also considered as a
market leader Rostelecom has more than 35 per
means to bridge the digital divide in remote areas.
cent of subscriptions. Operators offer bundles
Several communications satellites were launched
of services and increase connection speeds by
in recent years.
deploying FTTx technologies to attract clients and
sustain profits.380 At the end of 2014, download
Conclusion: The Russian Federation has a vibrant
speeds exceeded 4 Mbit/s for more than 70 per
telecommunication market. The regulatory
cent of fixed-broadband connections.381
authority aims to overcome the digital divide
between regions and provide the population
Government policy: In 2008, the Strategy of
with modern telecommunication services by
Information Society Development was approved,
creating a favorable competition environment,
which was followed by the national programme
adopting regulations and supporting infrastructure
Information Society 2011-2020. In 2017, the Digital
renovation.
Economy in the Russian Federation programme

Rwanda Key indicators for Rwanda (2016) Africa World
The Government of this landlocked East African Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 69.9 74.6 101.5
nation has been proactive with its strategic Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.2 0.4 12.4
vision for the sector, and the country has Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 27.0 22.9 52.2
achieved one of the highest levels of mobile- 3G coverage (% of population) 92.1 59.3 85.0
broadband coverage in sub-Saharan Africa.
operators: MTN, a subsidiary of the South African
mobile group, launched the country’s first mobile Percentage of households with computer 4.5 9.6 46.6
network in 1998; the Luxembourg-based mobile Percentage of households with Internet access 9.3 16.3 51.5
group MILLICOM entered the market in 2009, Percentage of individuals using the Internet 20.0 19.9 45.9
operating under the TIGO brand; and AIRTEL, Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 7.5 51.0 74.5
owned by the Indian mobile group, launched in
2012, absorbing the mobile assets of the defunct Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
incumbent RWANDATEL. Although 2G coverage

fibre deployed in the transmission lines of the
is widespread and absolute prices among the
State-owned electricity company Rwanda Energy
cheapest in sub-Saharan Africa, household
Group leased to telecommunication operators.
penetration is relatively low, due to Rwanda’s
Landlocked Rwanda accesses cross-border
small per capita income. In 2015, 60 per cent of
undersea fibre-optic cables in Kenya and Tanzania
households had mobile phones, with a notable
for international bandwidth. The Rwanda Internet
difference between urban (86 per cent) and rural
Exchange launched in 2004.
areas (54 per cent).383 A 3G network was launched
in 2009, and its coverage reaches over 90 per
Government policy: The Ministry of Youth and
cent of the population. In 2014, the Government
ICT is responsible for sector policy and strategy.
launched a wholesale LTE network. It is operated
It develops five-year sector plans in alignment
as a public–private partnership with Korea
with overall national development goals. The
Telecom, with capacity sold to existing mobile
SMART Rwanda Master Plan, covering the
operators and fixed wireless ISPs. The Government
period 2015–2020, builds on the previous plans,
is targeting 95 per cent LTE population coverage by
with a focus on innovation in order to use ICTs
2018.
as a transformational enabler to digitize the
economy generating growth and job creation.
Fixed services: The incumbent operator
The key strategy document driving high-speed
RWANDATEL was privatized in 2005. RWANDATEL
communications in the country is the 2013
was declared insolvent in 2011. Liquid Telecom,
National Broadband Policy. The policy’s goal is to
a Mauritius-based group that launched in 2013,
transform Rwanda into an Information society
purchased RWANDATEL’S fixed network. The
driven by “universal access to high speed, reliable,
majority of fixed-broadband subscriptions are
affordable and secure broadband infrastructure
fixed wireless through WiMAX or fixed LTE. Three
and services by 2020”. Kigali Innovation City is
ISPs provide fixed broadband using ADSL or optical
being developed on the outskirts of the city.
fibre. Liquid Telecom began offering fibre to small
It aims to attract multinational information
businesses and homes with the launch of a 100
technology firms and domestic start-ups alongside
Mbit/s service in 2015. In 2010, the Government
higher education institutions to create a tech
completed the rolling out a national fibre-optic
ecosystem. The hopes are that the synergies from
backbone with more than 3 000 km of fibre
anchoring educational institutions alongside tech
installed and distributed to all 30 districts and
companies in a cluster will generate innovative
11 border points. This wholesale network is run
applications and services, and help grow the
as a public–private partnership owned by the
domestic ICT industry, as well as generate exports.
Government and Korea Telecom. Access is open
The Rwanda Utilities Regulatory Authority was
to all operators at cost-based prices. In addition,
created in 2001 as a multi-sector regulator.
there are several thousand kilometres of fibre
In addition to telecommunications, it is also
deployed by other operators (i.e. MTN, Liquid
responsible for media, posts, water, energy,
Telecom, AIRTEL and TIGO), as well as optical
sanitation and transport. The Authority is also

responsible for the Rwanda Internet Exchange,
the Internet country domain name (.rw) and the
Universal Access Fund. Law No. 24/2016 of 18 June
2016 Governing Information and Communication
Technologies is the relevant legislation for the
sector.
Conclusion: Government steps of creating a

regulator, privatizing the incumbent, introducing
competition and developing a broadband strategy
have resulted in a high level of broadband
infrastructure in the country. The SMART Rwanda
Master Plan envisions taking ICTs to the next level
by using their transformational capabilities and
developing a vibrant ICT-enabled sector.

Saint Kitts and Nevis Key indicators for Saint Kitts and Nevis (2016) The
Americas World
Saint Kitts and Nevis displays a well-developed Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 136.9 114.2 101.5
telecommunications sector, with penetration Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 29.3 19.1 12.4
rates mostly above regional and global levels, Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 77.1 82.7 52.2
and pricing well below the average for the 3G coverage (% of population) 100.0 93.6 85.0
region.384 LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) n.a. 77.4 66.5
Mobile services: Mobile services are responsible Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 2.8 6.4 13.9
for the largest part of the industry’s revenue, Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 1.1 2.5 3.7
as well as benefiting from the highest share Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 1.2 5.7 6.8
of investments. There are three operators Percentage of households with computer 71.7 64.9 46.6
competing for market share: LIME, Digicel and UTS Percentage of households with Internet access 72.6 63.3 51.5
Cariglobe. In recent years, mobile-broadband has
experienced continued success, with the majority
of subscribers having data in addition to their Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
voice plans. The LTE network has been available
in Saint Kitts and Nevis since 2013 via Digicel’s regional organizations remaining at the core of its
network, with LIME launching its LTE services a success.
few years later.385, 386 Joining a few other countries
in the region, Saint Kitts and Nevis is a member
of the Eastern Caribbean Telecommunications
Authority (ECTEL), an overarching regulatory body
that assists in the creation and implementation of
relevant policies and regulation.
Fixed services: Fixed services are successful in

terms of penetration, particularly in comparison
with regional and global levels. Whereas fixed-
telephone has remained stable despite the
downward trend seen in the majority of countries,
fixed-broadband is becoming increasingly popular,
with cable modem being the most employed
format.

Commission (NTRC), was created in 2000387 and
oversees the development of ICTs, ensuring a
level playing field for market competitors. The
NTRC works closely with ECTEL to advance the
sector from various perspectives, for instance
implementing number portability in recent years,
discussing net neutrality and more recently
adopting a new Electronic Communications
Bill.388,389,390
Conclusion: Saint Kitts and Nevis has seen

significant success in developing the national
telecommunications sector, with substantial
improvements in service pricing, network
infrastructure and service adoption. The sector
has a positive outlook in the years to come, with
increased investment and collaborations with

Saint Lucia Key indicators for Saint Lucia (2016) The
Americas World
All segments of the telecommunications sector Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 94.8 114.2 101.5
are under competition in Saint Lucia, and Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 16.0 19.1 12.4
service pricing is typically below regional and Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 37.0 82.7 52.2
international levels. Industry investment has 3G coverage (% of population) 37.1 93.6 85.0
undergone a substantial decrease in recent LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) n.a. 77.4 66.5
years, and most of the previous investment was Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 4.5 3.6 5.2
directed towards upgrading mobile networks. Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 5.5 6.4 13.9
Operators’ revenues also experienced a decrease Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 2.4 2.5 3.7
in 2015; nevertheless, the sector revenues Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 2.8 5.7 6.8
amounted to approximately 6 per cent of the Percentage of households with computer 43.7 64.9 46.6
national GDP of Saint Lucia in the same year. Percentage of households with Internet access 43.1 63.3 51.5
Mobile services: There are two operators
providing mobile services in Saint Lucia, the Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
incumbent LIME and Digicel.391 Mobile services
revenue accounts for over half of the industry’s develop and implement various policies on various
total revenues, and mobile phones are the subjects, for instance, net neutrality, consumer
primary means to access the Internet in the protection and submarine cable legislation, the
country. Mobile-broadband has been available to latter two being covered by the recently approved
consumers since 2013, and has been the segment Electronic Communications Bill.397,398
producing the most substantial increase in terms
of service uptake in recent years.392,393 Saint Conclusion: Saint Lucia’s telecommunications
Lucia is one of the five members of the Eastern sector presents enormous potential for
Caribbean Telecommunications Authority (ECTEL), development, especially in terms of both fixed
an overarching regulatory body that assists in the and mobile-broadband, as there is an untapped
creation and implementation of relevant policies part of the population that has yet to adopt
and regulation. these services. The collaboration with the
regional regulator, ECTEL, provides an invaluable
Fixed services: Fixed-telephone penetration has opportunity, not only to learn and partner with its
remained relatively stable over the past couple of neighbouring countries, but also to ensure that ICT
years in Saint Lucia, despite the regional and global development remains a priority within the scope
downward trends. The market has been largely of public policies.
dominated by the incumbent LIME, which was
cemented with the acquisition of the only other
competitor, Flow.394 The fixed-broadband segment
has also seen an increase in penetration levels in
recent years.

Commission (NTRC), was created in 2000, and
advises the sector Ministry on various matters
to ensure the sustainable and harmonized
development of ICT services in Saint Lucia.395
The NTRC is also responsible for price regulation
and fostering competition, as well as managing
the national universal service fund. The current
outlined priorities for the universal service fund
are ensuring and expanding Internet access, and
bringing telecommunications services to schools
and other public institutions, among others.396
The regulator also works closely with ECTEL to

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Key indicators for Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines (2016)
The
Americas World

There has been considerable improvement Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 103.0 114.2 101.5
in service uptake in Saint Vincent and the Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 20.0 19.1 12.4
Grenadines, and operators have invested heavily Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 49.4 82.7 52.2
in infrastructure development during recent 3G coverage (% of population) 100.0 93.6 85.0
years. LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 0.0 77.4 66.5
Mobile services: The mobile market accounts for Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 6.1 6.4 13.9
more than half of the sector’s revenue. Mobile- Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 1.7 2.5 3.7
broadband has experienced great success since Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 3.4 5.7 6.8
its launch, in 2015, with most subscriptions Percentage of households with computer 63.9 64.9 46.6
currently including data services. Saint Vincent Percentage of households with Internet access 51.0 63.3 51.5
and the Grenadines is one of the five countries Percentage of individuals using the Internet 55.6 64.0 45.9
that signed up to the Eastern Caribbean Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 188.7 91.0 74.5
Telecommunications Authority (ECTEL), which Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
provides advice and recommendation on the
creation and implementation of relevant policies and varied subjects, from consumer protection to
and regulation. Despite lagging behind in terms of the submarine cable legislation.400
service penetration in all segments, there has been
considerable improvement in service uptake, and Conclusion: The Government of Saint Vincent
operators have invested heavily in infrastructure and the Grenadines and the private sector have
development during recent years. focused their efforts on the development of the
telecommunications sector, which can be seen as
Fixed services: Despite being under full infrastructure and service uptake rates improve
competition, the fixed-telephone market has over the years.
recently witnessed the merger of its two sole
operators. Fixed-broadband adoption rates and
revenue continue to grow as the service becomes
increasingly available to the population, with
ADSL and cable modem being the most popular
technologies employed.
Government policy: The body in charge of sector

regulation, the National Telecommunications
Regulatory Commission (NTRC), actively promotes
universal service and has developed a myriad
of projects under the national universal service
fund to increase access, notably through free
Internet access points, subsidizing Internet
subscriptions and equipping schools with
Internet, among others. The NTRC, along with
the sector Ministry and the Caribbean Regional
Communication Infrastructure Programme, have
recently developed a national broadband plan
draft, encompassing the period from 2017 to 2021,
constructed with the aim of fostering competition
and investment in the sector, along with
increasing service quality.399 The NTRC also works
closely with ECTEL to develop and implement
various policies, such as plans to implement net
neutrality and, more recently, the Electronic
Communications Bill, designed to tackle important

Samoa Key indicators for Samoa (2016)
Asia &
Pacific
World

Mobile access has improved dramatically since Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 77.6 98.9 101.5
the launch of competition in 2007. The arrival Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 1.1 11.3 12.4
of a second undersea cable should see Internet Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 22.6 47.4 52.2
bandwidth and pricing improve dramatically in 3G coverage (% of population) 84.5 87.6 85.0
this South Pacific nation. LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 37.0 73.6 66.5
Mobile services: Telecom Samoa Cellular Limited Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 11.8 14.5 13.9
(TSCL), jointly owned by the Government of Samoa Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 4.8 2.7 3.7
and Telecom New Zealand, began an analog Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 5.4 5.4 6.8
AMPS network operation in 1997 as the country's Percentage of households with computer 24.0 37.8 46.6
only cellular mobile operator. Its exclusivity Percentage of households with Internet access 29.1 45.5 51.5
ended in 2005 under a Deed of Settlement Percentage of individuals using the Internet 29.4 41.5 45.9
between the parties. Digicel, an Irish-owned Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 13.2 48.0 74.5
mobile group, after getting the first GSM licence, Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
purchased TSCLand in October 2006 launched
a GSM network with 80 per cent population Samoa providing Internet services to households,
coverage at the start. A second GSM licence was businesses, government offices and communities
awarded to the state-owned fixed-line operator using mobile networks, dial up and ADSL using
SamoaTel which launched its network in January telephone network and fixed wireless broadband
2007. Coverage became widespread and mobile technologies using WiMAX. These ISPs are the
phone penetration in Samoan households rose two major telecommunication operators Bluesky
dramatically following the launch of competition. Samoa Limited and Digicel (Samoa) Limited, in
The incumbent SamoaTel was privatized in 2011 addition to Computer Services Limited (CSL)
when a 75 per cent stake was sold to Bluesky, a Lesa’s Telephone Services (LTS) and NETVO Samoa
telecommunications company based in American Limited. Bluesky offers fixed broadband using ADSL
Samoa; the Unit Trust of Samoa, a government- technology. Two other ISPs offer Internet services
owned investment fund, holds the remaining 25 using fixed wireless. Fixed broadband penetration
per cent. An agreement was reached in 2016 for is low owing to the popularity of mobile broadband
Fiji's Amalgamated Telecom Holdings to purchase and its lower prices. In 2009, the Samoa-
Bluesky's operations throughout the Pacific. American-Samoa (SAS) fibre-optic submarine
Almost all of the households (96 per cent) had a cable was completed. This provides Samoa with
mobile telephone, with little difference between international Internet bandwidth connectivity to
urban (97 per cent) and rural (95 per cent) Hawaii via American Samoa. ASH and SAS were
households (Bureau of Statistics Samoa, 2011). deployed when the unused PACRIM East cable
There has been a marked improvement in mobile between Hawaii and New Zealand was moved and
services in 2016 with 99 per cent of the population refurbished, reducing installation costs. Because
covered by mobile cellular service and more than PACRIM East was the first fibre-optic cable across
80 per cent of the population covered by at least the Pacific, the technology is somewhat antiquated
a 3G mobile network. Both mobile operators and capacity is limited. A new undersea fibre-optic
launched mobile broadband in 2011 using HSPA+ cable, Tui-Samoa, is therefore being deployed
technology. Digicel launched LTE in 2016, and between Samoa and Fiji. The 1 470-kilometre
Bluesky in early 2017. cable will land on both of Samoa's two main
islands and is due to be launched at the end of
Fixed services: Samoa had a relatively high 2017. Bluesky's domestic backbone network is
penetration of fixed telephone lines for a primarily underground fibre-optic cable, which
developing economy; this is partly a legacy of the is generally resilient to cyclone-related hazards.
delay in introducing mobile competition. Following The Samoa National Broadband Highway (SNBH) is
the entry of a second mobile operator and the the government owned communications network
launch of GSM networks, fixed lines declined linking government offices throughout Apia and
rapidly and by 2011, only one fifth of households other locations launched in 2014. SNBH uses fiber
had a fixed line, fewer than ten years earlier. optic cable and microwave for backhaul and fiber,
There are five Internet Service Providers (ISPs) in

Wi-Fi and the country’s first implementation LTE
for local access.

Communications and Information Technology
(MCIT) is responsible for policy while the Office
of the Regulator (OOTR), established in 2006, is
responsible for oversight of telecommunications,
broadcasting, postal services and electricity. The
Telecommunications Act 2005 is the key legislation
leading to the creation of the Regulator and
introduction of competition. The MCIT published
the National Broadband Policy in 2012 with four
key priorities: i) improving access; ii) ensuring
affordability; iii) facilitating infrastructure; iv)
increasing utilization. It established different
targets for broadband connectivity for households
and businesses and by location (rural or urban),
to be achieved by 2020 including 100 per cent of
schools.
Conclusion: The country has achieved a high level

of mobile penetration following the introduction
of competition. The deployment of a second
undersea cable should see further improvements
in broadband connectivity.

São Tomé and Principe Key indicators for S. Tomé & Principe (2016) Africa World
The arrival of a submarine cable has transformed Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 85.7 74.6 101.5
the twin island archipelago ICT sector, now with Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.7 0.4 12.4
abundant Internet capacity to leverage ICTs for Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 84.4 22.9 52.2
achieving national development goals. 3G coverage (% of population) 26.0 59.3 85.0

Mobile services: There are two mobile
operators: the incumbent São Tomé Company
for Telecommunications (CST), which launched
in 2002; and UNITEL, subsidiary of the Angolan Percentage of households with computer 16.8 9.6 46.6
mobile operator, which ended the monopoly when Percentage of households with Internet access 20.0 16.3 51.5
it entered the market in 2014. In 2014, 82 per cent Percentage of individuals using the Internet 28.0 19.9 45.9
of households had mobile phones, with only a Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 37.3 51.0 74.5
small difference between urban (84 per cent) and
rural areas (78 per cent).402 Mobile-broadband was Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
introduced relatively late, when CST introduced 3G

Public Works, Infrastructure, Transport and
in 2012 while UNITEL deployed 3G at launch.
Communications is responsible for implementing
ICT policy. With the support from the World
Fixed services: CST was partly privatized in
Bank through the Central African Backbone
1989, when 51 per cent of its shares were sold to
project a strategic plan for ICT was developed,
Portugal Telecom. Although UNITEL has a full-
which has not been approved by the government
service license, CST currently is the sole provider
yet. The General Authority for Regulation is
of fixed-telephone services in the country. CST
the multi-sector regulator responsible for
offers fixed-broadband over ADSL, with speeds
telecommunications, posts, water and electricity,
up to 2 Mbit/s, and has a fibre-optic offering
established by the 14/2005 decree. The 3/2004
with speeds up to 200 Mbit/s, the fastest in
Base Law of Telecommunications guides the
sub-Saharan Africa. A high-capacity microwave
Authority’s activities for that sector. The Authority
connection was deployed between the islands of
is also responsible for managing the universal
São Toméand Principe in 2015. The transmission
service fund and providing technical assistance for
link covers 176 km, one of the longest microwave
the transition to digital broadcasting.
routes in the world, and provides 300 Mbit/s
of capacity, more than nine times the previous
Conclusion: A relatively high level of basic access
link. São Tomé and Principe relied on satellite for
to ICTs has been achieved thanks to the arrival
international Internet connectivity until the arrival
of the ACE submarine cable and introduction
of the ACE undersea fibre-optic cable in 2012.
of competition provide a platform to leverage
STP Cable was established as a public–private
high-speed digital technologies to diversify the
partnership to manage the country’s holdings in
economy and enhance delivery of government
ACE with the goal of open access and cost-based
services.
wholesale costs. Members of STP Cable are the
Government and the two telecommunication
operators. Connection to ACE increased speeds
by a factor of 100 and significantly lowered prices.
Phase 4 of ACE began in 2017, which will result in
a new link from São Tomé and Principe to South
Africa, providing redundancy through an additional
route to other submarine cables.
Government policy: The country’s Poverty

Reduction Strategy Paper calls for promoting
access to information with policy measures,
including increasing accessibility, using ICTs
for government services and developing
entrepreneurial initiatives. The Ministry of

Saudi Arabia Key indicators for Saudi Arabia (2016)
Arab
States
World

Saudi Arabia has continued to adopt advanced Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 157.6 107.1 101.5
technologies and ICT services. The ICT market Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 10.8 4.7 12.4
is highly competitive, with relatively low prices Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 78.5 45.2 52.2
and high usage of fixed and mobile broadband 3G coverage (% of population) 97.2 81.9 85.0
services. LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 88.0 33.8 66.5
Mobile services: Saudi Arabia ranks as one of Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 1.1 10.1 13.9
the top countries in mobile cellular and mobile Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 1.0 4.5 3.7
broadband penetration compared to other Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 0.6 5.5 6.8
Arab States countries and globally. This can be Percentage of households with computer 69.0 43.3 46.6
attributed to the strong competition between Percentage of households with Internet access 94.6 45.3 51.5
its three telecommunication operators: the Percentage of individuals using the Internet 73.8 41.8 45.9
incumbent operator Saudi Telecommunication Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 78.2 39.0 74.5
Company (STC), Mobily, and Zain. STC was the Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
first company in Saudi Arabia to provide mobile
services. STC began facing competition when an e-Transaction act and a cyber security act.
Mobily (Etihad Etisalat Company) was granted In line with the Saudi Arabia Vision 2030, and in
the second licence in 2004 and launched its implementation of the National Transformation
services in 2005. The third mobile operator, Program 2020, CITC and MCIT support and
Zain, entered the ICT market in 2008. All three promote the Kingdom’s economy, develop the
competing companies offer a wide range of ICT sector, and build national talents. The MCIT
mobile services (GSM, 3G, and LTE). Spectrum is currently developing strategies and initiatives
in the 700MHz/900MHz/1800MHz/2100MHz to achieve the strategic objectives assigned to it
bands were awarded to these operators with in the National Transformation Program. The 10
the licences. In 2014, the regulator licensed two strategic objectives set out by the Ministry include:
mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs): Virgin provide critical resources, especially frequency
collaborated with STC, and Lebara partnered with spectrum for ICT providers, and to provide
Mobily and started offering a variety of mobile broadband services to all regions in the Kingdom
services. by stimulating investments in infrastructure and
developing tools and techniques, and regulatory
Fixed services: The number of Internet users has frameworks.
increased rapidly in recent years. The main reasons
behind the increase is the high competition Conclusion: Over the past 15 years, the Kingdom
between the data service providers, who have of Saudi Arabia has achieved great success in the
deployed FTTH networks in all major cities, in deployment of ICT services, and promotion of their
addition to high affordability of citizens and use, resulting in making Saudi Arabia one of the
residents. The increase in the demand for Internet world’s most connected countries. The success of
services and broadband is linked to high use of the strategic objectives is expected to strengthen
social networking applications, video on demand, the position of Saudi Arabia as a global ICT hub.
and gaming.
Government policy: Communications and

Information Technology Commission (CITC) was
established in 2001. The key achievements by
the Ministry of Communications and Information
Technology (MCIT) and CITC during the last
15 years include: liberalizing mobile and fixed
telecommunication markets, promoting fair and
effective competition, developing a national
frequency plan and a national numbering
plan, establishing a universal service fund,
introducing a unified licensing regime, issuing

Senegal Key indicators for Senegal (2016) Africa World
Senegal is aiming to leverage digital Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 98.7 74.6 101.5
technologies to cement its position as an ICT hub Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.6 0.4 12.4
for the West Africa sub-region. Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 26.1 22.9 52.2
Mobile services: There are three nationwide
mobile operators: the incumbent SONATEL,
offering service under the Orange brand; TIGO,
a subsidiary of Luxembourg-headquartered
MILLICOM, which has been in the Senegalese Percentage of households with computer 15.1 9.6 46.6
market since 1999; and EXPRESSO, which launched Percentage of households with Internet access 19.9 16.3 51.5
operations in 2009 and is a subsidiary of SUDATEL, Percentage of individuals using the Internet 25.7 19.9 45.9
the incumbent telecommunication operator in Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 5.0 51.0 74.5
Sudan. Senegal has one of the highest levels of
mobile access in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2015, 93 Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
per cent of households had a portable telephone,

have some fibre-optic infrastructure, as does
with not a huge difference between urban (97
the electrical utility. Leveraging its favourable
per cent) and rural (89 per cent) areas.403 In 2009,
geography on the West Coast of Africa, Senegal
EXPRESSO launched the country’s first wireless
was one of the first countries in the region to
broadband network based on lesser-used CDMA
connect to an undersea fibre-optic network
technology. In 2010, it then launched a 3G+
through the Atlantis-2 cable in 2000. Since then,
network, followed by SONATEL in 2011 and TIGO
two other cables have landed in Dakar: SAT-3/
in 2013. SONATEL commercially launched LTE
WASC in 2002, and ACE in 2012. There are plans to
in 2016, when its license was renewed. Under
launch an IXP.
the conditions of its license renewal, SONATEL is
obligated to provide LTE coverage to 70 per cent of
the population by 2020 and 90 per cent by 2025.
and Telecommunications is responsible for
ICT policy and strategy in the country. The
Fixed services: SONATEL was partly privatized
Telecommunications and Post Regulatory
in 1997, when shares were sold to then-France
Authority was created in 2001 as sector regulator.
Telecom (now Orange). Some of its shares were
The 2011 Code of Telecommunications governs
listed on the regional stock exchange and some
its activities. The key policy document is the
offered to employees, resulting in a mixed
2016 Digital Senegal Strategy. It calls for making
ownership (Orange France Group (42 per cent),
broadband a priority by supporting public–
the Government of Senegal (27 per cent), publicly
private partnerships for infrastructure sharing
held (25 per cent) and employees (8 per cent)).
and deploying networks in unserved areas. The
SONATEL has also emerged as a significant regional
policy’s vision is “digital for all” by 2025. The
investor, establishing operations in Mali in 2002,
strategy calls for application of broadband across
Guinea and Guinea-Bissau in 2007, and Sierra
different areas such as connecting schools, putting
Leone in 2016. SONATEL dominates the fixed
government services online and wider use of
telecommunications market. A universal service
electronic commerce. A large technology park is
provider launched operations in the region of
being constructed near Diamniadio, around 100
Matam in 2013. Most fixed broadband connections
km from Dakar. With state-of-the-art broadband
are using ADSL. Although fibre-optic connections
infrastructure, it aims be the leading ICT cluster in
are available and offered by all operators, they are
West Africa.
mainly targeted at large businesses or government.
In early 2017, three new ISP licenses were issued.
Conclusion: Senegal began the process of ICT
There is also discussion about establishing neutral
sector reform early on by partly privatizing its
wholesale international and national backbone
incumbent telecommunication operator SONATEL
operators. There are some 9 000 km of fibre-
in 1997. The Government licensed a second mobile
optic cable deployed across the country. SONATEL
operator in 1998, created a sector regulator
and the Government have their own nationwide
in 2001 and issued a third operator license in
backbones, while the other two operators also
2007. Though most of these steps took place in

the “narrowband” era, they laid the foundation
for deployment of broadband technologies.
The Government’s recent efforts will further
strengthen Senegal as a leading ICT hub in West
Africa.

