Volume 7, Issue 9, September – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Interpretation of Gravity Data and Contribution in the
Structural Study of the Southern Part of the Congo
Basin: Case of the Kasaï Region in D.R. Congo
Eli-Achille Manwana Mfumukani1, Franck Tondozi Keto1-2, Robert Muanda Ngimbi2, Emmanuel Bahati Wenda1,
AnscaireMukange Besa2, Reagan Lotutala Tazi1, Olivier Muhingy Sawa-Sawa1
1
Center of Research in Geophysics (CRG), Kinshasa, DR Congo
2
Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, DR Congo
Abstract:- The Kasai region is an area historically
known for its wealth in minerals such as diamonds and
gold. This study aims to study the structural geology of
the northern part of the Kasai province in the D.R.
Congo in order to guide future mining and oil
prospecting. The analysis of the gravity data using the
regional-residual separation method, the vertical and
horizontal derivatives as well as the estimation of the
depth of the sources of the anomalies by the Euler
deconvolution method allowed us to identify and study
several gravity signatures that can be associated with
geological structures of economic interest. Thanks to the
results obtained, we have produced structural maps in
which all the identified geological structures have been
well defined. The northern part of this zone is occupied
by a gigantic high gravity while the southern part, for its
part, is characterized by several gravity depressions. By
analyzing the gravity maps of this area, we found that
the structure of our study area is arranged in Horst
(uplifted part in the north) and grabens (subsided part in
the south). This interpretation is all the more supported
by the fact that the anomaly contrast between these two
structures is very clear, which could indicate the
presence of a series of faults oriented in the NW-SE
direction. Several gravimetric signatures representing
structures that can promote the migration and trapping
of hydrocarbons such as faults, antiform folds and salt
domes have also been identified in this part. The
southern part of the zone is located around the Archean
rocks of the Kasaï craton which is very rich in minerals.
Negative anomalies could be associated with
diamondiferous kimberlite intrusions that are abundant
in the region while positive anomalies could reveal the
concentration of economically important metal ores.
Keywords:- gravimetry, geology, structure, mine, oil, Kasai
region.
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I. INTRODUCTION
The Kasai region in D.R. Congo is a poorly explored
area despite its enormous mining and oil potential.
According to the Technical Cell for Coordination and
Mining Planning (CTCPM), 2003 [1], the main minerals
found in this area are Diamond (in abundance) as well as
several indices of minerals such as iron, gold, chromium,
nickel, cobalt, platinum, copper, kaolin and lead. Although
no economically exploitable oil discovery has taken place in
this region, it has nevertheless always aroused great interest
about its hydrocarbon potential. The only seismic reflection
line (L59) as well as the only drilling (Dekese-1), which is
of stratigraphic type, present in this zone revealed important
structures and stratigraphic units which can be respectively
considered as oil traps and rocks reservoirs. The present
study therefore concerns the recognition of the geological
structure of this area based on the analysis and interpretation
of gravity data.
II. MATERIAL AND METHOD
A. MATERIAL
In addition to the gravity database of the study area, we
used software that allowed data analysis, processing and
modeling. This software has allowed us to produce 2D and
3D maps, to draw profiles, to perform various processing
methods and to interpret the results obtained.
B. METHOD
The method used to carry out this study can be summed
up in three stages:
 The first step is the data acquisition. It consisted in
listing all the gravity measurement stations located in
our study area in a database. These stations come
mainly from the gravity campaign carried out by the
“Société de Recherche Minière en Afrique
(REMINA)” between 1952 and 1956 and the
“Compagnie Générale de Géophysique” (CGG)
(1986);
 In the second step, we proceeded to data processing
and mapping of the results obtained. To do this, the
regional-residual separation method, the vertical and
horizontal derivatives, the upward continuation as well
as the estimation of the depth of the sources of
anomalies by the Euler deconvolution method allowed
us to produce several maps identifying gravity
signatures that may be associated to geological
structures of economic interest;
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 The third step was to interpret the results. At this stage,
it was a question of giving a geological significance to
the gravity signatures identified on the maps and
profiles produced.
Fig. 1: Map of the location of the study area.
B. GEOGRAPHY OF THE STUDY AREA
According to the Koppen classification, the area is
characterized by the climate type Am in which the average
annual precipitation is 1,900 mm in the northern part and
1,400 mm in the southern part. The climate is therefore of
