FINAL REPORT

“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ARCHITECTURAL

STYLE OF SHWE-NANDAW KYAUNG MONASTERY IN
MYANMAR AND LIKE THOSE IN KOREA”

Ministry of Religious
Affairs and Culture

Field School of
Archaeology

YIN NYEIN AYE

TUTOR, FIELD SCHOOL OF ARCHAEOLOGY, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND
NATIONAL MUSEUM, MINISTRY OF RELIGIOUS AFFAIRS AND CULTURE

(2017)
 Acknowledgement

I would like to express my appreciation to Director General, Directors and the

programmer of ACPCS, Asia Corporation Program on Conservation Science, under
government of National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage for kindly invitation and
sharing knowledge to me. I also many thanks to my research mentor, Dr. Tahk Kyung
Baek, Senior Researcher of Research Division of Architectural Heritage for his guidance
and sharing knowledge to emerge this report.

My thanks go to ACPCS Team, Ms. Jeong So Young, Ms. Lee Bonnie, Ms. Choi T. J.,
Mr. Ryoo Kwang Hyung and Ms. Jeong Boram Restoration Technology Division for their
kinds and helps to convenience for survive in Korea to us and staffs of Research Division
of Architectural Heritage and Safety and Disaster Prevention Division for their helps.
And people who are sharing many knowledge to our ACPCS participants.

Last, I would like to thank all my colleagues and friends in Korea who helped me conduct
this report of my research.

Yin Nyein Aye

Tutor

Field School of Archaeology, Pyay

Department of Archaeology and National Museum

Ministry of Religious Affairs and Culture, Myanmar

i
 Introduction

I have a desire that is to find a link of countries which have the people who are
receive Buddhism and I interested the ancient architectural structure. Besides that, I am
luckily obtained a chance to study in ACPCS and to choose the architectural style of
Korean ancient wooden structure. So I would like to share of the architectural style of
Myanmar wooden monastery to Korea and the architectural style of Korean wooden
monastery and conservation techniques to my country. To compare Myanmar and Korea
wooden architecture will need to know about of cultural sequence of each.

Myanmar Cultural Sequence

Myanmar, a country in Southeast Asia has very rich cultural heritage both tangible
and intangible cultural properties. Myanmar prehistoric sites and stone tools were found
throughout Myanmar. Myanmar history begins with Pyu period and founding of ancient
Pyu cities near Ayeyarwaddy or tributaries of Ayeyarwaddy River. Pyu ancient cities
were found and flourished from 1st - 9th century C.A.D. After Pyu period, the prominent
historical period such as Bagan period 2nd – 13th C.A.D, Pinya and Inwa period 14th – 17th
C.A.D, Hantharwady - Toungu period 16th – 17th C.A.D, and lastly, Konbaung period 18th
– 19th C.A.D can be observed in Myanmar history.

The earliest cultural heritage monuments which still exist from Pyu period are
Bawbawgyi, Phayagyi, Phayamar stupas, Bebe, Lemyetnar, Yahandar, Zegu temples and
many others in Sriksetra ancient city. These monuments belong to 4th C.A.D. Apart from
existing monuments, there are many structural remains found by excavation and
maintained by the Department of Archaeology. In many other Pyu ancient cities remain
of city-walls, religious buildings, ritual buildings, palatial buildings and residential
buildings were unearthed by excavation.

In Bagan ancient city, 2230 ancient Buddhist monuments can still be seen on the west
bank of the Ayeyarwaddy River in an area of 19 square miles. All monuments (except
three) were built of bricks. The stupas were beautifully decorated with stucco carvings.
However, the temples were decorated with mural paintings inside and stucco carvings
outside. Buddha images made of bronze, stone etc. of various sizes were placed inside for
worship. Moreover, Buddha relics, Buddha images and jewelry were enshrined inside the
relic chamber either in stupas or temples.

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 At Inwa ancient city, a few numbers of stupas were existed in fair state of
preservation. The Department of Archaeology is undertaking timely measures of
conservation to the monuments in danger.
The prominent cultural heritage monuments of Konebaung period (18th - 19th
centuries A.D) were the wooden monasteries which were decorated with beautiful
wooden carvings of floral designs and Jataka stories. Among these Konbaung period
monasteries, I would like to mention of Shwe- nandaw Kyaung monastery.