Serbia Key indicators for Serbia (2016) Europe World
Serbia has some of the highest penetration Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 120.6 118.0 101.5
rates for mobile services in the Balkans and Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 19.2 30.2 12.4
a competitive market with three competing Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 67.4 80.1 52.2
operators. The fixed market was liberalized 3G coverage (% of population) 98.5 98.5 85.0
relatively late in 2010 and fixed-broadband
penetration remains low compared to the
European average.
Mobile services: Serbia’s mobile-cellular and Percentage of households with computer 65.8 79.6 46.6
mobile-broadband penetration are relatively Percentage of households with Internet access 64.7 82.5 51.5
high compared with neighbouring countries and Percentage of individuals using the Internet 67.1 77.9 45.9
around the European average. Srbija Telekom has Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 26.3 178.0 74.5
the largest market share in terms of subscriptions,
with 47 per cent of total subscriptions at the end Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
of 2016, although in terms of revenues Telenor has

the sector liberalization and modernization.
the largest share in the Serbian mobile market.
Telecommunication reform was promoted
Srbija Telekom, which is majority owned by the
and the country has participated in different
Republic of Serbia, has been offering mobile
projects aiming to assist in improving Serbia’s
services since 1998. Its competitors are Telenor,
ICT infrastructure. The process of liberalization
with a 31 per cent market share, and Vip Mobile,
and the end of Telekom Srbija monopoly in
which holds 22 per cent of the mobile market in
the telecommunication sector began with the
the country. Both Telenor and Vip Mobile started
adoption of the Serbia Telecommunications Law
operations in 2006, when the mobile market
in 2003, which also established the Republic
was liberalized. Telenor is majority owned by
Telecommunication Agency (RATEL, 2016).
the Telenor Group, and Vip Mobile by Telekom
Austria. Two virtual mobile operators were
Conclusion: The liberalization and modernization
present in 2016, but only one of them provided
of Serbia’s telecommunication market over the
services in late 2016. Mobile number portability
past two decades have resulted in high mobile
was introduced in 2011 and a regional roaming
penetration. A majority of households are
agreement with Montenegro, TFYR Macedonia
connected to the Internet and broadband is on the
and Bosnia andHerzegovina is in place since 2015.
rise in Serbia.
Mobile-broadband penetration is relatively high
and comparable to the European average. In
March 2015, LTE services were launched in Serbia
and all three mobile operators continue to invest
in LTE deployment (RATEL, 2016).
Fixed services: Telekom Srbija is the market

leader in the fixed segment as well, with a market
share of 46 per cent. Until 2010, Telekom Srbija
held a monopoly in fixed telephony. By the
end of 2016, 30 registered operators provided
fixed-telephone services in Serbia. The fixed-
telephone penetration is one of the highest in
the Balkans and close to the European average.
Fixed-broadband penetration is somewhat lower
compared to neighbouring countries and the
European average (RATEL, 2016).
Government policy: Serbia’s ongoing integration

with the EU has had an important impact on
the telecommunication sector and fostered

Seychelles Key indicators for Seychelles (2016) Africa World
The Indian Ocean archipelago is the least Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 161.2 74.6 101.5
populated nation in Africa, with one of the Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 14.9 0.4 12.4
highest levels of ICT access in the region. Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 22.6 22.9 52.2
Mobile services: There are two mobile operators
in Seychelles: Cable and Wireless, a subsidiary of
Cable and Wireless Communications (CWC); and
AIRTEL, a subsidiary of the Indian mobile group.
Mobile penetration is high, with 94 per cent of Percentage of households with computer 56.7 9.6 46.6
households having a mobile phone, the third- Percentage of households with Internet access 55.2 16.3 51.5
highest level in sub-Saharan Africa.404 Mobile- Percentage of individuals using the Internet 56.5 19.9 45.9
broadband has been available since 2006 with Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 52.4 51.0 74.5
the launch of 3G networks. The mobile network
has been upgraded to the latest technology with Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
AIRTEL launching LTE using 800 MHz in 2014 (its

Telecommunication Act of 2000. The National
first LTE deployment in Africa) and LTE using 1800
ICT Policy has five focus areas: (a) promotion
MHz in 2015; Cable & Wireless launched LTE in
of affordable, modern and high-quality ICT
2015 using the 800/1800 MHz spectrum.
infrastructure and services; (b) fostering an
enabling legal and regulatory framework to ensure
Fixed services: Incumbent Cable and Wireless
growth of the ICT sector; (c) development of
has always been private and its operations in
human resources with appropriate ICT skills; (d)
Seychelles date to 1893. Parent CWC is owned
leveraging ICT to attract investment and stimulate
by Liberty Global. Cable and Wireless Seychelles
economic growth; and (e) enabling online
offers prepaid and postpaid copper landline
government services.
telephone service. In addition, Intelvision offers
fixed telephony over its fibre-optic network
Conclusion: The Government has installed a
and Kokonet offers voice-over-Internet Protocol
predictable regulatory framework and generated
(VoIP). Fixed-broadband is available through
a realistic degree of competition in the ICT sector
ADSL, fibre-optic and fixed wireless technologies.
given the country’s small population. It was
Fixed-broadband penetration is high by regional
proactive in creating a public–private partnership
standards.
in order to procure a critical undersea fibre-
optic connection. These strategies have resulted
The landing of Seychelles East Africa System (SEAS)
in Seychelles having some of the highest ICT
submarine cable in mid-2012 has revolutionized
penetration rates in sub-Saharan Africa.
Internet access through the dramatic increase in
international bandwidth and consequent drop in
prices. The country’s interest in SEAS is managed
by Seychelles Cable System Ltd. (SCS), a public–
private partnership whose owners consist of the
Government of Seychelles, AIRTEL, and Cable and
Wireless. The 1 930 km fibre-optic cable goes to
Tanzania, where it is connected to other submarine
cable systems in the region. SCS has an ownership
stake in EASSy through its participation in the
West Indian Ocean Cable Company.
Government policy: The Department of

Information Communications Technology
under the Office of the President is responsible
for sector policy and regulation as well as the
implementation of e-government. The main
legislative document is the Broadcasting and

Sierra Leone Key indicators for Sierra Leone (2016) Africa World
The West African nation has embarked on Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 97.6 74.6 101.5
the expansion of its telecommunications Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. n.a. 0.4 12.4
infrastructure following the civil war, including Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 23.4 22.9 52.2
enabling a competitive mobile market and 3G coverage (% of population) 40.0 59.3 85.0
access to submarine cable. More interventions
are necessary to bridge the urban rural digital
divide and strategize ICT for economic growth.
Mobile services: The country has three mobile Percentage of households with computer 4.2 9.6 46.6
operators: Orange, a subsidiary of Senegal’s Percentage of households with Internet access 10.7 16.3 51.5
SONATEL, which took over AIRTEL in 2016 and Percentage of individuals using the Internet 11.8 19.9 45.9
rebranded as Orange; SMART, which launched Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) n.a. 51.0 74.5
in 2014 and is owned by Timeturns Holdings, a
mobile group registered in Cyprus; and AFRICELL, Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
which launched in 2005 and is owned by a

Government policy: The sector policy-maker is
Lebanese mobile group. Fifty-five per cent of
the Ministry of Information and Communication.
households had mobile phones in 2013, including
The National ICT Policy dates from 1999. Initiatives
85 per cent in urban areas but just 41 per cent
included (a) amending the legal and regulatory
in rural ones. One of the challenges is the lack
framework; (b) establishing a Centre for ICT
of electricity in many rural areas. In respect to
Intelligence; (c) improving Internet connectivity;
mobile-broadband, the first 3G network was
(d) expanding fixed and mobile networks in
launched by AFRICELL in 2011, followed by Orange
remote areas; (e) developing services and
in 2012 and SMART in 2014.
applications by local suppliers; (f) building capacity
and developing national ICT skills; (g) providing
Fixed services: Sierra Leone Telecommunications
ICT services and skills for the marginalized/
Company (SIERRATEL) is the State-owned
disadvantaged; (h) developing geo-information;
incumbent. It has been progressively rebuilding
(i) providing affordable universal access/service;
network infrastructure damaged during the
and (j) conducting an ICT and E-readiness
country’s civil war. SIERRATEL provides fixed-
Survey. The National Telecommunications
telephone service using copper lines and, more
Commission is the sector regulator guided by the
broadly, CDMA wireless local loop. SIERRATEL
Telecommunications Amendment Act of 2015.
offers fixed-broadband with its CDMA EVDO
fixed wireless product. There are also fixed
Conclusion: Despite the challenging circumstances
wireless broadband operators. There is a national
emerging from civil war, Sierra Leone has a
broadband network spanning around 400 km
competitive mobile market and is making
constructed. It forms part of the ECOWAS Regional
efforts to improve Internet connectivity. The
Backbone initiative, stretching from the Liberian to
Government has facilitated access to wholesale
the Guinean border. The country’s first undersea
networks and adopted a new telecommunications
fibre-optic cable link became a reality in 2012,
law that establishes the foundation for deeper
when Sierra Leone connected to the ACE system.
infrastructure development and enabling ICT in
The connection is managed by Sierra Leone Cable
other sectors of the economy.
Limited (SALCAB), incorporated as a limited liability
company in 2012 and 100 per cent owned by the
Government of Sierra Leone. SALCAB manages
the Government’s assets in the national backbone
and ACE, and provides cost-based open access
to telecommunication companies in the country.
Open access to ACE was stymied until 2015, when
the Parliament voted to end SIERRATEL’s monopoly
over international gateways.

Singapore Key indicators for Singapore (2016)
Asia &
Pacific
World

The island nation has striven incessantly to be Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 148.0 98.9 101.5
a regional ICT leader. Its proactive Government Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 25.6 11.3 12.4
ensures that the nation remains at the forefront Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 146.0 47.4 52.2
of technology, with widespread access and low 3G coverage (% of population) 100.0 87.6 85.0
prices. LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 100.0 73.6 66.5
Mobile services: Singapore has one of the most Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 0.5 14.5 13.9
developed mobile markets in the world, with Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 0.2 2.7 3.7
high penetration, the latest technology and low Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 0.3 5.4 6.8
prices. The market consists of the incumbent Percentage of households with computer 86.6 37.8 46.6
Singapore Telecom along with M1 and StarHub, Percentage of households with Internet access 91.1 45.5 51.5
all publicly listed companies. In addition, TPG Percentage of individuals using the Internet 81.0 41.5 45.9
Telecom recently entered the market after winning Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 982.9 48.0 74.5
the auction for a fourth licence in December Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
2016. Mobile access is ubiquitous with 90 per
cent of individuals aged 7 and above owning framework for the sector. Oversight for the
a mobile cellular phone in 2016 (Infocomm telecommunication sector is the responsibility of
Media Development Authority, 2017). Mobile the Info-communications Media Development
broadband has been available since 2005 when Authority of Singapore (IMDA). The Authority
3G was launched, and LTE was deployed in 2011. was created in 2016 from the merger of the
2G networks have been phased out since April Info-communications Development Authority
2017, while LTE subscriptions accounted for 71 of Singapore (IDA) and the Media Development
per cent of the market in July 2017. Smartphone Authority of Singapore (MDA) in response to
penetration is high with almost three quarters (74 the converged media and information and
per cent) of the population aged seven years and communications sectors. This followed the launch,
older used a smartphone.405 in August 2015, of the Infocomm Media 2025, the
first integrated industry development plan for the
Fixed services: Singapore Telecom is the main info-communications and media sectors. It also
provider of fixed telephone services, using copper recognises the importance of the Digital Economy
landlines and, increasingly, optical fibre through in transforming many sectors in the economy.
bundled offers. Other operators also provide fixed The Infocomm Media 2025 has three key thrusts:
telephony as part of double or triple play offers. i) capitalize on data, advanced communications
Although subscriptions have fallen, penetration and computational technologies; ii) nurture an
remains high compared to other countries. The infocomm media ecosystem that encourages risk-
overwhelming majority of broadband subscriptions taking and continuous experimentation; and iii)
in the country are for optical fibre as a result of connect people through infocomm media.
the Next Gen Nationwide Infocomm Infrastructure
wholesale/retail service model and the ease Conclusion: Singapore has long had ongoing
of connecting the large number of multilevel ICT plans that are adapted to industry changes
residential and office buildings in the country. and thus effective and relevant. The competitive
Singapore has one of the highest penetrations ICT market ensures that the country continually
of fibre to the home/building in the world.406 adopts the latest technologies. The result is a
The country is a leading international Internet country that is a global leader in connectedness to
connection hub for regional and international ultra-high-speed broadband networks.
undersea fibre-optic cables. There are at least
five Internet Exchange Points and the Singapore
Internet Exchange, launched in 2010, is the largest
in South-East Asia.

Act, as last amended in 2017, and subsidiary
legislation, provides the underlying legal

Slovakia Key indicators for Slovakia (2016) Europe World
Slovakia has a highly competitive mobile market, Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 128.0 118.0 101.5
with affordable prices for mobile-cellular Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 24.5 30.2 12.4
and mobile-broadband services. The fixed Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 78.7 80.1 52.2
voice market is still largely dominated by the 3G coverage (% of population) 94.0 98.5 85.0
incumbent operator and penetration rates are
comparatively low.
Mobile services: Four mobile operators are active
in Slovakia. The former state-owned operator, Percentage of households with computer 80.9 79.6 46.6
EuroTel, was fully privatized and rebranded as Percentage of households with Internet access 80.5 82.5 51.5
T-Mobile in 2005.407 In 2010 Slovak Telekom Percentage of individuals using the Internet 80.5 77.9 45.9
became the legal successor of T- Mobile Slovensko. Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 52.4 178.0 74.5
Slovakia’s second mobile operator Globtel was
acquired by France Télécom in 2002 and the Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
company was rebranded to Orange in 2003. In

aligned with those of the European Union.
2006, Telefónica O2 won the bid for Slovakia’s
Concerning broadband development, Slovakia’s
third mobile licence and started its services the
National Broadband Strategy, and the Strategic
following year.408 Mobile-number portability was
Document for Digital Growth and Next Generation
introduced in 2006.409 Slovakia’s fourth mobile
Access Infrastructure 2014-2020, are at centre
operator Swan has been offering mobile-cellular
of the ICT agenda. The strategy aims at having
services since 2015, further increasing competition
all households covered with 30 Mbit/s high-
in the market.410 In addition to mobile services,
speed Internet. In order to increase competition
Orange and Swan have been offering fixed
and ensure the profitability of investments,
services to Slovakian customers since 2006 and
the government has simplified the building of
2000, respectively. Mobile-cellular penetration is
ICT networks, coordinated its construction and
relatively high and mobile broadband is growing
regulated prices as well as access to networks.412
rapidly, with a penetration rate close to the
European average. Mobile-cellular and mobile-
Conclusion: Most of the population is using
broadband prices are very affordable and a high
the Internet and policies are in place that aim
percentage of the population is covered by a 3G or
at further increasing competition in the mobile
even LTE signal.
markets and access to and use of broadband
networks. Telecom operators in Slovakia have
Fixed services: Slovakia has a very low fixed-
been undertaking extensive investment in their
telephone penetration and the fixed-broadband
own networks, especially since 2016, thanks to
penetration remains below the European average
which the LTE network currently covers more than
as well. The fixed-voice market was officially
87 per cent of the population.
liberalized in 2003, but the incumbent operator
Slovak Telekom (now fully owned by Deutsche
Telekom) continues to maintain a quasi-monopoly
in the fixed-voice market.411 In the fixed-
broadband market, the incumbent’s market share
stands at 34 per cent in 2016 and thus below the
European Union average (European Commission,
2017). This highlights the strong competition in the
fixed-broadband market.
Government policy: The liberalization of the

telecommunication sector, as many other
aspects of Slovakia policy, was shaped by the
accession to the European Union in 2004. The
telecommunication market was liberalized,
competition intensified, and regulatory measures

Slovenia Key indicators for Slovenia (2016) Europe World
Slovenia’s fixed market, while dominated Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 114.6 118.0 101.5
by the incumbent operator, has relatively Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 28.3 30.2 12.4
high penetration rates compared with other Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 62.2 80.1 52.2
Central European countries. At the same time, 3G coverage (% of population) 98.1 98.5 85.0
convergence in broadband services has been
strong in the country and mobile-broadband
subscriptions are on the rise.
Mobile services: Four mobile network operators Percentage of households with computer 78.1 79.6 46.6
are serving the market, three of them having Percentage of households with Internet access 78.4 82.5 51.5
nation-wide coverage. In addition, there are Percentage of individuals using the Internet 75.5 77.9 45.9
five MVNOs. The incumbent operator Telekom Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 239.2 178.0 74.5
Slovenije merged with mobile market leader
Mobitel in 2011, further fortifying the Telekom Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
Sovenije market share, which stands at 47

broadband development, Slovenia’s entry into the
per cent in 2016, and which is well above the
EU had an important impact on the government
European Union average (34 per cent) (European
policies in place as well. In 2016, the government
Commission, 2017).413 Telekom Slovenije was the
adopted the “Development Strategy for the
first operator to offer LTE services in late 2012.
Information Society until 2020 – Digital Slovenia
Almost the entire population is covered by a 3G
2020”. The strategy aims at providing 96 per cent
signal and LTE coverage is close to complete as
of Slovenian households with speeds of at least
well.
100 Mbit/s by 2020, and the remaining 4 per cent
with at least 30 Mbit/s. The Slovenia government
Fixed services: Fixed-telephone and fixed-
supports the expansion of broadband networks
broadband penetration are close to the EU
by implementing cost reduction methods such as
average and higher than in most other Central
detailed mapping and coverage analyses, open
European countries. Slovenia has implemented all
tenders and regulatory measures that ensure
of the competitive safeguards foreseen in the EU
open access networks and the use of existing
regulatory framework, including interconnection
infrastructure. 415 In the end of 2016, the Ministry
regulation, infrastructure access, tariff rebalancing,
inquired about commercial interest in areas not
carrier pre-selection, wholesale broadband
covered by networks offering 100 Mbit/s speed
access, wholesale line rental and fixed number
connections and established white spots that
portability. While market access has been fully
would be subject to state aid.
liberalized starting from 2001, incumbent operator
Telekom Slovenije remains the leading player in
Conclusion: EU policies and regulations have
the fixed market. Competition is increasing in
shaped the Slovenia telecommunication market
the fibre sector, with alternative operator T-2
and contributed to growth in the sector in the
deploying networks and the regulator obliging
last decade. Policies are in place to continue this
Telekom Slovenije to offer wholesale broadband
development with the government putting an
access as well as local loop unbundling (EBRD,
emphasis on broadband development to connect
2012b). Slovenia’s Next-Generation Broadband
more of the population.
Network Development Plan found that broadband
infrastructure development is lagging behind other
European countries mostly in rural areas, where
people live in particularly dispersed settlements
(The Republic of Slovenia, 2016).
Government policy: The 2001

Telecommunications Act brought Slovenia’s
telecommunication market in line with the EU.
The market was liberalized and the monopoly
of Telekom Slovenije ended.414 With regard to

Solomon Islands Key indicators for Solomon Islands (2016)
Asia &
Pacific
World

The introduction of competition in the mobile Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 69.9 98.9 101.5
sector has rapidly increased mobile access and Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.2 11.3 12.4
coverage. The launch of an undersea submarine Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 12.9 47.4 52.2
cable is expected to further boost the ICT sector 3G coverage (% of population) 72.0 87.6 85.0
in the Solomon Islands. LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 13.3 73.6 66.5
Mobile services: The incumbent Solomon Telekom Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 237.4 14.5 13.9
launched its GSM network in September 2003. Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 6.3 2.7 3.7
Bemobile from Papua New Guinea entered the Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 15.8 5.4 6.8
market in 2010. Until the arrival of Bemobile, Percentage of households with computer 7.4 37.8 46.6
mobile coverage was essentially limited to urban Percentage of households with Internet access 8.5 45.5 51.5
areas, only ten percent of the population being Percentage of individuals using the Internet 11.0 41.5 45.9
within reach of a mobile signal. Subscription Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 12.0 48.0 74.5
penetration rose five-fold between 2009 and Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
2011, from less than 10 per cent of the population
to just over half. Coverage of mobile networks mid-2017, the government announced it would
has grown rapidly with 78 per cent of households fund the cable running some 3 400 kilometres
having a mobile phone in 2015 (97 per cent in to Sydney, including a domestic spur linking two
urban areas and 74 per cent in rural areas) (NSO provincial cities to Honiara. The cable should be
Solomon Islands, 2017). In the third quarter of completed in 2019.
2011, both operators launched 3G (HSDPA) in
Honiara and coverage remains limited. Most of the Government policy: The Ministry of
other islands are restricted to 2G Internet access Communication and Aviation (MCA) is responsible
(i.e., GPRS and EDGE). for sector oversight. An ICT policy is under
development. Meanwhile, the country's National
Fixed services: Solomon Telekom was a joint Development Strategy 2016-2035 lays out the
venture between the Government and the Government's two key mid-term activities
United Kingdom’s Cable & Wireless. Most of the for the ICT sector: i) linking communities with
Government's shares, held by the Investment telecommunication networks and ii) establishing a
Corporation of the Solomon Islands (ICSI), were fibre-optic submarine cable system and providing
transferred to the National Provident Fund (NPF) broadband services. The Telecommunications
so that at the end of 2013 NPF owned 65 per Act of 2009 prepared the way for sector
cent. In 2014, CWC sold its shareholding to NPF. liberalization by introducing competition. The
Solomon Telekom is the only fixed telephone Act also established a regulatory agency, the
provider and the number of subscriptions is Telecommunications Commission of the Solomon
limited. Solomon Telekom offers ADSL broadband Islands (TCSI). A 2009 Settlement Arrangement
in Honiara, Auki and Gizo. Satsol, a satellite TV ended the exclusivities of Solomon Telekom, the
provider, also offers Internet services using incumbent telecommunication operator.
WiMAX technology with a top speed of 512 kbps.
Microwave is used for some domestic backhaul Conclusion: Sector reform, including the
routes but is not a feasible nationwide solution introduction of competition in the mobile market,
since many islands are too far away. More has increased access to mobile services. The
costly domestic satellite links are used for these eventual launch of the submarine cable will sharply
locations. International connectivity is via satellite increase Internet capacity at lower cost, which
using several providers. In 2012, plans were under should trigger wider access and higher speeds.
way, with the support of the Asian Development
Bank, to deploy an undersea fibre-optic cable
for international connectivity, and the Solomons
Oceanic Cable Company (SOCC) was formed to
manage and operate the cable with the proposed
route from Honiara to Sydney. However, a rival
option emerged and the process was delayed. In

Somalia Key indicators for Somalia (2016)
Arab
States
World

The Somalia telecommunication market has Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 58.1 107.1 101.5
persisted despite the lack of guidance from a Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.8 4.7 12.4
central government or sector regulator since Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 2.4 45.2 52.2
1991. With many competing operators and 3G coverage (% of population) 38.7 81.9 85.0
service providers, Somalia offers competitive LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) n.a. 33.8 66.5
telecom and Internet services with relatively low Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 25.1 4.3 5.2
prices compared to neighbouring countries. Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 259.0 10.1 13.9
Mobile services: Mobile telecommunications Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) n.a. 5.5 6.8
have had a positive impact on the economy of Percentage of households with computer 2.6 43.3 46.6
Somalia, despite the lack of regulation. Private Percentage of households with Internet access n.a. 45.3 51.5
and unlicensed mobile companies using satellites Percentage of individuals using the Internet 1.9 41.8 45.9
for international communications have emerged Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 1.4 39.0 74.5
to serve the high demand for communications. Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
Fixed lines and mobile phones are being offered by
many telecommunication operators such as: Golis Tariffs are among the lowest in Africa. However,
Telecom Somalia, Hormuud, NationLink Telecom, the absence of regulation has also led to
Somali Telecom Group, Galkom, Global Internet problems with frequency spectrum coordination
Company, Telcom, Netco, Somafone, Telcom and interconnection between networks. There
Puntland, and Telenet International. Starting in is a growing need in Somalia for a policy and
2012, many mobile operators began launching regulatory framework and the establishment
3G services in Somaliland and soon expanded to of a regulatory body that is managerially and
other regions. A number of telecommunication financially independent from the Somalia
operators are offering LTE services in the region, telecommunication operators. The absence of
including Somtel International and Telesom, both regulation in the ICT and telecommunication
of which are based in Somaliland, while Globalsom sector has resulted in having illegal companies
and Sahal Telecom have launched time division operating in the country. In 2012, a national
duplex LTE (TD-LTE) networks in Mogadishu. communications act was approved that lays the
In 2015, global satellite service provider O3b foundation for the establishment of a national
Networks signed satellite connectivity contracts communications regulator in the broadcasting
with three Somalia telecommunication operators. and telecommunications sectors.416 The proposed
communications act was approved again in June
Fixed services: The penetration rate of fixed 2016. However, it was put on hold following
telephone and fixed broadband is low as most concerns raised by the private sector. In May
of the operators are concentrating in providing 2017 MPT began a consultation on a new draft
mobile services. Internet connections are mainly communications law that aims to establish the
provided via dial-up, GPRS, ADSL, and long range legal, regulatory, and institutional frameworks for
Ethernet (LRE). Wireless and satellite services also the country’s thriving telecommunication sector.
exist in Somalia. Most companies are beginning
to provide VoIP services. The installation of East Conclusion: Recent progress in the political
Africa Submarine Cable System (EASSy) in Somalia stability and the formation of a new government
has supported its ICT and telecommunication are good signs of a stabilisation of the country and
infrastructure development. to become more attractive to foreign investment,
which is needed to take the telecommunication
Government policy: The Ministry of Post and and broadband sector to the next level. The
Telecommunication (MPT) oversees the ICT and government is beginning to regulate the sector
telecommunication sector in Somalia. Somali and is planning to issue new spectrum licences
ICT Development Association (SICTDA) is a non- that will allow the operation of high-speed mobile
governmental, non-profit association that aims broadband technologies.
to promote ICT applications in all aspects of
life to accelerate development. There are no
regulations or taxes, and no service obligation.

South Africa Key indicators for South Africa (2016) Africa World
With the most advanced ICT networks in sub- Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 153.1 74.6 101.5
Saharan Africa, South Africa is striving to Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 2.1 0.4 12.4
enhance its digital capacity by moving to the Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 58.6 22.9 52.2
highest possible broadband speeds. 3G coverage (% of population) 98.0 59.3 85.0

Mobile services: The mobile market consists of
four players: Vodacom (65 per cent owned by
Vodafone UK), which launched in 1994; MTN,
which also launched in 1994; Cell C, majority Percentage of households with computer 24.4 9.6 46.6
owned by OGER Telecom of Saudi Arabia, which Percentage of households with Internet access 53.0 16.3 51.5
launched in 2001; and Telkom, the incumbent Percentage of individuals using the Internet 54.0 19.9 45.9
fixed-service operator, which entered the mobile Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 263.0 51.0 74.5
market in 2010. Mobile telephony is virtually
universal with87.0 per cent of households having Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
mobile phones in 2016.417 All of the mobile

optic backbones, although in some instances at
operators have launched mobile-broadband,
the cost of infrastructure duplication. South Africa
including the latest LTE technology. LTE-Advanced
is connected to more than a half dozen undersea
trials in the country have achieved download
fibre-optic cables at several landing stations.
speeds of 1 Gbit/s by through-carrier aggregation
There are two IXPs: (a) INX, with peering centres
and combining different frequencies. The 3G
in Johannesburg, Cape Town and Durban; and (b)
population coverage is practically ubiquitous, with
NAP Africa, operating in the same three cities.
99 per cent of inhabitants able to receive a signal.
More than three-quarters of the population is
Government policy: The Department of
within range of an LTE signal, the highest level of
Telecommunications and Postal Services is the
coverage in sub-Saharan Africa. Consequently,
sector policy-maker. There are several sector
the penetration of smartphones and mobile-
policies and strategies. The National Integrated
broadband use is growing. MTN and Vodacom
ICT Policy White Paper was adopted in 2016.
are also active investors in other African mobile
The new policy identifies areas where there
markets. MTN is present in 21 other sub-Saharan
are infrastructure and service gaps and how
African markets, while Vodacom is present in 4
Government and private sector investment can
markets.
address the gaps to narrow the digital divide. The
2013 South Africa Connect outlines the nation’s
Fixed services: Incumbent Telkom was partly
broadband policy. The overall policy goal is to
privatized in 1997, when 30 per cent was sold to
achieve an average broadband speed of 100
a consortium. In 2003, the remaining shares were
Mbit/s by 2030 with interim targets established
listed on the local stock market. Ownership at the
for households, schools, medical facilities and
end of 2016 was 39 per cent to the Government,
government. The Independent Communications
with the remainder divided among institutional
Authority of South Africa is responsible for
and public shareholders. Telkom dominates the
regulating telecommunications, broadcasting and
fixed-telephone market with the vast majority
postal industries. The Authority was established in
of its connections copper landlines. Telkom also
July 2000 as a merger of the telecommunications
dominates the fixed-broadband market, primarily
regulator the South African Telecommunications
through its ADSL offerings, with top speeds of
Regulatory Authority and the Independent
40 Mbit/s; it also provides ADSL at wholesale.
Broadcasting Authority. In 2006, the authority’s
Wireless fixed access and fibre-optic connections
mandate was expanded to include postal services.
are available from a number of ISPs, though
The Electronic Communications Act (Act 36 of
take-up is significantly less than ADSL. Telkom’s
2006) is the legislation governing the electronic
monopoly over the national backbone ended in
communications and broadcasting sectors, whilst
2005 and, since then, a number of infrastructure
the Postal Services Act of 1998 governs the postal
companies as well as the mobile operators have
sector.
been deploying fibre-optic networks. As a result,
the nation is increasingly criss-crossed with fibre-

Conclusion: South Africa is at the forefront of
the region’s technological development with the
latest broadband technologies and wide coverage.
This has been enabled by a suitable regulatory
framework and a competitive private sector-driven
market. Cost remains an issue due to significant
duplication in backbone networks, with a need to
move to a cost-based open access regime.

South Sudan Key indicators for South Sudan (2016) Africa World
Despite the challenging circumstances, South Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 21.5 74.6 101.5
Sudan, the world's newest nation, is beginning to Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.0 0.4 12.4
register uptake of mobile services and satellite Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 1.1 22.9 52.2
communication albeit from a low base. 3G coverage (% of population) 20.0 59.3 85.0
Mobile services: There is a significant level of
competition, with three operators who were
in operation before independence, but have
since separated their operations from the Percentage of households with computer 4.3 9.6 46.6
North. These are: ZAIN, 100 per cent owned by Percentage of households with Internet access 3.6 16.3 51.5
the Kuwaiti mobile group; MTN, 100 per cent Percentage of individuals using the Internet 6.7 19.9 45.9
owned by the South African mobile group; and Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 0.4 51.0 74.5
VIVACELL, owned by a Lebanese group. SUDATEL,
the Sudanese operator, and GEMTEL, owned by Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
the Libyan Government’s investment arm, have

Conclusion: Despite the challenging economic and
both withdrawn from the market. Penetration
security situation, mobile and Internet networks
remains low due to limited incomes and the
continue to operate, mainly in urban areas. Before
troublesome security situation, which has inhibited
the outbreak of civil war, the telecommunication
coverage extension. Nevertheless, all operators
sector was vibrant, with plans for deeper sector
have launched 3G, and mobile-broadband use is
reform, expansion of mobile coverage and major
growing.
national backbone deployment. This has all been
placed on hold, but if the security situation can be
Fixed services: Fixed-telephone services are
resolved, there is significant potential for the ICT
virtually non-existent due to under-deployment
market.
before independence and theft of the few copper
lines post-independence. GEMTEL had inherited
the network but has since ceased operations. Most
Internet access is via mobile phones, although
there are some fixed wireless and VSAT operators.
There is no national fibre backbone, with long
distance transmission mainly via microwave,
including cross-border to Uganda for access to
international bandwidth in Kenya. A project was
planned to deploy 400 km of fibre-optic cable next
to a highway being constructed from the capital
Juba to the Kenyan border, from where Internet
traffic will traverse Kenya’s backbone to undersea
cables in Mombasa. This has been placed on hold
due to the political situation. Meanwhile, South
Sudan largely relies on high-speed, low-Earth
orbiting satellites, such as O3b, for the bulk of its
international Internet bandwidth.

Telecommunications and Postal Services is
responsible for the sector. A new Communications
Act was adopted in 2012, but strategies and plans
to guide the sector have been put on hold due
to the political situation. Plans to create a sector
regulator, the National Communications Authority,
have also been delayed.