the equatorial type in the North. On the other hand, the
further south one moves from the Equator, the more the
climate becomes of the Sudanese type marked by a dry
season of 3 to 4 months. Rainfall peaks in November and
April. While a third of its surface is covered by savannah,
the remaining two-thirds are occupied by forest formations
that can be grouped into 3 types from North to South
(General Secretariat for the Environment, DRC, 1999 [2]):
 Equatorial evergreen rainforests;
 The semi-cadulated subequatorial and Guinean mesophilic
forests, economically more important;
 The subequatorial and Periguinean semi-cadulated
mesophilic forests.
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International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
III. GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY AREA
A. LOCATION
Our study area is located between 20°3’ and 22°11’ East
longitude and 3°4’ and 5°9’ South latitude. Almost all of
this area is located in the province of Kasai while a western
part of the area is located in the neighboring province of
Mai-Ndombe. It crosses the territories of Dekese, Mweka,
Ilebo and Oshwe. Note that the area has an area of about
50,000 km² (fig. 1).
Its altitude varies between 360 m to 680 m. The area
has an important network of rivers, the most important of
which are the Lukenie river in the north, Sankuru River in
the center and Kasaï river in the south.
C. GEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY AREA
The stratigraphic and structural geology of this zone was
studied in the northern part by the seismic profile L59 and
the stratigraphic well of Dekese-1 (3°27'26''S; 21°24'28''E)
(fig. 2). This well crossed a 755 m thick series composed
mainly of red sandstone, then a 955 m thick series composed
mainly of dark shales and diamictites. It stopped at a depth
of 1,856 m, and did not reach the base of the quartzites.
Therefore, the entire sequence from the Lower Paleozoic to
the Neoproterozoic was therefore not crossed by this well.
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Fig. 2: Location map of the seismic profile L59 and the stratigraphic well of Dekese-1.
However, the geochronology of Archean and
Proterozoic rocks in this area has been studied by several
authors including Cahen and al., 1984 [4] and is presented as
follows:
a) Archean rocks:
They are composed from bottom to top of:
 The complex of gneisses and granulites from Haute-
Luanyi dated at 3.5 Ga;
 The gabbro-noritic and charnockitic complex of Kasaï-
Lomami;
 The complex of migmatites and migmatitic granites of
Dibaya dated to 2.6-2.7 Ga.
b) Lower Proterozoic rocks:
they are represented by the Luiza metasedimentary
complex and the Lukochien complex.
c) Middle Proterozoic rocks:
this is the volcano-sedimentary complex of Lulua made
up of feldspathic sandstones, arkoses, conglomerates,
limestones and some basaltic lavas. The lavas have been
dated to 1.4 Ga.
d) Upper Proterozoic rocks:
they are represented by the Bushimay Supergroup which
is about 1,600 m thick, and which includes from top to
bottom:
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International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
 The schisto-limestone group (more than 1,030 m of
power): it includes amygdaloid basalts at the top and a
powerful calcoro-dolomitic group with past schist
rocks (dark schists, dolo-schists, ...) as well as
quartzites towards the base;
 The schisto-sandstone group (more or less 450 m of
power): It includes conglomerates, red clayey schists
and psammites, psammites and psammitic sandstones
as well as cherto-dolomitic intercalations.
IV. PRESENTATION OF DATA
The gravity data used in this work were acquired by
the ‘Société de Recherche Minière en Afrique’ (REMINA)
which collected approximately 6,550 stations in the Congo
Basin between the years 1952 and 1956 (P. Evrard, 1957
[4]). On this, we added a source of gravity data acquired by
airborne by the CGG in 1986. These data were provided to
us by the National Hydrocarbons Company of Congo
(SONAHYDROC). They were then reduced using the
classic Bouguer anomaly formula for a reduction density of
2.67 g/cm3 in which a series of corrections are applied to the
raw measurements in order to eliminate non-geological
causes of variations in gravity, including topographic
correction. Note that it is not easy to represent all of these
data in this work due to their multitude, which justifies the
choice of the first 10 stations for illustrative purposes (tab.
1).
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N° Longitude (˚) Latitude (˚) Elevation (m) Gravity Free-Air Bouguer Anom.
Station (mGal) Anom. (mGal) (mGal)
001 20.0117 -3.0233 393 977889.4 -35.3 -79.3
002 20.0433 -3.4133 358.5 977895.6 -43.7 -83.8
003 20.045 -3.45 431 977877.3 -40 -88.3
004 20.0517 -2.9717 398 977884.8 -37.9 -82.5
005 20.0533 -3.3783 363.5 977896.1 -41.3 -82
006 20.0633 -3.4867 425 977885.3 -34.3 -81.8
007 20.0783 -3.5083 400.5 977895.2 -32.2 -77
008 20.09 -3.3767 342 977899.3 -44.7 -83
009 20.1067 -3.5433 434 977890.3 -27.1 -75.7
010 20.13 -3.5617 449 977891.3 -21.7 -72
Table 1: Sample of gravity data used