The Shwenandaw Monastery, today located at the Atumashi Monastery compound in the
north eastern part of Mandalay, was initially one of the many pavilions of the royal palace
of Mandalay built in 1857 by King Mindon, the penultimate king of Myanmar. After
Mindon’s death in 1878 which occurred precisely in this pavilion, the structure is
dismantled, reconstructed at its present location outside the city ramparts, and refurbished.
It is also renamed “Shwenandaw Monastery” as the monastery both outside and inside is
lacquered and gilt.

Korea Cultural Sequence

Korea is a peninsula surrounded by three seas and 80% of it covered by mountain,

so Korea has a very rich natural landscape in its natural states and human resided
since prehistoric time. According to the chronology, cultural sequence of Korea can
be identified as Stone age (Jeulmun pottery period (Neolithic) 8000- 1500 BCE),
Bronze age (Mumun pottery period (1500/1000- 300 BCE), Iron Age (Samhan/ Proto
three kingdoms period (Goguryeo, Silla and Baekje) (100 BCE – 668CE), North and
South Korea period (669- 936 CE), Unitary dynastic period (Goryeo, Joseon, Korean
empire) (918- 1910 CE).

Upon the chronology of Korea, can be seen existence of many cultural remains
such as stone tools, potteries, bronze tools, gold ornaments, calligraphy, palaces,
tombs, stone pagodas, temples, traditional houses and traditional techniques of
structure.

Among cultural heritages in Korea, I emphasized of three wooden buildings in

Bongjeonsa, Buseoksa and Sudeoksa temples in Goryeo period.

iii
 According to cultural sequence, the construction era of Myanmar wooden
monastery is Konbaung period (18- 19 CAD) and the wooden architectural buildings
which are I studied in Korea are Goryeo period (9- 14 CAD).

Fig. 1 Map of Myanmar

Fig. 2 Map of Korea

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 Contents

Acknowledgement

Introduction

1. History of Shwe- nandaw Monastery in Myanmar 1

2. Architectural style of Shwe- nandaw Monastery 2- 4
3. Study of wooden building architecture in Korea 5- 6
3.1. Geungnskjeon of Bongjeongsa Temple 6- 8
3.2. Muryangsujeon of Buseoksa Temple 9- 11
3.3. Daeungjeon of Sudeoksa Temple 12- 14
3.4. Others 15- 20
4. Conclusion 21- 22

Bibliography

Figure List

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 1. Shwe- nandaw Kyaung Monastery in Myanmar History

In Myanmar history locates the wooden pavilion which has on the platform of the
former palace of Mandalay between the nantha- nandaw, fragrant royal pavilion to its
north and the hman- nanhsaung, glass palace, to its south. The timber elements of that
wooden pavilion were used for building the Shwe- nandaw Kyaung monastery. The
pavilion is also referred to in Myanmar writings dating from the early 20th century under
atleast two terms: shwenandaw, golden palace, or shwenan- hsaung, pavilion of the
golden palace. Later sources also describe the pavilion used as a storage room for royal
textile in the western part and as a leisurely space in the eastern part.
It is in this pavilion that, on October 1, 1878, King Mindon (1808- 1878) dies, the
10th king of the Konbaung Dynasty (18- 19) CAD. Soon after, when his son, Thibaw,
ascends the throne, the pavilion is relocated to a new location outside the palace. And
then as the popular tradition goes, that the spirit of the dead king might be inauspicious.
The pavilion is therefore dismantled and put together again outside of the city ramparts
east of the Atumashi Monastery, its current location. The refurbishment of the structure is
completed on 18 November 1883 and celebrated donation to the monks by the court soon
after. The building was reconstructed over the course of five years at its present site as a
monastery dedicated as a work of merit to the memory of King Mindon. Moreover, the
ashes of King Mindon’s royal attire are incorporated in the making of the Buddha image
which now stands on the pedestal of the eastern chamber of Shwe-nandaw Kyaung. Two
years later, the Kingdom is annexed by the British army and the monarchy collapses.
From that time on, the history of the Shwe-nandaw Kyaung Monastery is tied to colonial
history and more precisely to British efforts to preserve royal built heritage until the
country’s independence in 1948.
Since its relocation to the present site, the Shwe-nandaw Kyaung has endured
many vicissitudes. The Shwe-nandaw Kyaung escaped the major fires of 1890 and 1984
that devastated parts of the city. The 1890 fire destroyed the Atumashi Monastery located
nearby but the Shwe-nandaw Kyaung miraculously escaped a similar fate: the walled
compound separating the two buildings certainly helped protect the Shwe-nandaw
Kyaung from destruction. During World- war II, the Shwe-nandaw Kyaung was occupied
by the Japanese army and oral history has that carved panels were used by the soldiers as
firewood. Also, at the end of World- war II, allied bombings against Japanese destroyed
most of the city ramparts, including the royal palace. Although they didn’t destroy the
Shew-nandaw Kyaung, their impact and the dust that they created must have damaged the
structure to a certain degree. Unfortunately, some of wooden ornamentations were
already damaged.