Spain Key indicators for Spain (2016) Europe World
Spain has a competitive and well-developed Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 108.8 118.0 101.5
penetration rates for fixed and mobile services. Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 87.7 80.1 52.2
The telecommunication market has undergone 3G coverage (% of population) 99.6 98.5 85.0
a process of mergers and acquisitions in recent
years leading to a concentration of almost 80
per cent of the revenues in three transnational
operators: Telefonica, Vodafone, and Orange
(CNMC, 2016). Percentage of households with computer 77.1 79.6 46.6
Mobile services: Spain is home to Telefonica, Percentage of individuals using the Internet 80.6 77.9 45.9
the incumbent operator and one of the largest Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 113.0 178.0 74.5
telecommunication companies with operations
throughout the globe. Competition was first Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
introduced in 1994, when a second licence

and as much as 81 per cent of all households
was granted to a consortium led by Airtel (now
were passed by a fixed NGA network in June 2016
Vodafone). A third operator started to provide
(European Commission, 2017).
services in 1999 (IESE, 2005). The third operator
licence was bought by France Telecom (now
Government policy: The government is taking
Orange) in 2005. The following year, a fourth
a market-based approach to ICT development
mobile network operator – Yoigo – launched
and aims to put in place the best conditions for
services further increasing the level of competition
growth. Spain’s Digital Agenda includes strategies
in Spain. Mobile-broadband penetration is
to roll-out high speed networks by making better
above the European average and prices for both
use of the existing infrastructure, as well as
prepaid and postpaid services are affordable.
promoting coordination and cooperation between
Spanish operators launched 3G in 2004, almost
private and public entities. Mobile broadband is
ten years before LTE services were first offered.
to be extended through efficient radio spectrum
With operators investing heavily in the roll-out of
management and the opening of new spectrum
mobile-broadband networks, population coverage
for LTE services. Spain’s Digital Agenda also looks
with 3G and LTE services is almost complete.
at measures targeting the demand side, such as
promoting the creation and distribution of online
Fixed services: The fixed market is very well
content.418
developed. Fixed-telephone penetration is high
and – against the global trend for fixed-to-mobile
Conclusion: Spain has developed into a highly
substitution – growing slightly because of the
connected country with an innovative and
increase in fixed-telephone bundles, particularly
competitive telecommunication market, which
quadruple and quintuple play offers (CNMC,
is among the main drivers of growth. The
2016). Fixed-broadband penetration is close to
government has provided the framework for this
the European average. The liberalization of the
development and continues to prioritize the roll-
fixed market took place from 1996 to 1998 in
out of high-speed networks.
line with the EU Full Competition Directive. In
1996, the independent regulatory authority was
created and, in the same year, a publicly-owned
second operator was allowed to enter the fixed
market. With the privatization of the incumbent
operator, Telefonica, and the second operator, in
1997 and 1998, respectively, the market opened
to competition (IESE, 2005). At present, Telefónica,
Vodafone and Orange compete in the fixed-
line market with regional facilities-based cable
operators. The three main operators are deploying
NGA networks, mostly based on FTTH technology,

Sri Lanka Key indicators for Sri Lanka (2016)
Asia &
Pacific
World

The island nation is a technology leader in the Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 118.5 98.9 101.5
South Asia region. Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 4.1 11.3 12.4
Mobile services: There are five operators offering 3G coverage (% of population) 85.0 87.6 85.0
mobile services: MOBITEL, a subsidiary of Sri LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 36.0 73.6 66.5
Lanka Telecom (SLT), the incumbent operator Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 0.3 3.2 5.2
49.5 per cent owned by the Government, 5.5 Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 1.4 14.5 13.9
per cent publicly traded and the remainder Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 0.6 2.7 3.7
held by Malaysian investors; Dialog, 83 per cent Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 0.6 5.4 6.8
owned by the Malaysian AXIATA group with the Percentage of households with computer 25.4 37.8 46.6
remainder publicly traded; Hutch, owned by CK Percentage of households with Internet access 21.1 45.5 51.5
Hutchinson Holdings Limited, which is a Cayman Percentage of individuals using the Internet 32.1 41.5 45.9
Islands-registered conglomerate headquartered Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 22.0 48.0 74.5
in Hongkong (China) and listed company on Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
Whampoa of Hong Kong Stock Exchange; ETISALAT
owned by the UAE company; and AIRTEL, owned Government policy: The Sri Lanka
by the Bharti Airtel Lanka (Private) Limited, telecommunication sector is governed by the Sri
which is owned by Airtel Limited of India. The Lanka Telecommunications Act No 25 of 1991 as
mobile phone market has grown rapidly and 2G amended by Act No. 27 of 1996 and regulated
population coverage is extensive. There were by the institution formed under the Act the
already more mobile phone subscriptions than Telecommunications Regulatory Commission of Sri
people by 2012. In 2012, 81 per cent of Sri Lankan Lanka (TRCSL) an institution under the Presidential
homes had a mobile phone, a sharp increase from Secretariat. The Ministry of Telecommunication
just one-third of households in 2006/07.419 Sri and Digital Infrastructure (MTDI) is responsible
Lanka is a sub-regional leader in deploying mobile for ICT policy. MTDI also oversees government
technology. It was the first country in South Asia to telecom holdings, namely the operator SLT. The
launch 3G in 2006 and LTE in April 2013. Terrestrial Information and Communications Technology
mobile broadband coverage is progressing, with Agency (ICTA), an institute under MTDI, is charged
around three quarters of the population covered with implementing government policies with
by a 3G signal and LTE available in urban areas. regard to ICT and industry promotion. The ICT
Road Map covers the period 2015-2020 in line with
Fixed services: SLT is the only operator that the Digital Sri Lanka vision. It is based on seven
offers fixed telephone services. SLT and two key strategies: i) improving digital infrastructure;
other operators, Lanka Bell and Dialog Broadband ii) utilizing ICT for improving governance; iii)
Network, offer fixed wireless telephone services. enhancing ICT policies, legislation and standards;
Fixed lines have been declining but penetration iv) improving use of ICT applications in key
is still relatively high for a developing nation. SLT sectors; v) improving citizens’ participation in the
dominates the fixed broadband market thanks to ICT-enabled society; vi) facilitating ICT industry
its large landline network. It offers ADSL and, since development; and vii) facilitating trade and
April 2014, FTTP in urban areas. ADSL speeds of up business sectors through ICT.
to 16 Mbps are available, and there is a common
100 Mbps download speed for fibre-optic services Conclusion: Sri Lanka has been South Asia's
with prices that vary according to data usage. All regional leader in the introduction of high-speed
the country’s 329 administrative divisions are to digital technologies. The Government hopes to
be covered by the national fibre-optic backbone build on its digital infrastructure to bring about
by 2018. Sri Lanka is geographically well situated wider adoption of applications and services by
to leverage undersea cables between Asia and citizens and businesses.
Europe. The country is connected to four fibre-
optic submarine cable networks and is in the
process of connecting to two others. The Sri Lanka
Internet Exchange was launched in Colombo in
2011.

Sudan Key indicators for Sudan (2016)
Arab
States
World

Sudan has suffered from several social conflicts Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 68.6 107.1 101.5
for more than twenty years. As it comes Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.1 4.7 12.4
out of these conflicts, Sudan is emerging as Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 25.2 45.2 52.2
one of the largest ICT markets in the region. 3G coverage (% of population) 45.9 81.9 85.0
The country has a relatively well-equipped LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 30.0 33.8 66.5
telecommunication infrastructure by regional Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 1.9 4.3 5.2
standards, including a national optical fibre Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 7.2 10.1 13.9
backbone, wireless fixed line networks, but very Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 1.3 4.5 3.7
limited fibre to the home connections. Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 5.5 5.5 6.8
Mobile services: Sudan is one of the largest Percentage of households with Internet access 33.6 45.3 51.5
countries in the region by geographical area Percentage of individuals using the Internet 28.0 41.8 45.9
and around 55 per cent of its population lives Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 2.0 39.0 74.5
in small towns scattered across rural areas. As a Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
consequence, despite the high competition and big
investment, mobile-cellular and mobile broadband Ministry of Information and Communications
penetration are below the average in Arab States (MCIT). There are two government bodies with
and globally. Three transnational operators offer responsibility for different aspects of ICT policy
mobile-cellular and mobile broadband services and regulation: the National Telecommunications
in Sudan: MTN, a Sudatel mobile unit, Sudani, Corporation (NTC), and the National Information
and Zain. Unlike other mobile markets in the Centre (NIC). NIC is primarily concerned with the
Arab States, where the incumbent retains a very use of ICT in government. NTC was established
large market share, none of the three operators under the Telecom Act of 2001, which made it
in Sudan has a majority of the mobile market. responsible for plans, policies and regulation
As a result, the Sudan mobile market is very (including regulating tariffs, licensing operators,
competitive. All three mobile operators offer 3G frequency management and equipment),
services in the 2100 MHz frequency band. In 2016, while the overall objective of NIC is expanding
Zain Sudan was the first operator to launch LTE e-Government services in the country. The NTC
services, followed by Sudani, which announced the funded the universal access and universal service
commercial launch of an LTE-Advanced network projects through the Sudan ICT Fund, which was
in late 2016. Sudan has a very competitive mobile established in 2004, and has carried out a range of
market and consequently very low handset-based projects during the last 10 years.
mobile-broadband prices.
Conclusion: In recent years, Sudan has expanded
Fixed services: As in many countries, fixed telecommunication networks and Internet
telephony is in decline in Sudan and it is now far services and the ICT sector witnessed remarkable
below the average penetration in the Arab States development. The launch of mobile and fixed LTE
region and globally. Fixed broadband penetration networks by several, competing fixed and mobile
is also very low and mainly based on wireless operators, the roll-out of an optical fibre backbone
networks. The incumbent fixed operator, Sudatel, network, the expansion of CDMA2000 network
started substituting traditional copper lines in rural areas, and the use of satellite broadband
with CDMA2000 fixed-wireless access in 2005. services is expected to strengthen the Sudan ICT
Competition in the fixed-line market comes from position among countries in the region.
Canar Telecom, which also opted for CDMA2000
technology, and which was upgraded to the
EV-DO standard, and like Sudatel, offers wireless
broadband services. In 2017 Canar obtained a
2.3 GHz spectrum licence to roll out a time division
duplex LTE (TD-LTE) network.
Government policy: Overall responsibility

for telecommunication policy is vested in the

Suriname Key indicators for Suriname (2016) The
Americas World
Suriname’s telecommunications services have Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 145.9 114.2 101.5
benefited from the liberalization of the market Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 12.9 19.1 12.4
in 2007.420 The industry has still the potential Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 47.8 82.7 52.2
to grow as urban coastal areas have access to 3G coverage (% of population) 100.0 93.6 85.0
better infrastructure in comparison with sparsely LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 35.0 77.4 66.5
populated remote areas. Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 1.6 3.6 5.2
Mobile services: Mobile services in Suriname Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 2.5 2.5 3.7
were under monopoly until 2007, when operator Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 1.8 5.7 6.8
Digicel joined the market.421 Since then, a third Percentage of households with computer 46.4 64.9 46.6
operator, Uniqa, launched services in the country, Percentage of households with Internet access 42.4 63.3 51.5
increasing the dynamicity of this competitive
environment, which has seen remarkable success
with penetration rates that are well above regional Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
and global levels.422
Conclusion: The public efforts to increase service
Fixed services: As opposed to the mobile market, adoption as well as the country’s membership in
fixed services are under a monopoly controlled regional organizations, for instance CARICOM,
by Telesur, the State-owned incumbent. Other reveal great potential for sector development,
Internet service providers offer dial-up Internet, especially regarding the Single ICT Space
but fixed-broadband remains under the provision programme.
of the incumbent, which extended its service
offering to include VoIP in 2013.423
Government policy: An independent national

telecommunications regulator, Telecommunicatie
Autoriteit Suriname, was created in 2004 following
the national Telecommunications Act.424 The public
authorities are engaged in different programmes
to develop the ICT sector, for instance the
establishment of a national ICT institute to
better understand the national environment and
adopt appropriate policies. It also recognizes the
importance of digital literacy. In 1995, Suriname
joined a regional organization, the Caribbean
Community (CARICOM), whose aim is the
development of the region through cooperation
and economic integration.425 CARICOM counts on
the efforts of national authorities to implement
and develop regional programmes, for instance
the Single ICT Space, approved as recently as early
2017.426 The Single ICT Space aims to support the
region’s Digital Agenda 2025, within the scope
of the Regional Digital Development Strategy of
2013, by harmonizing the policies, legislation and
technical standards of country members, as well as
promote infrastructure deployment.427 This should
create a welcoming international environment for
service providers as well as improve services for
the consumers.

Swaziland Key indicators for Swaziland (2016) Africa World
The small, landlocked kingdom has been making Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 76.4 74.6 101.5
steady progress in extending ICT coverage and Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.5 0.4 12.4
services, taking steps towards sector reform Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 13.0 22.9 52.2
and market liberalization, with the reduction of 3G coverage (% of population) 21.2 59.3 85.0
tariffs a key policy goal.
Mobile services: There is one provider of mobile
services in the country, MTN Swaziland, a joint
venture of the South African group (49 per cent) Percentage of households with computer 19.2 9.6 46.6
and the State-owned incumbent Swaziland Post Percentage of households with Internet access 24.0 16.3 51.5
and Telecommunications Corporation (SPTC) (51 Percentage of individuals using the Internet 28.6 19.9 45.9
per cent), which launched in 1998. Things soured Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 5.8 51.0 74.5
between the stakeholders when SPTC launched a
competing full mobility CDMA service. It was sued Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
by MTN with the International Court of Arbitration

In 2016, both MTN and SPTC were issued new
ruling in MTN’s favour. SPTC was subsequently
full-service licenses allowing them to provide
ordered to terminate the service, with the
any service. The National Information and
Government taking control of SPTC’s stake in MTN.
Communication Infrastructure Plan 2012–2016
In addition, 19 per cent of MTN’s stake in MTN
lays out the policy and implementation for aligning
Swazi company was sold to Swazi Empowerment
ICT with national development goals, and was
Limited, a government investment holding. Despite
the thrust behind the launching of the Electronic
the mobile monopoly, GSM coverage is high in
Communications Act and creation of SSCOM. The
the small, landlocked country, with household
Plan targets nine priority areas (human resource
mobile phone penetration at 96 per cent (98 per
capacity, infrastructure development, education,
cent in urban areas and 94 per cent in rural ones),
strategic ICT leadership, financial services sector,
the second-highest in sub-Saharan Africa.428 MTN
ICT industry, legal/regulatory frameworks,
launched 3G in 2011 and LTE was launched in 2016
environmental management and media). There is a
using the 1 800 MHz band.
particular emphasis on education to promote both
basic digital literacy as well as advanced skills for
Fixed services: Incumbent SPTC offers fixed-
those working in ICT. This includes incorporating
telephone services through the SwaziTelecom
computer education in the school curriculum,
brand. Fixed-telephone offerings include copper
ensuring ICTs in schools and developing the
fixed lines and wireless local loop phone service.
online learning environment. Secondary school
SwaziTelecom offers fixed broadband through
graduates would need to have ICT proficiency
ADSL with connection speeds of up to 5 Mbit/s. It
before progressing to tertiary institutions, and a
also provides wholesale ADSL access to resellers.
programme will be launched in vocational schools
There is a nationwide fibre-optic backbone
targeting those already out of school.
infrastructure with connections to the SEACOM
undersea cable through Mozambique and the
Conclusion: Swaziland’s move toward
EASSy undersea cable through South Africa for
sector reform – including a new electronic
redundancy. The Mbabane Internet Exchange
communications law, creation of a regulator
Point (MB-IX) was launched in 2014.
and issuance of full-service licenses – aims to
intensify competition in order to lower prices and
Government policy: The Ministry of Information,
deepen ICT access, not to mention the country’s
Communications and Technology was established
concentrated efforts to enhance digital skills.
in 2009 with responsibility for sector policy. The
Communications Commissions Act of 2013 created
the Swaziland Communications Commission
(SSCOM), taking over responsibility for regulation
from SPTC. The Electronic Communications Act
of 2013 lays out the framework for regulation of
the sector covering competition and licensing.

Sweden Key indicators for Sweden (2016) Europe World
Mobile and fixed-broadband penetration in Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 128.5 118.0 101.5
Sweden is well above the European average. Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 37.7 30.2 12.4
In particular, Sweden has an advanced mobile- Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 124.4 80.1 52.2
broadband market with affordable prices and a 3G coverage (% of population) 100.0 98.5 85.0
customer base that is open to new technologies.
Mobile services: There a total of five mobile
network operators and several virtual mobile
network operators active in the very competitive Percentage of households with computer 88.5 79.6 46.6
Swedish market. Telia has the highest market share Percentage of households with Internet access 92.0 82.5 51.5
in the mobile-cellular as well as mobile-broadband Percentage of individuals using the Internet 91.5 77.9 45.9
markets, followed by Tele2, Telenor, and Hi3g (PTS, Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 505.6 178.0 74.5
2016). Both mobile-cellular and mobile-broadband
penetration rates are very high and well above Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
the European average. In 2009, LTE services were

98 percent of households and businesses should
first launched in Sweden’s capital Stockholm
have access to broadband at a minimum speed
as well as in Norway’s capital Oslo, by Telia.429
of 1 Gbit/s, 1.9 percent at a minimum speed of
Tele2 and Telenor agreed to share spectrum in
100 Mbit/s, and 0.1 percent at a minimum speed
several frequency bands and to build a shared
of 30 Mbit/s, no later than the year 2025. The
2G and LTE network the same year in order to
long-term goals of the broadband strategy also
strengthen their position in the market. Their joint
include everyone’s access to reliable and high-
Net4Mobility network now covers 99 per cent of
quality mobile services, where they usually find
the population.430
themselves, no later than the year 2023. The
role of the government is defined as providing
Fixed services: Sweden has a very advanced and
the legal and regulatory framework for the
competitive fixed market. In line with the global
expansion of broadband networks by operators.
trend, fixed-telephone penetration is on the
In rural and remote areas that are not served by
decline. Fixed-broadband penetration is high and
private entities, the government will step in and
above the European average. Fibre subscriptions
finance broadband projects. In 2010, Sweden’s
have seen the highest growth rates in recent years
Bredbandsforum was created. It serves as the
and took over DSL as the dominant technology
national competence centre and is tasked with the
in 2014. Speeds are increasing as well with 76
coordination of different actors in the broadband
per cent of fibre subscriptions and 58 per cent of
market such as the government, public authorities
cable subscriptions reaching speeds of 100 Mbit/s
and private enterprises in order to facilitate ICT
or more in 2016. The main players in the fixed-
development.431
broadband market are the incumbent operator
Telia, as well as Telenor and Com Hem (PTS, 2016).
Conclusion: Sweden is among the world’s most
connected countries with high penetration rates
Government policy: The Swedish
for fixed and mobile services and most of the
Telecommunications Act was introduced in 1993
population is using the Internet. The government
and brought about the establishment of an
continues to focus on broadband roll-out and
independent regulator as well as the liberalization
to provide the conditions for a competitive and
of the market. Sweden became an EU member
modern telecommunication market.
in 1995, which had an important impact on ICT
policies. The country is at the forefront of ICT
development globally as well as in comparison
to other European countries. The government
adopted its broadband plan in 2016 for the period
up to 2025. In the short term, Sweden aims to
achieve access for 95 percent of all households
and businesses at a minimum speed of 100 Mbit/s
by the year 2020. In the long term, the goal is that

Switzerland Key indicators for Switzerland (2016) Europe World
Switzerland has a well-developed Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 135.1 118.0 101.5
penetration rates for fixed and mobile services. Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 101.5 80.1 52.2
NGA networks are widely available and fixed- 3G coverage (% of population) 100.0 98.5 85.0
broadband penetration is among the highest in
the world.
Mobile services: The mobile market is served
by three mobile network operators and a small Percentage of households with computer 89.3 79.6 46.6
number of mobile virtual network operators. Percentage of households with Internet access 86.8 82.5 51.5
According to an analysis by Ofcom, the regulator Percentage of individuals using the Internet 89.4 77.9 45.9
in Switzerland, the mobile market is among the Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 269.2 178.0 74.5
least competitive markets in Europe. Incumbent
operator Swisscom has a market share of more Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
than 50 per cent and its customer base has been

that fully liberalized their markets in 1997/1998
very stable over recent decades. The second
is the fact that Swisscom is still majority-owned
largest operator is Sunrise, with a market share
by the government.432 The first national strategy
of around 26 per cent. Orange Swiss entered
for the digitalization of Switzerland was published
the market in 1999 becoming Switzerland’s third
in 1998 and revised in 2006 and 2012. The
mobile operator. The company was acquired
2016 “Digital Switzerland” strategy has four key
by Xavier Niel, founder of the French operator
objectives: innovation, growth and prosperity
Free, in 2015. Mobile penetration rates are very
in the digital world, equal opportunities and the
high and prices affordable for Swiss customers.
participation of all, transparency and security, and
Operators are investing heavily in network roll-out
contribution to sustainable development.433
and (almost) complete population coverage with
3G and LTE networks has been achieved. (BAKOM,
Conclusion: Switzerland is one of the leading
2014)
countries in ICT development. The government is
determined to utilize the opportunities provided
Fixed services: Switzerland has a well-developed
by ICTs to make Switzerland an “attractive place to
NGA network compared to other European
live and as an innovative, future-oriented location
countries. According to the regulator Ofcom,
for business and research.”434
operators in Switzerland are among the biggest
investors in telecommunication networks in
Europe. Furthermore, the country has two access
networks (the incumbent and the cable provider)
that are reaching more than 90 per cent of
households and thus provide the best conditions
for effective infrastructure-based competition
in the broadband market. Penetration rates for
fixed-telephone and fixed-broadband services are
well above the European averages and prices are
affordable. Despite market liberalization in 2006
and the entry of numerous alternative operators,
incumbent Swisscom still dominates the fixed
market with a share of around 70 per cent of the
market. (BAKOM, 2014)
Government policy: Although Switzerland has

aligned some of its policies with the European
Union, Switzerland’s telecommunication policies
remain distinct from the EU policies. A major
distinction compared to most European countries

Syria Key indicators for Syria (2016)
Arab
States
World

Syria has been in the midst of a crisis for a Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 58.6 107.1 101.5
number of years. This volatile environment Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 4.4 4.7 12.4
is disastrous for Syria's infrastructure and Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 10.4 45.2 52.2
telecommunication networks and equipment 3G coverage (% of population) 78.0 81.9 85.0
have become key targets for attacks. The LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 0.0 33.8 66.5
mobile market is witnessing partial competition Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 90.2 4.3 5.2
between the two licensed operators. Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 56.9 10.1 13.9
Mobile services: Despite the crisis, mobile- Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 195.7 5.5 6.8
cellular penetration is lower than the average Percentage of households with computer 49.9 43.3 46.6
penetration in Arab States and globally. The level Percentage of households with Internet access 43.6 45.3 51.5
of competition is fair with two mobile operators, Percentage of individuals using the Internet 31.9 41.8 45.9
MTN Syria and Syriatel, which had operated mobile Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 12.8 39.0 74.5
networks under Build, Operate and Transfer (BOT) Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
arrangements for many years till end of 2014. Both
operators have been awarded long-term licences of different players in the telecom sector as
(20 years) by the Syrian Telecommunications follows: The ministry of communications and
Regulatory Authority (SyTRA), valid until the end technology (MoCT) is responsible for the
of 2034. Despite the crisis, Syriatel and MTN Syria policies of telecommunication; The Syrian
reported annual increase in the number of mobile Telecommunications Regulatory Authority
and fixed broadband subscribers. Both operators (SyTRA) has been established to regulate the
launched 3G/HSDPA service in 2009. Due to the telecommunications sector in addition to the
crisis, none of the operators have yet launched LTE Radio Spectrum management; Telecom Service
(all the needed arrangements are being taken now Providers, such as ST (incumbent), Syriatel, MTN
to launch it). With 3G/HSDPA and LTE networks Syria, and ISPs. SYTRA awarded a number of
in place, the focus for mobile data has firmly licences to many ISPs, and services were launched
shifted to mobile broadband offerings. The 3G in the Internet service market. All other forms
wireless Internet is available in all major cities. The of fixed-line communication are provided by ST.
frequencies for 3G services are in the 2100 MHz The Government, in cooperation with the UNDP,
band (and there is a plan for 900 MHz use after the formulated the national ICT strategy for Syria.
completion of the needed reframing). Several price In early 2011, the tendering process of entering
adjustments for mobile services have been made a third mobile operator was suspended due to
between 2013 and 2016 to compensate for the the crisis; however, Syria Is still looking for the
currency devaluation. introduction of a 3rd mobile operator, where ST
would reserve the right to a 20 per cent equity
Fixed services: Syria has one of the highest fixed share of the operating company.
line penetration rates in the region. Syrian Telecom
(ST) is the only fixed telecommunications company Conclusion: Overall, the ICT sector is facing big
in Syria and is still owned by the government. ST challenges in Syria, and future developments
provides ADSL and FTTx broadband access through depend on the stabilization of the country.
its own ISP (Tarassul). There are other licensed ISPs Opportunities exist in the growing mobile
operating on an open access data network owned broadband sector, and reconstruction of the
by ST, such as Saw, Aya, the Syrian Computer damaged infrastructure and networks. In spite
Society (SCS), etc. ST had planned to rollout FTTH of the difficulties the telecom sector has faced
networks in major cities in 2009, but the plan during the crisis, MoCT, in cooperation with
was interrupted by the crisis. In late 2016, ST has service providers could guarantee the continuation
completed a new optical fibre link connecting of providing telecom services and considerably
between Aleppo and Damascus. ST resumed its increasing the deployment of broadband services.
projects to deploy FTTx in major cities 2017.

Law no. 18 of the year 2010 stated the roles

Tajikistan Key indicators for Tajikistan (2016) CIS World
While the coverage of mobile-broadband Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 106.7 141.2 101.5
services in Tajikistan is higher than the CIS Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.1 15.8 12.4
average, penetration rates are relatively low. Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 18.1 59.7 52.2
One reason may be the high prices for mobile 3G coverage (% of population) 90.0 77.1 85.0
and fixed services, which are among the highest
in the region. However, the Government is
making efforts to increase the use of ICT services
across the country.
Mobile services: The mobile cellular market in Percentage of households with Internet access 10.3 68.0 51.5
Tajikistan is represented by five telecommunication Percentage of individuals using the Internet 20.5 65.1 45.9
operators: Tcell, TT-Mobile, Babilon-Mobile, Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 2.4 59.0 74.5
Takom, TK-Mobile. The companies use a wide
range of technologies to provide services, such Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
as GSM 900/1800, CDMA 2000, UMTS, and LTE

security. A set of national programmes has been
800/1800-2100 MHz.435,436,437,438 The first 3G-UMTS
implemented since 2003. The development and
network in Tajikistan was launched in 2005 by
implementation of ICT in the Republic of Tajikistan
Babilon-Mobile.439 WiMAX-based services started
programme, issued in 2004, resulted in supplying
in 2007 by Babilon-T and Intercom.440 LTE emerged
public institutions with computers and local area
in 2012 (launched by Babilon-Mobile) and it is in
network construction. Some projects on digital
the process of development.441 According to the
telecommunication system deployment and
statistics of one of the mobile operators, over 70
remote area coverage were implemented. A lot
per cent of its Internet users exploit LTE enabled
of attention in the country is given to information
devices.442 Satellite communications are often used
security, and an information security programme
by mobile cellular operators to connect their own
was adopted in Tajikistan in 2004. In 2016, the
networks across the country.443
Tajikistan government took a decision to create
a centre for international telephone and Internet
Fixed services: The number of fixed telephone
traffic control.448,449 The national programme of
subscribers is in decline.444 There is a significant
providing schools with computers took place
telephone network availability divide between
in 2011-2015. Its objectives were to supply
urban and rural areas.445 The national
educational establishments with computers and
telecommunication operator, Tajiktelecom,
telecommunication equipment, train personnel to
which is under the responsibility of the national
use ICT, and connect schools to the Internet.
regulatory authority, is the main supplier of fixed
telephone services.446 By 2014, 95 per cent of
Conclusion: Tajikistan has an open
the analogue infrastructure had been replaced
telecommunication market with more than
by digital systems and most of the backhaul
150 telecommunication services providers at
lines were optical fibre. Tajiktelecom is the only
the beginning of 2014. The deployment of new
operator that covers all regions. For that reason
technologies and the Government’s efforts in
many Internet providers use its infrastructure
strengthening the ICT sector are promising to
to provide their services. Five major Internet
increase the access and use of ICTs in Tajikistan.
providers share 95 per cent of the market. They
construct optical fibre lines to satisfy demand for
data transmission services, although fixed Internet
access service penetration remains low.447
Government policy: In 2003, the ICT for the

development of the Republic of Tajikistan strategy
was approved. It focuses on four main goals: ICT
legislation framework improvement, development
and implementation of new ICT applications, ICT
infrastructure development, and information

Tanzania Key indicators for Tanzania (2016) Africa World
The arrival of submarine cables in the East Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 74.4 74.6 101.5
African nation has spurred greater ICT activity Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 3.4 0.4 12.4
in a sector underpinned by a forward-thinking Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 9.2 22.9 52.2
regulatory environment. 3G coverage (% of population) 85.0 59.3 85.0