V. DATA PROCESSING METHOD a) The low pass filter performed two operations at the
same time because it attenuated the high frequencies
The geological interpretation of gravity data is and it highlighted only the low frequencies. This kind
facilitated by filtering the data through various mathematical of filter produces a map of regional anomalies that is
filters. The various operations that we used for the smoother than that of Bouguer anomalies. The
realization of this study are described in the following points difference between the total signal (Bouguer) and the
low-pass filtered signal (Regional) is shown by the
graph below (fig. 3).
A. THE REGIONAL-RESIDUAL SEPARATION
We performed this processing in order to attenuate the
regional field coming from the deep structures in order to
enhance the residual anomalies for the identification of the
structures generally located more or less close to the surface.
In our case, two types of frequency filters were applied to
the Bouguer anomaly data. These are the low pass and high
pass filters.

Fig. 3: Application of the low-pass frequency filter in the Geosoft Oasis Montaj software.

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In the figure above, we can see that the curve of the
total signal (in blue) has several roughness related to the b) The high pass filter attenuated the low frequency
high frequencies still present in the signal, while the curve anomalies and enhanced the high frequency
of the low-pass filtered signal (in red) is smoother. This anomalies. The difference between the total signal
smoothing proves that the disturbing noises of the high (Bouguer) and the high-pass filtered signal (Residual)
frequencies related to the residual anomalies have been is shown by the graph below (fig. 4).
extracted from the total signal.

Fig. 4: Application of the high-pass frequency filter in the Geosoft Oasis Montaj software.

Here we notice that the curve of the high-pass filtered
signal (in green) retained only the anomalies of weak
extension while attenuating the large regional variations.
Thus, based on this method of regional-residual separation,
we have developed maps of regional and residual anomalies
in our study area.
B. THE TOTAL HORIZONTAL GRADIENT (THG)
The Total Horizontal Gradient filter is used to locate the
areas of maximum gradient of the variation of the
gravitational field. Indeed, above a vertical contact the
anomaly is materialized by a curve having a minimum on
the low-density rock side and a maximum on the high-
density rock side (N. El Goumi and al., 2010 [5]). The point
of inflection of the curve is directly above this contact.
However, after calculating the Total Horizontal Gradient,
this anomaly becomes a maximum. This is what facilitates
and improves the identification and mapping of lineaments.
For example, figure 5 below shows the anomaly created by a
contact and the corresponding horizontal gradient on a
profile perpendicular to this contact.

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Fig. 5: Difference between the curves of the horizontal gradient and the Bouguer anomaly above a contact
(Jacques Dubois, 2011 [6]).

This figure shows us that the Total Horizontal Gradient importance of the application of these horizontal derivatives
calculation can therefore make it possible to better identify a in the detection of faults in our study area. This filter was
contact between two rocks of different density, hence the applied as follows (fig. 6).

Fig. 6: THG application window in Geosoft Oasis Montaj software

C. EULER DECONVOLUTION METHOD
Euler deconvolution is an analytical filtering method that
allows the localization of sources of anomalies. The
application of the Euler deconvolution to the gravity data
map uses the three derivatives along X, Y and Z. For this
method, the correct estimation of the source depths depends
on the appropriate choice of three parameters The structural
index N, the step of the calculation window W and the
tolerance T. The Euler3D extension of the Geosoft Oasis
Montag software allowed us to carry out this operation in
the following way. Figure 7 below shows us the command
window (Euler3D_ Standard eulerdecon...) to do the Euler
deconvolution. In this example, we have chosen a Structural
Index N = 1 (location of faults or contacts), a calculation
window W = 10 and a tolerance T = 5% (fig. 7).

