NAME: Santiago Gonzalez SUBJECT: Biology

DATE: 08/11/21 YEAR: 5 SEMESTER: FIRST

ACTIVITY: Summative assessment Parent signature: ______________________

Statement of Inquiry
Global Context: Scientific and technical innovation
Scientific advances identify patterns that
define changes of models which could
generate impact in the communities. Exploration to Develop: Ingenuity and progress

Approaches to learning

•Managing time and tasks effectively

• Gather and organize relevant information to formulate an argument
•Utilizing skills and knowledge in multiple contexts
● Reading, writing and using language to gather and communicate information
• Use and interpret a range of discipline-specific terms and symbols
• Structure information in summaries, essays and reports
Activity: Laboratory Practice

Terms of instruction:

Analyze: Break down in order to bring out the essential elements or structure. (To identify parts and
relationships, and to interpret information to reach conclusions.
Describe: Give a detailed account or picture of a situation, event, pattern or process.
Discuss: Offer a considered and balanced review that includes a range of arguments, factors or hypotheses.
Opinions or conclusions should be presented clearly and supported by appropriate evidence.
Explain: Give a detailed account including reasons and causes.
Interpret: Use knowledge and understanding to recognize trends and draw conclusions from given
information.

MEN SKILLS:

De Investigación: Selecciona equipos, recursos y procedimientos en la ejecución de investigaciones,

detallando los límites que presentan los equipos seleccionados.  
De Representación: Organiza datos obtenidos en procedimientos (búsqueda y selección de información) en
tablas y otros formatos gráficos propuestos por el docente y planificados por ellos mismos.  
Usa modelos para responder preguntas, que orientan procesos de experimentación e indagación,
formuladas por el profesor o por ellos mismos.  
De Comunicación: Comunica resultados de investigación es en un lenguaje científico y en diferentes
formatos, utilizando gráficos y tablas de datos.  
Elabora explicaciones y conclusiones basado en evidencias de diversas fuentes y considerando otros puntos
de vista.

INQUIRY QUESTION: What are: DNA, genes, alleles, chromosomes?

INTRODUCTION

Reproduction is a process by which living things raise new offspring to preserve species. There are two kinds
of reproduction. Asexual and sexual reproduction. During asexual reproduction, a single organism produces
offspring with identical genetic information by simple processes of cell division like mitosis. Because it doesn
´t require two individuals, it doesn’t involve genetic exchange, so the offspring would be identical to the
parent, it means clones. Plants have the ability of producing clones of themselves by growing tissues. It is
vegetative reproduction. A special tissue in plants called the meristem has the chance to develop into any
structure the plant may need to survive. In nature, plants have different structures that can grow into new
plants.

METHOD

REQUIREMENTS
MATERIALS REAGENTS APPARATUS
1 envelope of unflavored gelatin 70% ethanol 1 stove
1 small piece of a branch of a green plant 15% commercial hypochlorite 2 test tubes
1 plastic bowl Distilled water 1 test tube rack
1 pot Plant fertilizer
A spoon
A blade
Plastic gloves
Mask
Tweezers

SAFETY

PROCEDURE.

Clean up the working area with a solution of 70% ethanol and wash your hands properly.
1. Prepare the unflavored gelatin with half the water indicated in the envelope. Grind with a piece of
banana and a spoonful of sugar.
2. Fill up two cm. of the test tube previously sterilized in hot water and cover them to avoid contamination.
3. Wash the explants in a solution of 10% ethanol for 5 minutes.
4. Wash the explants in distilled water and then, with a solution of 15% commercial bleach for 10 minutes.
5. Wash the explants in distilled water for 5 minutes.
6. Clean up the tweezers with ethanol before you use them. Take an explant and let it dry for a minute.
Then, insert it softly in the gelatin as soon as you can.
7. Cover the tubes with vinyl membrane.
8. Put the tubes on the rack close to the light and observe them for a couple of weeks
9. Make a bar graph with the progress of your plants.
Use what you know to solve the following questions:

1. What is a clone?

A clone is an organism, group of organisms, cell, or group of cells that are produced
asexually, to which they are identical to their parent. In this experiment, we used a
succulent plant, that we reproduced asexually, for it to not share DNA with parents and not
combine a set of genetical material. Which means that the result of the offspring will be a
clone of the original one.