Mobile services: There are six mobile operators,
with the top three accounting for over 85 per cent
of the market in December 2016. The three market
leaders are Vodacom, a subsidiary of the South Percentage of households with computer 3.9 9.6 46.6
African mobile group; TIGO, a subsidiary of the Percentage of households with Internet access 8.5 16.3 51.5
Luxembourg-based MILLICOM mobile group; and Percentage of individuals using the Internet 13.0 19.9 45.9
AIRTEL, a subsidiary of the Indian mobile group. Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 1.7 51.0 74.5
Other mobile operators include ZANTEL, operating
on the island of Zanzibar, and a subsidiary Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
of MILLICOM; HALOTEL, a subsidiary of the

capacity. All licensed operators use the NICTBB on
Vietnamese VIETTEL group; and Smart, owned by
open access terms with cost-based prices. Part of
the Aga Khan Development Network, with a 51 per
the network has been deployed along the railway
cent share, and a Cypriot mobile group, with a 49
network. The arrival of submarine cables beginning
per cent stake. Coverage from 2G is high, at over
in 2009 has boosted international connectivity,
95 per cent of the population, with 78 per cent of
enabling the deployment of the latest broadband
households having a mobile phones in 2015-2016,
technologies. Tanzania is currently connected to
including (a) 93 per cent on the island of Zanzibar;
the Eastern Africa Submarine System (EASSy) and
and (b) 92 per cent of urban and 70 per cent of
SEACOM, is the landing point for the Seychelles to
rural homes on the Tanzania mainland.450 All the
East Africa Submarine (SEAS), and several other
mobile operators have deployed 3G while TIGO,
submarine cables are in the pipeline. The Tanzania
Smart, ZANTEL and Vodacom have commercially
Internet Exchange launched in 2004 and has 35
launched LTE.
peering members.
Fixed services: Tanzania Telecommunication
Government policy: Responsibility for the ICT
Limited (TTCL) is the incumbent operator. In
sector falls under the Ministry of Works, Transport
2001, it was partly privatized, when 35 per cent
and Communications. The 2016 National ICT
of its shares were sold to a consortium. In 2016,
Policy lays out the vision for the sector. The
the Government of Tanzania repurchased the
policy has 22 specific objectives, with the main
outstanding shares and currently again owns 100
objective of transforming Tanzania into an ICT-
per cent. TTCL offers fixed-telephone service
driven middle-income economy and society. The
through copper landlines. TTCL’s fixed-broadband
Tanzania Communications Regulatory Authority
offerings include ADSL (up to 2 Mbit/s), fibre-optic
was operationalized in 2003, with responsibility
and fixed wireless LTE. It competes with other
for electronic communications, including
fixed-broadband providers, primarily using fixed
telecommunications and posts. The primary sector
wireless broadband and a few offering fibre-optic
law is the Electronic and Postal Communications
connections, mainly to businesses in urban areas.
Act of 2010.
The National ICT Broadband Backbone (NICTBB)
infrastructure –covering more than 7 500 km – has
Conclusion: Tanzania has created an enabling
been operational since June 2012. It is structured
environment through a predictable regulatory
as a public–private partnership between the
environment, competition and open access to
Government and operators. NICTBB has cross-
backbone networks. This is resulting in growing
border connectivity to the neighbouring countries
access to ICTs.
of Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Zambia and
Malawi. Operators provide funding while the
Government contribution is through arranging
rights of way and their costs. The Government
owns the network while operators use the

TFYR Macedonia Key indicators for TFYR Macedonia (2016) Europe World
The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia is Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 97.2 118.0 101.5
a small market of just over 2 million inhabitants Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 18.1 30.2 12.4
and, as a European Union candidate country, Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 56.4 80.1 52.2
largely aligned with EU regulatory frameworks. 3G coverage (% of population) 99.0 98.5 85.0
With a less developed fixed network, mobile is
very important in the country and penetration
rates are relatively high for mobile-cellular and
increasing for mobile-broadband services.
Mobile services: Following the merger of TFYR Percentage of households with Internet access 70.4 82.5 51.5
Macedonia’s second and third operator in 2015, Percentage of individuals using the Internet 72.2 77.9 45.9
there are only two mobile network operators Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 109.0 178.0 74.5
active on the market. Makedonski Telekom
(MakTel), which is part of Deutsche Telekom since Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
2001, is the market leader.451 The second operator,

DOCSIS 3.0 technology and FTTH networks. FTTH
One.Vip, was formed by a merger between ONE
networks covered 27 cent of all households by the
(owned by Telekom Slovenije Group) and Vip
end of 2016, while cable networks with DOCSIS 30
(owned by Telekom Austria Group).452 Mobile and
covered almost 50 per centof the households in
fix number portability were introduce in 2008 and
TFYR Macedonia.
had a positive impact on competition, especially
when porting fees were reduced. MVNOs
Government policy: The Agency for Electronic
entered the market in 2010. Mobile-broadband
Communications, TFYR Macedonia independent
penetration is somewhat below the European
regulator, was established in 2005 with the Law
average at 56 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants.
on Electronic Communications.453 TFYR Macedonia
3G licences were first awarded in 2008 to MakTel
has been a candidate for EU membership since
and Vip (later to become one.Vip). At the end of
2005 and thus aligned many of its regulations.
2013, LTE services were launched commercially.
Legislation in the telecommunication sector
Almost the entire population of TFYR Macedonia is
is based on the EU regulatory framework. All
covered by a 3G and LTE signal. Investments in LTE
competitive safeguards were in place by 2009,
are ongoing, and coverage, capacity and uptake
including reference interconnection offers,
are expected to increase in the years to come.
number portability, carrier selection and pre-
During 2017, both MakTel and one.Vip upgraded
selection, wholesale line rental in the fixed voice
their LTE networks to 2CA/3CA and 4x4 MIMO
market, local loop unbundling and wholesale
technology.
broadband access in the fixed broadband market
(EBRD, 2012c). The policy making body in the
Fixed services: Electronic communication services
TFYR Macedonia is the Ministry of Information
provided over fixed networks in TFYR Macedonia
Society and Administration. There are two major
are well developed but there is still plenty room
strategies in place to develop ICTs in the country:
for improvements. TFYR Macedonia fixed-line
the National Strategy for the development of
market was formally liberalized in 2005, but the
Electronic Communications with Information
incumbent operator Makedonski Telekom AD
Technologies and the National Strategy for
Skopje continues to dominate the market. By the
Information Society Development and Action Plan.
end of 2016, it had a 37 per cent share of the
Among its objectives are increasing the number
fixed-broadband access market. Competition is
of Internet users, the establishment of public
particular strong from cable operators and fixed
e-services and the liberalization of the sector
wireless access providers. In 2016, One.Vip merged
(Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, 2005).
with its sister company Blizoo, a cable provider,
to strengthen its position in the market. NGA
Conclusion: The Former Yugoslav Republic
networks which are capable of delivering at least
of Macedonia has undertaken important
30Mbit/s cover about 50 per cent of all households
steps towards a competitive and modern
in the country. Most predominant technologies
telecommunication market. Mobile services are
for fixed NGA access are cable networks featuring
well developed and broadband is on the rise.

Strategies are in place to further develop TFYR
Macedonia into a highly connected country.

Thailand Key indicators for Thailand (2016)
Asia &
Pacific
World

Regulatory changes have triggered a massive Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 177.2 98.9 101.5
migration to high-speed mobile broadband. Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 10.7 11.3 12.4
Mobile services: Laws previously prevented 3G coverage (% of population) 98.0 87.6 85.0
outright ownership of telecommunication LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 98.0 73.6 66.5
infrastructure by private operators. This Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 0.9 3.2 5.2
changed in 2012, when 3G frequency was Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 3.8 14.5 13.9
awarded at auction. Existing concessionaires Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 1.2 2.7 3.7
bid for frequencies through newly established Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 1.2 5.4 6.8
subsidiaries. As a result, networks using 3G Percentage of households with computer 28.4 37.8 46.6
frequency are owned by private operators, Percentage of households with Internet access 59.8 45.5 51.5
whereas those using 2G frequencies are operated Percentage of individuals using the Internet 47.5 41.5 45.9
under build-transfer-operate agreements (BTOs). Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 49.2 48.0 74.5
Operators are rapidly moving their subscribers to Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
the new frequencies in order to reduce concession
payments. There are three leading operators: been connected to undersea submarine cable
Advanced Info Service (AIS), publicly listed with since 1997 and currently lands around a dozen
Singapore Telecom as a key strategic investor; cables. In addition, it has terrestrial connectivity to
Total Access Communication (DTAC), with the all countries on its borders. The Bangkok Neutral
Norwegian mobile group Telenor as a strategic Internet Exchange, established in 2015, has around
investor; and True, with China Mobile as the twenty participants.
strategic investor. There are also smaller operators
such as the two state-owned providers, as well as Government policy: The Ministry of Digital
a few mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs). Economy and Society (MDES) is responsible for
Population coverage of 3G networks is quite ICT sector policy. Thailand Digital Economy and
extensive. The three leading operators deployed Society Development Plan targets ICT as a basic
LTE networks between 2013 and 2016. Mobile public utility that all villages will have access to
data take-up has grown rapidlywith just over high-speed Internet in two years and 90 percent
half the population aged six years and over had a of residents who live in municipal and economic
smartphone in 2016 (NSO Thailand, 2016). areas will be able to access high-speed Internet
with a minimum speed of 100 Mbps in three years,
Fixed services: The state-owned Telephone with service fee of no higher than two percent
Organization of Thailand (TOT) is the main of GNP per capita. The National Broadcasting
nationwide fixed telephone service provider. In and Telecommunications Commission (NBTC)
addition TRUE operates fixed telephone services established in 2011 is responsible for sector
in urban areas, while TT&T provides services in regulation.
rural areas. Fixed telephone penetration has been
declining as more users opt for mobile phones. Conclusion: Thailand has an extensive broadband
TRUE, TOT and Triple T Broadband (3BB) are the network with a current focus on increasing speeds
leading fixed broadband operators offering ADSL, and extending access to remote villages. Mobile
coaxial cable and fibre-optic connections, although broadband take-up has been astonishing, with
the other mobile operators are also increasing barely any 2G subscriptions left following the
their fixed broadband offerings. The national fibre- award of 3G spectrum in 2012.
optic backbone is quite extensive, reaching most
provinces, and continued expansion is adding to
its density and capacity. The network connects
of both terrestrial and extensive domestic
connectivity using festoon submarine cable along
Thailand's east and west coasts. The terrestrial
network reaches all its neighbours and provides
access to the country's international submarine
landing points for landlocked Laos. Thailand has

Timor-Leste Key indicators for Timor-Leste (2016)
Asia &
Pacific
World

Access to telecommunications has been Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 125.0 98.9 101.5
improving in the post-conflict island State, Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.1 11.3 12.4
especially since the introduction of competition Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 64.6 47.4 52.2
in the mobile sector. 3G coverage (% of population) 96.5 87.6 85.0
Mobile services: Timor Telecom launched GSM Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 7.4 3.2 5.2
in 2003 shortly after the country's independence. Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 25.7 14.5 13.9
Timor Telecom came into being following a tender Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 5.2 2.7 3.7
to operate telecommunications in the newly Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 6.6 5.4 6.8
independent country. Timor Telecom was majority Percentage of households with computer 16.2 37.8 46.6
owned by Portugal Telecom, whose stake was Percentage of households with Internet access 23.9 45.5 51.5
later purchased by Brazil's Oi. Competition was Percentage of individuals using the Internet 25.2 41.5 45.9
introduced in 2013 when two additional operators Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 1.9 48.0 74.5
entered the market: the Vietnamese mobile group Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
VIETTEL, operating under the brand TELEMOR,
and TCELL, a subsidiary of Indonesia's PT Telkom. March 2012. Telecommunications is included as
All three mobile operators launched 3G that same an important infrastructure sector in the country's
year. In 2015, 81 per cent of households had a Strategic Development Plan (2011-2030). The
mobile phone.454 Given that the two new mobile plan led the way for liberalization of the sector.
operators deployed 3G at launch, population It set four mid-term targets to be accomplished
coverage is high and over a quarter of mobile by 2015: i) affordable mobile phone coverage
subscriptions were for 3G during the first quarter for all Timorese people; ii) affordable high-speed
of 2016. Internet access available in all district capitals and
surrounding areas; iii) all schools, health posts and
Fixed services: Timor Telecom operates fixed- health clinics connected to the Internet; and iv)
line telephone services. Fixed telephone lines a regulatory framework put in place to manage a
are available mainly in urban areas and uptake is competitive telecommunications market. Three
low. Similarly, fixed broadband is limited. Timor targets were established for 2020: i) all citizens will
Telecom offers ADSL with a download speed of 2 have access to reliable, affordable and high-speed
Mbps. Fixed wireless broadband offerings include Internet; ii) all students and health professionals
WiMAX and VSAT. There are several national will have portable Internet access devices; and iii)
backbone fibre-optic networks in the country, Timor-Leste will be part of the technology-enabled
including cross-border links to the neighbouring world.
Indonesian side of Timor island. Cable is generally
installed overhead on poles. The Government Conclusion: Post-conflict Timor-Leste has made
has been deploying a fibre-optic backbone to notable progress of late in expanding mobile and
connect all district offices. The country does not mobile broadband coverage to its citizens. It needs
currently have a connection to regional undersea to reach a decision on international undersea
fibre-optic cables. There has been discussion fibre-optic connectivity in order to take advantage
about connecting to the submarine cable on the of cheap international Internet capacity and
Indonesian side of the island or via a submarine establish the essential conditions for higher-speed
cable to Australia but no decision has been made. broadband networks.
Meanwhile Timor-Leste relies mainly on low-
earth orbit satellites for international Internet
connectivity. The Timor-Leste Internet Exchange
was established in late 2016.
Government policy: The Ministry of Public Works,

Transport and Communications is responsible
for sector policy. The National Communications
Authority is the regulator established by the
Telecommunications Decree-law No. 15 of 28

Togo Key indicators for Togo (2016) Africa World
The landing of an undersea cable in 2012 has Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 74.9 74.6 101.5
triggered an impetus to liberalize the ICT sector Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.6 0.4 12.4
in the West African nation in order to advance Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 15.5 22.9 52.2
the digital economy. 3G coverage (% of population) 45.0 59.3 85.0

Mobile services: The mobile market in Togo is
a duopoly. The two mobile operators are Togo
Cellulaire, the mobile arm of the incumbent Togo
Telecom that launched in 1997; and Atlantique Percentage of households with computer 6.8 9.6 46.6
Telecom Togo, operating under the brand MOOV, Percentage of households with Internet access 7.7 16.3 51.5
a subsidiary of Morocco Telecom, which launched Percentage of individuals using the Internet 11.3 19.9 45.9
in 1999. Despite somewhat limited competition, Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 4.5 51.0 74.5
mobile penetration is relatively high. In 2014,
74 per cent of households had portable phones, Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
with more than a 30 percentage point gap

principles covering ICT access, participation
between urban (91 per cent) and rural (60 per
in the information society, ICT education and
cent) areas.455 Togo Cell launched 3G in 2011,
training, and other areas. The Ministry has been
with MOOV following in 2016. While mobile
supporting a number of sector strategies, including
Internet is the main form of Internet access in
the regulatory framework, market liberalization,
the country, mobile-broadband is limited due to
institutional strengthening, infrastructure
the recent competition in that market segment.
development and ICT use across different sectors.
The Government awarded LTE licenses to the
Another initiative includes the deployment of
operators in late 2016.
public Wi-Fi hotspots to ensure no citizen is
more than 5 km from broadband. The regulatory
Fixed services: The State-owned incumbent Togo
framework for the sector is laid out in the 2012
Telecom is the sole operator in the fixed-telephone
Law on Electronic Communications and several
market with fixed copper lines and CDMA wireless
supporting regulations. The Regulatory Authority
local loop. It offers fixed-broadband using CDMA
for the Posts and Telecommunications Sectors is
EVDO and WiMAX fixed wireless technology,
responsible for regulation. It also manages the .tg
and ADSL fixed broadband (up to 8 Mbit/s). Togo
domain name
Telecom has also been deploying public Wi-Fi
hotspots. In addition to two mobile operators,
Conclusion: The Government has embarked
there are now four ISPs following the issuance of
on a number of projects since the arrival of the
two new licenses in 2017: Togo Telecom, CAFÉ
WACS cable in 2012. It is seeking to maximize
Informatique & Telecommunication, Group Vivendi
the potential of the massive increase in Internet
Africa and Teolis S.A. Togo Telecom is progressively
capacity to foment a dynamic information society.
expanding its national fibre-optic backbone. In
Initiatives include increasing competition through
2016, MOOV announced it would build a 450 km
the issuance of new ISP licenses, extending the
fibre-optic backbone stretching from the South
fibre-optic backbone and adopting new laws on
to the North of the country. The Government also
electronic commerce and the information society.
has 250 km of fibre-optic for its e-government
network. The arrival of WACS in 2012 provided
Togo with undersea fibre-optic connectivity for the
first time. One challenge is open access, since Togo
Telecom is an investor in the cable. In anticipation
of additional actors in the Internet market, an IXP
was launched in 2017.

and Digital Economy is responsible for sector
oversight. The 2017 Law on the Orientation of
the Information Society establishes fundamental

Tonga Key indicators for Tonga (2016)
Asia &
Pacific
World

The Kingdom of Tonga was one of the first Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 74.7 98.9 101.5
South Pacific countries to launch mobile Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 2.8 11.3 12.4
competition resulting in a high level of access. Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 56.0 47.4 52.2
The arrival of an international submarine cable 3G coverage (% of population) 95.0 87.6 85.0
and the construction of a domestic submarine LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 41.1 73.6 66.5
network will provide the backbone for a vibrant Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 2.7 3.2 5.2
broadband nation. Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 1.9 14.5 13.9
Mobile services: There are three operators Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) n.a. 5.4 6.8
in Tonga. The state-owned incumbent Tonga Percentage of households with computer 38.8 37.8 46.6
Communications Corporation (TCC) launched Percentage of households with Internet access 42.6 45.5 51.5
its GSM network in October 2001 under the Percentage of individuals using the Internet 40.0 41.5 45.9
U-Call brand. A second provider, Shoreline Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 33.9 48.0 74.5
Communications Ltd., launched services in 2002 Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
under the TONFON brand. In 2007, Irish-owned
DIGICEL entered the market through its purchase groups of Vava’u and Ha’apai. The project is
of Shoreline's mobile operation. The introduction planned for completion in 2018.
of early competition resulted in widespread
coverage and high take-up with 95 per cent Government policy: The Ministry of Meteorology,
of households had a mobile phone, with little Energy, Information, Disaster Management,
difference between urban areas (97 per cent) and Climate Change and Communications (MEIDECC)
rural ones (95 per cent).456 Tonga launched mobile is responsible for sector policy and regulation.
broadband relatively late compared to other South The Communications Commission Act 2015 set
Pacific nations, as it was dependent on the arrival out plans to create a separate regulatory unit;
of submarine cable connectivity. TCC deployed however, MEIDECC still serves as the regulator
its 3G network in December 2013 and DIGICEL pursuant to the new Communications Act until the
followed in July 2014. Regulator is being established. In conjunction with
this, a new Communications Act came into force
Fixed services: TCC is the main fixed telephone on 1 March 2017. The 2008 National Information
line provider. The fixed telephone service and Communications Technology Policy has
remains popular compared to many developing the vision of a Connected Kingdom supported
nations over half the country's households had by six pillars: i) provision of ICT’s in homes and
a fixed telephone line in 2012. TCC provides communities; ii) education and skills development;
fixed broadband using ADSL 2+ in some areas. In iii) e-government; iv) industry growth and
addition, fixed wireless is available via WiMAX and economic development; v) enabling technical
VSAT. The Internet service provider OCEANCEL infrastructure; and vi) ICT-related legislation.
launched fixed wireless services using LTE Tonga was also the the first Pacific Island Country
technology in 2015. TCC and DIGICEL provide to accede to the Budapest Convention on
Wi-Fi access throughout the Nuku'alofa Central Cybercrime on 9 May 2017, which is Government’s
Business District. TCC has a fibre-optic backbone effort to address the abuse and misuse of the
on the island of Tongatapu and uses microwave Internet especially for criminal activities. In 2016,
and satellite for backbone transmission to other the Government launched its CERT (Computer
islands. An undersea fibre-optic cable linking Emergency Response Team), which will help
Tonga to Fiji—a distance of 827 kilometres—was identify and address ICT threats and help parties
commissioned in August 2013. From Fiji, onward deal with incidents and make decisions in crises. A
connectivity is provided via the Southern Cross cybercrime legislation is also being drafted to be
cable to Australia and the United States. The cable tabled to the Parliament next year. In addition, the
is owned and operated by Tonga Cable Limited Government is currently preparing to launch a new
(TCL), whose shareholders are the Kingdom of E-Government initiative in 2018.
Tonga (83 per cent) and TCC (17 per cent). TCL is
extending submarine cable to the outer island Conclusion: Competition has resulted in a high
level of mobile penetration. Launch of the

submarine cable in 2013 dramatically boosted
international Internet capacity, and the extension
of fibre-optic cable to connect other islands has
prepared the ground for a robust broadband
backbone.

Trinidad and Tobago Key indicators for Trinidad and Tobago (2016) The
Americas World
The telecommunications sector of Trinidad and Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 160.6 114.2 101.5
Tobago has represented approximately 3 per Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 19.0 19.1 12.4
cent of the country’s annual GDP over recent Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 47.3 82.7 52.2
years. This significant contribution echoes the 3G coverage (% of population) 75.0 93.6 85.0
increasing service adoption rates, which have LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 10.0 77.4 66.5
been on an upward trend over the last decade, Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 1.0 3.6 5.2
with the exception of fixed-telephony. Internet Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 1.4 6.4 13.9
services, both mobile and fixed, are flourishing Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 1.3 2.5 3.7
in the country, with a dynamic market and Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 2.3 5.7 6.8
affordable pricing that encourages service Percentage of households with computer 71.4 64.9 46.6
adoption. Percentage of households with Internet access 70.9 63.3 51.5

Mobile services: Mobile subscriptions have
increased in the past year, with prepaid Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
subscriptions representing over four times
the number of postpaid subscriptions.457 The the regulator signed contracts with third parties
mobile market was liberalized in 2006 and to implement fixed and mobile number portability
has experienced remarkable growth since, in late 2016 in an effort to increase market
expanding more than 70 per cent just within the dynamicity and consumer choice.463 Another
first six months immediately after liberalization. remarkable public initiative, this one with universal
Recently, the most significant increase in terms of service objectives, is National Free Wi-Fi, aiming at
penetration, approximately 9 per cent, has been providing free public Wi-Fi at numerous locations
witnessed by the mobile Internet segment.458 throughout the country.
There are two mobile operators providing both
voice and data services – Telecommunications Conclusion: Despite lagging behind most of
Services of Trinidad and Tobago (TSTT) and Digicel the regional services adoption rates, Trinidad
– that launched LTE in 2012.459 The mobile market and Tobago has been concentrating efforts on
is the main contributor to the industry’s revenue, developing its telecommunications sector and so
accounting for more than 35 per cent of the total far has seen vast improvements. The regulator is
amount. currently undergoing an evaluation of its television
white spaces to define a better strategy going
Fixed services: Since its first decrease in adoption forward for their use for provision of broadband.
rates in 2007, fixed-telephone penetration rates
have been on a steady decline, with regard to both
subscriptions and revenue.460 Fixed-broadband,
however, has experienced a more positive outlook,
with increasing revenues and a competitive
environment that hosts eight operators and
employs a mix of technologies, among which are
ADSL2+ and Fibre to the Curb (FTTC), Fibre to the
Business (FTTB) or Home (FTTH).461
Government policy: The national regulator,

Telecommunications Authority of Trinidad and
Tobago (TATT), was created in 2004 with the
main objective of overseeing the transition to
a liberalized competitive environment. TATT is
also responsible for spectrum management,
quality of service standards, encouraging
industry investment and fostering competition
in the sector, as well as ensuring sustainable and
democratic sector development.462 For instance,

Tunisia Key indicators for Tunisia (2016)
Arab
States
World

Tunisia has developed one of the most Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 125.8 107.1 101.5
sophisticated telecommunication and broadband Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 5.6 4.7 12.4
infrastructures in North Africa. The penetration Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 63.0 45.2 52.2
rates for mobile and Internet services are among 3G coverage (% of population) 99.0 81.9 85.0
the highest in the Arab States. With three LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 73.0 33.8 66.5
competing operators and one mobile virtual Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 0.9 4.3 5.2
network operator (MVNO), the country offers Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 1.4 10.1 13.9
some of the lowest prices of fixed and mobile Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 1.4 4.5 3.7
broadband services in the region. Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 1.1 5.5 6.8
Mobile services: Mobile cellular and mobile Percentage of households with Internet access 37.5 45.3 51.5
broadband in Tunisia has a rate of penetration Percentage of individuals using the Internet 49.6 41.8 45.9
above the average in the Arab States and globally. Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 32.0 39.0 74.5
This can be attributed to the strong competition Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
between telecommunication operators. There
are three cellular operators in Tunisia: Tunisie Nationale des Télécommunications, (INT)) is
Telecom (TT), Ooredoo (formerly Tunisiana) and responsible for the regulatory framework of the
Orange Tunisie. Lycamobile was the first MVNO telecommunication market in Tunisia, along with
to enter the market in 2015 and witnessed strong the Ministry of Communication Technologies
subscriber growth in 2016. Tunisie Telecom is the and Digital Economy (Mincom), (INT), and the
incumbent cellular operator in the Tunisian market. National Agency for Frequencies (NFA). INT
Ooredoo was the second cellular operator to and ANF are specialized bodies; Article 63 of
enter the market, and started operations in 2002. Telecommunication Law 2001 creates INT while
Orange Tunisie commercially launched its cellular Article 47 of the same law creates NFA. The
services in 2010. Orange Tunisia launched 3G main roles of the INT are dispute resolution,
services in mid-2010, followed by TT at the end of market regulation, interconnection and consumer
the same year and Ooredoo in 2012. The Tunisian protection, while the NFA is responsible for
Ministry of Communication Technologies and the frequency spectrum management, frequency
Digital Economy (Mincom) issued LTE licences to allocation and frequency assignment.
all three operators in 2016, and they are beginning
to offer LTE to consumers in March 2016. For Conclusion: The efforts made by INT, Mincom,
the three operators, the frequency assignments NFA, and operators over the past 15 years have
for 3G services are in 900/2100 MHz, while the resulted in making Tunisia one of the most
frequencies for LTE are in the 800/1800/2100 (5 connected countries in the Arab States region. In
MHZ) MHz band. 2015, the Strategic Digital Council approved Digital
Tunisia 2020 Strategic Plan with the vision to make
Fixed services: Tunisia has a competitive fixed Tunisia an international digital hub and make ICT
broadband market with three fixed licensed an important tool for accelerating socio-economic
operators, with Tunisie Telecom being the development.
incumbent fixed operator in the Tunisian market.
Orange Tunisie was the second fixed operator
to launch in the market. Ooredoo was the third
entrant to the market and started operations in
November 2013. There are 11 Internet service
providers in Tunisia, of which five are private ISPs
and six are owned by the government. All the
operators are rolling out fibre-to-the-home (FTTH)
infrastructure. It is expected that fixed broadband
penetration will be substantially increased.
Government policy: The National

Telecommunication Instance (Instance

Turkey Key indicators for Turkey (2016) Europe World
Turkey has a relatively large telecommunication Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 96.9 118.0 101.5
market with huge potential for growth. Mobile Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 13.6 30.2 12.4
and fixed penetration rates are below the Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 66.8 80.1 52.2
European average, but are increasing rapidly. 3G coverage (% of population) 96.0 98.5 85.0
Three mobile operators are serving the Turkish
market and offer relatively affordable plans to
Turkish customers.
Mobile services: Turkey’s mobile market is Percentage of households with computer 58.0 79.6 46.6
one of the most concentrated markets in the Percentage of households with Internet access 76.3 82.5 51.5
Europe region. Incumbent operator Turkcell first Percentage of individuals using the Internet 58.3 77.9 45.9
started facing competition with the entry of Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 68.1 178.0 74.5
Vodafone in 1994. During the duopoly, Turkcell
kept a significant proportion of the market. Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
It was not until 2001, that operators Aria and

policies are aligned with those of the EU, given
Aycell entered the market in order to increase
that the country has applied for EU membership.
competitiveness (DICE, 2010). The operators
Telecommunication policies are aimed at ensuring
merged in 2004 and are operating today under
effective competition and expanding the use of
the brand Avea. In 2016, Avea was the third placed
ICTs, in particular broadband.467 In 2016, ICTA
mobile network operator, after Vodafone and
started a series of study meetings for developing
market leader Turkcell (ICTA, 2016). The country
a national broadband strategy, recognizing the
has a rapidly growing mobile-broadband market
importance of broadband development and
fuelled by a young population open to new
identifying the relevant steps to be taken in order
trends in technology. In 2009, 3G services were
to advance roll-out.468
first launched and networks expanded rapidly,
covering almost the entire population. LTE was
Conclusion: Turkey’s telecommunication sector
only launched in 2016 and uptake and coverage
has gone through tremendous changes during the
are increasing464.
last decade, driven by advancements in technology
and increasing customer demand. A little more
Fixed services: The fixed market shows relatively
than half of the population is online – and the
low penetration rates when compared to European
other half still offline, which illustrates the huge
countries. However, operators are investing in
potential of this emerging market.
network roll-out and upgrades and subscriptions
numbers are on the rise. Most fixed-broadband
connections are via xDSL, with a growing number
of fibre- and cable-based subscriptions. Turk
Telekom, the market leader in the fixed segment,
has the largest fibre infrastructure in the country
and continues to invest in its upgrade and
extension.465 Fixed-telephone penetration is on the
decline in line with the global trend towards fixed-
to-mobile substitution.
Government policy: The privatization of Turkey’s

telecommunication sector started relatively late
compared to other countries in the Europe region,
when the majority shares of Turk Telecom were
sold in a tender in 2005.466 Turkey’s Information
and Communication Technologies Authority (ICTA),
the independent telecommunication regulator,
was created four years earlier in 2000. The
Turkish government further wants to ensure that

Turkmenistan Key indicators for Turkmenistan (2016) CIS World
The mobile-cellular market is developing Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 157.7 141.2 101.5
intensively in Turkmenistan. Public institutions Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.1 15.8 12.4
are being connected to the Internet and the Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 14.2 59.7 52.2
number of Internet users is growing. 3G coverage (% of population) 75.8 77.1 85.0

Mobile services: At the beginning of 2017,
mobile cellular services were provided by two
telecommunication operators: Altyn Asyr (state-
owned) and MTS. The Turkmenistan government Percentage of households with computer 13.4 67.4 46.6
has recently announced the creation of a second Percentage of households with Internet access 13.6 68.0 51.5
state-owned operator (Ai Nazar). Around 77 per Percentage of individuals using the Internet 18.0 65.1 45.9
cent of the market is controlled by Altyn Asyr, Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 2.3 59.0 74.5
which provides 2G, 3G and LTE services. 3G was
launched in 2010 by Altyn Asyr and the company Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
put an LTE network into operation in 2013. Mobile

national and private operators. Special attention
services are becoming more affordable for the
is also given to the network capacity increase for
population. In 2015, Turkmenistan launched its
international voice and data traffic transiting. A
first telecommunication satellite.
new optical fibre line connecting Turkmenistan and
Kazakhstan was launched in 2013.
Fixed services: National telecommunication
company TurkmenTelecom has a monopoly in
Conclusion: In cooperation with international
fixed telephone services. In 2015, there were
organizations, Turkmenistan is drawing up
around 700 exchanges (PBXs) in the country, 90
new sectoral development programmes
per cent of them are digital. In the early 2000s,
and is implementing ICT projects. The
TurkmenTelecom was the only provider of Internet
telecommunication sector is rapidly developing.
services. Internet access used to be restricted
Modern optical fibre and satellite communication
for the general population. Public Internet access
lines are covering the territory of Turkmenistan.
was introduced in 2008, but the prices were
ICT technologies are steadily transforming the
high. In 2014, Wi-Fi networks started to develop.
country.
The TEA (Transit Europe-Asia) is a terrestrial
optical fibre cable line that formed the basis for
the optical fibre telecommunication network of
TurkmenTelecom.469 Additional lines were deployed
to the Caspian Sea. Optical fibre lines connect all
major cities in the country.
Government policy: The government adopted

the national programme of social and economic
development of Turkmenistan 2011-2030. There
are no ICT-specific policy documents; however,
ICT activities are actively implemented in banking
and financial spheres, health care, and education.
For instance, following the project of ICT support
in Turkmenistan that was launched in 2011 in
collaboration with United States Agency for
International Development (USAID), teachers and
officials acquired open access to the Internet,
trainings and consultations in ICT, and pedagogical
materials. In 2013, a project on electronic
document exchange in health care systems was
launched. Such ICT projects create demand on
ICT infrastructure, which is deployed by the

