CSIT409

10723181
Cloud Computing
End of 1st Semester Examination

SECTION A

A1.
a. Concerns about security: As indicated by 77 percent of respondents in the
referred to study, distributed computing security dangers have turned into the
top concern in 2018. For the most significant length of time, the most
frequently referenced cloud issue was a deficiency of assets. Distributed
computing security issues have turned into a reality for all associations,
furthermore, little. To that end it is basic to make a secure BI cloud stage
able to do utilizing fitting security assurances.
Cost control and management: The cost of distributed computing is the third
thing on our rundown of distributed computing risks. Cloud figuring may for
the most part save ventures cash. An organization may just expand its handling
limit on the cloud without making tremendous consumptions in new equipment.
A scarcity of resources: A lack of assets is one of the issues that cloud
associations and organizations face today. Associations are steadily putting
more responsibilities in the cloud as cloud advancements develop. Associations
are battling to stay aware of the devices as a consequence of these issues.
Governance: One of the various issues that distributed computing faces is
administration or control. IT administrations ought to ensure that IT resources
are introduced and used in understanding with settled upon rules and processes
that they are fittingly represented and kept up with; and that they support your
association's business methodology objectives.
Compliance: Compliance is among the dangers that distributed computing
faces today. This is an issue for every individual who utilizes offsite
reinforcements or distributed storage. Each time a partnership moves
information from neighborhood capacity to the cloud, it should conform to
industry, norms and regulations.
b. IT might help a firm increment effectiveness, meet extending requirements,
and raise creation. However, before you start, there are a couple of things
you ought to ponder, like the costs also, genuine benefits of cloud
movement. Be that as it may, it isn't to evaluate these expenses continuously
as clear as it shows up. A TCO study can help you in considering the
functional and aberrant expenses and benefits of migration. A TCO study
thinks about various uses, for example, capital, functional, and aberrant
costs, to decide the worth of a buy. Numerous organizations track down that
relocating to the cloud is a fruitful choice, yet entirely not all. While taking
the action, it's basic to contemplate your organization's particular necessities
instead of pursuing a direction. All things being equal, cut out a course that
suits your requirements, and don't be hesitant to look for proficient help prior
to making the underlying stride.

c. Hybrid Cloud: It is a mixture of a public and private cloud, in which the

critical activities are performed using private cloud while the non- critical
activities are performed using public cloud.

Multi Cloud: It refers to the combination and integration of multiple public

clouds.

d. Most companies are still reluctant to use it because of things like;

Cloud downtime, which means the cloud can experience some technical
issues like outages, which can slow down the operations in the business and
lead to huge losses, Limited control, meaning the provider has more control
over the service than you the owner so you do not have an idea of every
single thing that goes on in the cloud except for what you are granted access
to like the management of the data and applications and Security that is
usually one of the biggest concerns because since it’s a cloud, risks like data
leakage and denial of service attacks are prone to happen due to it running on
the internet making it open source and so if a cloud service provider with
good security is not chosen, the service becomes highly vulnerable. These
are some of the reasons why most companies are still reluctant to use it
SECTION B
B1.
a. A Cloud refers to a network or Internet which is present in a remote location
while Cloud computing refers to manipulating, configuring and accessing
the hardware and software resources remotely.

b. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Provides an on-demand infrastructure to organizations on a pay-as- you
go basis over the internet instead of handling it through a data centre
It also has resources such as ; Physical data centres, in which providers
have powerful data centres around the world to provide on-demand
computing, Compute resources, which include virtual machines managed
by hyper visors, provide virtual machines based on the memory
consumption for several workloads and can also auto-scale and load
balance different workloads based on the performance they want to
achieve, Networks , as in software defined networking that manages
network hardware such as switch and routers and finally, Storage such as
file , block and object storage that can easily be accessed over Hypertext
Transfer Protocol.

Platform as a Service (PaaS)

Here, the developers lease the infrastructure they need for developing,
testing and maintenance as well.
This service allows for organizations to avoid the costly and complex
process of managing software licenses. It managed everything else related
to application life cycle while allowing developers to focus on the
 applications they are developing. This service also minimizes the costs
and greatly simplify the application development lifecycle in a Rapid
Application Development environment.