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 2. Architectural style of Shwe- nandaw Kyaung Monastery
The Konbaung monastery type is raised on pilings and consists of a single, long
building having several rooms that rest on a wooden platform which extends outward
from the exterior walls, thus creating a terrace around the entire structure. Massive
staircase made of brick and stucco give access to the main platform and serve to buttress
the super- structure that was made entirely of wood.
The monastery itself had several rooms or spaces that were in linear alignment from
east to west. The first room, Pyathat- saung, is a room where Buddha images and sacred
texts are stored. This important space is marked by a tall tower, Pyathat and is linked to
the main hall by a transitional, Sanu- saung, lower space where the head monk resides.
The most important part of the building is located at its symbolic center and is a large
rectangular hall, Marabin- saung or Saung- ma- gyi, divided into two square rooms by a
partitioning wall. The room nearest the eastern entrance is a public apace where a Buddha
image is displayed and rituals involving both monks are involved. To the west beyond the
main hall, a storeroom,Bawga- saung, is situated that may be attached or unattached to
the main structure.
The entire structure is visually unified by the continuous horizontal terraces and eaves
of the various roofs. The exterior walls of the monastery as well as the terraces were
lavishly decorated with wood carving often depicting Jataka tales in high relief. The
multiple levels of the roof were also profusely adorned with fine carvings of flora, fauna,
minor deities and human.

Fig. 3 Linear Composition of Konbaung Monastery

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 The Shwe- nandaw Kyaung monastery does not feature the tall tower which has
slender wooden seven- tired roof, referred to in the Myanmar language as Pyathat, which
is often constructed by three or five or seven or eleven tiered roof and so distinctive of
royally- sponsored monasteries of Konbaung period. The monastery measures 12 bays
east to west and 7 bays north to south (35meters× 21meters), and is surrounded by a
veranda that is 1 bay wide (2.5meters). The four-layered eaves of the roof and main ridge
are embellished with delicate wooden relief carvings that depict themes from the Jataka.

Fig. 4 Floor Plan Fig. 5 Shwe- nandaw Kyaung Monastery

has not tall tower
The structure at the ground level is supported on150 teak posts. Teak beams are
tied into the posts using mortise and tenon and teak joists are tied into the beams in a
similar fashion. The posts are surrounded at the bottom with a cylindrical lotus in a lotus
motif. The base is composed of carved stone at the perimeter posts and concrete at the
interior posts.

Fig. 6 Tenon Joist Fig. 7 Cylindrical Lotus

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 The terms of ornamentation and iconography of the Shwe- nandaw Kyaung
monastery are the Jatakas carved on wood panels and depicting the previous lives of
Buddha and the wood figures affixed to the outside walls of the structure and the inner
partition dividing the main hall into the eastern and western sections. Traditionally,
paneled walls of teak monasteries were decorated with geometric patterns of glass-
mosaic and wood carvings in other hand, these decorations directly carved on panels.

Fig. 8 Wood- carvings from outer wall Fig. 9 Buddha’s previous lives

The ornamentation of Shwe- nandaw Kyaung Monastery

Another outstanding feature of the Shwe-nandaw Kyaung monastery was the

entire gilding of the structure, now visible only inside and in small patches on the upper
parts of the outside walls. The gilding of the building (exception of the roof) attested to its
royal status. As evidence by a preliminary survey undertaken on lacquer conservation, the
gilding was applied on top of two lacquer layers, a black layer and then a red one.

Fig. 10 Inner Gilding Fig. 11 Small patches of gilding on the outer wall

So Shwe-nandaw Kyaung remains as one of Myanmar’s most significant buildings,

partly because it is the sole remaining wood palatial structure built by King Mindon. The
monastery, built in the traditional Burmese architectural style, is also known for its teak
carvings of Buddhist myths, which adorn its walls and roofs.