Tuvalu Key indicators for Tuvalu (2016)
Asia &
Pacific
World

Deployment of telecommunication networks is Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 76.4 98.9 101.5
difficult in this small and remote Pacific nation. Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 10.1 11.3 12.4
It has a tiny market and is subject to recurring Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.0 47.4 52.2
natural disasters. The country's TV domain name 3G coverage (% of population) n.a. 87.6 85.0
is a major source of government revenue. LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) n.a. 73.6 66.5
Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) n.a. 3.2 5.2
Mobile services: The state-owned enterprise Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) n.a. 14.5 13.9
Tuvalu Telecommunication Corporation (TTC) Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) n.a. 2.7 3.7
is the sole provider. The mobile network was Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) n.a. 5.4 6.8
destroyed by a storm in 2007 and a new network Percentage of households with computer 41.5 37.8 46.6
was deployed in 2009. Mobile phone service is Percentage of households with Internet access n.a. 45.5 51.5
available on five of the nine inhabited islands and Percentage of individuals using the Internet 46.0 41.5 45.9
atolls. In 2012, 43 per cent of homes had a mobile Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 155.7 48.0 74.5
phone.470 TTC launched 3G in the capital in 2015, Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
with plans to extend coverage to other islands. It is
also planning to launch LTE in the near future. Nations in 2000. The domain name is managed by
Verisign, which under the .tv Agreement with the
Fixed services: TTC was created as a state- Government of Tuvalu is committed to paying the
owned enterprise in 1994 under the Tuvalu Government at least US$5 million a year until the
Telecommunication Corporation Act. It is the sole end of 2021.
provider of fixed telephone services. Practically
all households on the island of Funafuti have a Conclusion: Tuvalu faces formidable challenges
copper fixed telephone line. The 2015 cyclone in expanding its ICT infrastructure. It is a remote
Pam severely damaged around 80 per cent of Pacific archipelago located in a disaster-prone
the copper fixed telephone network in the outer area, with a small population spread over a
islands. TTC also provides fixed broadband through number of islands. The main island has a relatively
ADSL and over VSAT to Internet cafes in the outer high level of ICT access. The country is progressing
islands. Services are limited by the fact that mains towards more reliable connectivity in the outer
electricity is normally available for only 12-18 islands through the installation of solar-powered
hours a day. Tuvalu relies on satellites for both facilities. It is fortunate to have a popular domain
domestic and international connectivity. TTC is name which generates revenues equivalent to
trying to improve the operational ability of its around one-third of the country's exports.
outer island services through the provision of solar
power systems for all VSATs.
Government policy: The Ministry of Works,

Communications and Transport (MWCT) is
responsible for sector policy and regulation as
well as government IT. The Government strongly
supports the ICT sector in its national strategy with
the objective of improving and extending services
nationwide, especially to schools, clinics and
island administrations ("Kaupule"). The nation's
2012 Infrastructure Strategy and Investment Plan
identifies three key objectives for the ICT sector: i)
ensuring that all telecommunication facilities are
solar-powered; ii) expanding Internet services to
the outer islands; and iii) establishing a submarine
cable link. The country's catchy "TV" Internet
domain name is much sought after and has been
a major source of revenue for the Government;
the payments enabled it to join the United

Uganda Key indicators for Uganda (2016) Africa World
The landlocked East African nation has a Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 55.1 74.6 101.5
forward-looking regulatory framework, but Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.3 0.4 12.4
faces challenges extending broadband coverage Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 33.7 22.9 52.2
and services to the largely populated rural zones. 3G coverage (% of population) 64.0 59.3 85.0
Mobile services: Uganda has one of the most
crowded mobile markets in Africa, with eight
active operators. However, two account for
almost 90 per cent of subscriptions: MTN, a Percentage of households with computer 7.6 9.6 46.6
subsidiary of the South African mobile group; and Percentage of households with Internet access 8.9 16.3 51.5
AIRTEL, a subsidiary of the Indian mobile group. Percentage of individuals using the Internet 21.9 19.9 45.9
Other mobile operators include the incumbent Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 5.5 51.0 74.5
Uganda Telecom Ltd. (UTL); Africell, subsidiary of
a Lebanese mobile group that took over Orange’s Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
operations in 2014; Smile, a venture between

landlocked country mainly to the Kenyan border
Kenya’s Industrial Promotion Services and a
for access to undersea cables and for those also
Cyprus-registered mobile group; Vodafone, a
operating in Rwanda, to that country. The Uganda
subsidiary of the United Kingdom mobile group;
IXP is one of the oldest in Africa, launched in 2001,
Sure Telecom, a Singaporean based Telecom; and
and has more than two dozen members peering
K2, an indigenous Telecom Company. Despite the
traffic.
large number of operators, it has been a challenge
to extend coverage to rural areas. According to
Government policy: The Ministry of ICT and
the 2016–17 Uganda National Household Survey,
National Guidance is responsible for sector
68.6 per cent of households owned mobile
oversight. The Ministry’s five-year sector Strategic
phones, 61.8 percent in rural and 86.1 per cent in
and Investment Plan 2015/16-2019/20 guides ICT
urban areas. All of the operators have deployed
development in line with the Uganda Vision 2040
mobile-broadband networks, including the latest
and the National Development Plan. The Plan
generation LTE by Smile in 2012, Africell and MTN
covers 11 areas, such as infrastructure, human
in 2013, and Vodafone in 2015.
capacity, cybersecurity, e-government, and local
content and services, and by its completion
Fixed services: Incumbent UTL was privatized
aims to increase ICT access and broadband
in 2000, when 51 per cent of its shares were
speeds to 4 Mbit/s and 30 Mbit/s for rural and
sold. The Libyan Government investment arm
urban households respectively. The Uganda
purchased the stake of the original buyers as
Communications Commission (UCC) is the sector
well as additional shares from the Government,
regulator, formed in 1997 and responsible for
resulting in a 69 per cent stake. UTL has faced
telecommunications, broadcasting and posts. The
operating challenges and, in 2017, the Government
Commission’s Act of 2013 enabled the merger
retook control of the company. UTL is the main
of the telecommunications regulator with the
provider of fixed-telephone service through
broadcasting regulator. UCC administers the Rural
copper lines and wireless local loop. On the fixed-
Communications Development Fund, which has
broadband market, it offers fixed ADSL and fixed
provided funding for the extension of coverage
wireless broadband. It is joined by a number of
to rural areas, development of ICT training
ISPs offering fixed wireless broadband access. Tech
centres, telecentres and other activities. It is also
giant Google has invested in the CSquared project,
responsible for the country’s Computer Emergency
building metro fibre networks in Entebbe and
Response Team.
Kampala. It offers wholesale Wi-Fi access as well
as optical fibre to the premises for resale by ISPs.
Conclusion: Uganda has one of the most
The first two phases of the Government’s National
progressive ICT sector policy and regulatory
Backbone Infrastructure have been completed,
environments in Africa. However, the country
with 1 590 km of fibre-optic cable stretching to the
faces large challenges to developing widespread
Kenyan and South Sudan borders. Operators have
infrastructure access, due to its sizeable large rural
also been deploying fibre-optic networks in the
population and low disposable income.

Ukraine Key indicators for Ukraine (2016) CIS World
Ukraine has a great potential for mobile Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 132.6 141.2 101.5
and fixed-broadband market development. Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 12.0 15.8 12.4
Operators are eager to introduce new services Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 22.6 59.7 52.2
and attract new subscribers. 3G coverage (% of population) 90.0 77.1 85.0

Mobile services: There are six mobile
telecommunication operators in Ukraine:
Kyivstar, Vodafone, Lifecell, 3Mob, PeopleNet
and InterTelecom. Mobile broadband coverage Percentage of households with computer 65.1 67.4 46.6
is growing dramatically. In 2014, the National Percentage of households with Internet access 54.8 68.0 51.5
Commission for the State Regulation of Percentage of individuals using the Internet 52.5 65.1 45.9
Communications and Informatization (NCCIR) Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 79.9 59.0 74.5
announced a tendering process to acquire
frequency bands for UMTS deployment. As a Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
result, in 2015 frequency bands of 30 MHz were

market players has been developed.480 One of the
acquired by Kyivstar, MTS/Vodafone and Astelit/
main priorities of government policy is to facilitate
Lifecell.471 This boosted mobile-broadband
quality of services (QoS) improvement. NCCIR
market development as 3G coverage increased
collects operator QoS reports and monitors quality
significantly in 2015-2016. More than 20 million
indicators.481 QoS reports are publicly available.
people used the 3G network by the end of 2016.
Mobile and fixed number portability (MNP and
Most of broadband access Internet connections
FNP) are also expected to be launched in the near
are wireless (66 per cent). A tender for an LTE-
future.482 Authorities are working on legislation
frequency in the 2.6 GHz band, prepared in 2016,
alignment to the European Union framework.483
is planned to be launched by the end of 2017. The
possibility of a 5G network test run is actively
Conclusion: Work is underway to develop new
being discussed. The number of M2M users
legislation in the sector of information and
increased significantly in 2016.
telecommunication technologies in Ukraine. New
strategies for digital transformation, big data,
Fixed services: The number of fixed telephone
blockchain and agile are discussed at state level.
users has been decreasing, as well as operator
revenues in fixed telephony.472 Fixed broadband
services generate most of the income from
Internet access services. The largest fixed services
provider in Ukraine is Ukrtelecom with around
5.3 m of fixed telephone subscriptions and 1.6
million Internet access subscriptions.473,474 474
Kyivstar provides broadband Internet access
services to more than 818 000 subscribers.475
Volia, Triolan, Data Group, Fregat are also among
the top companies when comparing subscription
numbers.476, 477 xDSL connections prevail over
other broadband access technologies.478 However,
fibre-optic connections are increasingly prevalent
among new subscribers.
Government policy: Government policy

aims to liberalize legislation. The regulatory
authority is planning to simplify market entry
of telecommunication companies, and cancel
existing practices of licensing specific types of
telecommunication services, etc.479 A legislative
framework for effective infrastructure use by

United Arab Emirates Key indicators for United Arab Emirates (2016)
Arab
States
World

United Arab Emirates (UAE) has transformed Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 204.0 107.1 101.5
itself into a regional and global business Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 13.3 4.7 12.4
hub, which has played a massive role in Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 156.7 45.2 52.2
the deployment and adoption of new ICT 3G coverage (% of population) 100.0 81.9 85.0
technologies, further strengthening the UAE’s LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 99.6 33.8 66.5
image as a business destination. Fixed and Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 0.2 4.3 5.2
mobile-broadband prices as a percentage of Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 0.5 10.1 13.9
the gross national income per capita (GNI) are Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 0.5 4.5 3.7
among the cheapest in the Arab States region Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 0.8 5.5 6.8
and globally. Percentage of households with computer 91.0 43.3 46.6
Mobile services: Mobile-cellular penetration is Percentage of individuals using the Internet 90.6 41.8 45.9
well above the average penetration in the Arab Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 133.7 39.0 74.5
States countries and globally. The same applies Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
to mobile-broadband penetration, which has
grown fast and is three times as high as the global Government policy: The Telecommunications
and regional averages. In terms of the market Regulatory Authority (TRA) was established
landscape, the UAE has two fully integrated according to the UAE Federal Law by Decree No.
telecommunication operators; Etisalat and 3 of 2003 Telecom Law. The TRA is responsible
Emirates Integrated Telecommunications Company for the management of every aspect of the
(du), as well as seven other niche licensees. Etisalat telecommunications sector. The TRA issues
was established in 1976 and is the incumbent general guidance and instructions for the
operator in the UAE, introducing GSM services in telecommunication sector necessary for
1994. Competition started in the market in 2007, national security and international relations,
when du started its cellular services. Telecom telecommunication licences, and determines fees
operators are required by the UAE’s Ministry of for licences. Government policies encourage the
Finance to pay annual royalty fees, which have deployment of such technologies to maintain
been regularly updated and currently stand at 15 the status of the country as a major business
per cent of revenues and 30 per cent of annual and trade hub in the region. The TRA has set
net profits. The UAE is home to a large number of the main strategic ICT policy goals as: develop
new technologies, and the country remains ahead a fair regulatory environment for the ICT sector
of other countries in the region with regard to the in the UAE, to enhance competitiveness and
availability of cutting edge innovations. LTE was effective sustainability; develop the quality of
launched in in 2011 and is now offered by the two provided ICT services in the UAE, to ensure
telecommunication operators in the market. At keeping pace with technological development in
present, mobile services are offered on 800MHz, the ICT sector; leadership in smart technological
900MHz, 1800MHz, 1900MHz and 2600MHz. UAE infrastructure in the UAE; enhance the smart
is planning to licence spectrum by 2020 for 5G lifestyle in the UAE; ensure the provision of all
networks to power the Internet of Things (IoT). administrative services in accordance with the
standards of quality, efficiency and transparency;
Fixed services: Fibre optic deployment is well and establish a culture of innovation in the
ahead of other Arab States. The two main market institutional work environment.
players provide a large variety of services that
include both standalone high speed broadband Conclusion: The efforts made by the Government
services and triple and double play services. The of the United Arab Emirates over the past 15
UAE market is also home to other innovative M2M years have resulted in making the UAE one of the
and business solutions. The UAE has been fibre- world’s most connected countries. Nearly all of
to-the-home (FTTH) connected since 2012, and in its households have Internet access and most of
2017 announced the launch of 300 Mbit/s Internet its citizens use the Internet on a regular basis. The
speeds through its FTTH network for customers. UAE is a global leader in telecommunications and
information and communications technology and
plans to further develop its ICT sector by being

one of the first countries to deploy 5G networks
and services.

United Kingdom Key indicators for United Kingdom (2016) Europe World
The United Kingdom has a highly advanced Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 122.9 118.0 101.5
telecommunication market, characterized by its Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 39.2 30.2 12.4
early liberalization and a fiercely competitive Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 91.4 80.1 52.2
environment. Penetration rates are high 3G coverage (% of population) 99.6 98.5 85.0
for fixed and mobile services and prices are
affordable.
Mobile services: The mobile market is
characterized by fierce competition and has Percentage of households with computer 89.8 79.6 46.6
seen numerous mergers and acquisitions in Percentage of households with Internet access 91.3 82.5 51.5
recent decades. In 2016, British Telecom (BT), Percentage of individuals using the Internet 94.8 77.9 45.9
the incumbent operator which had pulled out Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 449.1 178.0 74.5
of the mobile market previously, announced the
acquisition of market leader EE, which was itself Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
established in 2010 as a joint venture between

increasing accordingly, with average actual speed
Deutsche Telekom and Orange. Mobile penetration
going up from 22.8 Mbit/s in November 2014 to
is high and mobile-broadband networks widely
28.9 Mbit/s in November 2015 (Ofcom, 2016).
available. EE was the first United Kingdom
operator to launch LTE services in October 2012
Government policy: The United Kingdom started
through its existing spectrum. The LTE auction
the liberalization of its telecommunication
followed in February 2013, with EE, O2, Vodafone,
sector in 1984, when the government sold its
Three, and Niche Spectrum Ventures Ltd (a BT
majority shares in operator BT. The country
Group subsidiary) receiving licences. Smartphone
continues to be a champion of privatization in the
has become the preferred device for using the
telecommunication sector and elsewhere and
Internet in the UK, and increased Internet access
its example greatly impacted the shaping of the
and speeds are leading to changing consumption
EU policies on telecommunications. The Ofcom
patterns, such as the remarkable rise in the use of
decision to require the legal separation between
over-the-top messaging services (Ofcom, 2016).
the wholesale and retail arms of the incumbent
in 2016 and BT acceptance in 2017 confirm that
Fixed services: Incumbent operator BT has the
the United Kingdom remains at the forefront
highest market share of 32 per cent (in 2015) of
of telecommunication reform. Current national
the fixed-broadband market, albeit lower than the
telecommunication policies put the focus on
share held by the historic operator in most other
favouring the roll-out of high-speed broadband.
European countries.484Regulator Ofcom imposed
In 2015, the government announced plans for a
on BT the separation of its retail and wholesale
universal service obligation USO for broadband
arms to address competition concerns, and in 2017
services that would give citizens the right to a
BT agreed to Ofcom requirements on the legal
broadband connection with speeds of at least 10
separation of its network division Openreach.484
Mbit/s by 2020 (Ofcom, 2016).
Fixed-telephone and fixed-broadband penetrations
are high in the UK and well above the European
Conclusion: A champion of liberalization, the
average. Bundled-services are very popular, with
United Kingdom has developed into one of the
nearly seven in ten households buying at least two
world’s leading countries for telecommunications.
ICT services in a bundle in 2016. Fixed-telephone
ICT household penetration is high and most people
and broadband dual-play plans, and triple-play
living in the United Kingdom are online.
fixed telephone, broadband and TV packages
are most popular.485 This development has led to
increased competition by triple-play providers
such as Sky, which had the second highest share of
fixed-broadband subscriptions in 2016. Operators
continue to invest in network roll-out and
upgrades. There are more and more broadband
connections over NGA technology and speeds are

United States Key indicators for United States (2016) The
Americas World
Telecommunications is a well-established sector Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 120.8 114.2 101.5
in the United States, with all segments under Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 32.4 19.1 12.4
competition and penetration levels that are Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 124.9 82.7 52.2
among the highest encountered for all services. 3G coverage (% of population) 99.9 93.6 85.0
Service pricing is extremely competitive in the LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 99.7 77.4 66.5
United States, representing a mere fraction of Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 0.8 3.6 5.2
regional and global averages. Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 0.8 6.4 13.9
Mobile services: The market for mobile services Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 0.3 5.7 6.8
is mature and its growth rates have been starting Percentage of households with computer 87.0 64.9 46.6
to stagnate in recent years; however, 21 million Percentage of households with Internet access 84.0 63.3 51.5
additional subscribers are expected to join the
market by 2020. Revenues from voice services
are leaving space for those stemming from Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
data services, as mobile-broadband has almost
identical numbers in terms of service uptake as importance is also given to foster competition
mobile-cellular. Operators are actively engaged in the telecommunications environment, having
in upgrading technology, experimenting with already introduced net neutrality rules in 2009
5G and aiming to have the service available to and overlooking and approving interconnection
the population during 2018 and 2019.485 The rates, but leaving other matters, such as quality
recent auction in the 600 MHz band is expected of service standards setting and monitoring, to
to improve the service coverage and network be regulated by the states. Other FCC initiatives
capacity further. are the Forging Our 5G Future, Broadcast
Incentive Auction, Connect2Health and Accessible
Fixed services: Fixed-broadband uptake has been Communications for Everyone.488
successful in the United States despite competition
levels being lower in most areas, with AT&T and Conclusion: Despite being at a substantially
Verizon being the most present market players.486 more advanced development stage, the
Coupled with large investments in infrastructure telecommunications sector in the United
roll-out, especially in both fibre optic and hybrid States still has barriers to overcome, notably
fibre-copper networks, fixed-broadband is an the digital divide represented by the diverging
affordable and fast service (in terms of bandwidth). access to broadband between urban and more
The challenge remains to reduce the digital remote areas in the country. Investment and
divide that separates rural and Native Americans, infrastructure development remain a constant
who are proportionally less likely to have access in the sector, as operators strive to employ new
to high-speed broadband, which can hinder telecommunications technologies and provide
their future in a wide variety of manners, from better service. Aside from the traditional public–
job opportunities to access to health care and private partnerships, tech companies have also
education. partnered to roll out state-of-the-art networks,
such as Facebook and Microsoft uniting forces to
Government policy: Given the fast pace at which build the MAREA, a submarine cable across the
the telecommunications sector progresses in Atlantic.
the United States, the need for an adaptable
and reactive regulator is evident. The Federal
Communications Commission (FCC), created in
1934, has been paramount to the development
and expansion of the sector, and its latest
guidelines, the Strategic Plan 2015–2018,
outlines the importance of public interest goals
such as consumer rights, safety and access to
broadband, while ensuring that economic growth
and security remain high priorities.487 Great

Uruguay Key indicators for Uruguay (2016) The
Americas World
Uruguay’s telecommunications sector has Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 148.7 114.2 101.5
demonstrated remarkable development over Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 26.8 19.1 12.4
the past decade, especially in terms of universal Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 102.0 82.7 52.2
access. Bridging the national digital divide has 3G coverage (% of population) 95.0 93.6 85.0
been a priority for the authorities of Uruguay, LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 88.0 77.4 66.5
ensuring that the clear majority of households Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 1.3 3.6 5.2
have broadband access. The Government has Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 0.8 6.4 13.9
made efforts to guarantee that low-income Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 0.3 2.5 3.7
groups have access to the Internet.489 In Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 0.6 5.7 6.8
fact, Uruguay has the highest percentage of Percentage of households with computer 69.5 64.9 46.6
households with computers in the region and, in Percentage of households with Internet access 61.8 63.3 51.5
a study of the population aged 14 years or above Percentage of individuals using the Internet 66.4 64.0 45.9
who have access to the Internet, 96 per cent are
believed to use it at least weekly and 84 per cent Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
daily. 490
literacy skills remain the focus of its programmes.
Mobile services: Uruguay hosts a competitive Uruguay Digital, the overarching programme that
mobile market, with three players holding has been in place for over a decade, has been at
considerable market share. Antel is the market the centre of various agendas – namely in 2008,
leader, with more than 50 per cent of the 2010 and 2015 – which were adapted according
subscriptions (URSEC, 2016), followed by Movistar to the sector evolution and necessities. In terms
and then Claro. Mobile-broadband is the segment of concrete objectives, the public and private
with the greatest potential at the moment, and all partnerships were able to ensure that prices
three operators offer broadband services via LTE remained affordable, that all children attending
technology. The amount of mobile subscriptions public schools had access to a personal computer
that do not include data services has decreased and that every household was connected with
over time to only 15 per cent of the total in fibre optic, among others. The current agenda,
2016492(URSEC, 2016). Both mobile-cellular and Agenda Uruguay Digital 2020, recognizes the
mobile-broadband penetration levels are ahead of importance of ICTs to the development of various
the regional and global averages. other sectors as well as to the creation of a more
direct relationship between the citizens and the
Fixed services: Despite the regional trend, Government, not leaving behind the importance of
Uruguay’s fixed-line market is a monopoly digital policies and online safety (AGESIC, 2016).
controlled by the State-owned incumbent, Antel,
and remains with penetration rates well above the Conclusion: The Uruguayan telecommunications
regional and global levels. Fixed-broadband uptake sector is well developed and the results of sector
has also been successful relative to the regional planning and investment are evident when
rates, and is provided mainly via fibre optic, with considering the evolution of service uptake in
DSL being the second most popular option (URSEC, all segments of the sector, even for those under
2016). Uruguay’s improvement in international monopoly, such as fixed-broadband. Challenges
connectivity has been a result of the 2012 opening remain on certain infrastructure areas, such
of Bicentenario, a submarine cable system, as completing the LTE coverage and improving
and is expected to further improve following connection speed.
infrastructure deployment by Antel.492
Government policy: The body responsible for

regulating telecommunications is the Unidad
Reguladora de Servicios de Comunicaciones
(URSEC), created in 2001. URSEC works closely
with the Ministry and with the private sector to
develop the sector in a sustainable and democratic
manner, ensuring that universal service and

Uzbekistan Key indicators for Uzbekistan (2016) CIS World
The country has one of the most prospective Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 77.3 141.2 101.5
mobile-broadband markets in the CIS region. LTE Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 9.1 15.8 12.4
networks deployment and Internet access tariff Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 55.9 59.7 52.2
changes are among the main telecommunication 3G coverage (% of population) 45.3 77.1 85.0
market growth factors.493
Mobile services: In 1991, the first mobile-
cellular telecommunication operator Uzdunrobita
was established. It provided mobile telephone Percentage of households with computer 43.9 67.4 46.6
services in 1992 over an NMT-450 network. In Percentage of households with Internet access 75.4 68.0 51.5
1995, services in AMPS/DAMP were introduced. Percentage of individuals using the Internet 46.8 65.1 45.9
In 1996, regulatory measures were taken to Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 5.7 59.0 74.5
attract foreign investment into the mobile
cellular telecommunication sector. In 1997, five Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
new operators entered the market. In 2005, a

The activities within these programmes mostly
CDMA-450 network started providing services.494
aimed at national telecommunication network
Today, there are five mobile cellular operators in
construction and renovation. Backbone network
the market: Unitel (GSM; more than 10 million
connecting all regional centres was built during
subscriptions), UMS (GSM; more than 2 million),
this period. ICT technologies started to being
Uzmobile (GSM; over 1 million), Ucell (GSM;
implemented in public sectors. Attention was
around 9 million), and Perfectum, a CDMA
also given to education in ICT. From 2005
operator with around 1 million subscriptions.495
to 2010, Uzbekistan was involved in UNDP
All GSM operators deploy LTE networks.496 Less
projects, facilitating ICT policy implementation
than 1 per cent of localities were covered by
in the country. The 2012 to 2014 government
LTE at the beginning of 2017. In the first half of
programme focused on integration of government
2017, the Uzbekistan Government reallocated
systems, regulation enhancement and information
900/1800 MHz radio frequency bands among
security. The current ICT programme has two
mobile telecommunication operators to facilitate
main pillars: infrastructure and technological
market competition. It was considered that
development, and e-government systems and
previous radio frequency band allocation hindered
databases development. The first pillar consists
LTE deployment. It is expected that it will lead to
of 17 projects aimed at enhancing infrastructure
faster LTE deployment and quality of service (QoS)
capabilities by increasing broadband access and
enhancement.497
core network capacity, and creating favourable
conditions for quality government services
Fixed services: In 2006, less than 50 per cent of
development. By the end of 2017, Uzbekistan is
private branch exchanges (PBX) were digital. By
planning to start optical fibre cable production
2014, the process of fixed telephone network
to facilitate optical fibre lines construction
digitalization was completed. At the beginning
and provide all regional centres with LTE signal
of 2017, there were 654 Internet providers and
coverage.501,502 Close attention is being given to ICT
operators in Uzbekistan. The international Internet
in healthcare system. Uzbekistan is going to create
gateway capacity reached 54.9 Gbit/s.498 In 2014-
a fully functioning and effective e-health system by
2015, Uzbekistan successfully implemented Wi-Fi
2020. The Uzbekistan Government also established
networks development programme by installing
two organizations UZINFOCOM and UNICON.
Wi-Fi access points in many public places, such as
UZ to facilitate ICT regulation development and
airports, railway stations, tourist zones, etc.499 In
consulting services.
order to develop Internet broadband access, more
than 1 800 km of optical fibre cable lines were
Conclusion:
constructed in 2015. Backhaul networks capacities
were increased by up to 10 times.500
The Government of Uzbekistan is engaged in
ICT development. By implementing regulation
Government policy: From 1995 to 2010, a set of
initiatives it facilitates a competitive environment.
ICT development programmes was implemented.
The goal of these activities is to provide the

population with high quality e-services over a high-
speed and resilient infrastructure. E-government
services are particularly focused on an ICT
development policy. Many user terminals (250) for
e-government online-services access are going to
be installed across the country in 2017.503

Vanuatu Key indicators for Vanuatu (2016)
Asia &
Pacific
World

The South Pacific nation has made significant Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 81.1 98.9 101.5
progress in developing its ICT sector in recent Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 1.7 11.3 12.4
years with strong growth in data traffic Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 22.3 47.4 52.2
following the deployment of its first undersea 3G coverage (% of population) 80.0 87.6 85.0
cable link in 2014 and the launch of LTE in 2016. LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 25.0 73.6 66.5
Mobile services: There are two operators: the Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 24.5 14.5 13.9
incumbent Telecom Vanuatu Limited (TVL), which Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 3.3 2.7 3.7
began offering GSM mobile services in 2002, Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 16.5 5.4 6.8
and Digicel (Vanuatu) Limited. Digicel entered as Percentage of households with computer 22.6 37.8 46.6
the second operator when it launched its GSM Percentage of households with Internet access 29.5 45.5 51.5
network in June 2008. The introduction of cellular Percentage of individuals using the Internet 24.0 41.5 45.9
competition rapidly increased coverage and Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 21.9 48.0 74.5
uptake with 80 per cent of households having a Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
mobile phone (97 per cent of urban households
compared to 73 per cent in rural homes).504 and national backbone connectivity relies mainly
Mobile subscriptions continue to rise year on on microwave services. The 1 259 kilometre
year. However, even though penetration sits at 80 Interchange Cable Network 1 (ICN1), which links
per cent of the population, there is a significant Vanuatu to Fiji via fibre-optic cable, was completed
number of dual SIM handsets and the continued in January 2014. With ICN1, traffic is sent to Fiji
use of both networks due to bundled discount where it is transferred to the Southern Cross cable
offerings by both operators. Digicel has become and routed to Australia or the United States. The
the market leader by some margin. It launched its Vanuatu Internet Exchange was launched in 2013.
3G network in December 2011 and TVL followed
in January 2013. Digicel launched LTE in 2016 and Government policy: The Office of the Government
mobile broadband has developed rapidly with a Chief Information Officer (OGCIO) is responsible
1500 per cent growth in mobile data downloaded for ICT sector oversight, guided by the 2013
between 2014 and 2016. National Information and Communication
Technology Policy. The policy covers a five-year
Fixed services: TVL was owned in equal shares period with eight priority areas: i) access to ICTs
by the Government, the United Kingdom’s Cable in Education; ii) access to ICT infrastructure and
& Wireless, and France Telecom. As part of the devices; iii) e-government; iv) integration of ICTs
liberalization process, the Government sold its into sectoral policies; v) building trust (mitigating
shares in TVL to the two remaining shareholders. risks and threats related to ICT development);
In 2011, Cable & Wireless sold its 50 per cent stake vi) locally relevant content; vii) capacity building;
to Mauritius Telecom, which gradually increased and viii) platform for multi-stakeholder and
its ownership. In 2017, Mauritius Telecom sold multi-sector coordination and collaboration. The
TVL to ATH of Fiji. TVL remains the only provider Telecommunications and Radiocommunications
of landline telephones. There are four service Regulator (TRR) was established under the
providers operating in the broadband Internet Telecommunications and Radiocommunications
space. TVL offers FTTH, DSL, WiMAX and Wi-Fi Regulation Act of 2009; however, the Office was
services; Digicel offers wireless Internet access established in February 2008. Initiatives under
using WiMAX and Wi-Fi; and Telsat Broadband the Universal Access Policy (UAP) aim to expand
Limited offers wireless Internet via WiFi and Ku penetration of mobile and broadband services
band satellite services (via Kacific Broadband into rural areas, with the objective of 98 per cent
Satellites). A notable milestone was the launch population coverage with a minimum download
of LTE by WanTok in April 2014 when it began speed of 2 Mbps by January 2018.
providing fixed wireless services in the capital
Port Vila. Both TVL and Digicel have metropolitan Conclusion: Vanuatu has made great strides in ICT
fibre rings around Port Vila and Luganville on the following liberalization of the telecommunication
island of Espiritu Santo, but otherwise optical sector in 2008, which ended TVL's monopoly and
fibre in the national backbone is non-existent led to the introduction of mobile competition

and the launch of the ICN1 submarine cable in
2014. The UAP is expected to significantly expand
broadband coverage throughout the country.

