Grammaticalization of temporal expressions in Amele: a diachronic account

Masahiko, NOSE
nousemasa@gmail.com Reitaku University, Japan

20th International Historical Linguistics Conference (Osaka) 25-30, Jul. 2011

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Previous studies This study Data sources Amele language Data Discussion Conclusion

Overview of this talk

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Haspelmath 1997, Hagege 2010, etc.

Typology of Temporal Adverbials Locative to Temporal (inessive, pre-/postessive, perlative)

Svorou 1991, Heine et al. 1991, Lakoff & Johnson 1980

Space and Time can be considered together. 1: Previous studies: Time, temporal in grammar
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Descriptions of Temporal expressions in Amele, such as 5 years ago, until tomorrow, in June
In terms of Grammaticalization Semantic extension from [Space] to [Time]

Borrowed temporal,
such as Mande, wan kilok, wan aua Contact-induced language change

2: This study
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Data from my fieldwork

Since 2006, every year Sein village, Madang Province, PNG

Descriptive grammars Parallel-text research

New Testament

3: Data sources
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Trans-New Guinea language, spoken in Madang Province

SOV, no case marking, postpositional, Noun-Adj, Noun-Demonstrative Ca. 5000 speakers, Amele/Tok Pisin Bilingual

4: Amele language: Roberts (1987)

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Yesterdays past tense in Amele (Roberts 1987:224-228)

Ija hu-g-an 1sg come-1sg-yesterdays past I came yesterday

Clause-based temporal in Usan (Reesink 1987:70-71)

Ai gb-gb (earth see.SS-REDUP)in the afternoon Urigerma (it becomes light.DS)at dawn Worom is-a (sun go.down3s.DS)at sunset

Noun-based/ Verb-based temporal expressions

Noun-based temporal
1: temporal adverbs/adverbials: casac (first), qila (now, today) 2: noun + postposition: qasil-na (morning-in) 3: others: loanword from Tok Pisin, Mande (Monday)

Classical time and new time (calendar-based):

cabi gel (year, literally "garden fence"): Roberts (1987:195) Now spoken "Yaar<Year" and geel

Noun-based/ Verb-based Temporal in Amele 8

Questions
Is postposition "na" extended from [Space] to [Time]? Can grammaticalization explain borrowed temporal forms from Tok Pisin?

Research in this study

Three temporal meanings (inessive, pre-/postessive, and perlative) Analog-/Digital-based time forms

Noun-based Temporal in Amele 9

Inessive
on, in, at

Pre/post-essive Perlative
before/after, ago/later for

Digital/Calendar- At five based oclock

A week ago

for 3 minutes until dawn

Analog/Abstract In morning 3 days later

Temporal expressions in this study

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Inessive
on, in, at

Pre/post-essive
before/after, ago/later

Perlative
for

Digital/Calendar- 5 kilok-na Week osol based hedocob Analog/Abstract Qasil Qasil-na

3 minut-na

Deel ied hedocob Gurric an beya (until sun rises)

Data 1: Results in Amele a. In-essive: postposition na b. pre-/post-essive: adverbial hedocob c. perlative: postposition na and verb-based
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Inessive
on, in, at

Pre/post-essive
before/after, ago/later

Perlative
for

Digital/Calendar- 5 kilok-na Week osol based hedocob Analog/Abstract Qasil Qasil-na

3 minut-na

Deel ied hedocob Gurric an beya (until sun rises)

Data 1: Results in Amele a. Digital-based: borrowing from Tok Pisin, together with postposition na b. Analog based: traditionally Amele
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Traditional usages:
ahine (noon), deel (day), wesu (afternoon), cuha (Sunday)

Borrowed from Tok Pisin: by necessity

wik (week), Ogus (August), 1 aua (1 hour), Mande (Monday)

Complex forms and others:

1 minut-na (for/in one minute, with postposition), two kilok esaue (half past two), ahinec saab (midday food: loan translation from Tok Pisin "belo kaikai")

Observations: traditional versus. loanwords

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Time: sain Now: qila Day: deel Night: witi Morning: qasil Afternoon: wesu Today: qila Tomorrow: uqadec

Hour: aua Clock: kilok Week: wiik Sunday: cuha Monday: Mande Month: muun Year: yaar, geel Season: sain

Loanword typology (Haspelmath & Tadmor 2009:30-31)

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Is it applicable that there is [space] to [time] grammaticalization?