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Fig. 7: Calculation of Euler deconvolution in Geosoft Oasis Montag software

VI. RESULTS AND INTERPRETATIONS
A. BOUGUER ANOMALY MAP
On the Bouguer anomaly map below (fig. 8), we observe
quasi-circular shaped anomalies and linear anomalies that
allow us to better understand the geometry of the geological
masses that create the anomalies. We also note that all
Bouguer anomaly values are negative. This indicates the
predominance of low-density geological substances resting
on a dense crystalline basement.

Fig. 8: Bouguer anomaly map

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In the northern part of the map, we see the presence of
a large anomaly oriented in the E-W direction. This large
structure is characterized by weak anomalies on the outside
towards the high values of anomalies on the inside could
indicate an uplift of the basement due to compressive events.
The anomaly peak of this gravity high reaches the value of -
26.2 mGals which is the highest in this area. This uplift
would have led to the formation of anticlines: this is the
great dome of the Dekese region. Other high anomalies vary
in the same direction and tend to indicate the presence of a
basement uplift of low amplitude and extension than that of
the northern part. We speculated that this would have led to
the formation of our second group of anticlines. Note also
that amagmatic intrusion in sedimentary rocks can also
cause this kind of anomalies.
Low-intensity anomalies (around -97 to -92 mGal) are
mostly located south of our study area. These are the lowest
anomalies in this area, this indicates that the density of
geological formations is low, indicating significant
subsidence at this location. Geologically speaking, these
series of negative anomalies indicate the depressions where
the presence of mature source rocks can be detected. The
Fig. 9: Residual anomaly map
On this map we notice the presence of positive and
negative anomalies of quasi-circular shape. Note also the
attenuation of the dome-shaped anomaly to the north of the
study area and of the gravity depressions to the south of this
area. The shape and intensity of these anomalies tell us
about the type of structures present in this area:
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sharp contrast of anomalies located between high values of
anomalies in the north and weak values in the south, could
indicate the presence of a series of faults oriented in the
NW-SE direction separating the uplifted northern part
(horst) and the southern part depression (graben).
On this map, we also notice that the Dekese dome
belongs to a more regional uplift trending NW-SE. The
limits of this structure are characterized by strong anomaly
gradients (-90 to -65 mGals). The southern part, in particular
the territories of Ilebo and Mweka, is occupied by very low
anomaly intensity values (-80 to -110 mGals). In this part,
we notice a zone having the shape of a corridor with average
quasi-circular anomalies ranging from -80 mgals to -55
mgals.
B. THE RESIDUAL ANOMALY MAP
The map of residual anomalies shows us small local
disturbances of the gravitational field which are secondary
in size but essential in the study of geological structures (fig.
9). The generating sources of this type of anomalies are
generally shallow geological structures (mineral deposits,
surface faults, folds, salt domes, cavities, etc.).
 Positive anomalies indicate the presence of anticlinal folds
affecting the sedimentary cover. Indeed, an anticline
produces a positive and symmetrical gravity anomaly. This
is how we observe several positive residual anomalies in
the North which would be antiform structures generated by
the compression and uplift of the basement at this location.
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It should also be noted that this type of anomaly can also
indicate the presence of high-density mineral substances
such as most of the metallic ore deposits found in the
southern part of this zone. Magmatic intrusion in the
sedimentary column could generate similar positive
anomalies.
 Negative anomalies indicate the presence of syncline
structures or salt domes. Indeed, several studies (ECL,
1988 [7]; Kadima and al. 2011 [8]) have attested to the
presence of evaporites in the deep strata of the Congo
Basin. Since the salt is a lighter substance than the
surrounding rocks, there will be a negative density contrast
International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
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which will have the effect of locally reducing the intensity
of the anomalies. This is how negative gravity anomalies
are generally observed above salt domes. A few examples
such as the “Way dome” in the Gulf of Mexico and the
“Grand Saline dome” in Texas should be noted (G. R.
Foulger et al., 2002 [9]).
C. THE TOTAL HORIZONTAL GRADIENT (THG) MAP
The map of the Total Horizontal Gradient allowed us to
locate the zones of maximum variations of the Bouguer
anomaly corresponding to lineaments representing faults,
fold axes or lithological contacts (fig. 10)

Fig. 10: Map of the Total Horizontal Gradient of the Bouguer anomaly

On this map, the maxima of the horizontal gradient
represent the zones of sudden variations of the Bouguer
anomaly. These areas which have the reddish color represent
faults, contacts and/or fold axes. We notice that these areas
are more extensive in the northern part compared to the
southern part of the study area, more precisely around the
large dome of Dekese. This shows that the flanks of this
dome are surrounded by several faults as the variations of
the Bouguer anomalies are very important.
D. ENHANCEMENT OF LINEAMENTS AND
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE STRUCTURAL MAP OF
THE STUDY AREA
The study of lineaments is very important for the
lithostructural characterization of a region. Indeed, these
lineaments can represent faults, fold axes or lithological
contacts. Lineament extraction was performed as follows:
 Applying the Total Horizontal Gradient (THG) filter;
 Automatic location of THG maxima and vectorization
of the latter using the “CET Grid Analysis” extension
of the Geosoft Oasis Montaj software (fig. 11).