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 3. Study of wooden building architecture in Korea

I had a chance to learn Korean cultural heritages together with members of

Architectural Division and Safety and Disaster Prevention Division, as a special chance
and I had much knowledge concern with its. According to the records, I studied the
buildings, which are generally built in Goryeo period (9th- 14th CAD). During the Goryeo
period Buddhist architecture continued to flourish. Buddhism reached its peak of political
power. The temples competed in wealth and luxurious decoration. However, Mongol
tribes invaded Korea and destroyed many cities. Many architectural masterpieces were
burnt down. Following each invasion an active reconstruction of the ruined temples was
undertaken. The oldest wooden structures in Korea survive from that period.

During the Goryeo period along with diversification of the Buddhist schools,
Buddhism began to assimilate local beliefs. Therefore, the temples began to include
shrines dedicated to Mountain Spirits and these shrines were built of modest size and
placed behind the main halls.

The other specific feature of Buddhist temples architecture of the Goryeo

period is that the bell pavilion was often placed on the main axis of the temple. Built of
two stories, it became an intermediate gate. A set of musical instruments (bell, drum,
wooden fish, and gong) were hung on the second floor. But sometime, we can see this
pavilion in anywhere of temple as single storey.

The architectural masterpieces, which are Bongjeongsa temple, Buseoksa

temple and Sudeoksa temple, were survived from Goryeo period. So I would like to
emphasize and express their brief history and its architectural styles.

According to my field trips, I found the case that is the Korean temples were
composited with many buildings and gates. I would like to express those as I know they
are the Buddha hall in Korean Sachal, the Vairocana hall, the Bhaisajyaguru hall, the
Amitabha hall, the hall of 1,000 Buddha, the hall of all- pervading light, the jeweled
palace of tranquil extinction, the spirit mountain hall and the eight aspects hall, the
Bodhisattva hall, the Avalokitesvara hall, the Maitreya hall, the Ksitigarbha hall, the
Manjusri hall, two storey universal salvation hall, the other shrines, the lecture hall, the
monks’ hall, the Sutra treasury, the bell, the fish, drum and gong pavilion, dining facility
room and store room and gates are the one pillar gate, the four Guardians’ gate and non-
duty gate.

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Fig. 12 General Plan of temple located on mountain from Goryeo to Joseon period

3.1 Geungnakjeon of Bongjeongsa Temple

Bongjeongsa temple is located on the slop of Mt. Cheondeung, Andong,

Gyeongsangbuk- do. It was built in the reign of King Sinmun (?- 692 AD). According to
the legend, the great Buddhist monk Uisang (625- 702 AD) was launched a paper- bird
from Buseoksa temple and landed on this spot. According to an inscription which found
during a restoration of Geungnakjeon state that Neungin Daedeuk, a disciple of monk
Uisang, established this building in 1363 AD the last major reconstruction took place.

Fig. 13 Linear composition of Bongjeongsa temple

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Architectural Style of Geungnakjeon (Nirvana Hall) of Bongjeongsa temple

Bongjeongsa temple’s Geungnakjeon (Nirvana hall) is the oldest wooden building

in Korea and it occupied the oldest wooden architectural style. The hall is smaller than
other building and 3 by 4 bays building, roof structure is 7 purlins and the floor plan
features a simple arrangement of exterior columns linked by crossbeams. The two
columns of from left and right is higher than others to create a more open interior space as
a technique was popular during the Goryeo period and possess simple bracket style and
decorative with double flame shaped timber post style. Now can be see colorful painting
on the timber beam, brackets, ceiling.

Fig. 14 Plan of Geungnakheon (Nirvana Hall) of Bongjeongsa temple

Fig. 15 Geungnakjeon (Nirvana Hall) of Bongjeongsa temple

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 Fig. 16 Bracket style and painting on Geungnakjeon (Nirvana Hall)

Fig. 17 Double flame shaped timber post style

Fig. 18 Three- storey stone pagoda in front of Geungnakjeon (Nirvana Hall)

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 3.2 Muryangsujeon of Buseoksa Temple

Buseoksa temple is located at 345, Buseoksa-ro, Buseoksa-myeon, Yeongju,

Gyeongsangbuk- do, and Muryangsujeon is the 2nd oldest building in Korea. Buseoksa
temple is also well known as “the temple of floating stone”, it was built in 676 AD
reign of King Munmu (661- 681 AD), by the founder Uisang (625- 702 AD) after
being received orders from the King, and then the Goryeo Dynasty (918- 1392 AD)
was in the reign of King Hyeoinjong (1010- 1031 AD) and great Buddhist monk
Wonyung (964- 1053 AD) renovated main building (Muryangsujeon). It was
renovated several times afterwards.