2. How can plants be cloned? Can they be cloned in nature? Explain your answer.

Plants can be cloned in an asexual method, by not sharing genetical material between two
plants, using just a mother plant. This process has been made by nature billions of years
ago, with strawberries, grass, potatoes, and onions. In the case of strawberries, by just
making cutting of the plant, it can produce new identical plants, because the process
doesn’t need sexual reproduction for this process nor sharing genetical material between
plants.

3. Name two advantages of cloning plants.

There are multiple advantages of cloning plants, but I think that two of the most important
ones are:
- When you clone a plant, you are improving the odds that the plant will produce the same
amount each harvest. A plant will clone the traits of the mother plant. Which is an
advantage for many people, reducing the stress of the amount it can produce.
- Cloned plants reproduce faster. Cloned plants have adult leaves and root system. It is
weeks ahead of a seed started at the same time, making the process faster and reduce the
time needed for a natural seed.

4. Why clones are genetically identical to the parent plant? Why can they be
physically different?

When clones are genetically identical is when they go through a reproductive cloning, that
is defined as the deliberate production of genetically identical individuals, and each newly
produced individual is a clone from the original. Monozygotic twins are identical and natural
clones. The clones contain in the nucleus identical sets of genetic material, that is the
compartment that contains chromosomes of every cell in the body. The cells from two
clones have the same DNA and the same genes in the nuclei.
During asexual reproduction, a single organism produces offspring with identical genetic
information. As it doesn’t require an exchange of genetical information, the new offspring
will be identical to the mother, what is meant by cloning.
Clones do not always look identical. Although clones share the same genetic material, the
environment also plays a big role in how an organism turns out.

5. Regarding this experiment, why is it possible to use the explants to make clones?

I think that it is possible because in the experiment the plant is grown from one mother,
without an exchange of genetical information between two parents. It replicates the genetic
material that the mother has, as it is genetically identical, this experiment is asexual, which
means that we only need one plant to reproduce, and the new plant will have the same
DNA as its mother, being cloned.

6. Why seeds are not used in this experiment?

During asexual reproduction, a single organism produces offspring with identical genetic
information by simple processes of cell division like mitosis. If we used a seed for the
experiment, there would be a combination between two organisms, what makes an
exchange of genetical information from two parents, and therefore, there will be no cloning.
This is why we mad an asexual reproduction, in order to make a clone of the single mother.

7. How can you use this experiment to test a hypothesis? Give an example of an
investigation question and the dependent and independent variables that you would
use.

As an investigation question, I would use: How effective is the growth of a succulent plant
when it is under micropropagation conditions?
Variables:
Independent: Time (days)
Dependent: Plant growth (cm)
As hypothesis, I think that the effectiveness of the plant growing under micropropagation
conditions is better than a natural succulent, because the micropropagation method,
reduces the external conditions that may affect the plant, and therefore the clone will be
better and would look a lot like the original one. Which means that the effectiveness will
improve, and the succulent will grow faster and without many environmental limitations,
because of this reduction of external factors affecting the growing of plants.
We can observe that there are no changes on the experiment, the offspring is growing, but
all the experiments are already prepared to start the growing phase, we should keep
tracking the growth of the offspring and the development of it in order to collect the results
and compare it to our hypothesis.

Bibliography
Cloning Fact Sheet. (2021). Retrieved 9 November 2021, from https://www.genome.gov/about-
genomics/fact-sheets/Cloning-Fact-Sheet
National Academy of Sciences (US), a. (2021). Cloning: Definitions And Applications. Retrieved 9
November 2021, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK223960/
Why Successful Plant Cloning is Important. (2021). Retrieved 9 November 2021, from
https://growersnetwork.org/cultivation/successful-plant-cloning-important/