Venezuela Key indicators for Venezuela (2016) The
Americas World
Despite the substantial increase in revenue Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 87.0 114.2 101.5
between 2014 and 2015 (CONATEL, 2015), the Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 8.2 19.1 12.4
telecommunications sector in Venezuela has Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 50.3 82.7 52.2
suffered setbacks derived from the economic 3G coverage (% of population) 90.6 93.6 85.0
instability of the country, caused by the fall in LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 67.8 77.4 66.5
oil prices and the economic conditions in the Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 1.4 3.6 5.2
Latin America region, among others, resulting Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 3.3 6.4 13.9
in difficulties for investment and adoption of Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 2.9 2.5 3.7
new technologies in the country. The incumbent Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 55.0 5.7 6.8
operator, Compañía Anónima Nacional Teléfonos Percentage of households with computer 42.7 64.9 46.6
de Venezuela (CANTV), was renationalized in Percentage of households with Internet access 34.0 63.3 51.5
2007 (following its privatization in the early Percentage of individuals using the Internet 60.0 64.0 45.9
1990s) and remains a major player in all
segments of the market, assuming the name of Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
Movilnet for mobile services. The nationalization
of CANTV was justified by the need for experienced slight but steady growth in 2016
democratization and bridging social inequalities (CONATEL, 2015, 2016b).
in the communications sector.505
Government policy: The national
Mobile services: The mobile market hosts three telecommunications regulator, Comision Nacional
mobile network operators: the leader Movilnet, de Telecomunicaciones (CONATEL), was created
Digitel and Telefonica. Penetration levels for in 1991 and has since worked on enforcing
both mobile segments, voice and broadband, are regulatory measures and developing national
below the regional averages, as they experience policies for sector development.507 The regulator
further challenges with the economic downturn recognizes the importance of ICTs in the evolution
and consequent effects on slight decrease in of all areas and sectors of the economy, including
the mobile-cellular subscriber base. Despite this the paramount challenge of democratizing
decrease, mobile voice traffic and mobile data the digital literacy and popularizing its use. In
consumption have continued to increase. The order to do so, CONATEL created the Fondo de
latter at a remarkable rate of 31 per cent in 2016. Responsbilidad Social, a universal service fund
Mobile broadband was available from 2009 in that is frequently used for educational content
the form of 3G technology (CONATEL, 2015). In development for radio and television services.508
terms of more recent technologies, Digitel was the Since 2005, CONATEL has launched several
first to launch LTE services, in 2013, followed by projects financed through the universal service
Telefonica in 2015 and the State-owned Movilnet fund with the participation of Venezuelan telecom
at the beginning of 2017.506 The three operators operators. The Organic Telecommunications
started by deploying LTE services in the main cities Act (LOTEL) was amended in February 2011,
of Venezuela to continue later with the rest of the published in Official Gazette No. 39,610, dated
country. GSM/UMTS remains the most popular February 7, 2011. Pursuant to the amended
mobile technology, accounting for approximately LOTEL, telecommunication networks are treated
75 per cent of the subscriptions, with CDMA in as a “public interest service.” Under the law, the
second and LTE third. Data traffic is increasing maximum duration of licenses for the use and
substantially on a yearly basis (CONATEL, 2016b). operation of radio spectrums is 15 years.
Fixed services: The fixed-line market is under Conclusion: The Venezuelan telecommunications
competition with six operators: Digitel, Telefónica, sector currently faces challenges: from equipment
Convergia, Corporación-Telemic, Veninfotel and shortfalls and the need for infrastructure
the State-owned incumbent CANTV. In terms of deployment, which is a common factor in
fixed-telephony, the penetration levels peaked the region, to the digital divide among its
in 2014, having been steadily declining ever population.509 The potential for development
since. Fixed broadband, on the other hand, has remains with the mobile sector, with increased
demand for data as well as the substitution of fixed

services; thus, mobile operators have put in place
investment plans and deployed infrastructure to
upgrade the coverage and improve the provision
of the service in the near future.510

Viet Nam Key indicators for Viet Nam (2016)
Asia &
Pacific
World

The country is pursuing a unique model of Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 128.0 98.9 101.5
competition involving different state-owned Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 9.6 11.3 12.4
operators to grow telecommunication networks. Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 46.6 47.4 52.2
Mobile services: The market is competitive, with LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 5.0 73.6 66.5
five operators. Three state-owned operators Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 2.6 3.2 5.2
dominate the market: VIETTEL, owned by the Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 1.7 14.5 13.9
military; MOBIFONE; and VINAPHONE, owned by Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 2.0 2.7 3.7
the Vietnam Posts and Telecommunications Group Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 3.2 5.4 6.8
(VNPT). There is extensive 2G coverage with 93 Percentage of households with computer 23.5 37.8 46.6
per cent of households owning a mobile phone in Percentage of households with Internet access 25.9 45.5 51.5
2014 (96 per cent in urban areas and 91 per cent Percentage of individuals using the Internet 46.5 41.5 45.9
in rural areas).511 Four 3G licences were awarded Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 91.3 48.0 74.5
in 2009. Compared to other countries, the country Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
has been late in introducing LTE. Four licences
were issued in 2016, to VIETTEL, VINAPHONE, legal, regulatory, institutional and human
MOBIFONE and GMOBILE, and most operators resource aspects and international cooperation
launched networks soon after that. VIETTEL mechanisms; organization responsibilities; and a
has invested in ten mobile operators overseas list of eight key projects with budgets. Targets are
including four in the Asia-Pacific region. quite conservative, calling for between 35 and 40
per cent broadband penetration in households and
Fixed services: VNPT dominates the fixed Internet usage to reach 55 to 60 per cent of the
telephone market, with VIETTEL and the population by 2020.
Saigon Post and Telecommunications Services
Corporation (SPT) also offering services. Conclusion: Viet Nam's unique model of
Penetration is far lower compared to mobile but competition by state-owned enterprises has
high relative to other middle-income Asia-Pacific driven a high level of mobile access including in
economies. VNPT, VIETTEL and FPT Telecom rural areas. The recent launch of LTE networks
are the leading ISPs using ADSL, fibre-optic and should drive pent-up demand for higher-speed
cable modem technologies. VNPT operates a broadband.
national fibre-optic network that essentially
runs alongside main roads and extends to all the
country’s borders with its neighbours. There are
also metropolitan fibre-optic rings around the
main cities. Five submarine cables serve Viet Nam
through two landing stations. There are Internet
Exchange Points in the three largest cities.

and Communications (MIC) is the policy-making
and regulatory body. It has a wide remit, its
oversight including the press, publishing, posts,
telecommunications, information technology,
electronics and broadcasting. The Authority of
Telecommunications is a ministerial unit which
performs advisory and regulatory functions
for the telecommunications sector. The Plan
For Developing National Telecommunications
Until 2020, issued in 2012, provides a
comprehensive framework for the development
of telecommunications and ICT in the country.
It covers: targets; development strategies;

Yemen Key indicators for Yemen (2016)
Arab
States
World

Yemen has gone through political instabilities Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 62.9 107.1 101.5
and turbulences over the past few years, which Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 1.6 4.7 12.4
has affected the overall economy, affordability, Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 6.0 45.2 52.2
infrastructure, and ICT development. The prices 3G coverage (% of population) 88.9 81.9 85.0
for telecommunication services are above the LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 0.0 33.8 66.5
average prices in the region. Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 6.2 4.3 5.2
Mobile services: Mobile cellular penetration is Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 7.3 4.5 3.7
below the regional average and mobile broadband Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 14.2 5.5 6.8
uptake is low as the country lacks the availability Percentage of households with computer 7.0 43.3 46.6
of 3G and LTE services. The mobile cellular prices Percentage of households with Internet access 5.9 45.3 51.5
level is one of the highest in the region. However, Percentage of individuals using the Internet 24.6 41.8 45.9
the level of competition in the mobile cellular Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 5.5 39.0 74.5
market is very high with four cellular market Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
players; Sabafon, MTN Yemen, Yemen Mobile,
and Yemen telecom. The Yemen cellular market progress is expected towards liberalization in the
has been competitive since 2001 when Sabafon telecommunication sector in the future. However,
and MTN Yemen (previously known as Spacetel the current conflict will hamper progress. There is
Yemen) launched cellular services. Prior to 2001, also need to establish an independent regulator
TeleYemen was the sole operator in the cellular to develop regulatory framework in the country.
market, and provided cellular services through its The humanitarian situation in Yemen has resulted
analogue network. In 2004, Yemen Mobile took in the creation of a global organization called the
over TeleYemen cellular network and replaced Emergency Telecommunications Cluster (ETC) that
its analogue services with CDMA services. The helps to improve telecommunication services. ETC
country’s rural nature and mountainous geography has been operating in Yemen since April 2015 and
has also been a factor in the low mobile and fixed has provided basic security telecommunication
penetration rates. The introduction of 3G and LTE services, Internet hubs, and power charging
services is essential for the development of ICT stations.
sector, subject to the return of political stability
and subsequent international financial support. Conclusion: The ICT market in Yemen is currently
an unpredictable market. Significant parts of its
Fixed services: Fixed broadband is limited in telecommunication infrastructure are no longer
Yemen. In 2012, the Public Telecommunication operational. The recent conflict has put a halt to
Company (PTC) began to install a national WiMAX much of the progress in the telecommunication
network to improve the availability of Internet sector, resulting in satellite and radio
access. While competition has been introduced communication becoming important technologies
into the mobile sector, there is no competition for service delivery.
in fixed lines and very little in Internet provision.
The fixed voice market is monopolized by the
government owned PTC. For its part, the Internet
market is served by two government players:
Yemen Net and Y-Net.
Government policy: The Yemen Ministry of

Telecommunications and Information Technology
(MTIT) regulates the telecommunication market.
The MTIT is responsible for the following tasks:
formulating policies and plans to encourage
investment in the sector, managing the frequency
spectrum, licensing, and maintaining the national
numbering plan. With the formal acceptance into
the World Trade Organization in mid-2014, further

Zambia Key indicators for Zambia (2016) Africa World
The landlocked Southern African nation has been Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 74.9 74.6 101.5
making significant strides in building its national Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 0.2 0.4 12.4
backbone in order to access Internet bandwidth Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 32.2 22.9 52.2
in neighbouring countries. 3G coverage (% of population) 53.0 59.3 85.0

operators. MTN Zambia Limited, a subsidiary
of South Africa’s MTN is the leader, with a 45.2
per cent market share at the end of June 2017, Percentage of households with computer 8.1 9.6 46.6
which entered the market through the purchase Percentage of households with Internet access 14.3 16.3 51.5
of TELECEL, which had been operating since Percentage of individuals using the Internet 25.5 19.9 45.9
1995. Airtel Zambia Limited, a subsidiary of Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 3.9 51.0 74.5
India’s AIRTEL, had the second largest market
share of 39.2 per cent. The company launched Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
its operations on the market in 1997 initially

The fixed Internet services market remains highly
trading as Celtel Zambia and subsequently Zain
concentrated despite having over 25 licensed
Zambia. The State-owned incumbent, Zambia
operators. Zamtel, Africonnect, Zamnet and
Telecommunications Company Ltd. (ZAMTEL), had
Microlink accounted for close to 90 percent of the
the lowest market share, at 15.3 per cent, despite
subscribers for the fixed wireless Internet services.
progressive gains in its customer base. ZAMTEL
launched its mobile phone service offering in
Five companies have built out fibre networks,
1994 as the country’s first mobile operator. The
especially critical for ensuring access to submarine
2015 survey on access and usage of ICTs among
cables for the landlocked country. The largest
households and individuals found that 65 per
is that of Fibrecom, a subsidiary of the Zambia
cent of households had a mobile phone including
Electricity Supply Corporation (Zesco), whose
85 per cent in urban homes and 50 per cent
network reaches all 10 provincial capitals and
in rural ones.512 . MTN Zambia launched its 3G
stretches to about 6,000 km. The fibre network
offering in 2011, followed by AIRTEL and ZAMTEL
infrastructure is built on the electricity pylon.
in 2012. Mobile LTE was introduced by MTN
Fibrecom has direct connections to undersea
in 2014 using the 1 800 MHz frequency while
cables through Tanzania, Malawi, Zimbabwe,
ZAMTEL and Airtel Zambia launched their LTE
Namibia, and Botswana. CEC-Liquid Telecom has
offerings in 2016 and 2017 respectively. Mobile
also deployed metropolitan and national fiber
Broadband Limited trading as Vodafone Limited,
networks via underground cable and in some
Hai Telecommunications Limited and Microlink
cases overhead. MTN and AIRTEL collaborate on
Limited, which previously were traditional ISPs,
an underground metropolitan network in the
extended their service offering since last year to
capital Lusaka. ZAMTEL also has an extensive
provide LTE mobile Internet services.
network with access to several international
submarine cables. These links have enabled access
Fixed services: ZAMTEL is the main provider of
to undersea fibre-optic cables since 2011. The
fixed-telephone services using PSTN technology.
Zambia IXP became operational in 2006.
It also offers fixed-broadband over capped ADSL
and fibre-optic connections, and fixed wireless
LTE-TDD (the latter since 2014). Vodafone also
and Communications has responsibility for sector
launched a fixed wireless LTE-TDD network using
policy. The current ICT policy was adopted in
the 2 300 MHz band in 2016. While there are a
2006, and is currently undergoing review. The
number of other ISPs, most are small, with the
three core areas of the current policy are capacity
top four (including mobile operators) accounting
building, a competitive and efficient ICT sector,
for more than 80 per cent of the market. Access
and an effective legal and regulatory framework.
to Internet services in the country increased by
A national broadband strategy has been under
2.9 percent from a total of 5.7 million Internet
development for the last few years, given the
users reported at the end of June, 2016 to 5.9
importance attached to ICT in the country’s
million users reported at the end of June, 2017.
National Development Plan. The President

launched the SMART Zambia initiative in 2015
aimed at advancing the country into a digital
and knowledge based society. The government,
in August 2017, introduced a new licensing
framework for the ICT sector aimed at supporting
convergence in ICT services as well as deepening
competition in the sector. The Zambia Information
and Communications Technology Authority (ZICTA)
is the sector regulator for postal and electronic
communications, deriving its mandate from the
Information and Communications Technologies
(ICT) Act No. 15 of 2009, the Postal Services Act
of 2009 as well as the Electronic Communications
and Transactions Act of 2009. The Authority also
administers the country code top-level domain
(.zm) and the Universal Access Programme.
Conclusion: Recent high-level government

support for ICT, coupled with improved
bandwidth availability from cross-border fibre-
optic connections, provides a platform for the
development of the sector.

Zimbabwe Key indicators for Zimbabwe (2016) Africa World
Despite its landlocked situation in Southern Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 83.2 74.6 101.5
Africa, Zimbabwe has a vibrant backbone Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 1.1 0.4 12.4
market, with cross-border connections to several Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 43.4 22.9 52.2
submarine cables. 3G coverage (% of population) 55.3 59.3 85.0

Mobile services: Zimbabwe has long had
competition in the mobile sector, with three
operators. Net-One is the mobile arm of the
incumbent, and launched in 1997. ECONET, Percentage of households with computer 12.9 9.6 46.6
a local company, successfully challenged the Percentage of households with Internet access 22.1 16.3 51.5
incumbent’s monopoly to launch its GSM network Percentage of individuals using the Internet 23.1 19.9 45.9
in 1998. ECONET has since evolved into a mobile Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 9.1 51.0 74.5
group, with headquarters in South Africa and
operations in a number of countries. TELECEL Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
launched in 1998; it has gone through several

The importance of ICT for the Government
ownership changes and now is majority owned
is recognized in the Zimbabwe Agenda for
by a government investment holding. Household
Sustainable Socio-Economic Transformation
penetration is relatively high. In 2014, 89 per cent
(Zim-ASSET), identifying ICTs as one of the pillars
of homes had mobile phones, including 97 per cent
for national socio-economic development. The
of urban ones and 84 per cent in rural areas.513
Cabinet approved Zimbabwe’s second National
Mobile-broadband coverage has been growing,
Policy for Information and Communication
following the launch of 3G by all mobile operators.
Technology in 2016. The overall objectives
ECONET and Net-One also have LTE networks.
of the policy framework are to (a) use ICTs to
facilitate delivery of Zim-ASSET and other national
Fixed services: TELONE is the State-owned
developmental goals; (b) enable and foster access
incumbent operator. It provides fixed-telephone
to and increased use of ICT across all sectors of the
service using copper landlines and CDMA wireless
economy; (c) bridge the digital divide and provide
local loop. Though penetration is low, the number
broadband for all; (d) manage challenges resulting
of subscriptions is high compared with other
from ICT development to ensure sustainability; and
sub-Saharan African nations. TELONE offers fixed
(e) lead, improve and adapt to the changing ICT
Internet through capped and uncapped ADSL,
environment through innovation and partnership.
with speeds up to 4 Mbit/s, optical fibre with
The Postal and Telecommunications Regulatory
speeds up to 50 Mbit/s, and via satellite. There are
Authority of Zimbabwe is the sector regulator,
several other fixed-broadband providers offering
guided by the 2000 (and amendments) Postal and
fixed wireless and fixed fibre-optic connections,
Telecommunications Act, as well as supporting
as well as resell of TELONE’S ADSL. Backbone
regulations. The Authority is also responsible for
connectivity is a challenge for Zimbabwe due to its
managing the universal service fund.
landlocked situation. There are several backbone
operators in the market. The leading ones include
Conclusion: Zimbabwe has long had a competitive
TELONE, Liquid Telecom and POWERTEL, which
mobile market, resulting in a relatively high
have developed fibre-optic routes throughout
level of access. More recently, a competitive
the country and to the borders of neighbouring
backbone market has developed, lowering costs
countries. POWERTEL is notable as a subsidiary of
and facilitating access to cross-border submarine
the Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority, and
cables.
it offers retail broadband services. The national
fibre-optic backbone connections to Mozambique
and South Africa enable access to the SEACOM,
WACS and EASSy undersea fibre-optic cables.

Communication Technology, Postal and Courier
Services is responsible for sector oversight.

Other economies

Hong Kong (China) Key indicators for Hong Kong (China) (2016)
Asia &
Pacific
World

Hong Kong (China) has one of the Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 238.8 98.9 101.5
most sophisticated and competitive Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 35.7 11.3 12.4
telecommunications markets in the world. Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 104.6 47.4 52.2
Mobile services: For its size, Hong Kong (China) LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 99.0 73.6 66.5
has one of the most competitive mobile markets in Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 0.2 3.2 5.2
the world. There are four operators: China Mobile Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 0.6 14.5 13.9
Hong Kong, Hong Kong Telecommunications Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 0.3 2.7 3.7
(HKT) (CSL brand and 1010 brand), Hutchison Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 0.7 5.4 6.8
(operating under the 3 brand) and SmarTone, all Percentage of households with computer 81.0 37.8 46.6
publicly listed on the local stock exchange. Hong Percentage of households with Internet access 82.0 45.5 51.5
Kong (China) was one of the first economies in Percentage of individuals using the Internet 87.3 41.5 45.9
the world to launch mobile number portability in Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 4,906.0 48.0 74.5
1999, which has helped to promote competition. Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
It has one of the highest mobile penetration rates
in the world, at 234 per cent in 2016. 3G mobile ownership restrictions. The Communications
broadband was launched in 2004. All four mobile Authority (CA) is the regulatory body overseeing
network operators have deployed LTE services, the broadcasting and telecommunication
first launched in 2010, and have upgraded to sectors. The Communications and Creative
LTE-Advanced with some networks reaching Industries Branch of the Commerce and
download speeds of up to 600 Mbps using Economic Development Bureau is responsible
carrier aggregation. Some 90 per cent of mobile for policy matters on broadcasting, film, and
subscriptions are for 3G/LTE services with 86 per telecommunications. The Digital 21 Strategy
cent of the population aged 10 and over having a has existed since 1998 as the roadmap for ICT
smartphone in 2016.514 development in Hong Kong (China). It is revised
regularly in line with technological evolution.
Fixed services: The fixed telephone market is fully The current strategy establishes the agenda for
liberalized and around 80 per cent of households leveraging new technologies for socio-economic
can choose from among three operators for development. The strategy features initiatives
services. Fixed telephone subscriptions continue within four themes: i) empowering citizens by
to remain popular as a result of bundled services. building platforms for the public and businesses
Fixed broadband is available in practically all office to accomplish their goals; ii) igniting business
buildings and households. Technologies include innovation to enhance research and development
ADSL, FTTP and coaxial cable, and fixed wireless and provision of open data; iii) supporting the ICT
LTE is also available. Fixed broadband services are industry to facilitate overseas expansion of local
available at speeds of up to 10 Gbps, and around companies; and iv) transforming public services to
93 per cent of households have a fixed broadband develop intuitive, personalized and multi-platform
service. Free public Wi-Fi service is available in e-services.
most public places.
Conclusion: The Government has overseen
Hong Kong (China) is a major telecommunications sector development through a forward-thinking
and Internet hub in the region. It has eight regulatory approach and through appropriate
submarine cable landing stations and is connected strategies to stimulate competition resulting in low
to ten regional and transcontinental undersea prices and high levels of access. ICT is seen as a
fibre-optic networks. It is also connected to complement to the other attributes that make the
mainland China by 20 overland cables. The Hong economy a leading regional business hub.
Kong Internet Exchange (HKIX), launched in 1995,
has over 200 members and is the biggest in Asia in
terms of traffic volume.
Government policy: The telecommunications

market is completely liberalized, with no foreign

Macao (China) Key indicators for Macao (China) (2016)
Asia &
Pacific
World

The island economy has a high level of access to Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 332.1 98.9 101.5
both fixed and mobile high-speed services and is Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 30.0 11.3 12.4
one of the three cities in the world with 100 per Active mobile-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 332.1 47.4 52.2
cent fibre-optic broadband coverage. 3G coverage (% of population) n.a. 87.6 85.0
Mobile services: For a small economy, there Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 0.1 3.2 5.2
is a high level of competition, with four mobile Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 0.1 14.5 13.9
operators: the incumbent Telecommunications Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 0.1 2.7 3.7
Company of Macau (CTM); Hutchison, a subsidiary Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI pc) 0.7 5.4 6.8
of Hutchison Telecommunications Hong Kong Percentage of households with computer 77.9 37.8 46.6
Holdings Limited; China Telecom, owned by the Percentage of households with Internet access 88.6 45.5 51.5
mainland operator; and SmarTone, a subsidiary of Percentage of individuals using the Internet 81.6 41.5 45.9
a Hong Kong telecom group. Mobile is practically Int. Internet bandwidth per Internet user (kbit/s) 252.9 48.0 74.5
ubiquitous with 96 per cent of the population Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
aged 15 years and older used a mobile phone.515
All subscriptions are technically broadband has been to maintain a high level of competition
capable, as 2G was phased out in June 2016. LTE in the mobile market with gradual liberalization
was launched in 2015 following the award of four of the fixed market, in line with CTM's Concession
licences, and by the end of 2016 LTE accounted Agreement.
for 46 per cent of all mobile subscriptions. LTE
download speeds of up to 225 Mbps are achieved Conclusion: Fixed broadband penetration in
using carrier aggregation technology. Macao (China) is among the highest in the world.
With four operators, the mobile market is one of
Fixed services: There are two fixed line operators, the most competitive in the world, given Macau's
the incumbent CTM and MTEL, which was licensed small population and land area. As a result, the
as the second operator in 2013. CTM was formerly very latest mobile broadband technologies are
jointly owned by Portugal Telecom and Cable & available with high take-up.
Wireless. In 2013, CITIC Telecom International,
whose ultimate shareholding is from mainland
China, purchased the company (1 per cent is held
by Macao Postal Savings). In the fixed broadband
segment, ADSL subscriptions have been falling as
users switch to optical fibre. CTM introduced fibre
to the home (FTTH) in 2010 and has fully covered
Macao (China) with more than 52 000 kilometres
of fibre-optic cable. In 2016, 89 per cent of
households had a fixed broadband subscription
and by December 2016, 61 per cent of fixed
broadband subscriptions were for optical fibre.516
There are more than 2 000 Wi-Fi hotspots in
Macao (China). Macao (China) has been connected
to the SeaMeWe-3 submarine cable since 1999
and in addition has several terrestrial fibre-optic
cable links to mainland China.
Government policy: The Secretariat for Transport

and Public Works is responsible for sector policy.
The Directorate of Postal and Telecommunications
Services is the sector regulator. The 2001
Basic Telecommunications Law, supplemented
by subsequent regulations, is the applicable
legislation for the sector. The main policy thrust

Palestine* Key indicators for Palestine* (2016)
Arab
States
World

*Note: Palestine is not an ITU member State; the status of Palestine in Mobile-cellular sub. per 100 inhab. 79.6 107.1 101.5
ITU is the subject of Resolution 99 (rev. Busan, 2014) of the ITU Pleni-
Fixed-broadband sub. per 100 inhab. 6.9 4.7 12.4
potentiary Conference.
Palestine has a good ICT services market, 3G coverage (% of population) 0.0 81.9 85.0
taking into account the challenges facing LTE/WiMAX coverage (% of population) 0.0 33.8 66.5
the Palestinian Authority (PA), and the Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI pc) 5.0 4.3 5.2
telecommunication sector, due to restrictions Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI pc) 9.3 10.1 13.9
over allocation of frequency spectrum. Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI pc) 4.7 4.5 3.7
Mobile services: Mobile cellular penetration in the
West Bank and Gaza (WBG) is below the average
penetration in Arab States region and globally.
The level of competition is limited between the
two licensed operators: Paltel Group with its Note: Data in italics are ITU estimates. Source: ITU (as of June 2017).
*Palestine is not an ITU Member State; the status of Palestine in ITU is
mobile branded services Jawwal; and, Wataniya the subject of Resolution 99 (rev. Busan, 2014) of the ITU Plenipoten-
Mobile (one of Ooredoo group companies), which tiary Conference.
was granted a licence to operate in Palestine in
2006 and started operations in the West Bank Government policy: Since its inception, the
in 2009. 3G and LTE services are not offered yet Palestinian National Authority (PNA) has been
in the West Bank and Gaza, and mobile services one of the major contributors to the growth
are limited to GSM services. The frequency of the ICT sector in Palestine. The Ministry of
bands offered to mobile operators in the 900 Telecommunication and Information Technology
MHz are limited and some of them are shared (MTIT) is responsible for regulating the ICT sector
with Israeli operators. Palestinian operators are and licensing. As part of the Oslo Accords, Israel
facing competition from Israeli operators, who agreed through the 1995 Interim Agreement
are offering 3G and LTE networks that Palestinian with the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)
operators cannot provide. Israeli operators to release frequencies to the PNA on the basis
presently cover 80 per cent of the territory of the of need. This obligation was included in Article
West Bank and estimates suggest these operators 36 of Annex 3 of the Interim Agreement as the
capture between 7 per cent and 30 per cent of the legal framework for the release of frequencies
West Bank market (World Bank, 2016). In 2016, to the PNA through a joint Israel-Palestinian
the Palestinian Ministry of Telecommunications committee (JTC). The legal framework is defined by
and Information Technology (MTIT) signed a Telecommunications Law 3/1996 and by regulatory
final agreement with Israel to allow Palestinian provisions under the Oslo Agreement (Annex 3). In
telecommunication companies to provide 3G 2009, the PNA issued a new Telecommunication
services in the West Bank governorates and to Law, according to which the Palestinian
allow Wataniya Mobile to operate a 2G mobile Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (PTRA)
system in Gaza. was to be established, to provide professional,
fair, transparent and independent regulation of
Fixed services: Palestine has limited fixed- the telecommunications industry. However, until
broadband penetration. PalTel owns the fixed the PTRA is established, the MTIT still acts as the
line and fixed broadband infrastructure, and is regulator.
the dominant operator in the Palestinian market.
PalTel and its subsidiary, Hadara, offers to its Conclusion: The Palestinian telecommunications
customers both ADSL and Internet access, as sector is characterized by the presence of a private
well as access to its Internet facilities to more regulated monopoly. Increasing competition
than 20 Internet service providers (ISPs). Hadara and efficiency in the telecommunication sector
controls about 66 per cent of the access to data will have far reaching effects throughout on
infrastructure market, and the other ISPs control the Palestinian economy. Granting 3G and LTE
the remaining third of the market. In addition frequencies for national operators is essential for
many of the ISPs lease capacity from Israeli developing the ICT sector in Palestine.
broadband operators.