Fig. 19 Linear composition of Buseoksa Temple

Architectural Style of Muryangsujeon (Main Hall) of Buseoksa Temple

Buseoksa temple’s main hall is a good example of the emphases placed on the
facade performed in temple courtyard as Buddhist architectural building in Goryeo period.
Because there is a ceremonial worship stone (Baerye- seok), which is the small courtyard
on front of the main hall indicating that religious ceremonies used to celebrate there. Its
main hall is larger than other buildings and landscape is refreshing and beautiful. The
column of the main hall is designed by traditional technique called baehuellim (entasis) a
slight convex curvature introduced into the shaft of a column for aesthetic reasons, or to
compensate for the illusion of concavity, was used on its front seven columns, giving

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each a slightly convex curvature from the base to two- third up the column. Corner
column leaned forward the inside of the building. Columns gradually increased in height
from the center to the end so this roof style also called gable and hipped roof (half hipped
roof) (Paljak- jibung) and its eave is single layered roof (hot- cheoma) and the brackets
are simple bracket style (Jusimpo- sik).

Fig. 20 Plan of Muryangsujeon of Buseoksa temple

Fig. 21 Muryangsujeon of Buseoksa temple

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 Fig. 22 Simple bracket style and remaining wall painting

Fig. 23 Stone lantern

Fig. 24 Three- storey stone pagoda at east of Muryangsujeon

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 3.3 Daeungjeon of Sudeoksa Temple

Sudeoksa temple is located at the south of Mount of Toksung, 79 Sacheon 2-gil,

Deoksan- myein, Yesan- gun, Chungcheongnam- do Provience. The scholars
generally agree that is the monastery was built during the reign of King Widok (554-
598 CE). But according to historic record, Goryeo palaces and temples had three
stories pagodas and towers. In Sudeoksa temple has three stories pagodas so the
scholars say that it may be built in Goryeo period.

Fig. 25 Linear composition of Sudeoksa Temple

Architectural Style of Daeungjeon (Main Hall)Sudeoksa Temple

Main hall of Sudeoksa temple is 3 by 4 bays building and its interior is larger than
main hall of Bongjeonsa temple. It was constructed with 18 timber columns and
among these 16 is cylindrical shape and 2 is rectangular shape. The columns are
linked to the surrounding interior columns by side crossbeams (toe- ryang). Main hall
of Sudeoksa was specialized by the high columns, large crossbeams and “cow tail”
shaped crossbeams (umi- ryang) and built with simple brackets style (set only on
column) and those are decorative curved. The roof style is gable roof style and it has
not left decorative paintings as other buildings

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Fig. 26 Plan of Daeungjeon (Main Hall) Sudeoksa temple

Fig. 27 Daeungjeon (Main Hall) of Sudeoksa temple

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 Fig. 28 Cow- tail shaped cross- beams

Fig. 29 Simple bracket style of Daeungjeon (Main Hall) of Suseoksa

Fig. 30 Three- storey stone pagoda in front of Daeungjeon (Main Hall)

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 3.4 Others

I have other submits that are concerned with investigation and conservation of cultural
heritages and trips by ACPCS team. Firstly, I would like to express of trips which are
arranged by ACPCS team. As first I visited to Mireuksaji temple site and I clearly knew
about of restoration and conservation of stone heritages. And then I visited to Seoul to
study National Museum of Korea, National Palace Museum and Gyeongbokgung Palace.
From this trip I knew the composition of Joseon dynasty palace and exhibition technique
and history of two museums. Besides that I visited to Gungnamji pound (a beautiful
garden with different scenery in each season) from Buyeo, which display magnificent
landscape architecture of Baekje and also Muryangsa temple, Magoksa temple,
Muryeongwangnung Tomb and Gongju Museum from Gongju.

