Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter introduces the review of related literature and studies, which were

undertaken to provide the researchers knowledge and background of the subject

under study.

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is one of the hazardous substance which are

very combustible. It is approximately twice as heavy as air when in gas form. It forms

a flammable mixture with air in concentrations of between 2% and 10%. Workers

may risk inhalation of LPG fumes which can cause irritation in nose and throat,

headache, dizziness and loss of consciousness or even death. If there is a lack of

adequate in wearing personal protective equipment, these hazards may occur. Being

safe is one of the most important matter when it comes to production. Safety

certainly belongs to what most people judge to be important in life. Cooper (2009)

has stated that the idea of ‘‘safety is a value’’ is based on the “fundamental

philosophy that all injuries are preventable and that the goal of zero injuries can be

achieved” According to (Stolzer et al., 2010) Safety is defined as “the state in which

the possibility of harm to persons or of property damage is reduced to, and

maintained at or below an acceptable level through a continuing process of hazard

identification and safety risk management. For the purpose of defining the safety

management, safety can be defined as the reduction of risk to a level that is as low

as reasonably practicable. Safety management system (SMS) is a term used to refer

to a comprehensive business management system designed to manage safety

elements in the working area. As with all the management system, a safety

management system provides goal setting, planning and measuring performance.

Safety management is defined by Newman and her co-workers (2012) as the

importance associated with safety within an organization. Zwetsloot (2013) call the

‘zero accident vision’ the only ethically sustainable long-term goal for safety

management, while the ILO declared that the protection of health and safety at work

is fundamental right, related to the Declaration of Human Rights. According to

Newman safety management is predictor of the safety information exchange

between supervisors and employees. As stated by Kirwan (2011) safety

management relates to the actual roles and functions associated with the remaining

safe. It is usually regarded as a sub-system of the total organization management

and is carried out via organization management system. In hypothesizing the

constituents in safety management, those safety practices should be included that

could perceived by the workers and those should also have a pertinent role in

shaping safety environment. It is believed that the management may adapt their

behavior selectively to score well in areas that are known to be performance

indicators used by the regulatory body. That is why people commonly use Safety

Management System by body. That is why people commonly use Safety

Management System.

Safety management may be defined as all forms of learned behavior which add

up to a shared commitment to think safely, to behave safely and to trust in the safety

measures put in place by the organization (Coote & Lee, 2010). Top-down driven

safety culture involving attitudes, values and beliefs may be a key predictor of safety

performance.
 Stolzer (2012) concluded that ICAO’s definition to mean “safety management”

and the ability to manage safety is accomplished through (SMS). In one of the

investigations of safety climate, Zohan (2015) found that management’s commitment

to safety is a major factor affecting the success of an organization’s safety programs.

There are four pillars of Safety Management System. It is composed of policy, safety

risk management, safety assurance and safety promotions. (FAA, 2010). All of these

four pillars must exist in order to function effectively. In addition to the four pillars, a

successful safety management system must be planned thoroughly within an

organization. In order to effectively utilize Safety Management System, data must be

widely accessible and available. Data collection, sharing, and integration are

important. Safety Management system also functions to identify trends and errors

that are precursors also allows safety practitioners to accidents. Recognizing

precursors also allow safety practitioners to understand the multitude of opportunities

that exist to stop accidents.