The postposition na can express both location and time meanings, but the form na is muti-functional, and it is still doubtful to clarify its process.

Classifying temporal expressions into two different groups; classical (yesterday, morning) and artificial (at 12 oclock, on Monday)
Is there any difference between classical and artificial ones?

Discussion 1
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Roberts (1987:160): at, in, on, with, of

Ija na jo (my house): of 187: Uba jo dunuh (inside) na teia (He went up into the house): at 188: Mala jo igoc (peak) na bilia (The chicken sat on top of the house): on 168: Ija man sonon-ec sigin (knife) na quga (I killed the snake with knife): with (instrumental)

We cannot identify a typical function

Functions of postposition na
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 World Lexicon of Grammaticalization Allative > Temporal >>> postposition na Comitative > Temporal >>> postposition na Finish > After, Already >>> hedocob (to finish) Front > Before, later >>> hedocob? In (Spatial) > Temporal >>> postposition na Locative > Temporal >>> postposition na Time > Temporal >>> sain (time> when-clause)

Grammaticalization 1 a. Postposition na has too many functions b. Hedocob means originally to finish, but it means both [before] and [after/later].
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Grammaticalization process of postp. na

No form: qasil (in morning) Analog time: qasil-na, deel eu-na (from that day) Digital time: 1 kilok-na, 2 minut-na, Ogus-na

na is used first in analog time, and then in digital time, meaning for, in, from, around, etc.
PERSON> OBJECT> ACTIVITY> SPACE> TIME> QUALITY

Grammaticalizaton 2: na became a linker

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 Grammaticalization 3: digital-based time

1. Not existed temporal expression like 5 oclock, June 2. Contact with Tok Pisin 3. Borrowing temporal words and gap filling
Thomason & Kaufman (1988:21): borrowing to refer only to the incorporation of foreign elements into the speakers native language Haspelmath & Tadmor (2009): loanwords by necessity Heine & Kuteva (2005:124): Contact-induced grammaticalization on the replica languages
Gap filling: There is now a new category for which previously there was no equivalent category. We will refer to this situation for want of a better term as gap filling.
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Conclusion: Amele has

time systems (gap filling).

the traditional and borrowed

1. Originally non-existing temporal expressions

Borrowing from Tok Pisin: year > yar, minute> minut (later using with postp na, 2 minut-na)

2. Contact-induced, partly grammaticalized

Speakers are bilingual in Amele and Tok Pisin not heavy structural borrowing (Thomason & Kaufman 1988:50) few grammaticalization from [locative] to [temporal]
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References (selected):The slides are available from: http://www.scribd.com/doc/

Anderson, S. R. & E. Keenan. 1985. Deixis. Shopen, T.(ed.). Language typology and syntactic description, III, Cambridge: CUP: 259-308. Hagge, Claude. 2010. Adpositions. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hapelmath, Martin. 1997. From Space to Time: temporal adverbials in the Worlds Languages. Munich: Lincom Europa. Heine, Bernd, Ulrike Claudi, & Friederike Hnnemeyer. 1991. Grammaticalization: a conceptual framework. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Heine, B. & T. Kuteva. 2002. World Lexicon of Grammaticalization. Cambridge: CUP. Heine, B. & T. Kuteva. 2005. Language contact and grammatical change. Cambridge: CUP. Kurzon, Dennis. 2002. Preposition as functor: the case of long in Bislama. In: Feigenbaum, Susanne, & Dennis Kurzon(eds.). Prepositions in their syntactic, semantic and pragmatic context. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins: 231-248. McWhorter, John C. 2001. The Worlds simplest grammar are creole grammars. Linguistic Typology 5:125-166. Mihalic, Francis. 1986. The Jacaranda Dictionary and Grammar of Melanesian Pidgin. Milton: The Jacaranda Press/Web Books. Muysken, P. Functional categories. Cambridge: CUP. Roberts, John R. 1987. Amele. London/New York/Sydney: Croom Helm. Thomason, S.G. & T. Kaufman. 1988. Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics. Berkeley/Los Angeles/Oxford: University of California Press.

Acknowledgments:
CASIO Science Promotion Foundation, 2011-2012 Grant-in-aid for Young Scientists (B), Japan Society for Promotion of Science, 2011-2013 Amele & Tok Pisin: Villagers in Sein, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea Thank you for your attention.