And then I visited to Gangneung Daedohobu Government House with Architectural

Division for study of traditional architectural style which left from Goryeo period.
Besides that I studied about the monitoring and investigation of stone cultural heritages of
stone standing Buddha statue in Yesan, Flagpole support in Hongseong, two stone
pagodas in Haeinsa temple and four stone pagodas and two stone bridges in Gangwon
province and also studied of termite investigation in Seongjuhyanggyo local Confucian
school and Hangae village. From these trips I get a lot of experiences and I knew the
techniques of conservation, restoration and prevention of Korean cultural heritages.

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 Fig. 31 study of stone pagoda restoration in Miruksaji Temple

Fig. 32 Study in National museum of Korea in Seoul

Fig. 33 Study in Gyeongbokgung Palace and National palace museum

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 Fig. 34 Study in Muryangsa temple and Magoksa temple

Fig. 35 Study in Gongju Museum and Muryeongwangnung Tomb

Fig. 36 Study in Gungnamji pound

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 Fig. 37 Study of traditional construction technique in Gangneung Daedohobu
government house

Fig. 38 Study of stone investigation in stone standing pagoda and flagpole support

Fig. 39 Study of regular monitoring in Suwon Hwaseong fortress

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 Fig. 40 Study of regular monitoring of stone pagoda in Haeinsa

Fig. 41 Study of termite investigation in Seongjuhyanggyo local Confucian school

Fig. 42 Study of termite investigation in Hangae village

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Fig. 43 Study of regular monitoring of stone heritages in Gangwon province

Fig. 44 Study of regular monitoring of stone heritages in Gangwon province

Fig. 45 Study of regular monitoring of stone heritages in Gangwon province

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 4. Conclusion

Myanmar and Korea are Asia countries and they adopted Buddhism from former time
to until now so they belong to Buddhist cultural materials and structures. According to
their socio- culture and geo- culture, construction technique of ancient structures and
using materials are different. In Myanmar, mostly used of ancient materials are brick,
sandstone, laterite, teak and hardwood. In Korea, can be seen brick, limestone, granite,
pine, walnut and zelkova (a kind of tree in the family of elm family).

In Myanmar, Buddhist monasteries were started built in the former time e.g. Pyu
period ( 1st- 9th CAD) and Bagan period (10th- 13th CAD) and then the later people were
adopted as long tradition and changed styles from monastic complex to single monastery.
In Bagan ancient city, can be study the style of monastic complex (e.g. Sin-phyu-shin
monastic complex), which were constructed since (13th- 14th CAD). In Korea, the
temples/ monasteries were started built in three kingdom period (57 BC- 668 AD).
Korean Buddhism temples/ monasteries are complex structures (e.g. Beomeosa Temple
like Bagan monastic complex. That we can see below:

Fig. 46 Plan of Korean temple/monastery and Bagan monastic complex

But I emphasized the wooden monastery is not ancient as much as Bagan monastic
complex and Korean wooden temples/ monasteries. Why I emphasized it, it possesses not
only the long history and famous monastery in Myanmar and also profusely adorned with
fine carvings of flora, fauna, minor deities and human. But it is not a complex style only
single one and long building having several rooms that rest on a wooden platform which
extends outward from the exterior walls, thus creating a terrace around the entire structure.
Massive staircase made of brick and stucco give access to the main platform and serve to
buttress the super- structure that was made entirely of wood. I defined detail about of the
single monastery in 2. Architectural style of Shwe- nandaw Kyaung Monastery

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 In Korea, I choose the three temples are complex style and oldest wooden buildings.
Korean temples were built by complex and contained large halls and small buildings,
these are dedicated for Buddha and Bodhisattvas and the front gates include one- pillar
gate, four guardians’ gate and non- duality gate are way to the main hall and the halls are
support as dining hall and monastic residences where the monks and nuns sleep (of course
each other residence) and practice meditation. Every building possesses their individual
function and mostly arranged along an axis (East- West or South- North). In one temple
can see either one or two stone pagodas.

Myanmar monastery was built traditional style of columns, beams, purlin and roof
and decorative with Buddha’s previous life, floral and arabesques. Korean temples are
made of a complex structural system of columns, beams, purlins, brackets and supports
for the curving roof and floor heating system and decorative with colorful paintings.
However difference between them, the people were built for Buddha and monks, they are
religiosity by Buddhism people as certainty.

Eventually I compared and explanation, Myanmar monastery and Korean temples/

monasteries have to be compared with hypothetical approaches to complete architectural
and construction techniques.