Endnotes
1
Central Statistics Organization (CSO), Ministry of Public Health (MoPH), and ICF. 2017. Afghanistan Demographic and
Health Survey 2015.
2
Vodafone,‘Vodafone Albania‘. Available at: http://www.vodafone.al/vodafone/Vodafone_Albania_198_2.php
3
ALBTelecom,‘History’. Available at: https://www.albtelecom.al/en/about-albtelecom/about-us/history/.
4
Ibidem.
5
For more detail’s see the press release from Andorra’s Government on the copper switch-off: https://www.govern.ad/
ordenament-territorial-transports-i-telecomunicacions/item/7679-andorra-telecom-dona-per-tancada-la-campanya-d-
apagada-de-la-telefonia-per-coure-i-andorra-esdeve-un-pais-100-per-cent-fibra-optica.
6
Source: Andorra Telecom https://www.andorratelecom.ad/memoria/productes_en.html.
7
After the improvement of the throughput in the LTE network achieved over the past year, Andorra Telecom is considering
extending LTE coverage to high mountainous areas which are only covered by 2G signal at present. Source: https://www.
elperiodic.ad/noticia/59054/andorra-telecom-invertira-2-milions-per-millorar-el-3g-i-4g.
8
Source: Andorra Telecom https://www.andorratelecom.ad/documents/33352/374805/
Comunicat+renovaci%C3%B3+fibra+%281%29.pdf/a1dbfa83-4049-61a4-ccfd-01bd7d0619f8.
9
Source: All-Andorra.com https://all-andorra.com/andorra-covered-4g-not-hurry-launch-5g-principality-says-ceo-andorra-
telecom-jordi-nadal/.
10
Instituto Nacional de Estatística - INE/Angola, Ministério da Saúde - MINSA/Angola, Ministério do Planeamento e do
Desenvolvimento Territorial (MINPLAN) and ICF. 2017. Inquérito de Indicadores Múltiplos e de Saúde em Angola 2015-
2016. https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR327/FR327.pdf
11
List of mobile operators in Antigua and Barbuda, Available at: http://www.telcomatraining.com/list-of-mobile-operators-
in-antigua-and-barbuda/
12
Telecoms and Internet Service Providers organisations in Antigua and Barbuda, Available at: http://www.
commonwealthofnations.org/sectors-antigua_and_barbuda/business/telecoms_and_internet_service_providers/
13
Network coverage in Antigua and Barbuda, Available at: http://www.gsmarena.com/network-bands.php3?sCountry=
Antigua+and+Barbuda
14
LIME to launch LTE in Antigua and Barbuda, Available at: https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/
articles/2014/04/15/lime-to-launch-4g-in-antigua-and-barbuda/
15
Restructuring of the Telecommunications Industry, Available at: http://www.ab.gov.ag/notice_page.php?page=50
16
Antigua proceeds with telecoms bill and liberalisation of sector, Available at: http://oecsbusinessfocus.com/antigua-
proceeds-with-telecoms-bill-and-liberalisation-of-sector/
17
Telecommunications Bill to address false advertising, Available at: https://antiguaobserver.com/telecommunications-bill-
to-address-false-advertising/
18
Connect Antigua and Barbuda Initiative, Available at: http://connectaschool.org/en/schools/connectivity/reg/6.2
19
Market share of mobile/wireless service providers in Argentina in 2015, see: https://www.statista.com/statistics/488707/
mobile-market-share-argentina-by-provider/
20
Country overview: Argentina - Impact of the mobile ecosystem: perspectives and opportunities, Available at: https://
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21
Argentina - Telecoms, Mobile, Broadband and Digital Media - Statistics and Analyses, see: https://www.budde.com.au/
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22
Argentina - Fixed-Line Market and Infrastructure - Overview, Statistics and Forecasts, see: https://www.budde.com.au/
Research/Argentina-Fixed-Line-Market-and-Infrastructure-Overview-Statistics-and-Forecasts
23
Argentina - Fixed Broadband, Digital Economy and Digital Media - Statistics and Analyses, see: https://www.budde.com.
au/Research/Argentina-Fixed-Broadband-Digital-Economy-and-Digital-Media-Statistics-and-Analyses
24
Decree 513/2017 of 14 July 2017 transferred the responsibilities of the Ministry of Communications to the Ministry of
Modernization. Through Decree 632/2017 of 10 August 2017, the Secretary of Communications was absorbed by the
Ministry of Modernization.
25
See: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ar.html
26
En qué consiste el Plan Federal de Internet que presentó hoy Mauricio Macri, see: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1899595-
que-es-el-plan-federal-de-Internet-que-presento-hoy-mauricio-macri
27
For more information, see: https://beeline.am/ru-ru/about/about_company/beeline_in_armenia?custom=async

28
For more information, see: http://www.psrc.am/images/docs/reports/Report_2016.pdf
29
For more information, see: https://digital.report/ict-zakonodatelstvo-armenii-razvitie-setey-svyazi/
30
For more information, see the Regional Commonwealth in the field of Communications (RCC) report 2016 (in Russian):
http://www.rcc.org.ru/zakon/analiz_programm_CIS/report
31
For more information, see: http://www.psrc.am/images/docs/reports/Report_2016.pdf
32
33
For more information, see: http://www.gov.am/ru/structure/233/
34
35
More information available at: https://digital.report/armeniya-svyaz/
36
For more information, see: https://digital.report/armeniya-regulyativnaya-politika-v-oblasti-ikt/
37
For more information, consult: https://digital.report/ict-zakonodatelstvo-armenii-radiochastotnyiy-resurs/
38
More information available at: https://digital.report/ict-zakonodatelstvo-armenii-zashhita-konkurentsii/
39
For more information, see: https://digital.report/armeniya-dostup-v-internet/
40
More information available at: https://digital.report/ict-zakonodatelstvo-armenii-zashhita-konkurentsii/
41
Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA). 2016. Communications report 2015–16. http://www.acma.gov.
au/~/media/Research%20and%20Analysis/Report/pdf/ACMA%20Communications%20report%202015-16%20pdf.pdf.
42
Ibid.
43
Glasfaser Internet, ‘A1: 280.000 Haushalte ans Glasfasernetz angeschlossen‘, 2013. Available at: http://www.glasfaser-
internet.info/fiber-news/a1-280-000-haushalte-ans-glasfasernetz-angeschlossen.
44
European Commission, ‘Digital Single Market - Country information – Austria’, 2017. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/
digital-single-market/en/country-information-austria.
45
For more information, see: https://www.bakcell.com/ru/company
46
For more information, see: https://www.azercell.com/az/company/
47
For more information, see: https://www.nar.az/strategiya
48
For more information, see: https://www.azercell.com/az/company/
49
For more information, see: www.btime.az/page.html?id_node=415&id_file=4054
50
For more information, see: https://www.bakcell.com/ru/company-history#Keymilestones
51
Excluding the Nagorno-Karabakh territory
52
For more information, see: http://www.mincom.gov.az
53
More information available at: https://digital.report/minsvyazi-azerbaydzhana-zavershayutsya-rabotyi-po-proektu-
obshhestvennyiy-wi-fi/
54
More information available at: http://www.mincom.gov.az/page-411/page-448/page-452/
55
For more information, see: http://tasim.net/overview.html
56
For more information, consult: http://www.azdatacom.az/en/view/pages/1/haqqimizda/
57
More information available at: http://www.mincom.gov.az/qanunvericilik/dovlet-proqramlari/#
58
For more information, consult: https://digital.report/glava-aztelekom-telekommunikatsionnaya-infrastruktura-v-2017-
godu-budet-modernizirovana/
59
For more information, consult: http://www.mincom.gov.az/qanunvericilik/dovlet-proqramlari/#
60
LTE Coverage Maps in the Bahamas, Available at: http://www.btcbahamas.com/support/article/4g-lte-coverage-maps
61
For more information about Fixed Voice Telephony Services in the Bahamas, see: http://www.urcabahamas.bs/
download/094821600.pdf
62
For more information about Electronic communications and the Communications Act of 2009, see: http://www.
urcabahamas.bs/electronic.php

63
Costing Methodologies and Tariff Policies in The Bahamas, see: http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Regulatory-Market/
Documents/CostaRica/Presentations/Session4-5_Kandice_Bahamas.pdf
64
For more information on operators with Significant Market Power(SMP), see: http://www.urcabahamas.bs/ele-
marketpower.php#smpoperators
65
List of mobile network operators of Barbados, Available at: http://www.telcomatraining.com/list-of-mobile-network-
operators-of-barbados/
66
Flow Barbados launches LTE, see: https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2017/03/28/flow-
barbados-launches-lte-bemoans-outdated-regulatory-system/
67
Three telecoms firms in Internet Exchange , see: https://www.barbadostoday.bb/2015/05/19/three-telecoms-firms-in-
internet-exchange/
68
Telecom Regulation Over the Past Decade, see: http://www.ftc.gov.bb/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=
211&Itemid=85
69
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04/07/flow-barbados-prices-capped-by-regulator/
70
Barbados establishes National Computer Incident Response Team(CIRT), see: http://www.telecoms.gov.bb/website/
index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7:about-us-telecoms&catid=2:uncategorised&Itemid=101
71
For more information, see: http://www.velcom.by/ru/about
72
For more information, see: http://company.mts.by/comp/
73
For more information, consult: http://mpt.gov.by/ru/set-sotovoy-podvizhnoy-elektrosvyazi
74
More information available at: http://life.com.by/private/about/life/istoriya_novatsiy
75
76
More information available at: http://mpt.gov.by/ru/set-sotovoy-podvizhnoy-elektrosvyazi
77
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78
For more information, consult: http://www.pravo.by/document/?guid=3961&p0=P31200556
79
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80
81
More information available at: http://mpt.gov.by/sites/default/files/forma_1-ts_ready.pdf
82
For more information, consult: http://mpt.gov.by/ru/licenzirovanie/spisok-operatorov-kotorym-vydany-licenzii-na-
deyatelnost-v-oblasti-svyazi
83
For more information, see: http://www.beltelecom.by/o-kompanii
84
For more information, see: http://www.beltelecom.by/o-kompanii
85
For more information, consult: http://pravo.by/document/?guid=3871&p0=h10500045
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More information available at: http://e-gov.by/programma-elektronnaya-belarus/nacionalnaya-programma-
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88
Source : Proximus Group, https://www.proximus.com/en/annualreport2016.
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91
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95
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102
Bolivia mobile number portability delayed until end of 2017, see: http://www.portingxs.com/news/bolivia-mobile-
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103
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104
GSMA and mobile operators from Bolivia launch citizen safety campaign, see: https://www.gsma.com/latinamerica/we-
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105
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109
Brazil’s government approves additional funding for National Broadband Plan, see: https://www.budde.com.au/
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110
Brazil - Mobile Infrastructure, Broadband, Operators - Statistics and Analyses, see: https://www.budde.com.au/Research/
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111
Voz sobre IP II: VoIP no Brasil, see: http://www.teleco.com.br/tutoriais/tutorialvoipconv2/pagina_4.asp
112
Brazil - Fixed Broadband Market - Statistics and Analyses, see: https://www.reportlinker.com/p03762664/Brazil-Fixed-
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113
See: Anatel (2015).
114
Visão Geral do Programa Nacional de Banda Larga, see: https://techinbrazil.com.br/visao-geral-do-programa-nacional-
de-banda-larga
115
European Commission, ‘Digital Single Market - Country information – Bulgaria’, 2017. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/
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116
European Commission, ‘Digital Single Market - Country information – Bulgaria’, 2017. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/
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117
Institut National de la Statistique et de la Démographie/Burkina Faso, Programme National de Lutte contre le Paludisme/
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National Institute of Statistics, Directorate General for Health, and ICF International, 2015. Cambodia Demographic and
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120
Institut National de la Statistique. 2015. Enquête par grappes à indicateurs multiples (MICS5), 2014, Rapport Final.
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121
Communications Monitoring Report 2016: Telecommunications sector overview, Available at: http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/
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122
CRTC strengthens its commitment to net neutrality, consumer choice and free exchange of ideas by
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123
Modern telecommunications services – The path forward for Canada’s digital economy, see http://www.crtc.gc.ca/
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124
Review of the Wireless Code, see http://crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2017/2017-200.htm. Main changes are the elimination of
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125
Institut National de la Statistique, des Études Économiques et Démographiques (INSEED), Ministère de la Santé
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Chile's Mobile Market Is Small but Advanced, see: https://www.emarketer.com/Article/Chiles-Mobile-Market-Small-
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127
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128
Entel completes nationwide LTE-A rollout, see: https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2017/
03/09/entel-completes-nationwide-lte-a-rollout/
129
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Research/Chile-Telecoms-Infrastructure-Operators-Regulations-Statistics-and-Analyses
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131
Gobierno presenta Agenda Digital Imagina Chile 2013-2020, see: http://www.subtel.gob.cl/gobierno-presenta-agenda-
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132
Plan Nacional de Infraestructura, see: http://www.subtel.gob.cl/quienes-somos/plan-estrategico/
133
http://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=C01.
134
Telecoms & IT, see: https://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/colombia-2016/telecoms-it
135
ETB share sale to commence in May, see: https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2017/04/28/
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136
National Statistical Institute – DANE, see: http://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/estadisticas-por-tema/tecnologia-e-
innovacion/tecnologias-de-la-informacion-y-las-comunicaciones-tic/indicadores-basicos-de-tic-en-hogares
137
Colombia - Mobile Infrastructure, Broadband, Operators - Statistics and Analyses, see: https://www.budde.com.au/
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138
MinTIC seeks expressions of interest in 700MHz, 1900MHz auction, see: https://www.telegeography.com/products/
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139
Official Website of Statistics of the ICT Sector - Colombia TIC, see: http://colombiatic.mintic.gov.co/602/w3-channel.html.
140
See CRC (2016).
141
El Plan Vive Digital 2014-2018, http://www.mintic.gov.co/portal/vivedigital/612/w3-article-19654.html
142
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143
Ministère du Plan et Suivi de la Mise en œuvre de la Révolution de la Modernité́ (MPSMRM), Ministère de la Santé
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145
L’institut National de la Statistique de Cote D’ivoire, “Principaux Résultats du RGPH 2014.” http://www.ins.ci/n/
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146
HAKOM ,’Market Share by Subscribers’, 2015. Available at: https://www.hakom.hr/UserDocsImages/2016/e_trziste/
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147
Export.gov, ‘Croatia - Information and Communication Technology’, 2017. Available at: https://www.export.gov/article?
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148
HAKOM ,’Market Share by Subscribers’, 2015. Available at: https://www.hakom.hr/UserDocsImages/2016/e_trziste/
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149
150
Hrvatski Telekom, ‘About us’. Available at: http://www.t.ht.hr/en/about-us/.
151
152
European Commission, ‘Digital Single Market - Country information – Croatia’, 2017. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/
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153
Empresa de Telecomunicaciones de Cuba S. A. (ETECSA), http://www.etecsa.cu/telefonia_movil/.
154
Source: https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20170323/business-news/Cablenet-is-the-main-growth-engine-for-
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155
European Commission, ‘Digital Single Market - Country information – Cyprus’, 2017. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/
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156
Telegeography, ‘U:fon launches as fourth operator with USD11 mobile internet offer’, 2007. Available at: https://www.
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157
Telegeography, ‘MVNO Monday: a guide to the week’s virtual operator developments’, 2017. Available at: https://www.
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158
European Commission, ‘The Czech Republic’. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/newsroom/cf/dae/
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159
For more information on the results of the auction of the 3.6-3.8 GHz band, see CTU’s announcement at https://www.
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160
European Commission, ‘Digital Single Market - Country information – Czech Republic’, 2017. Available at: https://ec.
europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/country-information-czech-republic.
161
Telenor Group, ‘Telenor Denmark’, 2016. Available at: https://www.telenor.com/investors/company-facts/business-
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162
Telenor Group, ‘Telenor Denmark’, 2016. Available at: https://www.telenor.com/investors/company-facts/business-
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163
For more information, see https://ens.dk/ansvarsomraader/bredbaand/bredbaandspuljen.
164
European Commission, ‘Digital Single Market - Country information – Denmark’, 2017. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/
digital-single-market/en/country-information-denmark.
165
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commsupdate/articles/2014/10/16/cw-dominica-lime-launches-first-4g-network-in-dominica/
166
For more information about the National Telecommunications Regulatory Commission of the Commonwealth of
Dominica , see: http://www.ntrcdom.org/index.php/en/about-us
167
For more information about the NTRC/ USF (Universal Service Fund), see: http://www.ntrcdom.org/index.php/en/
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169
Dominican Republic - Telecoms, Mobile, Broadband and Digital Media - Statistics and Analyses, see: https://www.budde.
com.au/Research/Dominican-Republic-Telecoms-Mobile-Broadband-and-Digital-Media-Statistics-and-Analyses
170
Dominicans to get cheaper and faster internet, see: https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/
2016/05/19/dominicans-to-get-cheaper-and-faster-internet/
171
For instance, the consumer right to carry over unused mobile credit from one month to the next one.

172
Plan Estratégico Sectorial 2017-2020 y Plan Estratégico Institucional 2017, see: https://indotel.gob.do/media/6319/plan-
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173
Claro Ecuador’s LTE reaches Puerto Ayora in Galapagos Islands, see: https://www.telegeography.com/products/
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174
National Secretariat of Planning and Development (2013), Good Living. National Plan 2013-2017. http://www.
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175
For more information on the Public Telecommunications Policy, see
176
El Salvador - Telecoms, Mobile, Broadband and Digital Media - Statistics and Analyses, see: https://www.budde.com.au/
Research/El-Salvador-Telecoms-Mobile-Broadband-and-Digital-Media-Statistics-and-Analyses
177
Las Telecomunicaciones en El Salvador, see: https://www.siget.gob.sv/temas/telecomunicaciones/resena-historica/las-
telecomunicaciones-en-el-salvador/
178
Fixed broadband subscriptions, see MINITEL’s website https://www.telecomunicaciones.gob.ec/politicas-publicas-de-
telecomunicaciones-se-publicaron-en-el-registro-oficial. http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/indicators/IT.NET.BBND/
compare?country=sv
179
Salvadoreñas Conectadas para el Desarrollo, see: https://www.siget.gob.sv/salvadorenas-conectadas-para-el-desarrollo/
180
El Salvador to launch long-delayed mobile spectrum auction in H1, see: https://www.telegeography.com/products/
commsupdate/articles/2017/01/18/el-salvador-to-launch-long-delayed-mobile-spectrum-auction-in-h1/
181
European Commission, ‘Estonia’, 2014. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/information_society/newsroom/cf/dae/
182
Telegeography, ‘Elisa’s buyout of Starman cleared by regulators’,2017. Available at: https://www.telegeography.com/
products/commsupdate/articles/2017/03/20/elisas-buyout-of-starman-cleared-by-regulators/.
183
184
Republic of Estonia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ‘Estonian Economy Overview’, 2016. Available at: http://www.vm.ee/en/
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185
186
Central Statistical Agency [Ethiopia]. 2014. Ethiopia Mini Demographic and Health Survey 2014. https://www.unicef.org/
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Reserve Bank of Fiji. 2015. Financial Services Demand Side Survey. http://www.rbf.gov.fj/getattachment/Publications-(1)/
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188
Viestintavirasto, ‘The development of market shares 2014’,2015. Available at: https://www.viestintavirasto.fi/en/
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189
Viestintavirasto, ‘Finland ahead of its neighbours in the use of mobile internet’, 2015. Available at: https://www.
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190
Viestintavirasto, ‘Mobile data transmission volume’,2017. Available at: https://www.viestintavirasto.fi/en/
statisticsandreports/statistics/2013/mobiledatatransmissionvolume.html.
191
Viestintavirasto, ‘Finns use more broadband services on increasingly faster connections’, 2017. Available at: https://www.
viestintavirasto.fi/en/ficora/news/2017/finnsusemorebroadbandservicesonincreasinglyfasterconnections.html.
192
Viestintavirasto, ‘Market shares of fixed network broadband subscriptions & Market shares of fixed network
telephone subscriptions’,2015. Available at: https://www.viestintavirasto.fi/en/statisticsandreports/statistics/2013/
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193
European Commission, ‘Digital Single Market - Country information – Finland’, 2017. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/
digital-single-market/en/country-information-finland.
194
ITU,’The Evolution to 3G Mobile – Status Report’. Available at: https://www.itu.int/itunews/manager/display.asp?lang=
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195
Telegeograpy,’ Elisa launches 3G’,2004. Available at: https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/
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196
Financial Times,’ Four billionaires battle for France’s telecoms market’. Available at: https://www.ft.com/content/
5f6e7e20-a9c8-11e3-8bd6-00144feab7de.

197
European Commission, ‘Digital Single Market - Country information – France’, 2017. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/
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198
Direction Générale de la Statistique (DGS). 2015. Recensement General de la Population et des Logements de 2013 du
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199
The Gambia Bureau of Statistics (GBOS) and ICF International. 2014. The Gambia Demographic and Health Survey 2013.
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200
More information available at: https://analytics.gncc.ge
201
For more information, consult: http://www.economy.ge/?page=services&s=76
202
More information available at: http://opennet.ge/geo
203
European Commission, ‘Digital Single Market - Country information – Germany’, 2017. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/
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204
Ghana Statistical Service (GSS), Ghana Health Service (GHS), and ICF International. 2015. Ghana Demographic and Health
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205
For more information, see Vodafone’s press release: http://www.vodafone.com/content/index/media/vodafone-group-
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206
European Commission, ‘Digital Single Market - Country information – Greece’, 2017. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/
digital-single-market/en/country-information-greece.
207
ECTEL orders operators to stop blocking OTT, services, see: https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/
articles/2015/10/22/ectel-orders-operators-to-stop-blocking-ott-services/
208
ECTEL accelerates plans to implement number portability, see: https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/
articles/2015/11/18/ectel-accelerates-plans-to-implement-number-portability/
209
For more information about the National Telecommunications Regulatory Commission (NTRC), see: http://ntrc.gd/about-
ntrc/
210
ECTEL states introduce new Electronic Communications Bill, see: https://www.telegeography.com/products/
commsupdate/articles/2017/03/29/ectel-states-introduce-new-electronic-communications-bill/
211
Guatemala - Telecoms, Mobile, Broadband and Digital Media - Statistics and Analyses, see: https://www.budde.com.au/
Research/Guatemala-Telecoms-Mobile-Broadband-and-Digital-Media-Statistics-and-Analyses
212
Movistar launches LTE in Guatemala following USD100m investment, see: https://www.telegeography.com/products/
commsupdate/articles/2014/10/30/movistar-launches-lte-in-guatemala-following-usd100m-investment/
213
https://sit.gob.gt/nosotros/quienes-somos/
214
Guatemala offers two 900MHz concessions, see: https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2016/
09/28/guatemala-offers-two-900mhz-concessions/
215
Telefonica Guatemala taps Ericsson, Cisco for IP backbone, see: https://www.telegeography.com/products/
commsupdate/articles/2017/01/10/telefonica-guatemala-taps-ericsson-cisco-for-ip-backbone/
216
Ministério da Economia e Finanças, Direção Geral do Plano/Instituto Nacional de Estatística (INE). 2014. Inquérito aos
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pdf
217
Guyana gets first taste of 3G, see: https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2016/05/09/guyana-
gets-first-taste-of-3g/
218
Guyana - Telecoms, Mobile and Broadband - Statistics and Analyses, see: https://www.budde.com.au/Research/Guyana-
Telecoms-Mobile-and-Broadband-Statistics-and-Analyses
219
Guyanese parliament greenlights long-awaited telecom reforms, see: https://www.telegeography.com/products/
commsupdate/articles/2016/07/21/guyanese-parliament-greenlights-long-awaited-telecom-reforms/
220
Haiti - Telecoms, Mobile, Broadband and Digital Media - Statistics and Analyses, see: https://www.budde.com.au/
Research/Haiti-Telecoms-Mobile-Broadband-and-Digital-Media-Statistics-and-Analyses
221
Haiti’s Natcom trials LTE network in Port-au-Prince, see: https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/
articles/2016/06/28/haitis-natcom-trials-lte-network-in-port-au-prince/
222
Portabilité de Numéro Mobile (PNM) en Haïti, see: http://www.conatel.gouv.ht/node/65

223
Haiti’s MNP launch pushed back to 1 November, see: https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/
2015/01/08/haitis-mnp-launch-pushed-back-to-1-november/
224
Haiti - Telecommunications Industry, see: https://www.export.gov/article?id=Haiti-Telecommunications-Industry
225
Tigo Honduras introduces LTE services, see: https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2014/12/
10/tigo-honduras-introduces-4g-lte-services/
226
Claro joins Tigo in Honduran LTE sector; Hondutel plots summer launch, see: https://www.telegeography.com/products/
commsupdate/articles/2015/03/27/claro-joins-tigo-in-honduran-lte-sector-hondutel-plots-summer-launch/
227
Estudio de Banca Móvil y Dinero Móvil, en Honduras, see: http://www.conatel.gob.hn/doc/indicadores/2015/Estudio_
Dinero_Movil.pdf
228
Honduras - Telecoms, Mobile, Broadband and Digital Media - Statistics and Analyses, see: https://www.budde.com.au/
Research/Honduras-Telecoms-Mobile-Broadband-and-Digital-Media-Statistics-and-Analyses
229
Principales Logros de Conatel 2015, see: http://www.conatel.gob.hn/doc/indicadores/2016/
PRINCIPALESLOGROSDECONATEL2015.pdf
230
Honduras launches IXP in Tegucigalpa, see: https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2016/06/
14/honduras-launches-ixp-in-tegucigalpa/
231
Conatel authorised to stage multi-band spectrum auction; new operator sought, see: https://www.telegeography.com/
products/commsupdate/articles/2016/06/29/conatel-authorised-to-stage-multi-band-spectrum-auction-new-operator-
sought/
232
Telekom,’Company History’. Available at: http://www.telekom.hu/about_us/about_magyar_telekom/company_history.
233
Telenor Group,’Telenor Hungary’, 2016. Available at: http://www.telenor.com/investors/company-facts/business-
description/telenor-hungary/.
234
Telekom,’Company History’. Available at: http://www.telekom.hu/about_us/about_magyar_telekom/company_history.
235
European Commission, ‘Digital Single Market - Country information – Hungary’, 2017. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/
digital-single-market/en/country-information-hungary.
236
Telegeography,’ PTA launches auction for LTE spectrum in four bands’,2017. Available at: https://www.telegeography.
com/products/commsupdate/articles/2017/04/13/pta-launches-auction-for-lte-spectrum-in-four-bands/.
237
European Commission,’Iceland’. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/countries/detailed-
country-information/iceland_en.
238
Statistics Indonesia, "Percentage of Household Owns Cellular Phone by Urban Rural Classification, 2005 - 2015". https://
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239
Statistical Center of Iran. 2015. Results of the Survey on ICT Access and Use by Households and Individuals of Iran - 2013.
https://www.amar.org.ir/english/Latest-Releases-Page/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/1859/Results-of-the-Survey-on-
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240
Independent,’ Billion-euro battle to turn on Irish telecoms’,2017. Available at: http://www.independent.ie/business/irish/
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241
The Irish Times,’ Eir ebitda seen as stable in ‘competitive telecoms market’,2016. Available at: http://www.irishtimes.
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242
Eircom,’Rollout Map’. Available at: http://fibrerollout.ie/rollout-map/.
243
For more information on Ireland’s National Broadband Plan, see http://www.dccae.gov.ie/en-ie/communications/topics/
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244
European Commission, ‘Digital Single Market - Country information – Ireland’, 2017. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/
digital-single-market/en/country-information-ireland.
245
Jewish Virtual Library,’ The Israeli Communications Industry’. Available at: http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-israeli-
communications-industry.
246
Export.gov,’ Israel – Telecommunications’,2017. Available at: https://www.export.gov/article?id=Israel-
Telecommunications.
247
For more information see the website of Unlimited: https://www.unlimited.net.il/page.aspx?language=en-US&name=
about.
248
Jewish Virtual Library,’ The Israeli Communications Industry’. Available at: http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-israeli-
communications-industry.

249
Ministry of Communications,’Telecommunication Market’. Available at: www.moc.gov.il/sip_storage/FILES/9/4729.pdf+&
cd=5&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=de.
250
Gov.il,’About’. Available at: https://www.gov.il/en/Departments/digital_israel.
251
European Commission,’Mergers: Commission approves Hutchison/VimpelCom joint venture in Italy, subject to conditions
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252
For more information about Jamaica’s Telecommunication Sector, see: https://www.budde.com.au/Research/Jamaica-
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253
FLOW Jamaica begins LTE deployment, see: https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2016/01/
18/flow-jamaica-begins-4g-deployment/
254
Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications .2016. White Paper on Information and Communications in Japan. http://
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255
Ibid.
256
For more information, consult: https://www.kcell.kz/en/article/about
257
For more information, see: https://www.beeline.kz/almatinskaya-obl/about/about_company
258
For more information, see: http://www.almaty.tele2.kz/ru/o_kompanii.html
259
For more information, see: http://www.altel.kz/about/
260
More information available at: http://mic.gov.kz/ru/kategorii/mobilnaya-svyaz
261
For more information, see: http://mic.gov.kz/sites/default/files/pages/prilozhenie_rus_0.docx
262
For more information, consult: http://mic.gov.kz/sites/default/files/pages/ser_za_iyun_2016_goda_rus_0.docx
263
More information available at: http://mic.gov.kz/en/pages/mnp
264
For more information, consult: https://telecom.kz/news/view/4869
265
More information available at: http://mic.gov.kz/sites/default/files/pages/ser_za_iyun_2016_goda_rus_0.docx
266
For more information, consult: http://mic.gov.kz/sites/default/files/pages/prilozhenie_rus_0.docx
267
More information available at: https://egov.kz/cms/en/articles/communications/gp_inf_kaz_2020
268
For more information, see: http://zerde.gov.kz
269
For more information, consult: https://publicadministration.un.org/egovkb/en-us/Data/Country-Information/id/87-
Kazakhstan
270
For more information, see: http://digitalkz.kz/en/about/
271
More information available at: http://mic.gov.kz/sites/default/files/pages/ser_za_iyun_2016_goda_rus_0.docx
272
For more information, see http://mic.gov.kz/sites/default/files/pages/prilozhenie_rus_0.docx
273
National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP), Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS), and ICF International. 2016.
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For more information, see: http://www.ca.go.ke/images/downloads/STATISTICS/Sector%20Statistics%20Report%20
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275
National Statistics Office. 2016. 2015 Population and Housing Census. http://www.mfed.gov.ki/sites/default/files/
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276
Korea Internet and Security Agency. 2016. 2015 Survey on the Internet Usage.
277
For more information, see: http://www.saimatelecom.kg/about/istoriya-kompanii/
278
More information available at: https://digital.report/obzor-ryinka-telekommunikatsiy-v-kyirgyizstane-na-konets-2015-
goda-issledovanie-giip/
279
For more information, consult: http://www.vb.kg/doc/341414_gosagentstvo_sviazi_sdaet_v_arendy_radiochastoty.html
280
More information available at: https://digital.report/kyirgyizstan-gotovitsya-k-vvedeniyu-uslugi-po-perenosimosti-
nomerov/
281
More information available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GpFKyq-kfM0
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Lao Statistics Bureau. 2016. Results of the Population and Housing Census 2015. http://lao.unfpa.org/en/publications/
results-population-and-housing-census-2015-english-version.