Software as Service (SaaS)

This service hosts software on their servers and lease it to organizations
on a subscription basis. The service allows users to access the
applications via web browsing with their usernames and passwords
instead of installing the software on individual work stations.
Under this model, organizations can lease productivity software such as
email and calendaring and also lease applications like document
management.
Start-up business can use the SaaS model to launch the applications
quickly if they do not have time to set up the server. An example
includes, Dropbox

c. Back-up and Restore data

Once the data is stored in the cloud, it is easier to get back-up and restore
that data using the cloud.
Improved Collaboration
Cloud applications improve collaboration by allowing groups of people to
quickly and easily share information in the cloud via shared storage
Low maintenance cost
It reduces both software and hardware maintenance costs for
organizations

d. Vendor lock-in
This is one of the biggest disadvantages of cloud computing.
Organizations may face problems transferring their services from one
vendor to another. As different vendors provide different platforms, that
can cause difficulty moving from one cloud to another.
Limited control
Cloud infrastructure is completely owned, managed and monitored by the
service provider so the cloud users have less control over the function and
execution of services within a cloud infrastructure.
Security
 Although cloud service providers implement the best security standards
to store important information. But, before adopting cloud technology,
you should be aware that you will be sending all your organization's
sensitive information to a third party, that is., a cloud computing service
provider. While sending the data on the cloud, there may be a chance that
your organization's information is hacked by Hackers.

e. Cloud computing has several types of services and some are:

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
Platform as a Service (PaaS)
Software as a Service (SaaS)
Hardware as a Service (HaaS)

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Provides an on-demand infrastructure to organizations on a pay-as- you
go basis over the internet instead of handling it through a data centre
It also has resources such as ; Physical data centres, in which providers
have powerful data centres around the world to provide on-demand
computing, Compute resources, which include virtual machines managed
by hyper visors, provide virtual machines based on the memory
consumption for several workloads and can also auto-scale and load
balance different workloads based on the performance they want to
achieve, Networks , as in software defined networking that manages
network hardware such as switch and routers and finally, Storage such as
file , block and object storage that can easily be accessed over Hypertext
Transfer Protocol.

Platform as a Service (PaaS)

Here, the developers lease the infrastructure they need for developing,
testing and maintenance as well.
This service allows for organizations to avoid the costly and complex
process of managing software licenses. It managed everything else related
to application life cycle while allowing developers to focus on the
applications they are developing. This service also minimizes the costs
 and greatly simplify the application development lifecycle in a Rapid
Application Development environment.

Software as Service (SaaS)

This service hosts software on their servers and lease it to organizations
on a subscription basis. The service allows users to access the
applications via web browsing with their usernames and passwords
instead of installing the software on individual work stations.
Under this model, organizations can lease productivity software such as
email and calendaring and also lease applications like document
management.
Start-up business can use the SaaS model to launch the applications
quickly if they do not have time to set up the server. An example
includes, Dropbox

B2.

a.

Virtualization uses software to create an abstraction layer over computer

hardware that allows the hardware elements of a single computer
processor, memory and storage to be divided into multiple virtual
computers commonly called virtual machines. It can also be a technology
used to create instances of computer resources for multiple uses of the
same physical resource.

Advantages of virtualization
 Increases productivity
 It aids in working when the system is down or has experienced any
inconvenience
 It helps in space management
 Quicker availability of applications
 Minimize downtime

I. Server virtualization is the method involved with separating an

actual server into numerous one of a kind and detached virtual
servers through a product application.
 II. Hardware virtualization is the technique used to make virtual
forms of actual work areas like physical desktops and working
frameworks like operating systems.

III. Storage Virtualization: The pooling of physical storage from

multiple network storage devices into what appears to be a single
device that is managed from a central console. It is commonly used
in storage area networks

b. Cloud computing architecture talks about the components and sub

components embedded in it which are in parts, namely the front end and
back end which communicate over the internet.
The front end consists of applications that are required for cloud-based services
and client-side applications like the Mozilla Firefox and others and the only and
major component of the front end is the cloud infrastructure. the Front end also
consists of hardware and software components as well as Graphical User
Interfaces for the end to end to end user's tasks.
The back end however, monitors the programs that run on the applications on
the front end.
It contains storage systems and servers that aid in its functionality. It contains
some components and they are; Application, which serves as a platform that has
client requirements and provides results to the end to end user, Service, which is
responsible for providing utility services in the architecture, Storage, which
maintains files and documents over the internet, Management, which aids in the
management of cloud components like data and tasks and Security which helps
in securing files and systems for the end users.

c. Hypervisor is a firmware or low-level program that acts as a virtual

Machine Manager.