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 Bibliography

1. Heo Gyun,
2000, “Korean Temple Motifs, Beautiful Symbols of the Buddhist Faith”,
translated by Timothy V. Atkinson, Paju: Pajubooksity.

2. http://en. Wikipedia.org/ wiki/History of Korea

3. http://en. Wikipedia.org/ wiki/Bongjeonsa

4. http://en. Wikipedia.org/ wiki/Buseoksa

5. http://en. Wikipedia.org/ wiki/Sudeoksa

6. Kelly, Stephen, Professor,

2014, “Structural Assessment of Shwe- nandaw Kyaung”

7. Kim Dong- uk,

2013, “History of Korean Architecture”, translated by Lim Jong- hyun,
edited by Gregory A. Tisher, Suwon: University of Kyonggi press.

8. “Survey Report on the Protection of Cultural Heritage in Republic of the

Union of Myanmar”, 2011, International Cooperation Japan Consortium for
International Cooperation in Cultural Heritage

9. Tainturier, Francois, Dr.

2014, “Historical Study Report of Chronological Narrative of the Shwe-
nandaw Kyaung structure”

10. Tian, Valeri

Form and Philosophy in Korean Buddhist Temple, Landscape and
Architecture

11. www. Factsanddetails.com/ southeast asia/ Myanmar/ Burmese Architecture

12.

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 Figures List

Fig. 1 Map of Myanmar

Fig. 2 Map of Korea

Fig. 3 Linear Composition of Konbaung Monastery

Fig. 4 Floor Plan

Fig. 5 Shwe- nandaw Kyaung Monastery has not tall tower

Fig. 6 Tenon Joist

Fig. 7 Cylindrical Lotus

Fig. 8 Wood- carvings from outer wall

Fig. 9 Buddha’s previous lives

Fig. 10 Inner Gilding

Fig. 11 Small patches of gilding on the outer wall

Fig. 12 General Plan of temple located on mountain from Goryeo to Joseon period

Fig. 13 Linear composition of Bongjeongsa temple

Fig. 14 Plan of Geungnakheon (Nirvana Hall) of Bongjeongsa temple

Fig. 15 Geungnakjeon (Nirvana Hall) of Bongjeongsa temple

Fig. 16 Bracket style and painting on Geungnakjeon (Nirvana Hall)

Fig. 17 Double flame shaped timber post style

Fig. 18 Three- storey stone pagoda in front of Geungnakjeon (Nirvana Hall)

Fig. 19 Linear composition of Buseoksa Temple

Fig. 20 Plan of Muryangsujeon of Buseoksa temple

Fig. 21 Muryangsujeon of Buseoksa temple

Fig. 22 Simple bracket style and remaining wall painting

Fig. 23 Stone lantern

Fig. 24 Three- storey stone pagoda East of Muryangsujeon

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Fig. 25 Linear composition of Sudeoksa Temple

Fig. 26 Plan of Daeungjeon (Main Hall) Sudeoksa temple

Fig. 27 Daeungjeon (Main Hall) of Sudeoksa temple

Fig. 28 Cow- tail shaped cross- beams

Fig. 29 Simple bracket style of Daeungjeon (Main Hall) of Suseoksa

Fig. 30 Three- storey stone pagoda in front of Daeungjeon (Main Hall)

Fig. 31 study of stone pagoda restoration in Miruksaji Temple

Fig. 32 Study in National museum in Seoul

Fig. 33 Study in Gyeongbokgung Palace and National palace museum

Fig. 34 Study in Muryangsa temple and Magoksa temple

Fig. 35 Study in Gongju Museum and Muryeongwangnung Tomb

Fig. 36 Study in Gungnamji pound

Fig. 37 Study of traditional construction technique in Gangneung Daedohobu

government house

Fig. 38 Study of stone investigation in stone standing pagoda and flagpole support

Fig. 39 Study of regular monitoring in Suwon Hwaseong fortress

Fig. 40 Study of regular monitoring of stone pagoda in Haeinsa

Fig. 41 Study of termite investigation in Seongjuhyanggyo local Confucian school

Fig. 42 Study of termite investigation in Hangae village

Fig. 43 Study of regular monitoring of stone heritages in Gangwon province

Fig. 44 Study of regular monitoring of stone heritages in Gangwon province

Fig. 45 Study of regular monitoring of stone heritages in Gangwon province

Fig. 46 Plan of Korean temple/monastery and Bagan monastic complex

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