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Fig. 11: Lineament vectorization in Geosoft Oasis Montaj software.

This lineament enhancement operation enabled us to produce the lineament map of the study area as well as the directional
rose of these lineaments (fig. 12).

Fig. 12: (a) Lineament map superimposed on the THG map; (b) Lineament map with the directional rose

The northern part of the area (Dekese dome region)
approaches the center of the Congo Basin, where the
sedimentary cover is important. The lineaments found there
would therefore be important oil and gas targets because
these structures can respectively represent faults constituting
hydrocarbon migration routes, or axes of antiform folds
constituting oil traps. The southern part of this area is
located around the Archean rocks of the Kasai craton in
which several ores such as diamondiferous kimberlite
(Michiel C.J. de Wit and al., 2015 [10]; Maarten J. de Wit
and al, 2015 [11]) as well as iron (Royal Museum of Central
Africa, RMCA, 2005 [12]) have been discovered. Gravity
anomalies of kimberlites are generally negative (eg
kimberlite intrusions in Quebec) (Michel Chouteau and al.,
2006 [13]) while most metallic ores have very high densities
compared to other geological substances in their

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environment (H.O. Seigel, 1995 [14]). Gravity method is
therefore very often used to detect the presence of this type The automatic localization of the sources by the
of mineral. Thus, the multiple lineaments of the southern method of the deconvolution of Euler, for a structural index
part of this zone are of significant mining interest and will of N = 1 for the identification of the faults or contacts, made
have to be the subject of several detailed geological, it possible to have a better outline on the depth of the
geochemical and geophysical surveys with the aim of sources. Figure 13 below shows the depth map obtained.
discovering new ore deposits in this zone.

Fig. 13: Map of Euler solutions obtained with a structural index N=1

On the map above, the solutions found are, for the solutions crossing with the lineaments in order to estimate
most part, located at depths ranging from 1500 m to 3000 m, the depth of the latter as well as the histogram representing
while few solutions have been found beyond this depth the statistical distribution of the depth of the sources of the
range. After processing these results, we only selected the Euler solution (fig. 14).

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Fig. 14: (a) Lineament depth map; (b) Histogram of Euler solutions obtained with a structural index N=1

The processing of the Euler deconvolution with a located between 1500 and 3000 m. On the N=1 solution
structural index of 1 for the location of the structures and the map, we see that the localized structures are oriented in
histogram above show us a predominance of solutions several directions in our study area.

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VII. CONCLUSION Flanking Terrains, Geology and Resource Potential
of the Congo Basin, Springer, p. 29.
This study focuses on the recognition of the geological [12.] Royal Museum of Central Africa (2005), Carte
structure of the northern Kasai region based on gravity data géologique et minière de la RépubliqueDémocratique
interpretation. After the analysis and the interpretation of du Congo échelle: 1/2.500.000, p. 1.
these data by using the several operations of transformation, [13.] Michel Chouteau and Benoît Tournerie (2006),
we noted that the area was affected by several tectonic Signatures géophysiques des intrusions
phenomena of which most important was the phenomenon kimberlitiques au Québec, p. 4-6.
of rifting having modeled the topography of the crystalline [14.] H. O. SEIGEL (1995), A guide to high precision land
basement of this region by establishing a large uplifted area gravimeter surveys, Scintrex Limited, p. 10-12.
in the north forming a NW-SE trending horst and
depressions in the southern part. The integration of all the
geological information resulting from the interpretation of
the gravity maps has enabled us to develop structural maps
that improve our knowledge of the geological structures of
petroleum and mining interest in this region. The processing
of the Euler deconvolution with a structural index of 1 for
the localization of the structures and the statistical analysis
using the histogram show us a predominance of the depths
of thehighlighted structures between 1500 and 3000 m.

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