Gunung Benau karst area is one of the karst zones in North and East Kalimantan.

Gunung Benau serves

two primary functions: conservation and development. Gunung Benau is a karstified area with exokarst
and endokarst, which acts as a research area (cultural and geological heritage), groundwater catchment
regions, natural water storage (aquifers), and permanent springs, and also has an underground river
flowing through the caves.

This study employs remote sensing techniques with DEMNAS data. The DEMNAS data will then be
surface-modelled using the Modified Segment Tracing Algorithm (mSTA) and Fault Fracture Density
(FFD) approaches
To determine the geological structure of Gunung Benua in East Kalimantan, the DEMNAS interpretation
is carried out using Arcgis software. Field studies are also used in this study to evaluate the relationships
of geological structures, including geomorphic features. DEMNAS data were coupled with field
observations to create a model of the actual structure at Gunung Benau in East Kalimantan.

3.1 Investigation of geological structures through DEMNAS

3.2 Automatic lineament identification

3.3 Lineament density

Gunung Benau is a karst mountain located between
Bulungan, North Kalimantan, and Berau, East Kalimantan.
The highest peak in the Gunung Benau karst mountain range
is 634.6 meters high and has an extended shape

Gunung Benau is situated in the Berau subbasin contact zone

between the Sembakung and Birang Formations.

Location of the study area of the Gunung Benau Karst

area. Banckgroung map is DEMNAS image and the
limestone outcrop is from field observation.
1) Masawi normal fault

2) Benau dextral strike-slip fault

3) Irirom dextral strike-slip fault

4) Payau dextral strike-slip fault

5) Marusung dextral strike-slip fault

6) Ngasudip dextral strike-slip fault

7) Batu Berukir dextral strike-slip fault

8) Batu Berukir normal fault

9) Benau sinistral strike-slip fault

The research location for GunungBenau
is located in the Tarakan Basin and
Berau Basin, which are administratively
located in Bulungan Regency, North
Kalimantan Province, and Berau
Regency, East Kalimantan. From the
interpretation of DEMNAS data and
field observations, the geological
structure of the study area consists of
joints, folds, and faults, as follows:

.
Tension joints and shear joints are the two types of joint
structures found. The dominant tension joint is oriented in the
direction of N 105°E, and the dominant shear joint is oriented
in the directions of N 155°E and N 60°E, so the force acting
is oriented in the direction of N 110°E, or from Southeast to
Northwest. Joints in tributary limestones tend to erode and
form irregular blocks (Figure 1).
Eroded shear joint the in stream,
with photo direction N110°E.
Meanwhile, the cave joint is a fracture line that is traversed
by water on the cave's roof, creating stalactites at the cave's
top.
Claystone with a position of N 305°E was discovered in the
northern part of the river from Gunung Benau, and claystone
with a position of N 215°E was discovered only 750 meters to
the northeast. Based on the field data, there is also a syncline
with a gentle rock slope in the northern part because the area
is the syncline's axis.
Figure 4. Cross-section on the North and South sides of
The presence of an anticline can be interpreted by looking at Gunung Benau, with a West-East direction showing the
Syncline
the appearance of mountains on DEMNAS, which shows a
straight line with nearly the same left and right sides.
The lineaments associated with existing structures in the Gunung Benau
region are obtained using the mSTA method (Figure 6). In the form of river
lineaments, valley lineaments, fault structures, and fractures, the lineament
is a reflection of the topography. In the region of Gunung Benau, the total
lineament results from the STA for ascending (red) and descending (blue)
are 1493 and 1578, respectively. 706 lineaments derive from the
combination direction (green). This combination direction compensates for
shortcomings in the ascending and descending directions, such as the
shadowed lineament that cannot be identified. With the primary direction of
ascending, descending, and combined radiation being Northeast-Southwest
and Southeast-Northwest, respectively. This is consistent with the northeast-
southwest orientation of the Gunung Benau fault structure (Figure 5), which
is dominated by this orientation. Meanwhile, the predominant orientation of
regional geological structures in the Berau Basin is southeast-northwest [6,
7, 8, 9]. This region is also surrounded by the southeast-northwest trending
Maratua and Mangkulihat Faults. Therefore, based on the above details, the
results of this lineament can describe the general structure of Gunung
Benau. Figure 6. The result of lineaments and rose diagram (showing the main direction of
straightness) of mSTA, ascending (red), descending (blue), and combination (green).
The dynamics of sedimentation in the Berau basin began in the Eocene age. The
Kuching highland experienced weathering and erosion until it was transported far into
the Berau basin, which is a shallow sea area. These materials form limestone with the

Figure 7. Lineament density from FFD

insertion of claystone and sandstone into the Sembakung Formation. In the late
Miocene, the Kuching highland was uplifted due to the subduction of the Proto-South
China Sea plate to the south, thus lifting the northern part of the Tarakan basin. Then
there was volcanic activity, and volcanic ash material from the eruption was deposited
in the Berau basin to form tuff, limestone, and claystone. These rocks are included in
the Birang Formation, which was formed during the Late Miocene-Early Eocene.
Tectonic processes continued until the Plio-Pleistocene, which caused strong fault
folding throughout the Berau basin, with most of the fold axes in the Berau basin
oriented to the Southeast-Northwest. Gunung Benau, which used to be in a shallow
marine environment, also underwent a process of uplift up to an altitude of 600 meters
above the earth's surface with a geological structure oriented northeast-southwest.
Furthermore, there has been a lot of weathering and erosion to form the morphology as
it is today. This is what causes the direction of the structure on Gunung Benau to be
different from its surroundings.
In general, areas of high-density anomalies usually represent areas of fault or fold development, whereas regions of
low density anomalies usually represent relatively stable tectonic blocks. High, medium, and low density areas with
plane distributions have a corresponding relationship with certain lithological zones. According to the direction of
expansion of the density gradient zone, the development position and zoning of the main linear structures in the area
can be determined. The high density values are mainly concentrated in the central part of the west-side Gunung Benau
area, where the faults and hydrological manifestations are well exposed (Figure 7). This is in agreement with
geological observations and provides a solid basis for the interpretation of hidden faults in this area. A comprehensive
density analysis shows that the lineament extraction results are in accordance with the observed geological phenomena.
There is folding along the syncline and the anticline in the joint structure that forms. The Masawi reverse faults, the
Benau dextral strike-slip fault, the Irirom dextral strike-slip fault, the Payau dextral strike-slip fault, the Marusung
dextral strike-slip fault, the Ngasudip dextral strike-slip fault, the Batu Berukir dextral strike-slip fault, the Batu
Berukir normal fault, and the Benau sinistral strike-slip fault are the fault structures According to the local geological
structure, the main directions of the lineaments for ascending, descending, and combined, are northeast-southwest and
southeast-northwest. The middle part of the Gunung Benau area, where the faults are clearly visible, where the high
density values are primarily concentrated.