283
European Commission,’Latvia’. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/information_society/newsroom/cf/dae/document.cfm?
doc_id=6457.
284
European Commission,’Latvia’. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/information_society/newsroom/cf/dae/document.cfm?
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285
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For more information about Paraguay’s Telecommunication Sector, see: https://www.budde.com.au/Research/Paraguay-
356
357
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367
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383
National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NISR) [Rwanda], Ministry of Health (MOH) [Rwanda], and ICF International
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385
Digicel launches LTE in SKN, see: https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2013/04/26/digicel-
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CWC taps Ericsson for 3G, LTE overhaul, see: https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2015/09/
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387
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388
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389
ECTEL to push through net neutrality, see: https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2016/11/
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390
391
More ICT information from the Commonwealth Telecommunications Organization for Saint Lucia is available at: http://
www.cto.int/country-ict-data/north-america-and-caribbean/ict-data-for-saint-lucia/
392
Saint Lucia National Broadband Policy and Plan 2013-2018 (ITU)
393
For more data on Electronic Communications from ECTEL, see: https://www.ectel.int/category/communications/ict-
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394
CWC finalises Columbus International acquisition, see: https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/
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395
For more information about the National Telecommunications Regulatory Commission of St. Lucia, see: http://www.ntrc.
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396
For more information, see: http://www.ntrc.lc/fck_images/file/PRIORITY%20AREAS%20APPROVED%20FOR%20
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397
398
399
For more information see: https://ntrc.vc/docs/telecom%20statistical%20data/Prices%20sheet/2017/February/ICT%20
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National Institute of Statistics, 2016. Sao Tome and Principe Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2014, Final Report. https://
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407
T-Mobile Czech Republic,’Eurotel Bratislava goes T-Mobile’,2005. Available at: https://www.t-press.cz/en/press-releases/
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408
Telegeography,’ Telefónica O2 to launch Slovakian mobile service in 1Q 2007’,2006. Available at: https://www.
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409
The Slovak Spectator,’ Customers ignoring number portability’,2006. Available at: https://spectator.sme.sk/c/20003570/
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410
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411
Telecommunications Office of the Slovak Republic,’ Liberalization on the Telecommunications Market in Slovakia’.
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European Commission, ‘Digital Single Market - Country information – Slovakia’, 2017. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/
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413
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414
Ukom,’New Act on Telecommunications’,2001. Available at: http://www.ukom.gov.si/en/media_room/background_
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415
European Commission, ‘Digital Single Market - Country information – Slovenia’, 2017. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/
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416
See: http://blogs.worldbank.org/ic4d/supporting-ict-sector-somalia
417
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European Commission, ‘Digital Single Market - Country information – Spain’, 2017. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/
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419
Department of Census and Statistics. 2015. Household Income and Expenditure Survey - 2012/13, Final Report.
420
Read more in the information note about Suriname in ITU News 2008, Available at: http://itunews.itu.int/En/238-Rural-
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421
Read more in Cellular News 2007, Digicel Launches its new network in Suriname, Available at: http://www.cellular-news.
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422
For more information about Suriname’s Telecommunication Sector, see: https://www.budde.com.au/Research/Suriname-
423
For more information about Suriname’s Telecommunication Sector, see: https://www.budde.com.au/Research/Suriname-
424
For more information about the Telecommunications Act 2004, see: http://www.tas.sr/images/pdf/eng/01.pdf
425
For more information, see: key facts about Suriname, Available at: http://caricom.org/about-caricom/who-we-are/our-
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426
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427
For more information, see: Caricom Today “Regional education sector gets technological boost with launch of CXC
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428
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429
Telia Company,’ First in the world with 4G’. Available at: http://www.teliacompanyhistory.com/pioneering-the-future/
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430
Net4Mobility,’ Next Generation Mobile Network’. Available at: http://www.net4mobility.com/index.php/en/
431
European Commission, ‘Digital Single Market - Country information – Sweden’, 2017. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/
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432
Cairn,’ Swiss telecommunications policy : From state monopoly to intense regulation’,2008. Available at: http://www.
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433
Bakom,’Strategy’. Available at: https://www.bakom.admin.ch/bakom/en/homepage/digital-switzerland-and-internet/
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434
Bakom,’Strategy’. Available at: https://www.bakom.admin.ch/bakom/en/homepage/digital-switzerland-and-internet/
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435
For more information, see: www.tcell.tj/4g/4g-internet/faq.php
436
For more information, see: http://about.beeline.tj/ru/about/company.wbp
437
More information available at: www.babilon-m.tj/coverage.php?id=2
438
For more information, consult: https://digital.report/tadzhikistan-chislo-abonentov-sotovoy-svyazi-sokratilos-na-22-do-8-
7-mln-v-2016-godu/
439
For more information, consult: www.babilon-m.tj/en/about.php
440
For more information, see: https://digital.report/tadzhikistan-svyaz/
441
More information available at: https://digital.report/tadzhikistan-svyaz/
442
For more information, consult: https://digital.report/megafon-tadzhikistan-polovina-abonentov-vyihodyat-v-set

443
More information available at: https://digital.report/tadzhikistan-dostup-v-internet/
444
More information available at: www.stat.tj/ru/library/home_telephone_set.xls
445
For more information, see www.stat.tj/ru/library/home_telephone_set.xls
446
More information available at: http://digital.report/tadzhikistan-ikt/
447
For more information, see: https://digital.report/tadzhikistan-svyaz/
448
More information available at: www.jumhuriyat.tj/index.php?art_id=22833
449
More information available at: https://digital.report/dostup-k-mezhdunarodnoy-svyazi-v-tadzhikistane-budet-
provoditsya-cherez-edinyiy-kommutatsionnyiy-tsentr/
450
Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children (MoHCDGEC) [Tanzania Mainland], Ministry
of Health (MoH) [Zanzibar], National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), Office of the Chief Government Statistician (OCGS),
and ICF. 2016. Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicator Survey (TDHS-MIS) 2015-16. http://
dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR321/FR321.pdf
451
Deutsche Telekom,’ Deutsche Telekom in Macedonia‘. Available at: https:// www.telekom.com/en/company/worldwide/
profile/ deutsche-telekom- in-macedonia-355826�
452
Vip,’ About one.Vip’. Available at: https:// www.vip.mk/ vi/ za- nas/za- one-vip�
453
Central and Eastern European Regional Working Group,’Republic of Macedonia’. Available at: https:// www.ceerwg.net/
macedonia�
454
http:// www.statistics. gov.tl/category/ publications/census-publications/2015-census-publications/�
455
Ministère de la Planification, du Développement et de l’Aménagement du Territoire (MPDAT), Ministère de la Santé (MS)
et ICF International, 2015. Enquête Démographique et de Santé au Togo 2013-2014�
456
Tonga Department of Statistics and Tonga Ministry of Health, SPC and UNFPA. 2013. Tonga Demographic and Health
Survey, 2012� http:// prism.spc.int/images/ documents/DHS/2012_Tonga_DHS_Report_Final.pdf�
457
Quarterly Market Update Q4 2016 (Telecommunications Authority of Trinidad and Tobago), see: https:// tatt. org.tt/
DesktopModules/Bring2mind/DMX/Download.aspx?Command=Core_Download&EntryId=925&PortalId=0&TabId=222
458
Quarterly Market Update Q4 2016 (Telecommunications Authority of Trinidad and Tobago), see: https://tatt.org.tt/
459
TSTT launches LTE in 1900MHz band, see: https:// www.telegeography.com/ products/commsupdate/articles/2016/ 12/
12/tstt-launches-lte- in-1900mhz-band/
460
461
462
For more information about the Telecommunications Authority of Trinidad and Tobago, see: https:// tatt. org.tt/AboutTATT.
aspx
463
MNP in Trinidad and Tobago to start from 31 March, see: Telegeography 2016a
464
Turk Telecom Group,’Turkey Telecom Sector’. Available at: http:// www.ttyatirimciiliskileri.com.tr/en-us/ turk- telekom-
group/investing-in-turk- telekom/ pages/ turkey- telecom- sector.aspx�
465
Turk Telecom Group,’Turkey Telecom Sector’. Available at: http:// www.ttyatirimciiliskileri.com.tr/en-us/ turk- telekom-
group/investing-in-turk- telekom/ pages/ turkey- telecom- sector.aspx�
466
Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Transport, Maritime and Communications,’History’. Available at: http:// www.udhb. gov.tr/
eng/k-1-history.html�
467
Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Transport, Maritime and Communications,’The World at your disposal’. Available at:
http:// www.udhb. gov.tr/eng/ f- 2-communication.html�
468
ICTA,’Future of fibre infrastructure in Turkey was discussed’,2016. Available at: https:// www.btk. gov.tr/en-US/Pages/
FUTURE-OF-FIBER-INFRASTRUCTURE-IN-TURKEY-WAS-DISCUSSED�
469
For more information, see: https:// www.submarinenetworks.com/systems/asia-europe- africa/ tea/ tea- cable-network
470
Central Statistics Division. 2016. Tuvalu Population and Housing Census 2012� http:// pdl.spc.int/index.php/catalog/50/
datafile/ F2/?limit=100&offset=300�
471
More information available at: http:// nkrzi. gov.ua/ index.php?r=site/ index& pg=92&id=4780&language= uk

472
For more information, consult: http://nkrzi.gov.ua/images/upload/142/6852/Zvit_NCCIR_2016.pdf
473
For more information, consult: http://biz.liga.net/all/telekom/stati/3295680-ukrtelekom-dognal-deutsche-telekom-po-
marzhe-otkuda-dengi.htm
474
More information available at: http://itc.ua/news/reyting-ukrainskih-internet-provayderov-za-2016-god-ukrtelekom-
kievstar-i-volya-lidiruyut-po-kolichestvu-abonentov-fregat-i-lanet-po-integralnoy-otsenke/
475
For more information, see: https://kyivstar.ua/en/about/about/kyivstar_today
476
More information available at: http://itc.ua/news/reyting-ukrainskih-internet-provayderov-za-2016-god-ukrtelekom-
kievstar-i-volya-lidiruyut-po-kolichestvu-abonentov-fregat-i-lanet-po-integralnoy-otsenke/
477
More information can be found at: http://igate.com.ua/news/13867-rejting-ukrainskih-internet-provajderov-komu-verit
478
For more information, see: http://nkrzi.gov.ua/index.php?r=site/index&pg=150&language=uk
479
More information available at: http://www.nkrzi.gov.ua/images/upload/142/6852/Zvit_NCCIR_2016.pdf
480
For more information, see: http://www.nkrzi.gov.ua/images/upload/142/6852/Zvit_NCCIR_2016.pdf
481
For more information, consult: http://www.nkrzi.gov.ua/index.php?r=site/index&pg=88&id=6898&language=uk
482
More information available at: http://nkrzi.gov.ua/index.php?r=site/index&pg=99&id=1181&language=ru
483
For more information, consult: http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/uk/cardnpd?docid=248098596
484
Ofcom,’ BT agrees to legal separation of Openreach’,2017. Available at: https://www.ofcom.org.uk/about-ofcom/latest/
media/media-releases/2017/bt-agrees-to-legal-separation-of-openreach.
485
Sprint to deploy 5G network in late-2019 using 2.5GHz spectrum, see: https://www.telegeography.com/products/
commsupdate/articles/2017/05/17/sprint-to-deploy-5g-network-in-late-2019-using-2-5ghz-spectrum/
486
For more information about the telecommunication market in the United States, see: https://www.budde.com.au/
Research/USA-Fixed-Broadband-Market-Statistics-and-Analyses
487
For more information about the Federal Communications Commission Strategic Plan 2015-2018 see, https://apps.fcc.
gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DOC-331866A1.pdf
488
For more information about FCC initiatives, see: https://www.fcc.gov/about-fcc/fcc-initiatives
489
For more information about the evolution of ICT access and use by households in Uruguay, see: the results of the ICT
household survey EUTIC at https://medios.presidencia.gub.uy/tav_portal/2017/noticias/NO_X086/2017-05-17%20
EUTIC2016.pdf.
490
For an overview of Uruguay’s telecommunication markets, see: Budde Comm report at https://www.budde.com.au/
Research/Uruguay-Telecoms-Mobile-Broadband-and-Digital-Media-Statistics-and-Analyses.
491
Source: press release from Presidencia of Uruguay, available at https://www.presidencia.gub.uy/comunicacion/
comunicacionnoticias/agesic-encuesta-acceso-uso-brecha-digital.
492
Source: Budde Comm report available at https://www.budde.com.au/Research/Uruguay-Telecoms-Mobile-Broadband-
and-Digital-Media-Statistics-and-Analyses.
493
More information available at: https://digital.report/ikt-glazami-dr-glavnyie-sobyitiya-uhodyashhego-goda-i-ozhidaniya/
494
For more information, consult: http://www.ccitt.uz/ru/press_center/history_communications/639/
495
For more information, consult: https://digital.report/v-uzbekistane-kachestvo-uslug-mobilnoy-svyazi-budut-testirovat-v-
peredvizhnyih-laboratoriyah/
496
More information available at: http://www.uzbekmissioncis.by/news/899
497
For more information, consult: https://digital.report/uzbekistan-regulyatornoe-pererasperedelenie-chastot-dlya-4g-
budet-rassmatrivatsya-v-sude/
498
More information available at: http://www.ccitt.uz/ru/activities/indicators_industry_development/
499
For more information, see: http://www.uzbekmissioncis.by/news/899
500
More information available at: http://mitc.uz/ru/press_center/news_committee/3318/
501
For more information, consult: https://digital.report/planyi-uzbekistana-na-2017-god-nachat-proizvodstvo-kabelya-dlya-
vols-snizit-tarifyi-i-uvelichit-skorost-internet-dostupa/
502
For more information, see: https://digital.report/4g-pridet-vo-vse-oblastnyie-tsentryi-uzbekistana-v-2017-godu/

503
For more information, please consult: https://digital.report/v-uzbekistane-ustanovyat-250-infokioskov-dlya-dostupa-k-e-
gosuslugam-v-2017-godu/
504
VNSO (Vanuatu National Statistics Office) and SPC (Secretariat of the Pacific Community). 2014. Vanuatu Demographic
and Health Survey, 2013.
505
For more information on CANTV, see: the company’s website at http://www.cantv.com.ve/seccion.asp?pid=1&sid=1243&
id=2&und=6.
506
For more information on the launch of LTE services in Venezuela, see: Telegeography’s press release at https://www.
telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2017/01/24/venezuelas-movilnet-switches-on-lte-network.
507
For more information on Conatel’s mandate and areas of action, see: http://www.conatel.gob.ve/responsabilidad-
social/?target=competencias.
508
For more information on Conatel’s Fondo de Responsabilidad Social, see: http://www.conatel.gob.ve/fomento-
audiovisual.
509
For an example of the effects of equipment shortfalls in the telecommunication market, Telegeography’s press release
at https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2017/01/24/venezuelas-movilnet-switches-on-lte-
network.
510
For more information on Venezuela’s telecommunication market, see: Research and Markets’ report at http://www.
businesswire.com/news/home/20170303005585/en/Venezuela-Telecoms-Report-2017-Mobile-Broadband-Digital.
511
General Statistics Office and UNICEF, 2015. Viet Nam Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2014, Final Report.
512
Zambia Information and Communications Technology Authority (ZICTA). Survey on Access and Usage of Information
and Communication Technology by Households and Individuals in Zambia. https://www.zicta.zm/Views/Publications/
2015ICTSURVEYREPORT.pdf
513
Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency and Postal and Telecommunications Regulatory Authority of Zimbabwe. 2015.
Information and Communication Technology Household Survey 2014. http://www.zimstat.co.zw/sites/default/files/img/
publications/Transport/ICT_Report_2014.pdf
514
Census and Statistics Department. 2017. Information Technology Usage and Penetration. http://www.digital21.gov.hk/
eng/statistics/download/householdreport2017_62.pdf.
515
Statistics and Census Service. 2017. Survey on Information Technology Usage in the Household Sector. http://www.dsec.
gov.mo/Statistic.aspx?NodeGuid=0cd0907c-c23a-42b3-90aa-8f849413e70c.
516
Ibid.

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report-2013.pdf.
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regulatory-reform_19900481.
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wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/s355_e.pdf.

Annex 1
Annex 1
INDICATOR DEFINITION
SUBSCRIPTIONS AND NETWORK The indicators in this category refer to the key indicators relating
COVERAGE to subscriptions and network coverage.
Fixed-telephone subscriptions refers to the sum of active analogue fixed-
telephone lines, voice-over-Internet Protocol (VoIP) subscriptions, fixed
wireless local loop subscriptions, Integrated Services Digital Network voice-
channel equivalents and fixed public payphones. It includes all accesses over
fixed infrastructure supporting voice telephony using copper wire, voice
services using Internet Protocol (IP) delivered over fixed (wired)-broadband
infrastructure (e.g. digital subscriber line (DSL), fibre optic), and voice
services provided over coaxial-cable television networks (cable modem).
It also includes fixed wireless local loop connections, defined as services
Fixed-telephone subscriptions per 100 provided by licensed fixed-line telephone operators that provide last-mile
inhabitants access to the subscriber using radio technology, where the call is then
routed over a fixed-line telephone network (not a mobile-cellular network).
VoIP refers to subscriptions that offer the ability to place and receive calls at
any time and do not require a computer. VoIP is also known as voice-over-
broadband (VoB), and includes subscriptions through fixed-wireless, DSL,
cable, fibre optic and other fixed-broadband platforms that provide fixed
telephony using IP.
This indicator is calculated by dividing the number of fixed-telephone
subscriptions by the population and multiplying by 100.
Mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions refers to the number of
subscriptions to a public mobile telephone service providing access to the
public switched telephone network using cellular technology. It includes
both the number of postpaid subscriptions and the number of active
prepaid accounts (i.e. accounts that have been active during the previous
Mobile-cellular subscriptions per 100 three months). It includes all mobile-cellular subscriptions that offer voice
inhabitants communications. It excludes subscriptions via data cards or USB modems,
subscriptions to public mobile data services, private trunked mobile radio,
telepoint, radio paging, machine-to-machine (M2M) and telemetry services.
This indicator is calculated by dividing the number of mobile-cellular
telephone subscriptions by the population and multiplying by 100.
Fixed-broadband subscriptions refers to fixed-subscriptions for high-speed
access to the public Internet (a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)/IP
connection) at downstream speeds equal to or higher than 256 kbit/s. This
includes cable modem, DSL, fibre-to-the-home/building, other fixed (wired)-
broadband subscriptions, satellite broadband and terrestrial fixed wireless
Fixed-broadband subscriptions per 100 broadband. The total is measured irrespective of the method of payment. It
inhabitants excludes subscriptions that have access to data communications (including
the Internet) via mobile-cellular networks. It includes fixed WiMAX and any
other fixed wireless technologies, and both residential subscriptions and
subscriptions for organizations.
This indicator is calculated by dividing the number of fixed-broadband
Internet subscriptions by the population and multiplying by 100.
Active mobile-broadband subscriptions refers to the sum of data and
voice mobile-broadband subscriptions and data-only mobile-broadband
subscriptions to the public Internet. It covers subscriptions actually used to
access the Internet at broadband speeds, not subscriptions with potential
access, even though the latter may have broadband-enabled handsets.
Subscriptions must include a recurring subscription fee to access the
Active mobile-broadband subscriptions Internet or pass a usage requirement – users must have accessed the
per 100 inhabitants Internet in the previous three months. It includes subscriptions to mobile-
broadband networks that provide download speeds of at least 256 kbit/s
(e.g. WCDMA, HSPA, CDMA2000 1x EV-DO, WiMAX IEEE 802.16e and LTE),
and excludes subscriptions that only have access to GPRS, EDGE and CDMA
1xRTT.
This indicator is calculated by dividing the number of active mobile-
broadband subscriptions by the population and multiplying by 100.

This indicator is also referred to as percentage of the population covered
by at least a 3G mobile network. It refers to the percentage of inhabitants
who are within range of at least a 3G mobile-cellular signal, whether or not
3G network coverage they are subscribers. This is calculated by dividing the number of inhabitants
covered by at least a 3G mobile-cellular signal by the total population and
multiplying by 100. It excludes people covered only by GPRS, EDGE or CDMA
1xRTT.
This indicator is also referred to as percentage of the population covered by
at least an LTE/WiMAX network. It refers to the percentage of inhabitants
living within range of LTE/LTE-Advanced, mobile WiMAX/WirelessMAN or
other more advanced mobile-cellular networks, whether or not they are
LTE/WiMAX network coverage subscribers, and is calculated by dividing the total number of inhabitants
covered by the aforementioned mobile-cellular technologies by the total
population and multiplying by 100. It excludes people covered only by HSPA,
UMTS, EV-DO and previous 3G technologies, and also excludes fixed WiMAX
coverage.
The indicators in this category refer to the key indicators relating
ICT PRICES
to prices of ICT services.
Mobile-cellular prices refers to the monthly usage price for 30 outgoing
calls per month in predetermined ratios (on-net/off-net to a fixed line and
for peak and off-peak times), plus 100 SMS messages. It is calculated as a
percentage of a country’s average monthly GNI p.c.
The mobile-cellular prices are based on the prepaid prices operator with
the largest market share (as measured by the total number of mobile-
Mobile-cellular prices (% GNI p.c.) cellular subscriptions). Postpaid prices are used for countries where
prepaid subscriptions make up less than 2 per cent of all mobile-cellular
subscriptions.
Prices refer to regular (non-promotional) plans and exclude promotional
offers and limited discounts or user groups or any other discounts for
services specifically based on type of phone or time of day usage.
Fixed-broadband prices refers to the price of a monthly subscription to an
entry-level fixed-broadband plan. This indicator is calculated as a percentage
of a country’s average monthly GNI p.c.
For comparability reasons, the fixed-broadband prices are based on a
monthly data usage of (a minimum of) 1 GB. For plans that limit the monthly
amount of data transferred by including data volume caps below 1 GB,
Fixed-broadband prices (% GNI p.c.) the cost for the additional bytes is added to the sub-basket. The minimum
speed of a broadband connection is 256 kbit/s. Tariffs are collected from
the ISP with the largest market share (as measured by the number of
subscriptions).
Prices refer to regular (non-promotional) plans and exclude promotional
offers and limited discounts or user groups or any other discounts for
services specifically based on type of phone or time of day usage.
Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB refers to the price of an entry-level
handset-based mobile-broadband subscription with a validity of 30 days (or
four weeks). It is calculated as a percentage of a country’s average monthly
GNI p.c.
For comparability reasons, prices for handset-based mobile-broadband
subscriptions are based on prepaid services with a minimum data volume
Mobile-broadband prices 500 MB (% GNI allowance of 500 MB for one of the following technologies: UMTS, HSPA
family, LTE family, CDMA EV-DO family and mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e and
p.c.) 802.16m). Prices applying to WiFi or hotspots are excluded.
Tariffs represent plans for residential customers, including taxes, and are
based on the cheapest plan from the operator with the largest market share
measured by the number of mobile-broadband subscriptions. Prices refer to
regular (non-promotional) plans and exclude promotional offers and limited
discounts or user groups or any other discounts for services specifically
based on type of phone or time of day usage.

Annex 1
Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB refers to the price of an entry-level
computer-based mobile-broadband subscription with a validity of 30 days
(or four weeks). It is calculated as a percentage of a country’s average
monthly GNI p.c.
For comparability reasons, prices for computer-based mobile-broadband
subscriptions are based on prepaid services with a minimum data volume
Mobile-broadband prices 1 GB (% GNI allowance of 1 GB for one of the following technologies: UMTS, HSPA family,
LTE family, CDMA EV-DO family and mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e and
p.c.) 802.16m). Prices applying to WiFi or hotspots are excluded.
Tariffs represent prices for residential customers, including taxes, and are
based on the cheapest plan from the operator with the largest market share
measured by the number of mobile-broadband subscriptions. Prices refer to
regular (non-promotional) plans and exclude promotional offers and limited
discounts or user groups or any other discounts for services specifically
based on type of phone or time of day usage.
ICT ACCESS AND USE BY HOUSEHOLDS The indicators in this category refer to the key indicators relating
AND INDIVIDUALS to the access and use of ICTs by households and individuals.
Percentage of households with computer refers to the proportion of
Percentage of households with computer households with a computer at home. Data are based on surveys generally
carried out by national statistical offices.
Percentage of households with Internet Percentage of households with Internet access refers to the proportion
of households with Internet access. Data are based on surveys generally
access carried out by national statistical offices.
Percentage of individuals using the Internet refers to the proportion of
individuals using the Internet in the past three months. Data are based on
surveys generally carried out by national statistical offices or estimated
Percentage of individuals using the based on imputations models which take into account variables such as the
Internet number of fixed and mobile-broadband subscriptions and GNI per capita.
International Internet bandwidth refers to the total used capacity of

international Internet bandwidth, in megabits per second (Mbit/s).
Used international Internet bandwidth refers to the average usage of
all international links, including fibre optic cables, radio links and traffic
processed by satellite ground stations and teleports to orbital satellites
(expressed in Mbit/s). All international links used by all types of operators
Used international Internet bandwidth, – namely fixed, mobile and satellite operators ‑ are taken into account. The
in kbit/s per Internet user average is calculated over the 12-month period of the reference year. For
each individual international link, if the traffic is asymmetric, i.e. incoming
traffic is not equal to outgoing traffic, then the higher value of the two is
provided. The combined average usage of all international links can be
reported as the sum of the average usage of each individual link.
This indicator is calculated by converting the international Internet
bandwidth to kbit/s and dividing it by the number of Internet users.
Note: For definition and other description of the indicators, see the ITU Handbook for the Collection of Administrative Data on Telecommunications/ICT
2011, available at http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/publications/hb/2011/index.html, and the ITU Manual for Measuring ICT Access and Use by Households
and Individuals, 2014, available at http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/manual2014.aspx.

International
Telecommunication
Union
Place des Nations
CH-1211 Geneva 20
Switzerland
ISBN 978-92-61-24521-4 SAP id

41351
9 789261 245214
Printed in Switzerland
Geneva, 2017

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Measuring

Original language of publication: English

978-92-61-24511-5 (Paper version)

ii Measuring the Information Society Report 2017 - Volume 2

Measuring the Information Society Report 2017 - Volume 2 iii

Measuring the Information Society Report 2017 - Volume 2 v

vi Measuring the Information Society Report 2017 - Volume 2

Measuring the Information Society Report 2017 - Volume 2 vii

viii Measuring the Information Society Report 2017 - Volume 2

Fixed-telephone sub. per 100 inhab. 0.3 10.0 13.6

Construction of a national fibre-optic backbone

Measuring the Information Society Report 2017 - Volume 2 3

with four mobile operators. Three of the four

4 Measuring the Information Society Report 2017 - Volume 2

Fixed-telephone sub. per 100 inhab. 8.2 7.7 13.6

Measuring the Information Society Report 2017 - Volume 2 5

2017.6 Moreover, LTE remains an important area of

Government policy: Andorra Telecom holds a

6 Measuring the Information Society Report 2017 - Volume 2

fact that MOVICEL’S network was based on Code

Measuring the Information Society Report 2017 - Volume 2 7

8 Measuring the Information Society Report 2017 - Volume 2

areas. Percentage of households with Internet access 63.8 63.3 51.5

Measuring the Information Society Report 2017 - Volume 2 9

3.4 per cent of localities were covered by one

10 Measuring the Information Society Report 2017 - Volume 2

Measuring the Information Society Report 2017 - Volume 2 11

Fixed-telephone sub. per 100 inhab. 33.8 10.0 13.6

12 Measuring the Information Society Report 2017 - Volume 2

per cent) were separated by just 0.1 percentage

Measuring the Information Society Report 2017 - Volume 2 13

telecommunication operator in the country with

14 Measuring the Information Society Report 2017 - Volume 2

Conclusion: The ICT sector in the country is one

Measuring the Information Society Report 2017 - Volume 2 15

16 Measuring the Information Society Report 2017 - Volume 2

Fixed-telephone sub. per 100 inhab. 20.3 7.7 13.6

Government policy: The independent

Measuring the Information Society Report 2017 - Volume 2 17

Fixed-telephone sub. per 100 inhab. 0.5 10.0 13.6

18 Measuring the Information Society Report 2017 - Volume 2

Measuring the Information Society Report 2017 - Volume 2 19

Government policy: The Ministry for

20 Measuring the Information Society Report 2017 - Volume 2

development and competition growth in the

Measuring the Information Society Report 2017 - Volume 2 21

in the market. The Belgium market has witnessed

Government policy: In April 2015, the Belgium

22 Measuring the Information Society Report 2017 - Volume 2

Fixed services: Despite the liberalization over a

Government policy: The Telecommunications

Conclusion: Belize is in the process to overcome a

Measuring the Information Society Report 2017 - Volume 2 23

as mobile-broadband and mobile money. In 2013,

Government policy: The strategy of the sector

24 Measuring the Information Society Report 2017 - Volume 2

Fixed-telephone sub. per 100 inhab. 2.7 10.0 13.6

Government policy: The Ministry of Information

Measuring the Information Society Report 2017 - Volume 2 25

26 Measuring the Information Society Report 2017 - Volume 2

growing its market share both in the Republika

Measuring the Information Society Report 2017 - Volume 2 27

of incumbent Botswana Telecommunications